Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Flux annuel des polluants'
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Moustafa, Ahmad. "Caractérisation chimique (minérale et organique) des lixiviats issus de la décharge des déchets à Tripoli-Liban." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR008.
Full textThe global production of waste is increasing rapidly, posing a source of threat to living beings, human health and the environment. Most of the waste produced is disposed of in poorly controlled landfills, especially in third world countries such as Lebanon. The waste is subjected to degradation processes resulting in the release of many toxic substances mainly leachate which is loaded with pollutants constituting a major source of environmental pollution. In Lebanon, waste is disposed of in uncontrolled landfills without any prior sorting. The Tripoli landfill is one of the most dangerous landfills in Lebanon due to the disposal of leachate in the aquatic environment without any treatment.Our research work aims to study the physico-chemical characteristics; the temporal and seasonal variation in the quality of the leachate from the Tripoli landfill in northern Lebanon, and the estimation of the probable risk of leachate in the study area. In order to meet these objectives, several sampling campaigns were carried out covering the summer and winter periods, as well as the old and new cells of the body of the landfill. The variation of the 100 leachate quality parameters, namely dissolved organic components; inorganic macro-components; metallic trace elements; and xenobiotic organic compounds were monitored according to standard methods of wastewater analysis using specific laboratory equipment. Analyzes of the leachate quality showed a large variation between the two-landfill units. The content of the majority of pollutants (organic and mineral) detected in the new landfill unit is much higher than that found in the old unit. This indicates the heterogeneous state of the landfill body and the influence of age on the quality of the leachate. The quantity and quality of the leachate is strongly correlated with climatic conditions and it depends on the pollutant studied, reflecting the complexity of the seasonal effect on the quality of the leachate from the Tripoli landfill. High values of LPI (Leachate Pollution Index) and leachate pH were found which show the age of the Tripoli landfill. High values of LPI and the annual flow of pollutants (organic and mineral) were found, which shows the high toxicity of the leachate as well as the occasional pollution of the different behaviors of the neighboring aquatic environment (Abou Ali River and Mediterranean Sea).The results obtained in this study give a clear picture of the leachate quality of the Tripoli landfill; which will be used to set corrective and preventive actions for the hazardous situation of the landfill, and to attract the attention of local and national managers to limit the danger and move towards a good management of leachate rejected by the establishment of a specific treatment system of leachate
Mazoyer, Camille. "Modélisation des flux et du transport de polluants en rade de Toulon." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUL0005.
Full textThis doctoral research aim was to study hydrodynamic processes in a semi-enclosed bay such as the Toulon bay and their importance for the dispersion of dissolved contaminants. For this study, a YfilY high resolution (100 m spatial resolution) configuration named TBAY100, based on the MITgcm ocean circulation model, was implemented. A multi-model nesting was carried out ta work at such a resolution, starting from a 1.3 km NEMO-GLAZUR64 configuration of the North-Western Mediterranean then a 400 m NEMO-NIDOR configuration of the Var coastline ta correctly force the TBAY100 boundaries. Firstly, a mathematical analysis aimed to guantify energy exchanges for a simplified system then this analysis has been extended ta the Toulon bay to better understand the exchanges at the domain open boundaries. This configuration was then validated with various observations inoludin ADCP data and driftin eolocalisable
Lepot, Mathieu. "Mesurage en continu des flux polluants en MES et DCO en réseau d'assainissement." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00782324.
Full textChoisy, Pascale. "Les contaminants métalliques dans le détroit du Pas-de-Calais : analyses, spéciation, flux." Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL10090.
Full textZgheib, Sally. "Flux et sources des polluants prioritaires dans les eaux urbaines en lien avec l'usage du territoire." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00554932.
Full textChu, Yin. "Flux de polluants en crue sur des petits bassins versants côtiers méditerranéens : sources, estimation et modélisation." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20015.
Full textVuong, Minh Duc. "Dépollution et désodorisation de l'air par photocatalyse assistée par adsorption sur charbon actif en réacteur à flux frontal continu et séquencé." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S069.
Full textFaced with the demand of limiting the energy consumption, indoor air recycling has become an important matter. But the negative side of air recycling, pollutant accumulation and risk of inter contamination, requires an air treatment. Among available process for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), one pairing adsorption onto activated carbon and UV photocatalysis is proposed. We focus on the unknown aspect of this process, the combined influence of temperature and humidity. Our objectives are: to apprehend the treatment during operational changes and fluctuations of conditions; and to optimize a simulation program which can assist the conception phase of an industrial treatment unit
Jaumouillié, Patrice. "Hétérogénéités des vitesses et des concentrations dans les collecteurs d'assainissement : application à la mesure des flux polluants." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12650.
