Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fluvial sediments'

Although reservoirs formed from ephemeral-fluvial sandstones have previously been considered relatively simple, unresolved problems of sandbody correlation and production anomalies demonstrate the need for improved understanding of their internal complexity. Ephemeral flows occur in direct response to precipitation, receiving little or no water from springs or other long-continued sources. They consequently predominate in dryland regions where precipitation is high in intensity, short lived and of limited areal extent. Resulting flow is high energy, relatively shallow and also restricted in duration and areal coverage. High transmission losses, abundant loose material and sparse vegetation result in highly concentrated flows which dissipate rapidly, causing a downstream decrease in flow discharge. Sediments deposited from these flows include parallel laminated sands, massive sands, scour-fill sands, transitional lower to upper flow regime dunes, and commonly contain numerous erosional discontinuities, scattered mudclasts, rapid grain size changes and deformational features. Large quantities of rainfall falling over longer periods produces steady flows dominated by well sorted, lower flow regime bedforms which have moderately well developed fining-up sequences. High intensity rainfall falling for shorter periods produces unsteady flows which are characterised by more poorly sorted, upper flow regime bedforms and an absence of fining-up sequences. Outcropping ephemeral-fluvial systems have been studied in order to determine the main features and processes occurring in sand-rich ephemeral systems and to identify which features will be of importance in a hydrocarbon reservoir. The Lower Jurassic Upper Moenave and Kayenta Formations of south-eastern Utah and northern Arizona comprise complex series of stacked, sand-dominated sheet-like palaeochannels suggestive of low sinuosity, braided systems.

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Rivers are important agents working in the sculpturing of relief, through its high transport capacity of sediments originary from slopes and marginal erosion. The modeling occurs through the processes of erosion and deposition of sediments, which depend on variables such as lithological composition, slope, and flooding. The processes that originate topographic forms are widely described in the literature of alluvial-bed rivers, however little is known about the occurrence of these forms in mixed bed channels (alluvial-rock) and bedrock channel. In this context, this research aims to describe the topographic forms of the valleys on the Cascavel Plateau. The method for the recognition of these forms is the topographic mapping of cross sections in different parts of the channel located at the top, middle and lower course. The mapping is performed with a set level and optical sights. Were mapped four fluvial channels, two channels in areas with altimetric elevations below 400 meters, and two other channels with elevations above 700 meters. The channels have floodplains with varying lengths. Topographic forms were found as dikes, point bars, flood inundation basins, pools and riffles. The data collected show strong channel incision in the sections corresponding to the upper parts of the channels, and that in the course stretches of low flood plains are well developed. Channel meandering is a characteristic feature of the Cascavel Plateau. The formation of point bars is directly associated with the channel marginal erosion, whereas the dikes are the result of sediment settling. The pool-riffle sequences occur by the reduction of the flow velocity in some places, and, in others, by the presence of woody debris. In some parts of the river where are rock outcrop was observed the formation of pot-holes
Os rios são importantes agentes atuando na esculturação do relevo por meio da sua alta capacidade de transporte de sedimentos originários das vertentes e dos processos de erosão marginal. A modelagem ocorre através dos processos de erosão e deposição de sedimentos, que dependem de variáveis como composição litológica, declividade e cheias. Os processos que originam as formas topográficas são descritos vastamente na literatura sobre rios de leito aluviais, no entanto pouco se sabe sobre a ocorrência dessas formas em canais de leitos mistos (aluviais-rochosos) e leitos rochosos. Nesse contexto esta pesquisa objetiva a descrição das formas topográficas de fundos de vale no Planalto de Cascavel. O método para o reconhecimento dessas formas topográficas consiste no mapeamento de seções transversais em trechos distintos do canal localizados no alto, médio e baixo curso. O mapeamento é realizado com um conjunto de nível ótico e mira. Foram mapeados quatro canais fluviais, sendo dois canais em áreas com cotas altimétricas inferiores a 400 metros e, outros dois canais com cotas superiores a 700 metros. Os canais apresentam planícies de inundação com extensões variadas. Foram encontradas formas topográficas como diques, barras em pontal, bacias de inundação, soleiras e depressões. Os dados coletados mostram que há forte incisão do canal nos trechos correspondentes ao alto curso dos canais, e, que nos trechos de baixo curso as planícies de inundação são bem desenvolvidas. O meandramento de canais é uma característica do Planalto de Cascavel. A formação de barras em pontal está associada diretamente a erosão marginal, enquanto que os diques são resultantes da decantação de sedimentos. As sequências de soleiras-depressões ocorrem pela diminuição da velocidade do fluxo em alguns trechos, e, em outros, pela presença de detritos lenhosos. Nos trechos rochosos onde há afloramento rochoso foi observada a formação de marmitas

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important source of carbon for aquatic microorganisms and it regulates many biogeochemical processes. Therefore, changes in river DOM concentration and properties could notably affect the functioning of fluvial and coastal ecosystems and alter the global carbon cycle. The DOM in headwater streams is strongly influenced by hydrology, as a consequence of the modification of catchment flow paths with high discharges. During storm events, the catchment hillsides are washed and terrigenous DOM is transported to rivers. In the Mediterranean region, the precipitation regime and evapotranspiration strongly modulate fluvial hydrology, which shows low discharges in summer and even flow disappearance. These dry–wet cycles of conditions affect many ecological and biogeochemical processes. In this thesis, I analyse a long time series of discharge and DOM data from Fuirosos, an intermittent headwater stream in NE Spain. My aim is to examine the relationship between DOM and hydrology at different temporal scales. First, I characterise the hydrological regime of this Mediterranean stream. A decrease in discharge was revealed, although trends in temperature and precipitation were not significant. In contrast, I did not find a clear temporal trend in dry period duration. However, rewetting has been significantly delayed, moving from September to October. The frequency of storm events decreased over the interval 1998–2015, showing a significant positive relationship with solar activity with a 2-year lag. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration saw a slight decrease during the study period, which was opposed to that observed in boreal systems. This pattern might respond to a reduction of terrigenous DOC input from forest hillsides as a consequence of the decrease in flushing episodes. The DOC temporal dynamics during the rewetting was regulated by dry period duration. Discharge oscillations explained up to 50% of total DOC variability during the wet period. Notably, this weight of discharge increased significantly over the years. DOM quality was also explored, and described in terms of absorbance and fluorescence properties. Most of the DOM properties were strongly related to discharge, revealing the input of allochthonous, degraded, aromatic, humic and large-molecular DOM under high flow conditions. However, these relationships were altered during drying and rewetting periods. The DOM responses at the individual storm event scale were highly heterogeneous. Multiple linear regression and commonality analyses showed that, in addition to the magnitude of storm episodes, antecedent hydrological conditions, namely pre-event basal flow and the magnitude of the previous storm event, played a significant role in regulating the trends and shapes of DOM–discharge hysteresis. Finally, I identified the differences and similarities in the DOM–discharge relationships between the intermittent Mediterranean stream analysed herein and a perennial Alpine stream with higher mean discharge (Oberer Seebach). The DOM in Fuirosos was significantly more concentrated, more terrigenous, more degraded, more aromatic and more humified. The sign of the global DOM–discharge response was the same in both streams. However, discharge was a more robust predictor of DOM variability in Oberer Seebach. In fact, low flow and rewetting periods in Fuirosos introduced considerable dispersion into the relationship. During snowmelt in Oberer Seebach the sensitivity to discharge also decreased or disappeared. The flushing/dilution patterns were essentially associated with the magnitude of storm events in Fuirosos. In contrast, the DOM quality change was more coupled to basal flow conditions in Oberer Seebach, while the storms were behind the DOC oscillations. This study attests to the importance of generating and analysing long-term and high-frequency biogeochemical series, which allow relationships between DOM and hydrology to be explored in intermittent headwater streams that are subjected to extreme hydrological regimes.
La matèria orgànica dissolta (MOD) és una important font de carboni per als microorganismes aquàtics i regula molts processos biogeoquímics. La MOD en els rius de capçalera està modelada principalment per la hidrologia. A la regió mediterrània, el règim de precipitació i evapotranspiració impacta fortament la hidrologia fluvial, que mostra cabals baixos a l’estiu i pot arribar fins i tot a la seva desaparició. En aquesta tesi hem analitzat un sèrie temporal a llarg termini de cabal i MOD a Fuirosos, un riu de capçalera intermitent al NE de la Península Ibèrica. El nostre objectiu era examinar la relació entre la MOD i la hidrologia en diferents escales temporals. Primer, vam caracteritzar el règim hidrològic d’aquest riu mediterrani. Al llarg de l’estudi es va revelar una disminució del cabal, no vam trobar una tendència temporal clara en la durada de la sequera i la freqüència de les crescudes va disminuir en l’interval 1998–2015. La concentració de carboni orgànic dissolt (COD) ha patit una lleugera disminució durant el període d’estudi, cosa que contrasta amb el que s’ha observat en sistemes boreals. La dinàmica temporal del COD durant el període de transició va ser regulada per la durada del període sec. La qualitat de la MOD també va ser explorada, i descrita en termes de propietats d’absorbència i fluorescència. La majoria de les propietats de la MOD van ser clarament relacionades amb el cabal. No obstant, aquestes relacions van ser alterades durant els períodes de fragmentació i de transició. A més de la magnitud dels episodis de crescuda, les condicions hidrològiques prèvies juguen un paper significatiu perquè regulen les tendències i formes de les histèresis MOD–cabal. Per acabar, vaig identificar les diferències i semblances en les relacions MOD–cabal entre el riu mediterrani intermitent analitzat i un riu perenne alpí amb un cabal mitjà superior (Oberer Seebach). Aquest estudi testifica la importància de generar i analitzar sèries biogeoquímiques de llarga durada i alta freqüència, que permeten explorar les relacions entre la MOD i la hidrologia en rius de capçalera intermitents que estan subjectes a règims hidrològics extrems.

El delta de Haslital (12 km de largo, 1 km de ancho), en los Alpes Berneses, ha progradado en el lago Brienz tras la retirada progresiva del glaciar Aare después del Último Máximo Glacial. Los deltas formados en cubetas de sobreexcavación glaciar pleistocenas constituyen cuencas sedimentarias de gran efectividad. El estudio de los registros sedimentarios en estas formaciones, así como la reconstrucción del proceso de agradación aluvial, proporcionan información sobre la dinámica fluvial, y los cambios ambientales y antropoinducidos ocurridos en las cuencas hidrográficas alpinas. Se reconstruye la litoestratigrafía de la llanura deltaica mediante cuatro secciones transversales a la dirección general del delta, formadas cada una de ellas por más de 25 sondeos someros (2 m de profundidad) y dos sondeos profundos (profundidad variable, hasta 9 m). El modelo cronológico de las secciones se calcula por medio de dataciones AMS 14C, en combinación con datos históricos de paleoinundaciones y migración de los canales (Schulte et al., 2015), lo que permite establecer una interpretación cronoestratigráfica precisa de la dinámica aluvial más moderna. La identificación de diferentes facies sedimentarias propias de la arquitectura fluvial aporta información sobre los cambios en los procesos de acreción vertical y lateral (Houben, 2007). La localización y geometría de facies sepultadas de canal-levée (unidades de gravas y arenas gruesas) muestran la posición del lecho del Aare en la llanura de inundación. Los resultados indican una notable movilidad del lecho (siguiendo un patrón oscilatorio) durante el Holoceno Tardío. Asimismo, facies de depósitos finos, con alto contenido de materia orgánica, y niveles turbosos denotan la existencia de áreas estables, en las que las inundaciones presentan una baja incidencia. Se analiza la textura (por difracción láser), la geoquímica (por fluorescencia de rayos X), y el contenido de carbono orgánico (método LOI) de las facies sedimentarias, que corresponden a los diferentes ambientes deposicionales internos de la llanura aluvial: depósitos de canal, de levée y crevasse splay, de overbank (e.g. Hoffmann, 2006; Houben, 2007; Erkens, 2009), y de depresión interdistributaria (Schulte et al., 2009), con el fin de establecer las propiedades físico-químicas distintivas de cada uno de ellos. Los resultados sugieren una vinculación entre el carácter textural y geoquímico de las distintas unidades, cuya estructura está definida por la clasificación granulométrica, la litología de las áreas fuente y los procesos postsedimentarios (Schulte et al., 2015). Una vez caracterizados los ambientes deposicionales, se estudian las tasas de agradación y el nivel de representatividad (cuantificación volumétrica) de cada uno de ellos en el conjunto de la llanura de inundación, con el fin de determinar la variabilidad espacial del proceso de agradación. La reconstrucción de alta resolución de la disposición de las facies permite expresar los resultados en términos de masa de material almacenado, por medio de la aplicación de coeficientes de densidad aparente (Brown et al., 2009). La tasa de agradación desciende longitudinalmente desde al ápice hacia el sector distal de la llanura deltaica; e indica también un descenso proporcional a la distancia del canal, que revela la mayor o menor interconexión de los ambientes deposicionales con los eventos de inundación. Ambos resultados apuntan a un crecimiento asimétrico de la llanura de inundación. Finalmente, se ha realizado un modelo 3D en SIG para calcular el volumen de material fluvial almacenado según ventanas temporales de 300 años, y detectar así las posibles tendencias temporales en la agradación de la llanura aluvial. Los resultados del modelo se analizan en relación a los factores externos que controlan el proceso de sedimentación en el delta de Hasli. Las pulsaciones de agradación muestran su vinculación a forzamientos climáticos (variabilidad de baja frecuencia) y/o antrópicos (cambios en los usos del suelo, acciones de gestión hidráulica), y la reorganización interna local del sistema. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, se considera que el enfoque, basado en la modelización cronoestratigráfica de facies sedimentarias, proporciona una explicación tanto de la componente espacial como de la componente temporal del proceso de acumulación fluvial en la llanura deltaica; y genera información válida para la gestión local de riesgos de inundación, en relación al problema de la agradación en llanuras de inundación y cursos fluviales.
The Hasli delta (12 km long, 1 km wide), located in the Bernese Alps, has prograded on Lake Brienz during the last 16000 years, after the retreat of the Aare glacier at the end of the last glaciation. The deltas formed in Pleistocene glacial overdeepened valleys constitute highly effective sediment sinks, thus the study of sedimentary records in these formations, as well as the reconstruction of alluvial aggradation processes, provide information on river dynamics and environmental or human induced changes in alpine watersheds. This work performs a lithostratigraphycal reconstruction of the Hasli delta plain by analyzing four cross sections, wherein each is formed by more than 25 shallow boreholes (2 m deep) and two deep boreholes (variable depth up to 9 m). The chronological model of the cross sections is obtained by AMS 14C datings, together with information of paleofloods and channel migration compiled from historical sources (Schulte et al., 2015), which provides a precise chronostratigraphic interpretation of the most recent alluvial dynamics. The identification of different sedimentary facies associated with the fluvial architecture structures provides information on changes of vertical and lateral accretion processes (Houben, 2007). The location and geometry of buried channel-levee facies (gravel and coarse sand layers) indicate the past position of the Aare bed in the floodplain. Results show a significant mobility of the riverbed (following an oscillatory pattern) during the Late Holocene. Furthermore, fine sedimentary deposits and peat layers represent the existence of stable areas where floods have a low incidence. The analysis of texture (laser diffraction), geochemistry (XRF core scanner) and organic carbon content (LOI) is performed in different sedimentary facies that correspond to the distintc depositional environments of the floodplain, such as: channel, levee and crevasse splay, overbank (e.g. Hoffmann, 2006; Houben, 2007; Erkens, 2009), and interdistributary depressions (Schulte et al., 2009). This analysis allows the characterization of the physical and chemical properties of each facies. The results suggest a link between textural and geochemical properties of the different units, whose structure is defined by grain size sorting, lithology of source areas, and post sedimentary processes (Schulte et al., 2015). Once the depositional environments properties are established, their aggradation rates are analyzed, and a volumetric quantification is performed, in order to determine the spatial variability of the aggradation process derived from the different units. The high resolution reconstruction of the facies architecture also allows to estimate the stored material mass, by considering the bulk density coefficients of each unit (Brown et al., 2009). The analysis of aggradation rates shows a longitudinal decrease from the apex towards the distal section of the delta plain; and also indicates a proportional reduction with distance to the channel, which is related to the interconnection degree of depositional environments with flood events. Both results point to an asymmetrical growth of the floodplain. Finally, a GIS 3D model is executed in order to calculate the fluvial sediment storage, which is subdivided in 300-year time slices, thus contributing to identify temporal trends in floodplain aggradation. The results are analyzed in relation to external factors controlling sedimentation processes in the Haslital delta, and show the influence of climate and/or anthropogenic changes (land-use changes, hydraulic management), as well as the local internal system settings. From a methodological point of view, it is considered that the facies-based approach implemented in this work, based on the chronostratigraphical modeling of sedimentary units, provides an explanation of both the spatial and temporal components of delta plain sedimentary accumulation; and provides valid information for local flood risk management, concerning the problem of floodplain (and fluvial systems) aggradation