Full textDembelé, Abel. "MES, DCO et polluants prioritaires des rejets urbains de temps de pluie : mesure et modélisation des flux événementiels." Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAL0091.
Full textUrban stormwater constitutes a significant vector of pollutants towards groundwater and surface water. Beyond the traditional pollutants (TSS, COD, etc. ) already largely studied over several decades, other pollutants considered as dangerous as the priority pollutants of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/CE) are often regularly measured in urban stormwater. Neither their mean concentrations nor their pathways are rather well understood. The success of the WFD requires the evaluation and the reduction of stormwater pollutants. Due to the technical difficulties and the associated costs of sampling and chemical analysis, a systematic measurement of stormwater seems practically impossible. Thus, it is necessary to obtain suitable models established with experimental data for the prediction of stormwater pollutant loads. As a part of the ESPRIT collaborative project which aims to contribute to the identification, evaluation and characterisation of the 41 WFD priority pollutants transported by stormwater, the objectives of our study are i) to quantify at the event scale the stormwater pollutant loads ii) to constitute a first database of the knowledge of these pollutants and iii) to develop predictive models (statistical, empirical and conceptual) of the pollutant event mean concentrations EMCs and event fluxes EFs. Simple tools are proposed to contribute to the measurement and modelling of stormwater pollutants loads in practice. Moreover, a first strategy is proposed for the evaluation of both the impact and the contribution of the stormwater on receiving waters. TSS, COD, 25 metals and most of the organic priority pollutants are been measured separately in both the dissolved and particulate fractions of approximately one hundred different samples collected in Chassieu (industrial area, separate sewer) and Ecully (residential area, combined sewer), made up of four sample types: dry atmospheric depositions, rainwater, wastewater and stormwater. Different regression models, one empirical model and three conceptual models for the prediction of EMCs and EFs of every pollutant have been evaluated using three different calibration algorithms. The results show that these pollutants are present in the different samples and that their fluxes in the dissolved and particulate and total fractions vary more or less strongly according to both the site and the rain event. Satisfactory models have been obtained for the prediction of EMCs and EFs of most of the studied pollutants. However, it appears that the performances of EFs models are higher than that of EMCs models. Regression models vary according to both the pollutant and the site
Kanso, Assem. "Evaluation des modèles de calcul des flux polluants des rejets urbains par temps de pluie : Apport de l'approche bayésienne." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001264.
Full textREMOUDAKI, EMMANOUELA. "Etude des processus controlant la variabilite temporelle des flux atmospheriques de polluants et de poussieres minerales en mediterranee occidentale." Paris 7, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA077219.
Full textKumaran, Satish. "Immobilisation d'enzymes pour la réalisation de biocapteurs : Analyse par injection en flux continu (FIA) : Applications au dosage des composes polluants." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836242.
Full textPercot, Stéphane. "Contribution des retombées atmosphériques aux flux de polluants issus d'un petit bassin versant urbain : cas du Pin Sec à Nantes." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00851955.
Full textKumaran, Satish. "Immobilisation d'enzymes pour la réalisation de biocapteurs : analyse par injection en flux continu (FIA) : applications au dosage de composés polluants." Lyon 1, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836242.
Full textSchwartz, Dominique. "Conception d'un réacteur à flux laser pour l'étude de la combustion de grains de charbon : applications aux mesures d'émission de polluants." Mulhouse, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MULH0206.
Full textLacour, Céline. "Apport de la mesure en continu pour la gestion de la qualité des effluents de temps de pluie en réseau d'assainissement." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555629.
Full textVinçont, Jean-Yves. "Détermination des flux turbulents de masse dans le sillage d'un obstacle : application à l'écoulement à l'intérieur de la canopée urbaine." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1999. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1782_jyvincont.pdf.