Las nuevas técnicas de recolección de datos digitales surgidas en los últimos años han dado lugar a avances significativos en el campo de la caracterización de afloramientos. Esta evolución se basa en la premisa de que cuanto mayor sea la cantidad, la calidad (exactitud), y la velocidad de recolección de los datos, mejores serán las interpretaciones y modelos que se deriven de ellos. Una de las técnicas más recientemente incorporadas en el estudio de afloramientos geológicos es el escaneo láser terrestre (TLS), el cual se basa en la tecnología lidar (desarrollada en la década de 1960). El objetivo principal de esta tesis es aprovechar el potencial del TLS para desarrollar nuevas herramientas y metodologías que permitan resolver la principal limitación a la que se enfrentan los geólogos cuando trabajan en afloramientos fluviales: adquirir el control estratigráfico necesario para detectar, comprender y caracterizar el alto grado de heterogeneidad en el espacio y el tiempo que muestran las sucesiones fluviales. Con este propósito se han adquirido datos con TLS en 8 afloramientos del Abanico Fluvial de Huesca (Mioceno inferior, norte de España). Se han utilizado softwares comerciales para procesar las nubes de puntos adquiridas y así obtener Afloramientos Virtuales (VO’s), pero la mayor parte de los logros obtenidos de su estudio fueron posibles gracias softwares desarrollados en la propia facultad. Por otro lado, también se han medido varias columnas estratigráficas detalladas y se recogieron muestras litológicas de diferentes tipos de cuerpos areniscosos. En base a estos datos y a las observaciones realizadas sobre el terreno los resultados más relevantes obtenidos son los siguientes: * Una caracterización detallada de las facies fluviales, la cual incluye el estudio de las propiedades petrológicas y petrofísicas de los cuerpos areniscosos. * Un método simple que se sirve del VO para corregir las alturas y espesores de los cuerpos sedimentarios medidos en las columnas estratigráficas. Los principales factores que pueden haber influido en las mediciones realizadas con Vara de Jacob han sido estudiados y discutidos. * Se ha establecido un nuevo método que permite realizar correlaciones semiautomáticas y altamente precisas en los VO’s de afloramientos fluviales, el cual se basa en la hipótesis de que el paleosuperficie deposicional del sistema sedimentario puede ser representada por un plano a escala de afloramiento. Si esta suposición se cumple en el afloramiento, este plano puede ser utilizado como un datum virtual para identificar a lo largo del VO los sedimentos que fueron depositaron simultáneamente. El método ha sido probado y aplicado con éxito en cuatro afloramientos de escala kilométrica del Abanico Fluvial de Huesca, en los cuales los datums virtuales han proporcionado correlaciones precisas independientemente de las complejidades estratigráficas o topográficas de los mismos. Además, únicamente con mover el datum virtual se puede subdividir toda la sucesión sedimentaria de los afloramientos en los intervalos estratigráficos deseados, los cuales pueden ser aislados del resto para facilitar su estudio en detalle. * Los datums virtuales también se han utilizado como base para establecer un nuevo procedimiento que permite inferir cuales son las posiciones estratigráficas relativas dentro de toda la secuencia fluvial de afloramientos que distan decenas de kilómetros. * Se ha realizado una modelización estocástica de facies basada en objetos que se sirve de los datos obtenidos al aplicar un nuevo método para extraer de una manera semiautomática las superficies del VO que pertenecen a paleocanales. Los flujos de trabajo de modelización de análogos habituales utilizan los datos de columnas estratigráficas (en forma de pseudopozos) para condicionar las simulaciones, pero con el método presentado aquí toda la superficie del afloramiento es considerada para este propósito, aumentando significativamente de ajuste del modelo a la realidad. Gracias a la utilización de la tecnología lidar en afloramientos del Abanico Fluvial de Huesca se han conseguido establecer diferentes métodos de trabajo que han demostrado ser útiles de cara a facilitar y mejorar la construcción de modelos de análogos de reservorio. Además, se considera que su aplicación puede sin duda contribuir a mejorar nuestra comprensión de los factores y mecanismos que influyeron en la evolución de los sistemas sedimentarios fluviales antiguos.
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is based on lidar technology, which although developed in the early 1960s, has only recently been incorporated into the study of geological outcrops. The main aim of this thesis is to take advantage of the potential of the TLS to provide new tools and methodologies focused on solving the main limitation found by the geologists when working in fluvial outcrops: acquire the degree of stratigraphic control required to detect, understand and characterize the high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of fluvial successions. TLS data from 8 outcrops of the Huesca Fluvial Fan (Early Miocene, northern Spain) were acquired to this purpose. In addition, several detailed stratigraphic columns were measured and lithological samples from different types of sandstone bodies were collected. Based on this, the most relevant results obtained are as follows: * A comprehensive characterization of the fluvial facies that includes the petrological and petrophysical properties of the sandstone bodies. * A simple method using the VO to correct the heights and thicknesses of the sedimentary bodies measured in the stratigraphic columns. The main factors that may have influenced the measurements made with the Jacob’s staff have been studied and discussed. * A new method leading to obtain a virtual datum is presented in response to the need for further correlation procedures, especially in the absence of suitable datums. This virtual datum enables to achieve highly accurate and semiautomatic correlations within fluvial VO’s. Moreover, all the sedimentary successions of the outcrops can be automatically subdivided into the desired stratigraphic intervals (which can be later isolated) by only moving the virtual datum vertically. * The virtual datums were also used to establish a new procedure that leads to infer the relative stratigraphic positions of distant outcrops (more than 10 Km apart) inside the entire fluvial sequence. * A facies modelling has been performed using a new method to extract in a semiautomatic way the surfaces of the outcrop that belong to paleochannel exposures.

River plays an essential function in providing sediments to the beach stability but this importance has not yet been properly estimated on the Peruvian coastline. So, the aim of this study focuses on the role of river sediments in the stability of the coastline at the Jequetepeque river mouth, located at the northern coast of Peru. This river, whose basin covers an area of ​​4,200 square kilometers, provides in average more than 900 million cubic meters a year (MMC yr-1) of water, and 2.9-8.0 MMC yr-1 of sediments to the ocean. Since the start of the Gallito Ciego dam in 1987, more than 104 MMC of sediments were retained into the reservoir. In order to assess the impact of the dam on the stability of the river mouth, a comparison among different coastline moments (for the years 1962, 1980, 2003 and 2011) with the support of GIS, were made. The results showed that the river mouth retreat to the land between 2003 and 2011 with rates of -2.6 m year-1. Moreover, the retreat of the coastline observed throughout the study area between 1962 and 2011, it could be related to the potential sea level rise and the trend of the worldwide beach erosion.
Los sedimentos fluviales cumplen un papel fundamental para el abastecimiento de las playas en la costa peruana cuya importancia no ha sido aun debidamente estimada. Con este fin, el estudio se centra en el papel que desempeña los sedimentos fluviales en la estabilidad de la línea de costa en la desembocadura del río Jequetepeque, ubicado en la costa norte del Perú. Este río, cuya cuenca abarca una superficie de 4.2 mil kilómetros cuadrados, aporta en promedio más de 900 millones de metros cúbicos al año (MMC año-1) de agua y entre 2.9 y 8.0 MMC año-1 de sedimentos al océano. A partir del inicio de las operaciones de la represa de Gallito Ciego en 1987, más de 104 MMC de sedimentos quedaron retenidos en el embalse. Con el fin de evaluar la influencia de la represa en el comportamiento de la desembocadura, se llevó a cabo la comparación entre las líneas de costa de los años 1962, 1980, 2003 y 2011 con el soporte de SIG. A partir del análisis se identificó el retroceso de la desembocadura entre 2003 y 2011 con tasas de -2.6 m año-1. Por otra parte, el retroceso de la línea de costa observado en toda el área de estudio, entre 1962 y 2011, podría estar relacionado con la posible elevación del nivel del mar y la tendencia a la erosión de las playas a escala global.

Orientador: Francisco Sérgio Bernardes Ladeira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: O rio Mogi Guaçu apresenta, no trecho próximo a Estação Ecológica de Jataí, em Luis Antônio-SP, elevada sinuosidade do canal e inúmeros meandros abandonados causados pela migração lateral e posterior avulsão do curso principal. Essa situação proporcionou uma configuração específica para os solos localizados no terraço e na planície aluvial do rio. Para entender melhor a morfopedogênese desse local, foi feita uma sequência de perfis e tradagens para a investigação da continuidade lateral dos horizontes pedológicos, para depois serem realizadas análises químicas, granulométricas, mineralógicas, micromorfológicas e datações. Identificou-se horizontes ricos em matéria orgânica que ocupam toda a várzea e antigo terraço fluvial, que estão se desenvolvendo sobre um depósito residual de 130.000A.P, conforme datação realizada em um dos perfis. Esses horizontes possuem gêneses diferentes. Um deles, classificado como hístico (H), se desenvolveu preenchendo um antigo meandro abandonado, enquanto os horizontes acima dele, compostos por uma sequência de horizontes A húmicos, foram depositados posteriormente em ambiente de maior energia do rio, num dado momento onde ele já tinha incidido seu talvegue em alguns metros e se deslocado no sentido contrário ao de sua planície aluvial. Esse horizonte foi enterrado por sedimentos aluviais e a preservação da matéria orgânica foi eficiente, apesar de apresentar menores quantidades de carbono orgânico que o horizonte H. A mineralogia mostrou que a Caulinita é o mineral predominante na fração argila, apesar de ocorrerem também Gibbsita e VHE. Esta última seria resultado de neoformação, indicando atual situação de drenagem livre, ou, sua presença é de origem alóctone. A micromorfologia mostrou feições redox ainda preservadas na base do perfil 3, porosidades fissurais associadas à processos de perda de água pela superfície e grandes diferenças granulométricas entre os perfis apresentados, a principal delas se refere à diminuição latente do grau de seleção dos grãos do esqueleto no sentido da vertente para a planície aluvial. As razões molares apontaram para descontinuidades no horizonte 2A em P5 e P3, e entre os horizontes Ah e H, no perfil 4, mostrando distintas condições de pedogênese dentro dos perfis. Os processos de formação desses horizontes estão ligados à migração lateral do rio Mogi Guaçú e incisão do seu talvegue, que proporcionaram condições redutoras para o acúmulo de matéria orgânica, resultando em momentos de maior e menor acúmulo. Com as datações foi possível propor a cronologia da formação do paleoterraço e da planície aluvial nos últimos 130.000 anos e dos solos associados, no entanto, as considerações feitas a respeito da influência do paleoclima e de fatores estruturais não são conclusivas, devido à dinâmica geológica e geomorfológica da área, que é bastante específica
Abstract: The Mogi Guaçu river, near to Estação Ecológica de Jataí (Luis Antônio-SP), shows high sinuosity on its channel and many abandoned meaders caused by lateral migration and main course's avulsion. This situation is responsible by a specific configuration for the soils which are localized at terrace and at the river's alluvial plain. For a better understanding of the local morphopedogenesis, a profiles' sequence and some boreholes were made in order to investigate the lateral continuity of the soil horizons, and then perform chemical analysis, particle size distribution, mineralogy, micromorphology and datings.This process enabled the identification of horizons rich in organic matter which fills the lowland and the old's alluvial plain, which are developing above residual deposits of 130.000B.P, in according to the dating of one of the profiles. These horizons have different genesis. One of them, classified as histic horizon (H), developed filling an older abandoned meander, while the horizons above, compound by a sequence of humic A horizons, were deposited later on high energy river environment, at some point where it has been cut its thalweg in some meters and moved away of the alluvial plain. This horizon was buried by alluvial sediments and the preservation of organic matter was efficient, despite of showing lower amounts of organic carbon than H horizon.The mineralogy has shown that Caulinite is the predominant mineral in clay fraction, although Gibbsite and HIV also exist. HIV may be the result of neoformation, indicating an actual situation of free drainage, or, its presence is allochthounous. The micromorpholy has shown preserved redox lineament on the bottom of profile 3, porosities associated to water loss processes by surface and big granulometric differences between the profiles. One of the biggest differences refers to the grain selection's reduction of the skeleton in the direction of the slope to the alluvial plain. The molar ratios indicated gaps on 2A horizon in the P5 and P3, and between Ah and H horizons, on profile 4, showing different profile conditions of soil forming. The formation process of those horizons is linked with lateral migration of the river Mogi Guaçu and incision of its thalweg, which provides reducing conditions for the amount of organic matter, resulting in higher and lesser moments of accumulation.By datings was possible propose paleoterrace and alluvial plain formation chronology of last 130.000 years and associated soils, although, the considerations made about paleoclimate and structural factors influence aren't conclusive, due to geologic and geomorphologic dynamic of area, that is much specific
Mestrado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Mestre em Geografia

La influència de les àrees de muntanya en la generació de recursos hídrics, la geomorfologia del sistema fluvial i les avingudes de caràcter catastròfic és determinant. No obstant això, històricament el coneixement científic dels rius de sorra de plana ha estat superior que el dels rius de grava i de muntanya. Diverses investigacions han posat de manifest que els models hidràulics, de transport de sediment i geomorfològics desenvolupats per als primers no són directament extrapolables a aquests darrers.
Un problema cabdal en Hidràulica fluvial és el de la resistència de la llera a l'avanç del flux, doncs la seva determinació és requisit per a la resolució d'infinitat de problemes que es plantegen a l'esmentada disciplina. En la present Tesi han estat avaluats (és a dir, ajustats, verificats i comparats) una sèrie de models de resistència al flux per a rius de muntanya i de grava. Ha estat analitzat, també, l'efecte que sobre la capacitat predictiva de les equacions té l'ajustament per subconjunts, definits aquests per intervals de diferents variables de control, com són la sumersió relativa del flux, el pendent de la llera o l'índex de mobilitat del sediment.
Els models avaluats han estat dividits en dos grans grups: a) els que consideren el factor de fricció de Darcy-Weisbach (f) com a variable dependent i b) aquells que prenen el cabal del flux (Q) o la seva velocitat mitjana (v) com a variables resposta i que no inclouen coeficient de resistència explícitament com a variable explicativa. Com a principal resultat ha estat obtingut un conjunt d'equacions, dels dos grups esmentats anteriorment, que compten amb una capacitat de predicció superior a la de les fórmules derivades fins a l'actualitat per altres autors. Aquesta superioritat predictiva es fonamenta en la creació d'una base de dades d'ajustament integrada per un nombre de dades sensiblement superior i que, a més, representa un interval més ampli de les variables explicatives.
La influencia de las áreas de montaña en la generación de recursos hídricos, la geomorfología del sistema fluvial y las avenidas de carácter catastrófico es determinante. Sin embargo, históricamente el conocimiento científico acerca de los ríos de arena de llanura ha sido superior que sobre los ríos de grava y de montaña. Diversas investigaciones han puesto de manifiesto que los modelos hidráulicos, de transporte de sedimento y geomorfológicos desarrollados para los primeros no son directamente extrapolables a estos últimos.
Un problema medular en Hidráulica fluvial es el de la resistencia del cauce al avance del flujo, pues su determinación es requisito para la resolución de infinidad de problemas planteados en el seno de la citada disciplina. En la presente tesis se han evaluado (es decir, ajustado, verificado y comparado) una serie de modelos de resistencia al flujo para ríos de montaña y de grava. Se ha analizado, asimismo, el efecto que sobre la capacidad predictiva de las ecuaciones tiene su ajuste por subconjuntos, definidos éstos por intervalos de diferentes variables de control, como son la sumersión relativa del flujo, la pendiente del cauce o el índice de movilidad del sedimento.
Los modelos evaluados se dividen en dos grandes grupos: a) los que toman el factor de fricción de Darcy-Weisbach (f) como variable dependiente y b) aquellos que adoptan el caudal del flujo (Q) o su velocidad media (v) como variables respuesta y que no incluyen coeficiente de resistencia explícitamente como variable explicativa. Como principal resultado se ha obtenido un conjunto de ecuaciones, de los dos grupos anteriormente citados, que cuentan con una capacidad de predicción superior a la de las fórmulas derivadas hasta la actualidad por otros investigadores. Tal superioridad predictiva se fundamenta en la creación de una base de datos de ajuste integrada por un número de datos sensiblemente superior y que, además, representa un rango más amplio de las variables explicativas.
Mountain areas exert a vital influence on the generation of water resources, the geomorphology of the fluvial system and catastrophic floods. However, historically there has been more scientific knowledge about sand-bed rivers on the plain than about gravel-bed and mountain rivers. A range of research has shown that hydraulic, sediment transport and geomorphologic models developed for the former cannot be directly extrapolated to the latter.
A fundamental problem in fluvial hydraulics is that of the flow resistance of the channel, the determination of which is a requisite for the resolution of an infinity of problems in the abovementioned discipline. In this thesis, a series of flow resistance models for mountain and gravel-bed rivers have been evaluated (that is, adjusted, verified and compared). The effect on the predictive capacity of the equations has been analysed for its adjustments to subsets, these being defined by the ranges of different control variables, such as relative submergence of the flow, the slope of the channel or the mobility index of the sediment.
The models evaluated are divided into two large groups: a) those that take the Darcy-Weisbach (f) friction factor as a dependent variable and b) those that adopt the flow discharge(Q) or average velocity (v) as response variables and that do not explicitly include the resistance coefficient as an explicative variable. The principal result obtained is a set of equations from the two above-mentioned groups, with a higher prediction capacity than the formulas derived to date by other authors. Such predictive superiority is based on the creation of an adjustment database made up of a significantly higher number of data and that also represents a wider range of the explicative variables.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a especiação química dos principais elementos potencialmente tóxicos (Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni e Pb), presentes nos sedimentos fluviais das bacias de drenagem dos rios Jundiaí e Capivari (SP) da nascente até à foz, identificando as ocorrências de origem naturais e antrópicas, utilizando diversos critérios de toxicidade e parâmetros de controle. A determinação da concentração total dos elementos, obtidas a partir do método da fusão alcalina, permitiu avaliar os critérios de toxicidade considerando os valores-guia de qualidade de sedimentos (VGQS), bem como os fatores de enriquecimento (EF) e índices de geo-acumulação (Igeo) tendo como base o fundo geoquímico natural regional (FGNR). A biodisponibilidade foi analisada para os elementos potencialmente tóxicos, de acordo com o processo da extração sequencial seletiva bem como pela relação entre sulfetos volatilizados após ataque ácido a frio (AVS) e extração simultânea de metais (SEM). A origem da matéria orgânica presente nos sedimentos fluviais foi identificada através da comparação com parâmetros de referência em base isotópica (?13C). Em termos de toxicidade dos elementos estudados, o uso de referências globais (médias mundiais) indicaram valores superestimados para Cd e subestimados para Cu (JM) em relação ao FGNR, mostrando a importância da ponderação da formação geogênica na avaliação de classes de contribuição antrópica em sedimentos de fundo fluvial. Foi possível observar coerência entre os critérios de toxicicidade utilizados (EF e Igeo), destacando na bacia do rio Jundiaí, contribuição antrópica de Cu e Zn, principalmente em JM. Já na bacia do rio Capivari foi constatado contribuição antrópica Pb em CF. Os resultados obtidos empregando o método AVS e SEM na avaliação da biodisponibilidade dos elementos potencialmente tóxicos utilizando o critério (SEM - AVS) / Corg > 130, mostraram não haver biodisponibilidade dos elementos nos sedimentos de fundo amostrados. Quando utilizando a extração sequencial seletiva, resultados apresentaram a biodisponibilidade de Cu, Zn e Pb na maioria das estações de amostragem estudadas, sendo o Cu ligado à fração da matéria orgânica (S4), Zn e Pb à fração de óxidos de ferro e manganês (S3). Quanto à origem da matéria orgânica nos sedimentos finos em suspensão (FSS) dessas bacias, revelaram-se associada ao material erosivo (solos da bacia) nos períodos chuvosos e aos efluentes domésticos no período de estiagem, e nos sedimentos de fundo a origem da matéria orgânica apresentou-se relacionada principalmente aos efluentes domésticos
The aim of the current work was to study the chemical speciation of the main potentially toxic elements (Co, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni e Pb) present in fluvial sediments from the drainage basins in the Jundiaí and Capivarí Rivers (São Paulo State), from their headwaters until the river mouth, identifying the natural causes and anthropic occurrences using various toxicity criterions and control parameters. The purpose of total concentration of the elements, acquired from the alkaline fusion method, permitted to evaluate the toxicity criterions considering the values of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) as well as the enrichment factors (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) based on the natural regional chemical fund (FGNR). The bioavailability evaluation was analyzed for the potentially toxic elements, according to the selective sequel extraction as well as for the relation among volatilized sulfide after a cold attack with acid (AVS) and the simultaneous metal extraction (SEM). The organic matter origin present in the river sediments was identified through the comparison between the reference parameters in isotopic basis (?13C). In terms of toxicity of the studied elements, the use of global references (world averages) shows overestimated values to Cd and underestimated to Cu (JM) according to FGNR, showing the importance of ponderation of geogenic formation in the evaluation of anthropic contribution classes in river bottom sediments. It was possible to note the coherence among the criterions of toxicity used (EF e Igeo), highlighting in the basin of Jundiaí River, anthropic contribution of Cu and Zn, mainly in JM. In the basin of Capivari River, it was possible to verify the anthropic contribution Pb in CF. The results obtained using the AVS and SEM methods in the evaluation of bioavailability of the potentially toxic elements using the criterion (SEM - AVS) / Corg > 130, showed that there isn\'t bioavailability of the elements in the sediments of sampled river bottoms. On the other hand, using the sequel selective extraction, the results present bioavailability of Cu, Zn and Pb in most of the studied monitoring stations, the Cu linked to the organic matter fraction (S4), Zn and Pb linked to the iron oxide and manganese fraction (S3). In addition, the origin of organic matter in the fine sediments of suspension (FSS) in Jundiaí and Capivarí Rivers turned out to be associated to the erosive material (soil of basin) in the rainy periods and to the domestic effluents in the dry periods, and in the bottom sediments, the origin of the organic matter turned out to be related mainly to the domestic effluents

First distinguished from other sedimentary successions in 1928, the Entrada Sandstone has been the subject of numerous studies. The western extent of the formation was initially described as laterally continuous "earthy" red beds, and categorized as sub- to supratidal marine-influenced sediments. Recent workers have reexamined the sedimentary facies hosted by the Entrada Sandstone, and findings suggest purely terrestrial depositional environments. Several outcrops of the upper Entrada hosted peculiar sedimentary features, including undulatory and convex-upward, parallel-laminated bedforms, reminiscent of hummocky cross-stratification- unexpected features in a terrestrial environment. The purpose of this study was to collect detailed outcrop measurements of these and other facies present in the upper Entrada Sandstone and to place them in context within a regional sedimentary system. Measured section data was analyzed and divided into sixteen primary facies based on textures, features, bedforms, grain size, and other characteristics. Surfaces were also noted and described. Each facies and surface was recognized to have developed under specific depositional or flow conditions, including eolian, paleosol, and fluvial subcritical, critical, supercritical, and waning flow. Primary facies were grouped into observed and interpreted facies associations. A depositional environment was then assigned to each facies association. These environments included sabkha, overbank splay/paleosol, distal terminal splay, and hyper-distal terminal splay. Ancient analogs were found in the Blomidon, Skagerrak, and Ormskirk Formations, which have been described as dryland fluvial systems that terminated onto saline mudflats (sabkhas). Modern analogs were found in the central Australian continent, in the form of fluvial terminal splays in ephemeral Lakes Eyre and Frome. The sedimentary system of the upper Entrada Sandstone of the San Rafael Swell is interpreted as an interfingering fluvial terminal splay and inland sabkha system. These are marked by a wide array of sedimentary structures representing stark extremes, from hyperarid to flash flooding conditions. During arid conditions, the only source of water was evaporative pumping of a high water table. During the rare occasions when surface water flowed through the system, flash flooding events produced the highest stage of supercritical flow described in geological literature. The succession of these facies reveals allogenic and autogenic processes active at the time of deposition, including episodes of tectonic uplift and fluvial avulsions.