Full textThis work is within the framework of the study of dispersion of passive and reactive pollutants in air in the interior of an urban canopy. It is concerned with the local scale amd proposes a partial response to the comportment of the flow and the dispersion of a passive scalar that is perturbed by the presence of an obstacle. A non-exhaustive presentation of different parameters at the origin of the air pollution in cities provided evidence of the types of sources encountered, the possible chemical reactions as well as their interactions with the turbulent flow of the atmosphere. The urban pollution can be studied at the meso-scale (regional) where the city is considered globally. By contrast, we consider here the micro-scale (local), for example the scale of a street and an apartment building where the sources and the geometries of the buildings are explicitly accounted for. Therefore we can search for the mechanisms that form the basis of the dispersion and transport of pollutants. This study is made up of both experimental and analysis parts, both of which permit describing, among other things, the turbulent mass flux that is indispensible for fixing, for example, the limiting conditions for the modeling of the meso-scale. The study of mass flux is also necessary in order to determined possible models that permit closing the equations describing the evolution of the mean scalar concentration. Such a closure is the basis of most meso-scale models. We have studied a simplified case of stationary turbulent flow that is two-dimensional in the mean (geometrically as well as statistically for the turbulence properties). The incident flow is a turbulent boundary layer that develops on a smooth flat plate. The obstacle is two-dimensional and of square cross-section, placed perpendicular to the incident flow. A line source of the passive scalar at the wall is located parallel to and downstream of the obstacle in the recirculation zone. The experiments were carried out in two fluid media : water (a hydraulic flume) and air (a wind tunnel). The measurements utilized flow visualization and image processing and analysis. They permitted obtaining a full planar field of view of the time varying concentration field. The velocity could be determined in the interior of the recirculation zone which is not possible with other techniques that utilize probes (hot-wires). Coupling the methods of mesuring the velocity (Particle Image Velocime-try/PIV) and the concentration fields (Laser Induced Fluorescenc/LIF in water and Mie Scattering Diffusion/MSD in air) permitted the simultaneous determination of two components of velocity together with the scalar concentration. Thus, we were able to determined the turbulent mass flux, uic. An original conditional analysis of the measured mass flux was carried out based on the signs of the fluctuating velocity components and the fluctuating concentration (±w; ±v; ±c) forming eight categories (octants). This analysis clearly justifies the possibility of modeling the scalar transport with mean gradient models in the recirculation zone. The choice of models is carried out by an order of magnitude analysis of the scalar transport equations. Thus the conditional fluxes provided evidence that the transport of the concentration fluctuations by the velocity fluctuations can be adequately represented by mean gradient type models. The application of these types of models is justified by the present experimental results. Finally, the measurements obtained in the far field of the obstacle (wake) have permitted the verification, at the kinematic level, of the self-similar solution developed by COUNIHAN, HUNT and JACKSON (1974) that describe the evolution of the streamwise mean velocity deficit. In the same spirit and with far wake assumptions, we demonstrated the existence of a self-similar solution that describes the evolution of the mean concentration. The refined solution that was obtained satisfactorily describes the statistics of the measured concentration in this region of the flow
Mastouri, Afef. "Développement de capteurs électrochimiques basés sur des transferts d'espèces à travers les micro-interfaces liquide-liquide pour la détection de polluants toxiques." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EVRY0031.
Full textThis thesis aims to develop electrochemical sensors based on ion assisted transfer reactions at liquid | liquid interfaces. The electrochemical device used is based on the formation of a micro-interface between water and 1,2-dichloroethane (water | DCE), obtained by a micropore drilled by a laser in a polyimide film. This micro-interface has been designed to obtain reproducible and meaningful measurements. Because water pollution by heavy metals is considered as one of the most important environmental problems, our studies focused particularly on assisted transfers of Pb (II) and Cd (II), alone or in mixture, by the 8-Hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ), and Ba (II)) by the 18-crown-6 ether (18C6). Cyclic voltammetry was used for understanding the mechanisms of transfer, and for determining the stoichiometry of the formed complexes. Complementary measurements by mass spectrometry and UV-visible spectrophotometry have confirmed these stoichiometries. All measures clearly show that the proposed experimental device is well suited for quantifying the electrochemically species, even if they are not electroactive.In prospects of industrial applications, we have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the implementation of the proposed device for online analysis. This process appears very promising because of its simplicity and its low cost, and with the possibility of reusing the organic solution for many measurements. Finally, in order to increase the sensitivity of the device, we also tested micropore arrays instead of a single micropore. We have clearly shown the interest in achieving lower concentrations values hence more representative of the environment. All studies in this thesis show how the used experimental device is promising and well performing
Adon, Attoh Marcellin. "Étude des concentrations de gaz atmosphériques et estimation des flux de dépôt sec à l'échelle des principaux écosystèmes africains." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1356/.