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O Estado da Bahia possui a linha de costa mais extensa do Brasil, com mais de 1.000 km de extensão, apresentando uma vasta diversidade de ambientes costeiros. A zona costeira baiana pode ser subdivida em quatro compartimentos principais, de acordo com suas características fisiográficas: Costa do Litoral Norte, Costa dos Riftes Mesozoicos, Costa Deltaica do Jequitinhonha e Pardo e Costa Faminta do Sul da Bahia. Tais características são resultado da interação entre a herança geológica, variações do nível do mar, clima e suprimento de sedimentos. Destacam-se dentre as inúmeras feições presentes nesta costa, o delta do rio Jequitinhonha e as planícies quaternárias, onde se observa o acúmulo de vastos depósitos arenosos. Com o objetivo de compreender ainda mais sobre a gênese e a dinâmica dessas feições, os estudos relacionados ao suprimento de sedimentos revelam-se como importante elemento de investigação. Neste trabalho, buscou-se, a partir da modelagem da produção de sedimentos para todas as bacias hidrográficas (BHs) que deságuam na costa do Estado da Bahia, avaliar a contribuição do aporte de sedimentos fluviais na construção das planícies quaternárias e, com isso, apresentar um dado quantitativo inédito que contribua para a corroboração dos modelos propostos de caracterização da zona costeira da Bahia, bem como, colaborar para a melhor compreensão a cerca da evolução e dinâmica desses ambientes. A produção de sedimento foi calculada utilizando-se a Equação Universal de Perda de Solos – EUPS, a partir dos planos de informações, tais como, precipitação, propriedades dos solos, fatores topográficos e uso do solo. A equação foi calibrada com os dados de medição de sedimento em suspensão, obtidos em dez estações sedimentométricas mais próximas das desembocaduras de cada uma das sub-bacias em estudo, a partir das quais foi calculada a descarga sólida total aplicando-se o método de Colby. O resultado da EUPS foi comparado à descarga sólida total calculada, obtendo-se a taxa de transferência de sedimentos, considerando somente a carga de leito. O valor do aporte fluvial acumulado durante o Holoceno foi comparado com as áreas de depósito de sedimentos arenosos holocênicos. A produção de sedimento total anual, estimada pela perda de solo laminar, foi de 945 x 106 toneladas por ano, para uma área de 332.230 km2. A média anual da descarga sólida total para toda a área estudada (BHs que deságuam na costa da Bahia) foi de 23 x 106 toneladas de sedimentos por ano. Após o cálculo do SDR e considerando somente a carga fluvial de fundo, o aporte que permaneceria depositado nas áreas das planícies holocênicas foi de 7 x 106 toneladas multiplicada por 8 mil anos (representativo do acúmulo sedimentar pós estabilização do nível do mar), resultando num depósito de 63 x 109 toneladas para toda a costa, sendo 85% desses, provenientes dos rios da costa deltaica. O resultado total do balanço sedimentar entre os depósitos fluviais e os depósitos holocênicos foram equivalentes em ordem de grandeza corroborando o papel dos rios na formação da planície costeira.
ABSTRACT - The State of Bahia has the most extensive line of coast of Brazil, being over a 1.000 km in length, featuring a wide diversity of coastal environments. Its coastal zone can be subdivided into four main compartments, according to its physiographic characteristics: Northern Littoral Coast, Mesozoic Riftes Coast of, Deltaic Coast of the Jequitinhonha River, and Sediment Starved Southern Coast. These characteristics are the result of interactions between the geological heritage, sea level variations, climate and sediment supply. Standing out among the many features present on this coast are the Jequitinhonha River Delta and the quaternary plains, where the accumulation of vast sandy deposits can be observed. In order to understand more about the genesis and the dynamics of these features, studies related to sediment supply are revealed as an important research element. This work sought to, using the modeling of sediment yield for all river basins (BHs) discharging on the State of Bahia coast, evaluate the contribution of river sediments in the construction of the quaternary plains and, therefore, present an unprecedented quantitative data which contributes to the corroboration of the proposed models for characterization of Bahia’s coastal zone, as well as collaborate to better understand the evolution and dynamics of these environments. Sediment yield was calculated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation - USLE, from the information plans, such as precipitation, soil properties, topographic factors and soil use. The equation was calibrated with the suspended sediment measurement data obtained in ten sedimentometric stations close to the mouth of each of the sub-basins under study, from which the total solid discharge was calculated by applying the Colby method. The EUPS result was compared to the total solid discharge calculated, obtaining the sediment delivery ratio (SDR), considering only the load bed. The value of the fluvial contribution accumulated during the Holocene was compared with the Holocene sandy sediment deposition areas. The total annual sediment production, which was estimated by the loss of laminar soil, was 945 x 106 tons per year, for an area of 332,230 km2. The annual average of the total solid discharge for the entire studied area (BHs that discharge on the coast of Bahia) was 23 x 106 tons of sediment per year. After SDR calculation and considering only the river bottom load, the contribution that would remain deposited in the Holocene plains areas was 7 x 106 tons multiplied by 8 thousand years (representing the sedimentary accumulation after sea level stabilization), resulting in a deposit 63 x 109 tons for all the coast, 85% of which are from the rivers of the deltaic coast. The results of both the fluvial input estimates and holocene deposits have shown a consistency with the physiography of the coastal compartments that were analyzed, suggesting that in addition to the importance of the fluvial sediment supply, coastal drift along the coastline plays an important role in the dispersion and deposition of these sediments.

O adequado projeto de obras fluviais requer o conhecimento das condições sob as quais um curso d\'água natural atinge seu estado de equilíbrio. Para que este estado de equilíbrio seja determinado analiticamente é necessário utilizar um número de equações compatível com a quantidade de incógnitas do sistema, denominadas de graus de liberdade. Em um curso d\'água escoando sobre leito aluvionar não coesivo é possível admitir até quatro graus de liberdade, que são: a largura, a profundidade, a declividade e o traçado em planta do canal. Neste trabalho são apresentados alguns métodos que permitem avaliar as condições de estabilidade de um canal através do uso de relações puramente empíricas, ou através da aplicação de equações derivadas dos princípios físicos que regem a Hidráulica Fluvial, sendo possível ainda combinar o uso das duas abordagens no mesmo método.
The properly design of river improvements depends on the knowledge of the conditions under which a natural river becomes stable. This state of equilibrium is determined analytically if the number of equations is enough to describe the unknown system factors, called degrees of freedom. In an alluvial stream, it\'s possible to consider four degrees of freedom, they are: width, depth, channel slope and the variations in plan-form stream. This text presents some methods to evaluate the stability condition of a channel using empirical relationships, equations based on theoretical principles of Fluvial Hydraulics or both of these approaches in the same method.

Les rivières présentent généralement un lit ondulé dû à la présence de bancs, qui correspondent à des larges dépôts sédimentaires alternant avec des zones profondes (mouilles). Des travaux d'ingénierie importants et répétés modifiant la géométrie du cours d'eau, le régime hydraulique et l'apport sédimentaire peuvent à terme modifier la dynamique des bancs à l'échelle de la rivière. Une meilleure compréhension des processus liés aux bancs est importante pour les gestionnaires des rivières, car les bancs contrôlent activement la morphologie du lit et érodent les berges, impactant la navigation, les prises d'eaux, les ouvrages et la qualité des habitats. Même si les mécanismes régissant la formation et le développement des bancs sont bien compris, la compréhension de la morphodynamique des bancs en milieu fluvial reste limitée, en raison de la non-linéarité induite par la combinaison de facteurs naturels en atrophiques. La non-uniformité des sédiments est une caractéristique inhérente des rivières, mais son impact sur la propriété des bancs, même dans des cas simplifiés, reste obscure. Ce travail de thèse vise à étudier l'impact de l'hétérogénéité granulométrique sur des bancs dans des chenaux endigués, via l'utilisation d'un modèle morphodynamique bi-dimensionnel implémenté dans le système Telemac-Mascaret. Les développements numériques nécessaires sont apportés afin d'être en accord avec l'état de l'art sur la modélisation de bancs avec un sédiment-non-uniforme. Par la suite, ce modèle est utilisé pour l'étude de la morphodynamique des bancs dans un chenal rectiligne sur la base d'expériences réalisées en laboratoire. Finalement, l'analyse est transférée sur un tronçon de 1 km de la Loire, caractérisé par sa géométrie relativement complexe. Les résultats permettent de valider l'approche de modélisation et démontrent la portabilité pour d'autres études, apportent plus d'éléments sur la relation entre sédiment non-uniforme et les bancs, et pourront être utilisés pour préconiser les gestionnaires des rivières
Rivers often present a wavy bed topography due to the presence of bars, corresponding to large sediment deposits alternating with deeper areas (pools). Intense and continual river engineering works altering the river geometry, flow regime and sediment supply can impact bar morphodynamics at the reach scale. A deep knowledge of bar processes is important for river managers, because bars actively control the river bed topography and influence bank erosion, with consequences for navigation, water intakes, infrastructure and the quality of their habitats. Although the origin of bar formation and propagation is well understood, the understanding of bar morphodynamics in rivers remains limited due to the non-linearity of combined natural and anthropogenic effects. Sediment non-uniformity is an inherent characteristic of rivers, but its impact on bar properties, even considering simple configurations, is still unclear. This Ph.D. thesis aims at investigating the impact of sediment size heterogeneity on bars in rivers with non-erodible banks, using a two-dimensional morphodynamic model implemented in the Telemac-Mascaret system. The necessary model developments are brought to comply with the state of the art on the modelling of heterogeneous sediment with bars. Then, the model is used to study bar morphodynamics in a straight channel on the basis of laboratory experiments. Eventually, the analysis is transferred in a 1 km reach of the Loire river characterized by a relatively complex geometry. General outcomes validate the modelling approach and demonstrate the application portability for other study cases, shed more light on the relationship between non-uniform sediment and bars, and can be later used as recommendations for river managers

Orientador : Evaldo Miranda Coiado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil
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Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados de uma investigação experimental visando estimar a carga de lavagem transportada numa seção do Rio Atibaia, SP. O período de coleta para análises iniciaram-se em março de 1993 a abril de 2000, tot31i7ando 171 campanhas de medições da descarga total transportada pelo Rio Atibaia calculando-se assim os parâmetros necessários para aplicação das equações e métodos de cálculo de descarga total de fundo. Determinou-se a carga de lavagem subtraindo, da descarga total medida a descarga total de fundo calculada com as equações e métodos de Laursen (1958), Bishop e outros (1965), Shen e Hung (1971), Yang (1973), Ackers e White (1972-1973), Toffaleti (1968-1969) e Van Rijn (1989). Os resultados forneceram as seguintes conclusões: a) aplicando-se as sete equações ou métodos, obteve-se o valor médio da carga de lavagem representada por 83,60 % da descarga total medida transportada pelo Rio Atibaia; b) os diâmetros médios dos sedimentos transportados em suspensão, referentes às 171 campanhas são inferiores ao limite superior de 0,0625 mm estabelecido para a carga de lavagem
Abstract: In this paper presents a experimental research to compute the wash 1000 discharge transported by a river. The total discharge was measured at a section o the Atibaia river, in São Paulo State, in Brazil. The research was carried out from march/1993 to april/2000. The total bed load discharge was computed using the following equations or methods: Equations or Methods of Laursen (1958), Bishop,Simons e Richardson (1965), Shen e Hung (1971), Yang (1973), Ackers e White (1972-1973), Toffaleti (1968-1969), Van Rijn (1984). The wash load discharge was considered the difference between the total discharge measured and the total bed 10ad computed. It was showed that the wash load presents weak relation with the dimensionless shear stress; all average values of the sediment diameter transported in suspension are lower than 0,0625mm; using equations and methods showed above, the average wash load is equal a 83,60% the total discharge transportade by the Atibaia river in the section considered.
Mestrado
Recursos Hidricos
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

A modelagem unidimensional tem sido adotada desde os anos 1980, com sucesso nas práticas de engenharia, para a caracterização do regime de transporte de sedimentos de longo termo. É também uma importante ferramenta para o entendimento da dinâmica sedimentar de bacias e gestão de sedimentos em reservatórios. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo aplicar a modelagem unidimensional de transporte de sedimentos na bacia do reservatório Taiaçupeba, São Paulo, Brasil, a partir do sistema computacional HEC-RAS, orientada à estimativa das descargas sólidas afluentes ao reservatório. O período de coleta de dados coincidiu com a estiagem de 2013-2015 na Região Sudeste, o que contribuiu com a análise crítica do método e dos resultados, cuja discussão ressalta o uso da modelagem unidimensional como instrumento eficaz de validação das curvas de sedimento para caracterização do regime de transporte. As funções de capacidade de transporte de Laursen-Copeland e Toffaleti mostraram-se aplicáveis a esse sistema fluvial, bem como os métodos de encouraçamento de fundo de Hirano e Thomas-Copeland. Os coeficientes de Manning ajustados foram considerados preliminares e dados de campo adicionais são encorajados para refinar seu ajuste e incorporar maior acurácia na estimativa do perfil da linha d\'água em trabalhos futuros. Além disso, são apresentadas recomendações metodológicas ao monitoramento fluvissedimentométrico que contribuem com a sistematização das técnicas e tecnologias disponíveis à pesquisa hidrossedimentológica.
One-dimensional modeling has been successfully adopted since the 1980s in engineering practices to assess long-term sediment transport regimes. It is also an important tool for the understanding of sediment dynamics in watersheds and sediment management in reservoirs. The objective of this research was to apply the one-dimensional sediment transport modeling in the Taiacupeba reservoir basin, located in Sao Paulo, Brazil, implemented on HEC-RAS, aiming to estimate longterm loads into the reservoir. The data collection period coincided with the drought of 2013-2015 in Southeastern Brazil, which contributed to the critical analysis of the method and results, whose discussion highlights the use of one-dimensional modeling as an effective instrument for validating sediment curves. The transport capacity functions of Laursen-Copeland and Toffaleti have been shown to be applicable to this river system, as well as the bed sorting and armoring methods of Hirano and Thomas-Copeland. The Manning coefficients were considered preliminary and additional field data are encouraged to enhance its adjustment and incorporate greater accuracy in estimating the water surface profile in future work. Besides, methodological recommendations for sediment monitoring are presented, contributing to the systematization of available techniques and technologies applied to sediment research.