Full textThis research, conducted as part of IDAF (IGAC/DEBITS/AFrica*) program, is a contribution to the study of atmospheric constituent deposition on the surface of the earth, in tropical Africa. It concerns the study of atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen gases (ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid), sulfur dioxide and ozone, and their dry deposition in West and Central Africa. The gases were measured on a monthly basis by the technique of passive samplers over a ten year period (1998-2007) at seven remote sites within the framework of the IDAF network. The sites are located to represent a transect of African ecosystems, i. E. , dry savanna-wet savanna - forest. The validation and the analysis of the decadal IDAF database of " IDAF gases " allowed to establish (1) the levels of surface gaseous concentration characteristic of each major ecosystem and (2) to study their monthly, seasonal, annual and interannual mean variations on the transect of ecosystems. Dry deposition fluxes were estimated by the inferential method based on dry deposition velocities (Vd) calculated using the "big leaf" model of Zhang et al. (2003b). In the model of deposition, surface and meteorological conditions specific to IDAF sites have been adapted and validated in order to simulate Vd representative of major African ecosystems. The monthly, seasonal and annual mean variations of gaseous dry deposition fluxes (NO2, HNO3, NH3, O3, and SO2) are analyzed. A budget of total nitrogen atmospheric deposition (dry + wet) is proposed at the African ecosystem scale. The total nitrogen deposition estimated is around 6-9 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1, 7-10 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1 and 13 kgN. Ha-1. Yr-1 respectively in dry savannas, wet savannas and forests, with a relative contribution of dry deposition in the gaseous form to the total nitrogen deposition between 46 and 71% for all ecosystems. We have also established an emission-deposition budget of oxidized and reduced nitrogen compounds for each IDAF station. This budget shows that the total emission flux have the same order of magnitude of annual mean nitrogen deposition for the savannas ecosystems but is lower in the forested ecosystem. Finally, a comparative analysis between IDAF measurements of nitrogen deposition and (1) a global multi-model exercise and (2) critical loads of eutrophication is presented over the African tropical ecosystems
Omar, Youssouf Moussa. "Etude de l'habitat épipélagique du Golfe de Tadjourah (Djibouti) : structures de variabilité et processus qui les gouvernent." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0017/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the physical and biogeochemical characteristics of the pelagic habitat (0-200m), its spatio-temporal variability and the processes that govern them in the Gulf of Tadjourah (Djibouti).Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) were applied to two data sets derived from AVHRR_MetopA radiometry and sea colour sensors (Modis and Meris). These statistical analysis shows that the variability of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a concentration (CHLa) are mainly explained by annual and semi-annual cycles. The annual cycle of SST consists of an alternation between warmer (April to October) and cooler (November to March) surface water. The semi-annual cycle shows a slight drop of SST between July and August, particularly in the west of the gulf. For the CHLa, the variability is fully dominated by the annual cycle indicating summer enrichment of seashore water (July-November) with a strong seaward gradient which is reversed from October to May. Multichannel spectrum analysis (M-SSA) and cross correlation function analysis applied to the oceanic (SST, CHL-a) and atmospheric parameters (wind speed, air temperature and humidity) showed that the annual cycle of SST is connected to heat flux at the air-sea interface, while the summer drop of SST and its associated CHL-a increase were attributed to upwelling. In the second part, in order to elucidate this oceanic influence on SST and CHL-a, the vertical thermohaline and biogeochemical structures of the upper layer (0-200 m) were studied using high-resolution hydrographic data collected in July-August 2013, September 2013 and February 2014. During summer, the superficial layer consisted of the mixed layer (ML) extending to a depth of about 20-30 m, followed by the thermocline located between 30 and 50 m depth. The ML was thicker in the west and the southeast where the thermal gradient and chlorophyll a concentrations were particularly high. During September, this stratification persisted but the ML became warmer and saltier and the thermocline moved slightly deeper. In February, the ML extended to about 120 m, and the thermocline was less pronounced. A comparison of the directly measured currents to the wind induced Ekman currents and to geostrophic current profiles revealed that the thermohaline and the biogeochemical features were related to the southeast and northeast monsoon winds (SWM & NEM). Between June and August, the SWM drives surface water from the Gulf of Tadjourah to the Gulf of Aden and thus induces the westward intrusion of high salinity thermocline water from the Gulf of Aden. This near surface flow mixes surface waters in the extreme west of the Gulf of Tadjourah. In contrast, the NEM which blow from September to May, bring cold water toward the Gulf of Tadjourah and thickens the ML through convective mixing. Our thesis shows that the monsoon winds and their seasonal reversal play a crucial role in the stratification of the water column, but that their effects are additionally influenced by basin topography. During summer the bowl-shape of the basin and its elongated slope in the west enhance the upwelling in this area where negative sea surface temperature anomalies and high chlorophyll a concentrations were observed
Neveux-Guilluy, Sabrina. "Influence des variations de flux polluants sur le fonctionnement d'une station d'épuration des eaux usées urbaines par boues activées : cas de la dégradation de la pollution soluble expérimentation et modélisation." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL138N.
Full textMate, Marin Ainhoa. "Multiscale approach to assess the DSM-flux capacity to mitigate impacts on the receiving waters : Quantification of overflow rates and interception of particulate pollutants from combined sewer overflows." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI008/document.
Full textOver the past decade, European Union governments have encouraged to collect data on the volume and quality of all urban water effluents with a significant environmental impact on receiving aquatic environments. Methods for monitoring these flows require improvements, particularly for combined sewer overflows, which are complex flows that contribute in significant proportion to the degradation of the quality of the receiving waters. The DSM-flux (Device for Stormwater and combined sewer flows Monitoring and the control of pollutant fluxes) is a new pre-calibrated and pre-designed device that guarantees the appropriate hydraulic conditions for measuring discharged flows and volumes as well as the concentrations and mass loads of pollutants carried in suspension by the flow. In this PhD work, a relationship allowing to measure the flow rates conveying through the DSM-flux was determined thanks to an experimental study on a small-scale physical model, and then validated for several flow configurations upstream of the device. Whatever the upstream hydraulic conditions are, the relative uncertainties are less than 15% and 2% for the flow rates and volumes studied, respectively, which is equivalent to the uncertainties of the most reliable current methods. The monitoring methodology was validated in situ in a large-scale device installed at the field and operating in real conditions, which shows the robustness of the method. Moreover, thanks to its original design, the DSM-flux allows the interception of a fraction of particulate pollutants. The hydrodynamics of this monitoring device were analysed as well as the conditions that cause the settling of particulate pollutants. Depending on the flow conditions, this device can retain 50% of the total mass of fine suspended solid matter transiting through the device, but for flows at high discharge rates, this efficiency is significantly reduced. Its retention capacity has also been observed in the field and a methodology has been developed to quantify its retention efficiency in future studies. Apart from its performance, from an operational point of view, the device has other advantages compared to other current devices: (i) it is pre-calibrated and can be installed downstream from existing combined sewer overflows, (ii) it can be directly installed through a manhole in the discharge channel, (iii) its hydraulic performance is independent from the flow conditions upstream, and (iv) it is an integrated monitoring device, measuring flow rates and their quality simultaneously, in addition to intercepting a part of the particulate pollutants
Launay, Marina. "Flux de matières en suspension, de mercure et de PCB particulaires dans le Rhône, du Léman à la Méditerranée." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10004/document.
Full textThe knowledge of particulate contaminant fluxes transported by rivers is crucial for the management of environmental pollution, but it is compromised by significant technological, methodological and scientific difficulties. Through an intensive observational effort made possible by the Rhône Sediment Observatory, this research focused on the spatio-temporal dynamics of particulate contaminant -mercury and PCBs- fluxes in the Rhône and its major tributaries as regards suspended particulate matters (SPM) contribution : the Arve, Saône, Isère and Durance rivers. The chosen and validated observation strategy is based on the quasi-continuous monitoring of discharge, SPM concentrations (by turbidimetry) and contaminant contents (using sediment integrative traps), associated with samples of reference (manual sampling or centrifugation) and a detailed characterization of particles in terms of grain-size and organic carbon contents. From measured and existing data, the study of spatio-temporal variability of parameters and of their factors of influence allowed us to propose and validate suitable methods for the quantification of particulate fluxes at the event, annual and inter-annual scales. These results provide a new insight into the particulate fluxes throughout the Rhône river system and highlight the importance of major hydro-sedimentary events and of the interactions with hydro-power schemes. Such complex hydro-sedimentary processes motivate the improvement of the numerical simulation of the Rhône river
Raymond, Sébastien. "Incertitudes des flux transportés par les rivières (Matière en suspension, nutriments, sels dissous) Vers un système expert d'optimisation des méthodes de calcul." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00714017.
Full textEssouayed, Elyess. "Développement d'une stratégie de localisation d'une source de contaminants en nappe : mesures innovantes et modélisation inverse." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30006/document.