Neste estudo, avaliou-se a ocorrência de metais pesados em ambiente fluvial sob influência de curtumes - a bacia hidrográfica dos rios Cadeia e Feitoria (RS, Brasil), focalizando sua origem, distribuição e mobilidade potencial. Trimestralmente, entre julho/1999 e abril/2000, analisaram-se metais e parâmetros complementares em amostras de água e sedimento coletadas em dez locais. Após identificar os contaminantes e locais críticos (cromo e mercúrio, no trecho inferior do rio Feitoria), avaliaram-se também perfis sedimentares verticais e tecido muscular de peixes de fundo (Rineloricaria). As análises de água seguiram recomendações do Standard Methods, enquanto as demais basearam-se principalmente em métodos da agência de proteção ambiental dos Estados Unidos (USEPA) ou Comunidade Européia, buscando prever a disponibilidade potencial dos metais. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e multivariada na análise dos dados, visando sintetizar informações e subsidiar a futura elaboração de um atlas ambiental. Rastreou-se o risco potencial de danos crônicos não carcinogênicos à saúde humana por ingestão de água e peixes contaminados, conforme metodologia recomendada pela USEPA.A ocorrência de metais vinculou-se a contribuições naturais e antropogênicas, representadas principalmente pela intemperização de basaltos e atividades de curtumes. Influenciada pela proximidade dos curtumes e flutuações na vazão, a qualidade das águas diminuiu ao longo dos rios e no período de menor disponibilidade hídrica (janeiro). Os teores de metais nas águas obedeceram aos padrões da legislação brasileira, exceto para alumínio, ferro e eventualmente manganês. Considerando a ingestão de água em cenário hipotético de alta exposição aos metais estudados (água bruta, picos de contaminação, cromo na forma hexavalente), verificouse uma potencial ausência do risco de efeitos adversos à saúde humana. Entretanto, a área sob maior influência de curtumes demonstrou considerável aumento desse risco, em comparação aos locais de referência. Nos sedimentos, as concentrações de alumínio, cobre, ferro, níquel, manganês, titânio e zinco pareceram refletir níveis basais, ao contrário de cromo e mercúrio, enriquecidos no trecho inferior da bacia. Além de condições de avançado intemperismo, os perfis sedimentares indicaram que as descargas de metais antropogênicos poderiam não estar restritas a atividades pretéritas. A partição dos metais nas fases geoquímicas dos sedimentos revelou maior mobilidade potencial do manganês em toda a bacia, seguido por cromo, na área de concentração de curtumes (predominantemente vinculado à fração oxidável). Ainda que em teores abaixo do recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (0,5 μg/g), observou-seacúmulo de mercúrio nos peixes, indicando condições ambientais favoráveis à sua metilação. Para reduzir efeitos tóxicos crônicos não carcinogênicos à saúde humana por exposição ao mercúrio, um eventual consumo do peixe estudado deveria ser restrito a 32 g/dia no trecho contaminado. Mesmo não sendo detectado nos peixes, o considerável aumento do teor de cromo nos sedimentos do trecho inferior da bacia sugeriu possibilidade de ocorrerem localmente outros efeitos prejudiciais à biota aquática. Uma potencial mobilização do cromo retido nos sedimentos estaria vinculada às condições redox do meio, enquanto o enxofre poderia condicionar a biodisponibilidade do mercúrio. Estudos posteriores são necessários para melhor entendimento dos processos de mobilização e bioacumulação de metais na área de estudo, envolvendo organismos de diferentes níveis tróficos.
This study evaluated the occurrence of heavy metals in a fluvial environment under the influence of tanneries – the Cadeia and Feitoria rivers watershed (RS, Brazil), phocusing their origin, distribution, and potential mobility. Every three months, between July 1999 and April 2000, selected heavy metals and ancillary parameters were analyzed in water and sediment samples taken at ten sites. After identifying the contaminants and sites of concern (chromium and mercury at the lower reach of Feitoria River), vertical sediment profiles and bottom-fish tissue (Rineloricaria) were also evaluated. Water analyses followed recommendations of the Standard Methods, while the remaining analyses were based mainly on methods from the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (USEPA) and European Community, searching for estimating the potential availability of metals. Descriptive and multivariate statistics were applied to water and sediment data sets, in order to obtain a synthesis of the environmental diagnosis, and to support the elaboration of an environmental atlas. A risk assessment methodology recommended by USEPA was conducted at a screening level, in order to estimate the potential non-carcinogenic toxic effects to the human health arising from life-time consumption of contaminated water and fish.The results revealed that the heavy metals originate from natural and anthropogenic contributions, mainly resultant from the weathering of basalt rocks and tannery activities. The water quality decreased along both rivers, and during the dry period (January), showing the influence of tannery plants vicinity and flow variations. Except for iron, aluminum, and eventually manganese, heavy metal contents in water were generally in agreement with Brazilian standards. Despite considering the ingestion of water in a hypothetical scenario of high human exposure to the selected metals (untreated water, peaks of contamination, chromium in the hexavalent form), the risk screening indicated a potential absence of adverse toxicological health effects. However, in comparison to the reference sites, this risk considerably increased at the lower reach of Feitoria River, the most affected by tanneries. Concerning sediments, aluminum, copper, iron, nickel, manganese, titanium, and zinc concentrations appeared to reflect the base levels, in opposition to chromium and mercury, which were enriched in the lower part of the basin. The sediment profiles revealed an advanced weathering-stage, and also indicated that the anthropogenic discharges of heavy metals might not be strictly resultant from past activities. The partition of heavy metals among the sediment geochemical phases showed higher mobility of manganese along the basin, followed by chromium in thearea most affected by tanneries (predominantly associated to the oxidizable fraction). Although occurring in levels below the World Health Organization threshold for human consumption (0.5 μg/g), the accumulation of mercury in fish indicated that the prevailing environmental conditions could favor its methylation. Considering the methodology of risk assessment, an eventual consumption of the investigated fish should be restricted to 32 g/day at the lower reach of Feitoria River, in order to reduce the occurrence of non-carcinogenic toxic effects to the human health, arising from oral exposure to mercury. Although chromium was not detected in fish tissue, its considerable enrichment in sediments from the lower part of the basin indicated a potential occurrence of other hazardous effects on aquatic organisms. A potential mobilization of chromium from the contaminated sediments would be associated to the prevailing redox conditions, while the sulfur cycling could influence the bioavailability of mercury. Further research with organisms from distinct trophic levels is needed, in order to better understand the metal bioaccumulation processes that are taking place in the study area.

Ce travail porte sur la morphodynamique des bancs de galets alternés dans une rivière de montagne aménagée. Le site expérimental est un tronçon long de 8 km de la rivière Arc située dans les Alpes françaises. Une analyse des cartes historiques, des photos aériennes et des relevés topographiques montre que le lit de la rivière a évolué d’un style en tresse vers un lit rectiligne avec des bancs alternés contraints entre deux digues. Au milieu des années 1990, le lit de la rivière a été aplani pour former des profils trapézoïdaux. Cependant, les bancs alternés ont réapparu en moins de dixans. Une analyse des facteurs contrôlant leur formation est fournie. Les observations de terrain et l’analyse numérique 1D suggèrent que le motif de bancs alternés représente un état de quasi équilibre du tronçon. D’autre part, la topographie d’un sous-tronçon incluant un banc de galets aété mesurée 18 fois entre 2006 et 2012. Une méthodologie de construction des MNT basée sur leslignes directrices et incluant une estimation de l’erreur a été proposée pour une application aux litsde rivières. La technique de différenciation des MNT a été utilisée pour détecter les changements morphologiques du banc. Ainsi, la morphodynamique du sous-tronçon a été étudiée en la reliant aux principaux processus qui la contrôlent tels que l’hydrologie, les formes des hydrogrammes, la répartition des contraintes de cisaillement, les apports amont en sédiments et l’énergie du coursd’eau. La forme des hydrogrammes de crue ainsi que les apports en sédiments semblent être lesprincipaux facteurs influençant le bilan sédimentaire sur le site étudié. En outre, des modélisationsnumériques 2D hydro-sédimentaires ont été utilisées pour appréhender la dynamique du banc. Lessimulations ont révélé l’importance de l’interaction entre les sédiments fins et les galets sur ladynamique globale du banc
The current research investigates the morphodynamics of gravel alternate bars in an engineeredmountainous river. The experimental site corresponds to an 8 km long reach of the Arc River, in the French Alps. An analysis of historical maps and recent aerial photographs and topographic campaigns shows that the original braided river bed has evolved to a straight bed with alternate bar system constrained within two embankments following two centuries of man-made engineeringprojects. In the mid 1990s the river bed was flattened to fit a trapezoidal cross-sectional design. However, alternate bars re-appeared in less than ten years. An analysis of the controlling factors of bar formation and evolution is provided. Field observation and 1D numerical analysis suggest that the alternate-bar pattern represents a quasi-equilibrium state of the river bed. A singlegravel bar within the reach was monitored 18 times from 2006 to 2012. A methodology of DTM construction based on breaklines is proposed for river beds and an error estimation is presented. DTM differencing technique was used to detect morphologic changes of the gravel bar. Therefore, the gravel bar and main channel dynamics were analyzed relative to main controlling processes suchas extreme hydrologic events, sediment supply, hydrograph shape, bed shear stress distribution andriver energy. Sediment supply and hydrograph shape appeared to be the main factors influencing the study site sediment budget. Moreover, 2D numerical modelling of water flow and sediment transport was performed. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to yield results in agreement with observations. Simulations revealed the relevance of the interaction between fine sediments and gravels on the bar dynamics

[Truncated abstract] Detailed sedimentological, petrographical, geochemical and palynological studies have provided insight into the source rocks and the processes that operated during formation of the Tertiary Yandi channel iron deposit (CID) of the eastern Pilbara, Western Australia. Yandi is the largest and most valuable CID in the world, accounting for more than 2.5% of global iron production in 2003, and is the type-example of CID. The Yandi CID occupies the palaeo-Marillana Creek in the central Hamersley Ranges. It is near-coincident-with the modern Marillana Creek which incised Proterozoic bedrock of the Weeli Wolli Formation (Hamersley Group) and associated dolerite intrusions. Three lithostratigraphic units fill the palaeo-Marillana Creek and comprise the Marillana Formation. The units in stratigraphic order are the: (1) Munjina Member; (2) Barimunya Member, which hosts the majority of the iron resource; and (3) Iowa Eastern Member. Fossil pollen and spores in organic-rich claystones in the Munjina Member indicate that deposition of the Marillana Formation most likely commenced in the Early Oligocene in response to erratic seasonal flows with high energy flood events and intervening quiescent suspension settling of clays. The Marillana Formation consists of twelve facies. These conglomerate and clay facies form three facies associations. The basal facies association is composed of polymictic conglomerate, clay and interbedded CID that represents a lag deposit along the base of the palaeochannel. This facies association characterises the Munjina Member. The second facies association consists of iron-rich conglomerate sheets, bars and subordinate scour-fills and characterises the Barimunya Member. Channel iron deposits of the overlying Iowa Eastern member consist of reworked Barimunya Member iron conglomerates. The upper facies association is polymictic conglomerate with clay that characterises the remainder of the Iowa Eastern Member. Polymictic iron conglomerate in the Munjina and Barimunya Members contains Weeli Wolli Formation and dolerite clasts indicating local derivation. Rare earth element profiles of the other iron conglomerate facies indicate derivation of the Barimunya and Iowa Eastern CID from a different source. These iron conglomerates are characterised by relatively flat LREE profiles. The LREE exhibit an enriched profile approaching the MREE [(average La/Nd)N = 0.7], and the HREE profile shows minor enrichment approaching ytterbium [(average Dy/Yb)N = 0.9]. Comparison of iron conglomerate REE profiles to those of the bedrock indicates that these conglomerates were most probably derived from the Joffre Formation BIF of the Hamersley Group

Uma série de pesquisas realizadas em depósitos de sistemas fluviais, desenvolvidos anterior e concomitantemente à colonização dos continentes por vegetação, são aqui apresentadas com o intuito de investigar as principais características deposicionais destes sistemas, particularmente suas assembléias de fácies e elementos arquitetônicos preservados. Esta pesquisa busca, desta maneira, propor modelos deposicionais para sucessões fluviais pré-vegetação e contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento sobre as mudanças seculares em padrões de sedimentação, principalmente em relação à evolução dos rios através do tempo geológico. Estudos sedimentológicos foram realizados em depósitos fluviais da Formação Applecross do Grupo Torridon (Toniano, Escócia), Formação Guarda Velha do Grupo Guaritas (Cambriano, Brasil) e no Old Red Sandstone do Midland Valley (Siluriano-Carbonífero, Escócia). Foram empregadas análises de associações de fácies e arquitetura deposicional por meio de estudos de alto detalhe em afloramentos, combinadas a análises de paleocorrentes, de proveniência, e de estruturas de deformação sinsedimentar. Depósitos de canais fluviais meandrantes pré-vegetação com espessos depósitos de planícies de inundação ricos em sedimentos de granulação fina são pela primeira vez descritos em detalhe nos estudos aqui apresentados sobre depósitos da Formação Applecross. Diversas estruturas de deformação sinsedimentar encontradas na unidade acima referida são analisadas, revelando que seus estilos podem ser relacionados a diferentes regiões de uma planície fluvial. Nos depósitos da Formação Guarda Velha, é registrada a inter-relação entre dois sistemas fluviais coevos, cuja arquitetura deposicional contrastante resultou da diferente localização destes sistemas em relação à estrutura da bacia, assim como de diferentes áreas de captação. São relatados os efeitos de distintos controles deposicionais, como ambiente tectônico e regimes hidráulicos, sobre a arquitetura deposicional preservada em sistemas fluviais pré-vegetação. Esses dados demonstram que o estilo entrelaçado-em-lençol, apontado como o estilo pré-vegetação predominante, engloba na verdade uma variedade de diferentes estilos fluviais. Estudos em depósitos do Siluriano ao Carbonífero do Old Red Sandstone revelam o crescente impacto da vegetação sobre depósitos fluviais, particularmente o aumento exponencial de formação de paleosolos, além de mostrar semelhanças entre alguns destes sistemas com os sistemas pré-silurianos. A integração desses estudos revela que sistemas fluviais pré-vegetação são relativamente mais complexos do que previsto pelos modelos atualmente disponíveis. Importantemente, sugere que a escassez de sedimentos de granulção fina, preservados em depósitos fluviais pré-silurianos, está mais relacionada à baixa competência destes sistemas em preservar tais sedimentos do que à sua suposta ausência em ambientes pré-vegetação. Foi também desenvolvida uma metodologia específica para o uso de estruturas de deformação em sedimentos inconsolidados como ferramentas na reconstrução de paleoambientes, através das relações entre diferentes estilos deformacionais e ambientes deposicionais, possibilitando a indicação de regimes hidráulicos em depósitos fluviais e a informação indireta de taxas de atividades tectônicas em bacias. A integração de dados de sedimentologia com estudos específicos de deformação sinsedimentar é uma ferramenta útil na reconstrução paleoambiental de sistemas fluviais.
A series of studies were undertaken on fluvial systems deposits which developed prior to land-plant colonization, in order to investigate the main depositional characteristics of those systems, particularly their main facies assemblages and preserved depositional architecture. Main objectives are the proposal of depositional models for pre-vegetation fluvial systems, and the understanding of main secular changes in sedimentation processes and its influence on the evolution of rivers through geological times. Sedimentologic studies were undertaken in fluvial deposits from the Applecoss Formation of the Torridon Group (Tonian, NW Scotland), the Guarda Velha Formation (Cambrian, southern Brazil), and the Old Red Sandstone in the Midland Valley (Silurian-Carboniferous, NE Scotland). Highly-detailed sedimentary facies and depositional architecture analyses in outcrop scale were integrated with palaeocurrent and provenance studies, and soft-sediment deformation analysis. Pre-vegetation meandering channel deposits with relatively thick, fine-grained floodplain deposits from the Applecross Formation and here described for the first time. Analyses on sinsedimentary deformation structures preserved in the Applecross Formation reveal different styles which can be related to different parts of the fluvial plain. Studies on the Guarda Velha Formation revealed the inter-relationship between two coeval fluvial systems with markedly contrasting preserved depositional architecture, which developed as a result of the different location of the systems in relation to basin structure and different caption areas. The effects of different depositional controls on preserved pre-vegetation fluvial system architecture, such as tectonic environment and hydraulic regime, are recorded and interpreted. The present data demonstrate that the sheet-braided style, which is regarded as the prevailing fluvial style before the Silurian, in fact encompasses a varied number of different pre-vegetation fluvial styles. Studies on the Silurian to Early Carboniferous Old Red Sandstones in the Midland Valley of Scotland reveal the progressive impact of land plants on fluvial sedimentation, particularly the exponential increasing rates of soil production. Integration of the here presented data reveal that pre-vegetation fluvial styles. Studies on the Silurian to Early Carboniferous Old Red Sandstone in the Midland Valley of Scotland reveal the progressive impact of land plants on fluvial sedimentation, particularly the exponential increasing rates of soil production. Integration of the here presented data reveal that pre-vegetation fluvial systems are relatively more complex than previously described in the literature. Importantly, it suggests that the paucity of fine-grained sediments in pre-Silurian fluvial deposits is most likely related to various preservation issues than to the lack of such sediments. A particular methodology for the use of soft-sediment deformation structures as palaeoenvironmental tool was developed, allowing the interpretation of hydraulic regimes in fluvial deposits, indication of the basin\'s tectonic activity, and the relationship between different deformation styles and distinct depositional environments. The combined analyses of soft-sediment deformation structures and sedimentologic data is a powerful tool with which fluvial systems palaeoenvironmental can be reconstructed.