Full textContaminated sites management and remediation can be complex and require a significant investment to locate the contaminant source, which delivers the higher pollutant mass fluxes. The study proposes a strategy for contaminant source localisation using in situ measurement and inverse modelling. First, an innovative tool was developed to measure groundwater velocity in a well. The developed tool called DVT (Direct Velocity Tool) made it possible to measure a low Darcy flux. Laboratory and field tests were performed with the DVT and compared to other velocity measurement tools. By combining the DVT with a local concentration measurement, it is possible to calculate the mass fluxes passing through wells. Then the thesis present the inverse modeling used for source localisation and parameters estimation. The study was done on two synthetics cases using the non-linear optimisation method. To adapt the method to a real management of polluted sites, an iterative strategy is developed by imposing a limited addition of new observations to each modeling phase. This strategy is base on the Data Worth approach. Source localisation results on the two synthetic cases made it possible to judge the method applicability to a real site problem. The source localisation strategy is then applied to a real site with (i) mass flux measurement with velocities (DVT) and concentrations and (ii) inverse modeling. The modeling phases made it possible to locate the new wells and helped the source localisation. Nevertheless, by analysing the results more precisely, the hydraulic conductivity field estimated by the optimisation did not correspond to reality. In addition, contaminant mass fluxes highlightes two distinct zones of flux. By analysing the pollutant ratio of the site, it appears that two plumes are potentially present. Thus, another inverse modeling phase has been tested (i) to locate the two potential sources and (ii) to estimate the chemistry of the site. Results of the strategy were compared to the geoprobe campaign which confirmed the second source location
Hannouche, Ali. "Analyse du transport solide en réseau d’assainissement unitaire par temps de pluie : exploitation de données acquises par les observatoires français en hydrologie urbaine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1134/document.
Full textThis thesis exploits continuous measurement of rainfall, discharge and turbidity data and the knowledge acquired by three French observatories in urban hydrology, OPUR-Paris, OTHU Lyon and ONEVU-Nantes, to validate and improve knowledge on suspended solids discharges and sources of particles, which are major vectors of contaminants in combined sewer systems. Data from six experimental sites served by a combined sewer system were used: Marais, Quais and Clichy in Paris, Cordon Bleu and Saint-Mihiel in Nantes and Ecully in Lyon. At each site, a long duration databases enabled statistical studies on samples of several tens of rainfall events and dry weather days. This thesis allowed: 1-to assess the representativeness of turbidity to analyze sediments transport in network; 2-to analyze and model concentrations and masses of particles at the scale of rain events; 3-to study the dynamics of fluxes and concentrations at intra-event scale. Results show that turbidity can describe the dynamics of intra-event fluxes and concentrations provided these are expressed in a relative form, normalized by the event mean values. However, these mean values are attached by significant systematic errors induced by variations of the inter-event TSS-turbidity relationship (95% confidence interval about 30% of average). The contribution of sewer deposits to wet weather suspended solids discharges is important but variable (between 20 and 80% of the mass at the outlet depending on the event), including for a site allegedly free of (coarse) sewer deposits. In other words, the problems of silting and contribution from deposits to wet weather pollution are not necessarily related. The other major contribution is from “dry weather” wastewater. In addition, they we made some progress in understanding the lag-time phenomena between hydrograph and pollutograph and the piston effect
Sellami, Emna. "Conception pluridisciplinaire d’une méthode générale d’évaluation des flux de contaminants issus des ruissellements des matériaux de toitures à l’échelle urbaine : développement et illustration à partir du cas du zinc à Créteil." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1044/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to develop a general method for modelling roofing materials emissions on the city scale. This method is based on an original scaling approach integrating different tools within the engineering sciences and social sciences. The work includes the creation of a bibliographic database describing new and old roofing materials and their associated contaminants.The scaling approach - from roof to the city scale – is based on a new concept called typical-situation of contaminant emission from roofing material on the roof. For each typical situation a contaminant annual runoff rate is associated. This concept allows the transition between the roof scale and the city scale. To facilitate contaminant flow calculation on the city scale, different methodological principles are adopted to exploit and adapt existing urban databases (land use database, numerical cadastre, and aerial images) with respect to the specific issue of roofing material emissions. Thus, dividing and crossing principles are used to divide the city into homogeneous units. A unit is a cluster of buildings characterized by a specific roofing materials distribution. These units are obtained by crossing a typological buildings study (developed from the land use database) with the city urban history and the roofing material historical evolution. Defining empirical rules is necessary to quantify the distribution of the material in the different roofing elements on the city scale. These rules are developed from a survey made by conducting interviews with experts of the roofing material sector (industrials, masters of work, architects...) as well as a historical study and a market study for roofing materials.The full development of the method makes it essential to choose a study site and a contaminant in order to illustrate in detail all the calculation steps. Créteil city was selected because it presents a big diversity and a large number of buildings in order to represent most of the urban functions of any city in France. In the city of Créteil, zinc annual runoff rates have been produced for different metallic materials for the maximum of zinc typical-situation. A statistical approach was developed to complete empirical rules to compute roofing materials area distribution on the city scale. This approach is based on a stratified random sampling technique in conjunction with aerial images interpretation of the different roofing material element applied for each unit. Given the roofing material distribution and the zinc typical-situations, annual zinc flow from roofing material at Créteil city was estimated namely 813 kg.an-1 with an uncertainty of 16.6%.The developed method can be applied to other cities and other contaminants. In this context, the operational procedure of the application of this method was described at the end of this work. Our method can be used as a decision-making tool by urban planners at three levels to implement policies in order to reduce roofing pollutants emissions. In order to apply this method to any contaminant, different tracks were drawn to define an optimized approach to produce of runoff rates for different typical situations
Dutordoir, Solène. "Bilan des flux de métaux, carbone organique et nutriments contenus dans une rivière alpine : part des rejets urbains de l'agglomération de Grenoble et apports amont (Isère et Drac)." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU036/document.