Mestrado em Engenharia Civil
Na dissertação apresentada procuram-se estudar os aspectos relacionados com a diminuição do transporte sedimentar fluvial, principalmente devido à construção de barragens. Este facto é importante no balanço sedimentar negativo e consequente erosão costeira que se regista no litoral Português. Assim, analisa-se o transporte sólido antes e após a construção de barragens em dois casos reais. No Rio Tejo, a construção de inúmeras barragens, provocou uma diminuição do transporte sólido em cerca de 70 %, ao passo que, no Rio Saru (Japão), por aplicação de diferentes formulações numéricas, houve um decréscimo do transporte sedimentar fluvial em cerca de 50 %, devido ao aumento da secção de montante e consequente redução da velocidade de escoamento. Perante este facto, foram efectuados ensaios laboratoriais com sedimentos, desenvolvidos no canal de hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Aveiro. Nestes ensaios simulou-se o impacto da construção de uma barragem, relacionando o caudal líquido com o caudal sólido antes e depois de se instalar um descarregador. Devido ao aumento da secção do escoamento a montante, associado ao efeito de barreira da própria barragem, o transporte sólido após a instalação do descarregador deixou de existir. Estes resultados também foram confrontados com formulações numéricas de quantificação do transporte sedimentar. A quantificação do efeito das barragens no transporte sólido fluvial não é fácil e as diversas consequências que provocam, nomeadamente na erosão costeira, não estão completamente compreendidas. Assim, foi objectivo desta dissertação contribuir para a compreensão do efeito das barragens no transporte sedimentar fluvial, verificando-se o elevado impacto que o aumento da secção do escoamento e redução da respectiva velocidade após a construção de uma barreira, têm no transporte sólido. ABSTRACT: In the presented dissertation the objective is to study the main aspects related to the decrease of the river solid transport due to the dams construction, that is pointed out to be one of the greatest causes of coastal erosion in the Northwest of Portugal. Therefore we have focused on the solid transport before and after the construction of a dam in two real case situations. In river Tejo the construction of several dams has led to the 70 % decrease of the solid transport, whereas in river Saru (Japan), through the application of different numeric formulations, there has been a decrease in the river sediment transport to about 50 %, due to the increase of the upstream reservoirs of the dams and consequent decrease of flow velocities. Considering these situations, some laboratorial tests with sediments, were developed in the hydraulic flume of the Civil Engineering Department of Aveiro University. In these tests it was simulated the impact of the construction of a dam, relating the river flow and the solid transport before and after installing the barrier. Due to the increasing of the cross section area in the upstream side associated to the barrier effect of the dam itself, the solid transport stopped. These results were also compared with numerical formulas of quantification of the sediment transport. The effects of the dams in the solid transport is not easy to achieve and the several consequences it provokes, mainly the coastal erosion, it is not completely understood. This way, the goal of this dissertation was to contribute to the comprehension of the real impacts of the dams in the river sediments transport. It was verified that the water level increase and flow velocity reduction is very important on decreasing the volumes of river sediment transport.

El estudio de sistemas fluviales mediante el análisis de testigos sedimentarios supone una oportunidad singular para comprender los patrones espaciales y temporales que rigen la dinámica de la agradación fluvial bajo la influencia de diferentes fuerzas motrices, como son la variabilidad climática o las actividades humanas. Los abanicos aluviales y deltas de los principales valles alpinos de modelado glaciar son importantes cubetas sedimentarias (Hinderer, 2001), que proporcionan registros sedimentarios de alta resolución por ser entornos relativamente estables (Schulte et al., 2008, 2009a). Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de la dinámica sedimentaria de llanuras deltaicas en los Alpes Berneses. En el valle del bajo Hasli se ha aplicado un análisis multi-proxy que incidió principalmente en el estudio de la dinámica fluvial del pasado, concretamente en los últimos 2500 años, lo que posibilitó el análisis de las interacciones del sistema fluvial con la variabilidad climática y con los cambios de usos del suelo. Los análisis realizados incluyen un estudio cronoestratigráfico y geoquímico de testigos sedimentarios. Se realizó una modelización de la agradación sedimentaria en llanuras deltaicas y una estimación de la erosión del suelo y del transporte de sedimentos en cuencas tributarias de pequeña dimensión. Los registros geoquímicos del delta del río Aare permiten identificar dos grupos de elementos principales, uno que engloba el OC y metales como el Cu, Zn y Pb, que se asocian con los horizontes orgánicos, y otro donde se agrupan los elementos químicos de materiales asociados a minerales de aluminosilicatos. Se distinguen por un lado, periodos marcados por un aumento del aporte sedimentario, asociados a fases climáticas frías y por otro lado una mayor incidencia de formación de suelos ricos en materia orgánica en periodos cálidos. La realización de un índice de concentración de metales ha permitido encontrar evidencias de fases de actividad minera durante el Periodo Romano y la Edad Media Temprana, así como un incremento generalizado en la Época Moderna. La modelización de la agradación en las llanuras deltaicas del Aare y del Lütschine ha mostrado que existe una relación directa entre las diferencias en las tasas de sedimentación de cada testigo sedimentario y el ambiente sedimentario en el que se inscribe cada uno de ellos. Las tasas de sedimentación se asocian a ambientes sedimentarios específicos: las depresiones interdistributarias se caracterizan por tener tasas de sedimentación más bajas, mientras que en las áreas proximales del delta o las más cercanas al canal se registran tasas elevadas. El análisis del volumen de material depositado y su distribución temporal en los deltas del Aare y del Lütschine indica la inexistencia de un incremento significativo de los sedimentos acumulados en los últimos 1000 años, periodo marcado por una fuerte intervención humana. Se estima que el principal motivo es la eficiente gestión hidrológica desarrollada por las comunidades locales, que han conseguido, a partir de medidas de mitigación estructurales (levées), que la mayor parte de los sedimentos transportados por los ríos Aare y Lütschine sea transferida directamente hacia el lago Brienz. Se ha efectuado un primer avance para intentar cuantificar la erosión y el transporte fluvial, mediante el modelo RUSLE y WaTEM/SEDEM, en cuencas tributarias de las llanuras deltaicas del Aare y del Lütschine. Los resultados obtenidos muestran algunas incoherencias en relación a la realidad geomorfológica, ya que son incapaces de explicar la elevada variabilidad de los procesos erosivos y de transporte en entornos alpinos. Sin embargo, se ha podido evaluar la aplicabilidad del modelo RUSLE en ámbitos alpinos, así como el análisis de la influencia del coeficiente de erosión y la importancia de los diferentes usos del suelo en la erosión potencial del suelo.
The study of fluvial systems by means of sediment cores is one of the most interesting approaches to understand the spatial and temporal pattern of river dynamics under the influence of different driving forces such as climate variability and human activities. This work focuses on the analysis of the sedimentary dynamics of two delta plains from the Bernese Alps. In the lower Hasli valley a multi-proxy paleoenvironmental analysis of fluvial and alluvial sediments was conducted, allowing the reconstruction of the interactions of climate variability in river systems and changes in land use. The research combines stratigraphical and geochemical analysis of sediment cores. Other approach focused on modeling sediment aggradation in the Hasli valley and in the Lütschine delta plain. An estimation of soil erosion and transport in tributary watersheds was also conducted in both of the mentioned delta plains. The results of the geochemical analysis from the Aare sediments showed periods of increased sediment agradation that are associated with cold climatic phases, whereas organic rich soil formation occurred during warmer periods. The development of a metal anomaly index provided evidences of phases of mining activity during the Roman Period and the Early Middle Ages, as well as a general increase of metal concentration during the Modern Era. The volume and temporal distribution of aggradation in delta plains indicates the absence of a significant increase of accumulation during the last 1000 years, despite strong human intervention. This may be due to an efficient water management by local communities that were able to implement structural mitigation measures in river channels (embankment) that bypass the majority of transported sediments towards Lake Brienz. A first approach was made in the quantification of erosion and river transport in tributary watersheds of the Aare and Lütschine delta plains. The results indicate some inconsistencies in relation to the geomorphological landforms, since they are unable to explain the high variability of erosion and transport in alpine sedimentary environments. However, the data obtained evaluate the applicability of RUSLE model in mountain regions and allowed the analysis of erosion coefficient and land use importance on the estimation of potential soil erosion.

Nel presente studio sono state eseguite analisi chimiche su sedimenti fluviali, prelevati in 233 siti rappresentativi, fra i corsi d'acqua che attraversano la pianura Padana. L'obbiettivo dello studio era di caratterizzare il sedimento e determinarne il suo stato di qualità. Parallelamente è stata effettuata, un'indagine sulle comunità di macroinvertebrati, fra alcuni degli affluenti di sinistra del Po e sul Po stesso. I sedimenti sono stati analizzati con uno spettrofotometro a fluorescenza a raggi x (XRF). I risultati ottenuti, durante le analisi e le elaborazioni cartografiche eseguite, vengono riportati e discussi in questo documento. Le analisi chimiche indicano che la composizione del sedimento è caratteristica secondo la sua provenienza ed è determinata dalla litologia dell'area che i fiumi attraversano. Sono state riscontrate particolari anomalie, delle concentrazioni di alcuni elementi potenzialmente tossici, a valle dei centri urbani. Lo studio delle comunità di macroinvertebrati concorda con i risultati ottenuti attraverso le analisi chimiche.