Full textThe growing awareness of the contamination of rivers has led to the establishment of more rigorous regulations related to urban waste, and to the setting of water quality objectives to be achieved for aquatic environment. However, grab sampling remains an important limitation for the estimation of contaminant flux, and the need for constant monitoring is present in both natural environment and urban sanitation. This study focuses on the quantification of the proportion of urban waste in the Grenoble area to the total flux of 1) suspended solids (TSS), 2) nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), 3) organic carbon and 4) metals trace element (MTE) of the receiving environment; the Isère (an alpine river). This work was supported by a network of continuous discharge measurements (Q) and TSS (turbidimetry), both upstream and downstream of Grenoble associated with regular sampling campaigns, with a higher measurement frequency during flood events. A spectrometric probe upstream was also placed upstream. Detailed measurement campaigns on major sub-basins of the sewerage network were performed during the study period as part of the sanitation master plan of Grenoble. The combination of these two approaches allowes to relate the spatio-temporal variations of TSS, nutrients, organic carbon and MTE in the urban water network of Grenoble and in the receiving environment (the Isère) for the years 2011 and 2012. Flows of the traced parameters have been established to determine the contribution of urban waste flows in the receiving environment, over these two years. Finally, a study on how to improve the flow calculations by the use of relations between MTE / particulate organic carbon (POC ) and a continuous measurable parameter (MES, Q ) was conducted in parallel with these results. Key words: suspended solids, Nutrients, metals trace element; Mercury; urban waste; turbidimetry and spectrometric probe
Claro, Barreto Alejandro. "Expérimentation et modélisation de l'hydrodynamique et de la dispersion de la pollution particulaire au sein des déversoirs latéraux." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI083.
Full textCombined sewer overflows (CSO) in a sewer system are the main source of pollution for the receiving environments during wet weather. The control of pollution flux discharges by CSO requires the study of hydraulics and pollutant transport, conveyed mostly as suspended particles. All experimental and numerical simulations have focused on hydrodynamics and the dispersion of particulate pollutants within side weirs at laboratory and field scales. The tridimensional flow is characterized by means of the water height, flowrate, velocity and turbulent kinetic energy fields. The particulate pollutant dispersion is studied by means of the mass distribution at laboratory scale and the BOD5 concentration and flux discharged at field scale. This study validated for the first time, to our knowledge, the 3D numerical approach based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applied to the case of a complex side weir subjected to regulatory self-monitoring using in situ data of water heights, upstream flows and discharged flows, collected by Valence Romans Agglo. The first campaigns show that the regulatory compliance criterion linked to the flow of pollution discharged in rainy weather is proving to be adapted to the functioning of the sewer system of the city of Valence. Indeed, the concentration of DBO5 discharged by the main CSO is lower than that measured at the entrance of the wastewater treatment plant. This work confirms the use of CFD and laboratory tests as operational tools allowing (i) to understand the hydrodynamic behaviour of CSO in wet weather, (ii) to implement self-monitoring and (iii) to analyse sewerage system compliance
Deycard, Victoria. "Etude de la réactivité et l’efficacité de rétention des éléments traces métalliques dans les stations d'épuration de Bordeaux et leurs apports métalliques dans les eaux de la section Garonnaise de l'estuaire de la Gironde." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0026/document.