Südostbrasilien war während des Spätpleistozäns und des Holozäns beachtlichen Klimaschwankungen unterworfen, die vielfältige geoökologische Konsequenzen zur Folge hatten. Mit der europäischen Kolonialisierung setzte überdies ab dem frühen 16. Jahrhundert eine anthropogen verursachte Degradation ein, welche zu massiven Veränderungen des Landschaftssystems führte. Trotz einer längeren geowissenschaftlichen Forschungstradition in der Region ist der Kenntnisstand über die Auswirkungen der natürlichen und anthropogenen Veränderungen auf die Geomorphodynamik bis heute vergleichsweise gering. Bereits existierende Vorstellungen zu dieser Thematik erscheinen darüber hinaus zumindest ergänzungswürdig und müssen entsprechend des aktuellen Forschungsstandes erweitert werden. Um einen Beitrag zur Schließung dieser Forschungslücken zu leisten, wurden im Rahmen der hier vorliegenden Arbeit bodengeographische und fluvialmorphologische Untersuchungen im südostbrasilianischen Guapi-Macacu Flusseinzugsgebiet durchgeführt. Im konkreten soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, ob und wie sich klimatische und anthropogene Veränderungen auf die geomorphodynamische Stabilität der Region ausgewirkt haben. Neben dem wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisgewinn können daraus gesellschaftlich relevante Informationen über zukünftige Umweltveränderungen abgeleitet werden. Zur Beantwortung solcher Fragestellungen werden in den Geowissenschaften Paläoumweltarchive genutzt. Wegen seiner naturräumlichen Gegebenheiten kommen in der Region dabei lediglich Böden oder fluviale Sedimente als Geoarchive in Frage. Folglich widmet sich der erste Teil der vorliegenden Dissertation der Bodenverbreitung und -genese im Vorland der Serra dos Órgãos-Gebirgskette. Neben der feldmethodischen Aufnahme ausgewählter Bodenprofile wurde dafür auch auf klassische physikochemische Labormethoden zurückgegriffen. Die sich daraus ergebenden bodengeographischen Befunde lassen große Übereinstimmungen mit bekannten Arbeiten aus anderen tropischen Regionen der Welt erkennen. So ist der erdoberflächennahe Untergrund an erosionsgeschützten Standorten aus stark verwitterten, (gelb)braunen Böden oder Bodensedimenten aufgebaut, welche fossile rote Bodenhorizonte und/oder einen farblich heterogenen Kristallinzersatz überlagern. An vielen Unterhängen konnten darüber hinaus teils mehrgliedrige, junge Kolluvien beschrieben werden. Um geomorphodynamische Aktivitätsperioden ausweisen zu können war v.a. die zeitliche Stellung der Hangverlagerungsprozesse von Bedeutung. Feo/Fed- und Mno/Mnd-Verhältnisse sowie geomorphologische Feldbefunde erlauben zusammen die Unterscheidung zwischen älteren und jüngeren Hangsedimenten. Die jüngsten Unterhangkolluvien konnten aufgrund eingebetteter moderner Keramik und Holzkohlen sicher in die neuzeitliche Landnutzungsperiode gestellt werden. Insgesamt ist das Archivpotenzial der Böden und Bodensedimente im Untersuchungs-gebiet jedoch gering. Die formulierten Forschungsfragen zu den Folgen von klimatischen und anthropogenen Veränderungen auf die Geomorphodynamik können damit nur unzureichend beantwortet werden. Einen Fortschritt könnten zukünftig evtl. Lumineszenzdatierungen bringen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden Untersuchungen vorgestellt, die an fluvialen Sedimentsequenzen in der Region durchgeführt wurden. Diese sind über weite Strecken aufgeschlossen und können daher vergleichsweise einfach studiert werden. Arbeiten zum Aufbau fluvialer Sedimente und Ableitungen über Paläoumweltbedingungen sind in Süd- und Südostbrasilien bisher äußerst selten und darüber hinaus ist die chronologische Auflösung meist nur unzureichend. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurde zunächst aus 13 chronostratigraphisch bearbeiteten Einzelprofilen ein spätpleistozänes und holozänes, fluviales Standardprofil für das Guapi-Macacu Einzugsgebiet abgeleitet, welches sich aus vier deutlich zu unterscheidenden Fazieseinheiten aufbaut. 44 14C-Datierungen liefern hierfür ein solides Zeitgerüst, so dass gesicherte Aussagen über das Verhalten des Guapi-Macacu-Systems während der letzten etwa 13.000 Jahre möglich sind. Zwar stellt auch das fluviale Standardprofil kein hochauflösendes Paläoumweltarchiv dar, jedoch kann daraus ein wissenschaftlich wertvoller Erkenntnisfortschritt über die Geomorphodynamik im Untersuchungsgebiet abgeleitet werden. So weisen die Ergebnisse auf mehrfache Wechsel in der Fluvial- und Hangdynamik hin, die mit sehr hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit durch großklimatische Veränderungen hervorgerufen wurden. Störungen der thermohalinen Nordatlantikzirkulation lösten an der Grenze zwischen Pleistozän und Holozän sowie am Übergang vom Mittel- zum Spätholozän eine Südwärtsverlagerung der innertropischen Konvergenzzone (ITCZ) aus, wodurch sich die Südatlantische Konvergenzzone (SACZ) während der Sommermonate mit dem Südamerikanischen Monsunsystem (SAMS) verbinden konnte. Im Untersuchungsgebiet wurden dadurch feuchtere Bedingungen und gehäuft Starkregen ausgelöst, welche zu geomorphodynamisch aktiven Phasen führten. Vor allem in steilen Hanglagen und unterhalb größerer abflusswirksamer Felsflächen fanden phasenweise erhebliche Bodenabträge statt und ältere Hillwashsedimente wurden an den Unterhängen akkumuliert. In den Talböden sind die natürlichen Instabilitätsphasen durch grobklastische Schotter (Fazieseinheit I, ca. 12.800 cal. BP) sowie mächtige sandig bis kiesige Sedimente (Fazieseinheit III, ab ca. 4.700 cal. BP) dokumentiert. Bei einer vergleichsweise nördlichen Position der ITCZ, während des Früh- und Mittelholozäns, herrschten im Untersuchungsgebiet hingegen trockenere Klimabedingungen, welche zu geomorphodynamischer Stabilität führten. Diese Stabilitätsphase ist durch einen Hiatus bzw. feinkörnige fluviale Ablagerungen (Fazieseinheit II,zwischen 6.600 und 4.300 cal. BP) in den Flusstälern belegt. An den Hängen wurden zeitgleich sehr wahrscheinlich Cambisole gebildet. Mit der europäischen Kolonisation setzte zu Beginn des 16. Jahrhundert in Südostbrasilien die sukzessive Zerstörung des Atlantischen Küstenregenwaldes ein. Zuckerrohr- und Kaffeeplantagen etablierten sich und es wurde großflächig Brandrodungsfeldbau praktiziert. Dadurch wurden die Böden zeitweise entblößt, was in Verbindung mit den ergiebigen Niederschlägen erneut verstärkte Abträge zur Folge hatte. Die korrelaten Sedimente der nutzungsinduzierten Bodenerosion sind in Form von holzkohlehaltigen Unterhangkolluvien und Auenlehmen (Fazieseinheit IV) erhalten geblieben. Die 14C-Datierungen aus den Flusssedimenten belegen einen verstärkten anthropogenen Einfluss in der Region seit maximal 250 Jahren. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat gezeigt, dass Klima- und Nutzungsbedingungen das geomorphodynamische Prozessgeschehen in der Vergangenheit steuerten. Für die Zukunft sind eine Häufung von Starkniederschlägen und ein wachsender Nutzungsdruck in der Region prognostiziert. Die Ergebnisse aus der jüngeren Erdgeschichte lassen vermuten, dass es dadurch zur Landschaftsdestabilisierung verbunden mit großflächigen Hangrutschungen kommen wird. Diese werden v.a. in besiedelten Regionen sehr ernstzunehmende Naturgefahren für die Bevölkerung darstellen
A growing number of publications from southeastern Brazil points to significant climatic and subsequently substantial geo-ecological changes during the latest Pleistocene and Holocene. Additionally, the European colonization led to anthropogenically triggered landscape degradation since the early 16th century. Even though there has been a long-term geoscientific research tradition in that region, the impacts of these changes on geomorphodynamic processes are not well understood so far. Existing concepts dealing with these topics need to be improved according to the current state of research. Hence, this doctoral thesis attempts to partly close this gap of knowledge. Therefore, pedological and sedimentological investigations were carried out at several outcrops within the Guapi-Macau river basin, SE-Brazil. Especially, this work aims to answer the research question if and how climate changes and increased human impact affected geomorphodynamic stability of this region. In addition to its scientific importance, this topic is of high relevance for the prediction of future environmental changes as well. Geoarchives are used in geosciences for the reconstruction of Quaternary palaeoenvironments. Due to local geographic conditions, only soils and fluvial sediments can be used as palaeoenvironmental archives in the study area. Consequently, the first part of this thesis deals with soil distribution and soil development in the foreland of the Serra dos Órgãos Mountains. Standard field descriptions and physicochemical laboratory methods were applied to characterize the regional soils. The results show that these soils have great similarities with other tropical regions of the world. In the study area a standard soil profile contains of a strongly weathered, (yellowish)brown soil horizon or hillwash sediment, covering a fossil reddish soil horizon and/or a heterogeneous weathering mantel. Additionally, relatively young colluvial soils can be observed in many footslope positions. To identify phases of geomorphic activity, the temporal evolution of hillslope deposition is of great importance. A combination of Feo/Fed- and Mno/Mnd-ratios as well as the assessment of the geomorphic position of the sites allowed a relative distinction of older from younger hillslope deposits in the region. In detail, whereas youngest colluvial layers developed during the modern period of land use intensification, could be identified by embedded modern pottery as well as high amounts of charcoal, a further distinction of older hillslope deposits was not possible with the applied methods. Furthermore, often their preservation state is not sufficient so that their potential as archives for palaeoenvironmental research is very limited. However, future luminescence dating would be an option to establish a late Quaternary chronology of hillslope deposits. In the second part of this thesis, investigations of fluvial sediments of the region will be presented. They are exposed over longer distances of the river courses in the Guapi-Macau catchment so that they could easily be studied. Comparable works on the architecture of fluvial sediments are very rare in SE-Brazil, and furthermore their palaeoenvironmental interpretation often remains doubtful due to insufficient age control. Based on chronostratigraphical investigations of 13 fluvial exposures a latest Pleistocene and Holocene standard profile for the Guapi-Macau catchment were developed. The investigations revealed four different facies units that are clearly distinguishable from each other. 44 14C-datings provide a reliable time frame for the reconstruction of the Guapi-Macacu river system during the last approx. 13.000 cal. years BP. Although the fluvial sediments are discontinuous and thus do not offer high resolution proxy data, important findings concerning geomorphodynamic processes could be extracted from them. The results point on multiple changes of the overall geomorphodynamic conditions, very likely triggered by large-scale climate changes. Disturbances in the thermohaline circulation of the northern Atlantic caused a southwards shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary as well as at the transition from the Mid- to the Late Holocene. Consequently, the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) was connected with the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) during summer, producing periods of intense precipitation over large parts of southeastern South America where the study area is located. Especially at steep slopes and below larger areas of bare bedrock phases of geomorphic activity periodically appeared. Significant amount of soil were eroded, and older hillwash sediments were deposited on the footslopes. In the floodplains, coarse grained gravels (Unit I, approx. 12.800 cal. BP) and several meters of planar or cross-bedded sands to fine gravels (Unit III, after approx. 4.700 cal. BP) document periods of natural geomorphodynamic instability. Due to a more northerly position of the ITCZ, the study area was obviously drier and geomorphologically more stable during the Early and Mid-Holocene. This is documented by a hiatus or fine-grained deposits (Unit II, from approx. 6.600 to 4.300 cal. BP), respectively. On the slopes probably (yellowish)brown cambisols developed simultaneously. Since the European colonization starting from the early 16th century large areas of valuable Atlantic rainforest were destroyed. Instead, sugar cane and coffee plantations were established, and slash-and-burn agriculture became a common land use practice. Soils were exposed and prevailing strong rains led to high rates of soil erosion again. Correlate sediments of this man-made soil erosion are preserved as charcoal-containing hillslope colluvium and fine-grained floodplain sediments (Unit IV). Radiocarbon ages from the fluvial loams point on increased human impact for the last max. 250 years. The present doctoral thesis demonstrates that climatic changes and human impact strongly affected geomorphodynamic processes of SE-Brazil during the past. There are predictions of a larger frequency of intense rainfall events and increased land use pressure for the future. The presented results from the geological history suggest that landscape destabilization and large-scale landslides could be direct consequences of such changes. As seen already today, especially in highly populated regions this could be serious natural hazards which can affect human health

O sistema fluvial amazônico representa a maior bacia de captação de sedimentos do mundo. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as areias transportadas pelos rios Negro e Solimões e discriminar a contribuição do aporte sedimentar arenoso derivado destes dois rios para a formação do rio Amazonas. Além disso, buscou-se identificar variações temporais da geomorfologia fluvial da zona de confluência dos rios Negro e Solimões. Para tanto, foram utilizados métodos de análise geomorfológica e de fácies, granulometria, sensibilidade por luminescência opticamente estimulada (LOE) da fração areia e datações LOE e 14 C. Os sedimentos das barras do rio Negro apresentam maior porcentagem de areia, com diâmetro médio em 375,76 µm, os quais são dominados por grãos de quartzo de sensibilidade LOE moderada (3,06). Já os sedimentos das barras dos rios Solimões e Amazonas são mais finos, com diâmetro médio em 154,58 µm e 134,36 µm, respectivamente, alta porcentagem de feldspato e grãos de quartzo com baixa sensibilidade LOE (2,49 e 2,53, respectivamente). O aporte arenoso do rio Solimões (88,08% para sedimentos de calha e 98,23% para barras) sobre o rio Amazonas é dominante em relação ao aporte do rio Negro (11, 91% para sedimentos de calha e 1,76% para barras). Os dados de sensibilidade LOE sugerem que os sedimentos do rio Negro são acomodados principalmente na calha do rio Amazonas. Os arenitos da Formação Alter do Chão adjacentes ao canal do baixo rio Negro representam a principal área fonte dos sedimentos deste rio. A baixa maturidade composicional e sensibilidade LOE reduzida dos sedimentos do rio Solimões sugerem rápido transporte sedimentar a partir de áreas fontes andinas. O tempo de estocagem mínimo para as areias de barras expostas durante a seca do rio Negro varia entre 0,34±0,04 ka e 1,7±0,26 ka. Já o período mínimo de estocagem das areias em barras dos rios Solimões e Amazonas variou entre 1,3±0,21 ka e 11,9±1,18 ka. As principais fases de construção das barras dos rios Solimões e Amazonas estariam relacionadas principalmente com eventos de precipitação extrema do Holoceno.
The Amazon river system is the largest sediment catchment basin in the world. In this context, this study aims to differentiate the sands carried by the Negro and Solimões rivers and estimate the sandy sedimentary supply derived from these two rivers to the Amazon river. Furthermore, this research also deals with temporal variations of fluvial geomorphology in the confluence area of the Negro and Solimões rivers. For this purpose, we used methods of geomorphological, facies and grain size analysis coupled with optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sensitivity of sand fraction and OSL and 14 C dating. The sediments of the Negro river bars showed a higher percentage of sand, with mean diameter of 375,76 µm, which are dominated by quartz grains with moderate OSL sensitivity (3,06). On the other hand, sediment from bars of Solimões and Amazonas rivers are thinner, with mean diameter of 154,58 µm and 134,36 µm, respectively, high percentage of feldspar and quartz grains with low OSL sensitivity (2,49 and 2,53, respectively). The contribution of Solimões river sands (98.23%) to the Amazon river is dominant in relation to the contribution of the Negro river (1.76%). OSL sensitivity data suggest that the Negro river sediments are accommodated mainly in the Amazon River channel. The Alter of Chão Formation sandstones outcropping adjacent to the lower Negro river channel area represent the main source of sediments for this sector of the Negro river. The low compositional maturity and reduced OSL sensitivity of Solimões river sediments suggest rapid sediment transport from Andean source areas. The minimum storage time for the Negro river sand bars exposed during the dry season varies between 0,34 ± 0,04 ky and 1,7 ± 0,26 ky. The minimum storage time of sands in bars from the Solimões and Amazonas rivers ranged between 1,3 ± 0,21 ky and 11,9 ± 1,18 ky. The main construction phases of the Solimões and Amazonas rivers bars would be related to extreme precipitation events during the Holocene.

Le transport fluvial est un enjeu majeur pour le développement des sociétés humaines. Il génère de l'emploi, désengorge le trafic routier et contribue au développement durable. L'envasement des voies navigables rend nécessaire et obligatoire leur entretien. L'absence de curage des sédiments accentue les risques d'inondation, entraîne une limitation du trafic fluvial allant jusqu'à l'inactivité complète de certaines voies d'eaux, provoquant des déviations et la baisse de la compétitivité pour un secteur entier. L'extraction des sédiments n'est pas systématique car elle soulève des problèmes d'ordre écologique, politique et financier. L'important volume de sédiments pollués (métaux lourds, matières organiques,. . . ) à draguer nécessite une prise en charge, actuellement, inadaptée ou inexistante. Nos échantillons ont été traités afin que les métaux lourds y soient stabilisés. Après une étude des différentes solutions et traitements existants, nous avons travaillé en partenariat avec l'entreprise SOLVAY qui a développé le procédé chimique NOVOSOL® à base d'acide phosphorique. La valorisation de ces nouveaux produits stabilisés a été l'objectif de ce travail de thèse. Après une caractérisation environnementale et minérale des sédiments avant et après traitement, nous avons élaboré et caractérisé des nouveaux matériaux de construction à base de sédiments fluviaux stabilisés. Les applications se sont limitées à des éléments compressés et des bétons. Ces premières pistes de valorisation offrent des perspectives attrayantes et évolutives grâce aux enseignements acquis, au perfectionnement de la méthodologie, à une meilleure maîtrise des matériaux et de leur mise en œuvre
The river transport is a major stake for the development of the human societies. It generates employment, unblocks the road traffic and contributes to the sustainable development. The silting of the inland waterways makes necessary and compulsory their maintenance. The absence of clearing out of the sediments accentuates the risks of flood, involves a river traffic restraint going until the complete inactivity of certain water ways, causing deviations and the fall of competitivity for a whole sector. The extraction of the sediments is not systematic because it raises problems of an ecological, political and financial nature. The important volume of sediments polluted (heavy metals, organic matter. . . ) to dredge requires an assumption of responsibility, currently, unsuitable or non-existent. Our samples were treated so that heavy metals are stabilized there. After a study of the various solutions and existing treatments, we worked in partnership with the company SOLVAY which developed the chemical process NOVOSOL® based on phosphoric acid. The valorisation of these new stabilized products was the objective of this work of thesis. After an environmental and mineral characterization of the sediments before and after treatment, we worked out and characterized new building materials containing stabilized river sediments. The applications were limited to compressed elements and concretes. These first tracks of valorisation offer attractive and evolutionary prospects thanks to the acquired lesson, with the improvement of methodology, a better control of materials and of their implementation

Fluvial sediment transport is a process that has long been important in managing water resources. While we intuitively recognize that increased flow amounts to increased sediment discharge, there is still significant uncertainty in the details. Because sediment transport---and in the context of this dissertation, bed load transport---is a strongly nonlinear process that is usually modeled using empirical or semi-empirical equations, there exists a large amount of uncertainty around model parameters, predictions, and model suitability. The focus of this dissertation is to develop and demonstrate a series of physically- and statistically-based sediment transport models that build on the scientific knowledge of the physics of sediment transport while evaluating the phenomenon in an environment that leads us to robust estimates of parametric, predictive, and model selection uncertainty. The success of these models permits us to put theoretically and procedurally sound uncertainty estimates to a process that is widely acknowledged to be variable and uncertain but has, to date, not developed robust statistical tools to quantify this uncertainty. This dissertation comprises four individual papers that methodically develop and prove the concept of Bayesian statistical sediment transport models. A simple pedagogical model is developed using synthetic and laboratory flume data---this model is then compared to traditional statistical approaches that are more familiar to the discipline. A single-fraction sediment transport model is developed on the Snake River to develop a probabilistic sediment budget whose results are compared to a sediment budget developed through an ad hoc uncertainty analysis. Lastly, a multi-fraction sediment transport model is developed in which multiple fractions of laboratory flume experiments are modeled and the results are compared to the standard theory that has been already published. The results of these models demonstrate that a Bayesian approach to sediment transport has much to offer the discipline as it is able to 1) accurately provide estimates of model parameters, 2) quantify parametric uncertainty of the models, 3) provide a means to evaluate relative model fit between different deterministic equations, 4) provide predictive uncertainty of sediment transport, 5) propagate uncertainty from the root causes into secondary and tertiary dependent functions, and 6) provide a means by which testing of established theory can be performed.