Full textThis study is a part of the third axis of the « ETIAGE » project, a four year collaboration (2010-2014) between the Lyonnaise des Eaux, the Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (CUB), AEAG, and FEDER, Aquitaine region with the University of Bordeaux, CNRS and IRSTEA. The axis 3 objectives were to document the trace metal inputs from the CUB watershed into the waters of the Garonne section of the Gironde estuary. The Gironde Estuary is one of the largest macrotidal and highly turbid estuaries in Western Europe characterized by the presence of a strong maximum turbidity zone (MTZ) with high suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations (>1 g.L-1 in surface water) transporting estuarine particles and potentially hazardous trace elements. This study has focused on the trace metal inputs from the two main wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of the CUB. The objective of this research was therefore to study in detail the daily concentrations, fluxes, and dynamics of 8 EU priority contaminants Cr, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb Zn, As, and the emerging contaminant Ag from the WWTPs in the CUB. The calculated removal rates are significant, around 80 % for the majority of metals, mainly as a result of the decantation phase. Despite this high removal efficiency, during periods of heavy rainstorms and low river discharges, the urban metal inputs via the WWTPs may still significantly increase metal concentrations and fluxes in the fluvial Gironde Estuary impacting water quality. In addition, the WWTP fluxes and concentrations of Ag exceeded common background concentrations in the Gironde fluvial estuary, making it an interesting urban tracer. The treatment within the WWTPs concentrates the trace metals in the sludge, yet, metal concentrations remained below legal norms for agricultural use. However, the analysis of WWTP sludge revealed that trace element concentrations are 15 (Ag) and 30 (Cu) times higher than natural background concentrations with high enrichment of Hg, Ag, Cr, Cu and Zn with over 70 % of Cd, Ag, Pb, Cu, and Zn being potentially bioavailable. Therefore, with increasing urban pressure on environmental quality, these results support the need for the development of efficient water quality monitoring tools
Gardes, Thomas. "Reconstruction temporelle des contaminations métalliques et organiques particulaires dans le bassin versant de l'Eure et devenir des sédiments suite à l'arasement d'un barrage. Reconstruction of anthropogenic activities in legacy sediments from the Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine Estuary (France) Flux estimation, temporal trends and source determination of trace metal contamination in a major tributary of the Seine estuary, France Temporal trends, sources, and relationships between sediment characteristics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment cores from the major Seine estuary tributary, France Impacts à court-terme de l’arasement d’un barrage sur la morphologie du cours d’eau et la remobilisation de sédiments contaminés par les métaux traces Bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, PCBs) and trace elements: Influencing factors and determination in a river sediment core." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR038.
Full textThe anthropogenic impact on rivers has significantly increased following the industrial revolutioninitiated by Western countries. Thus, changes in the geomorphology of rivers for water storage andnavigation, the conversion of land for agricultural, industrial and urbanization purposes illustrate thisenvironmental pressure, which results, among other things, in an increase in discharges of variouscontaminants into environmental compartments, particularly rivers. Therefore, part of these dischargescan end up in suspended particulate matter, which is then considered as storage wells, which transit inrivers. River development, particularly the construction of dams, encourages the sedimentation of these contaminated particles over time. These sediments of anthropogenic origin, also called legacy sediments, are therefore witnesses to human activities and make it possible to reconstruct the temporal trajectories of contamination within watersheds. The Eure River, a major tributary of the Seine estuary, has experienced significant anthropogenic pressures since the twentieth century. The temporal reconstruction of anthropogenic pressures has required the combination of different methodological approaches: (i) a diachronic analysis of the morphological modifications of the river was carried out, in conjunction with (ii) an analysis of the sedimentary dynamics and the nature of the sediment deposits by coupling geophysical, sedimentological and geochemical methods, and (iii) the setting up of a network for monitoring the hydro-sedimentary behaviour with continuous sampling of suspended particulate matter. Significant geomorphological changes have occurred in the lower reaches of the watershed, with the main consequences being an outlet moved some ten kilometres in the direction of a dam and the formation of hydraulic annexes favouring the accumulation of sediments as early as the 1940s. These made it possible to show that the Eure River watershed had experienced significant contamination, the consequences of which are still being recorded despite the cessation of activities or uses. The temporal trends of trace metal and metalloid elements showed strong contaminations in As in the 1940s and contaminations of industrial origin in Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag and Cd in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as contaminations in Sb and Pb in 1990–2000. The latter are still recorded despite the cessation of the activities responsible for the discharges, as evidenced by the results from the suspended particulate matter currently collected in the river. Like most trace metals, organic contaminants such as PAHs showed significant contamination during the 1940–1960s, with signatures indicating a predominantly pyrogenic origin. PCBs showed significant contamination during the period 1950–1970, in connection with the production and national uses of mixtures composed mainly of low chlorinated congeners. Finally, interest in a third family of persistent organic contaminants, organochlorine pesticides, showed the use of lindane and DDT, particularly during the 1940–1970 period, and highlighted the post-ban use of lindane and the presence of a metabolite of DDT several decades after the cessation of its use, in connection with the increase in erosion of cultivated soils