COSTA, Kassius Vinissius de Morais. Parâmetros hidrossedimentológicos da bacia hidrográfica do São José, no Cariri cearense. 2013. 103 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em engenharia agrícola)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013.
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This study aimed to analyse the São José river catchment (BHSJ) hydrosedimentological parameters, evaluate the sediment yield and define the susceptibility of soils to erosion based on the Equation Universal Soil Loss (USLE). Therefore, it was determined: (i) the rainfall erosivity (R - factor) at catchment, based on the formulations proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1958) and Fournier (1960), (ii) the soil erodibility (K – factor) at catchment, it was calculated using the nomograph developed by Wischmeier et al. (1971), (iii) the topographic factor (LS – factor) was obtained through the method of Bertoni and Lombardi Neto (1990), using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), (iv) identification, delineation and description of the land cover (C – factor), using GIS, through by the classification techniques of multitemporal satellite images. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) of the catchment was estimated based in equations proposed by Maner (1958), Roehl (1962), Vanoni (1975), Renfro (1975) and Williams and Brendt (1972). The equation that presented the best fit was selected, comparing modelled and measured data at the catchment outlet, for hydrological year monitored since September 2011 to September 2012. The results show the following: (i) the rainfall erosivity, determined by the equation developed in this study and validated with Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.81; presented satisfactory results in the adjustment of the USLE equation for BHSJ, with best adjustments among the compared methods, that presented percentage errors of at least 50%; (ii) the soil erodibility determined was spatialized in the catchment by Kriging, using the method of interpolation Gaussian model tested and validated; (iii) the topographic factor was determined and spatialized in the catchment, considering average values for six distinct classes of slopes; (iv) the use types and occupation of the basin were divided into agriculture, caatinga, cerrado, tropical rainforest, bare soil, urban and undergrowth. In the catchment, the rate of erosion was estimated at 364 t ha-1.year-1 from the USLE, corresponding to a sediment yield of 1.48 x 106 t in the hydrological year. The map of erosion susceptibility showed that the degree of erosion basin presented: low, medium, high and very high, respectively, 26.39, 34.34, 30.37 and 8.90% of the area. SDR determined by the equations proposed by Maner (1958) and Vanoni (1975) presented values near suspended sediment discharge measured at the catchment outlet during the monitored events, with percentage errors of -12.4 and -2.6%, respectively.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar os parâmetros hidrossedimentológicos da bacia hidrográfica do São José (BHSJ), avaliar a produção de sedimentos e definir o mapa de susceptibilidade dos solos à erosão, a partir da Equação Universal de Perdas do Solo (USLE). Para isso determinou-se: (i) a erosividade da chuva na bacia, a partir de formulações desenvolvidas com base em Wischmeier e Smith (1958) e Fournier (1960); (ii) a erodibilidade do solo na bacia, desenvolvida a partir do nomograma de Wischmeier et al. (1971); (iii) o fator topográfico da bacia, através do método de Bertoni e Lombardi Neto (1990), utilizando o Modelo Numérico do Terreno (MNT) gerado através de dados do Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM); (iv) a identificação, delimitação e descrição dos tipos de uso e ocupação dos solos na bacia, através de SIGs, utilizando a classificação de imagens de satélite multitemporais pré-processadas. A razão de aporte de sedimentos (RAS) da bacia foi estimada a partir de equações propostas por Maner (1958), Roehl (1962), Vanoni (1975), Renfro (1975) e Williams e Brendt (1972), a partir das quais escolheu-se a que apresentou resultado mais próximo do valor de descarga sólida em suspensão medido no exutório para o ano hidrológico monitorado de Setembro de 2011 a Setembro de 2012. Os resultados mostraram que: (i) a erosividade, determinada a partir da equação desenvolvida nesse trabalho e validada com coeficiente de Nash e Sutcliffe de 0,81; apresentou resultados satisfatórios no ajuste da equação da USLE para a BHSJ, com melhor ajuste dentre as metodologias comparadas, que apresentaram erros percentuais de pelo menos 50%. (ii) a erodibilidade determinada foi espacializada na bacia por Krigagem, utilizando modelo Gaussiano testado e validado; (iii) o fator topográfico foi determinado e espacializado na bacia, considerando-se valores médios para seis classes distintas de declividades; (iv) os tipos de uso e ocupação dos solos na bacia foram divididos em agricultura, caatinga, cerrado, floresta úmida, solo exposto, área urbana e vegetação rasteira. A partir da USLE estimou-se uma taxa de erosão na bacia de 364 t.ha-1.ano-1, correspondendo a uma produção de 1,48 x 106 t de sedimentos no ano hidrológico. O mapa de susceptibilidade à erosão mostrou que a bacia apresentou grau de erosão: baixo, médio, alto e muito alto, respectivamente, em 26,39, 34,34, 30,37 e 8,90% da área. A SDR determinada pelas equações propostas por Maner (1958) e Vanoni (1975) apresentaram valores bem próximos da descarga sólida em suspensão medida no exutório durante os eventos monitorados, com erros percentuais de –12,4 e – 2,6%, respectivamente.

Cette thèse constitue une étude de référence sur la qualité des ressources hydriques du bassin versant du fleuve Ibrahim au Liban, notamment avant la construction d’un grand barrage (Jannah). Pour ce faire, 7 stations (NI7 à NI1) ont été sélectionnées de l’amont vers l’aval sur l’Ibrahim et ses sources karstiques. L’ensemble des sept sous bassins a été caractérisé d’un point de vue hydroclimatologie et états de surface (sols, végétation, cultures, géologie, relief). Les débits mesurés à l’amont (2 stations) et à l’aval (1 station) nous ont permis de reconstituer les débits des autres stations intermédiaires grâce à des relations débits-surfaces spécifiques. À partir de prélèvements et d’analyses chimiques de la composition des eaux tout au long d’un cycle hydrologique et avec une fréquence mensuelle, les flux de matières exportées en solution par l’Ibrahim ont été estimés à 122 372 t/an. 80% de ce tonnage est exporté durant la période des hautes eaux. À partir de ce tonnage, on a pu estimer que l’altération chimique des roches carbonatées sur l’ensemble du bassin s’effectue à la vitesse de 81 cm/10000 ans. Cette altération consomme un flux élevé de CO2 typique des régions carbonatées soumises à un drainage intense (1500 mm/an), soit 2,23 x106 moles/km2/an de CO2. L’analyse de la concentration en éléments traces dans les sédiments de fond des cours d’eau, intégrateurs des transports solides, en hautes eaux et en basses eaux, montre des concentrations élevées pour le Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Ga et Cu en passant de NI5 jusqu’à NI2. L’évaluation du degré de cette contamination et de sa variation spatio-temporelle a été effectuée grâce au facteur d’enrichissement en normalisant par rapport à l’aluminium et en prenant les sédiments de la station amont NI7 (source karstique) considérés comme peu ou pas contaminés en ET, comme fond géochimique naturel. Des teneurs élevées en Zn, Pb, Cu et d’autres éléments traces montrent que dans cette région où les activités industrielles, agricoles, et urbaines sont développées, il existe un apport anthropique non négligeable en éléments métalliques. Mais cette contamination reste modérée
Throughout the study framework conducted on the quality of the water resources in the Ibrahim River watershed in Lebanon (notably before the construction of a large dam, Jannah), 7 stations (NI7 to NI1) were selected, from upstream to downstream, including its karst springs. Hydroclimatological and specific catchment characteristics (such as land cover use, geology, hydrology, soil and topography) where characterized for the whole seven sub-basins respectively. Discharge data from the sources (2 stations) and the basin outlet (1 station) enhanced our study to determine and further calculate the discharge of other stations. Sampling and analyzing the chemical composition of water collected monthly during one hydrological cycle allowed us to determine the amount of dissolved material carried by the Ibrahim River. The river flux of dissolved material was estimated at 122 372 tons / year of which 80% of is exported during high flow season. Therefore this flux allowed us to estimate the rate of chemical weathering of carbonate rocks across the basin at 81 cm / 10000 years. This alteration consumes a high flux of CO2 (around 2,23x106 moles/km2/year of CO2) typical for carbonate regions subject to intense drainage (1500 mm). The analysis for the concentration of trace elements in fluvial sediments for the Ibrahim River for the low and high flow periods shows high concentrations of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Ga in the from NI5 station up to NI2. The assessment of the extent of the contamination and its spatio-temporal variation was conducted using the enrichment factor by normalizing to aluminium concentration and using the element concentrations in the sediments of station NI7 (karstic sspring) considered as the natural geochemical background for this catchment. High levels of Zn, Pb, Cu and other traces of noticeable elements show that in this region where industrial, agricultural and urban activities are developed, there is a significant anthropogenic contribution for some metallic elements; thus the trace element contamination remains moderate

Fluvial suspended sediment (FSS) is a measured physical component of hydrologic and environmental watershed studies. A variety of tools and strategies are employed to collect a FSS sample that is representative of the source water FSS. The discrete point-in-time automatic fixed speed pump sampler (DPS) is a commonly used tool in FSS studies. During May-October 2006, two prototype FSS samplers, a time integrated passive sampler (TIPS) and a continuous flow proportional variable speed pump sampler (CPS), were evaluated using an instream flume and a DPS sampler, placed in a small, low energy, second order stream in the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The time integrated passive sampler consisted of a passive instream sampler, and collected FSS continuously over a 24-hour period from a point in the stream cross-section. The CPS consisted of a combined instream suction pipe, pressure differentially controlled variable speed peristaltic pump, removable inclined pipe expansion, and filter bed system. The CPS pumped and filtered water for FSS continuously over a 24-hour period from a point in the stream cross-section. The instream flume consisted of an immersed 1 m diameter by 5 m long half pipe section on adjustable legs. Results indicated that all three samplers were correlated in the assessment of FSS silt/clay (mineral particle size fractions < 53 μm), sand (mineral particle size fractions > 53 μm), and organic matter based on weight, concentration, and percent proportions. Regression results demonstrated that there was disagreement between the DPS and the other two samplers for the assessment of organic fractions. The CPS- and TIPS-measured blend of percent organic and percent mineral fractions were in agreement, particularly if the TIPS measured percent sand was less than 35%. The TIPS collected FSS variables were most responsive to changes in flume flow velocity (log-log relationship), particularly the measurement of FSS total weight. The TIPS weight variables were predictors of flume FSS load values when calibrated to CPS or DPS load values. The study of the TIPS operational characteristics revealed that the inlet velocity was less than the ambient flume velocity of 400 mm ⁻¹ by a factor of 3.9. The proportion of inlet FSS retained in the TIPS body was determined by studying the ratio of expelled to retained FSS proportions (E:R). The E:R ratio was stable at 1:1 for flume velocities between 300 mm ⁻¹ and 400 mm s⁻¹. The E:R ratio varied predictably (linearly) according to the flume velocity, but less predictably according to changing proportions of organic matter, mineral particle size < 53 μm, and mineral particle size> 53 μm. The TIPS and CPS were capable of collecting enough FSS to assess a mineral particle size < 53 μm and> 53 μm. DPS assessment was restricted by the collected sample size to the assessment of organic matter and total mineral fractions only. The DPS was capable of partitioning the 24-hour hydrograph into 2-hour segments, whereas the CPS and TIPS collected a time integrated composite sample over the 24-hour period. The DPS pump speed was fixed, whereas the CPS pump speed was variable, according to the pressure differential readings on a venturi at the TIPS sampler outlet that responded to flume flow velocity. The instream flume provided a stable 24-hour sediment supply, linearized flow and isolated the FSS supply from streambed sediments. The flume was also a convenient, adjustable working platform above the watercourse. The CPS and TIPS prototypes represent successful initial steps toward designing an alternative sampling device to the automatic pump sampler.

Orientador: Francisco Sergio Bernardes Ladeira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: A Planície Sedimentar de Caraguatatuba pode ser considerada como exceção em relação às outras planícies que a circundam. Entre o Canal de São Sebastião (SP) e Cabo Frio (RJ) predominam praias descontinuas, segregadas por indentações do Planalto Atlântico, que por vezes sofrem abrasão direta do oceano. As praias do litoral norte paulista e sul fluminense são denominadas de "praias de bolso" (poket beachs), por apresentaram uma planície de sedimentação em tamanho reduzido, de modo a adentrar pouco no continente. No entanto, na área da Planície de Caraguatatuba, as escarpas possuem um distancia de até 12 Km da atual linha de arrebentação e a baía possui uma abertura da ordem de 10 Km, descaracterizada, portanto, das demais planícies próximas. Esse fato é decorrência a fatores geológicos e estruturais, da Serra do Mar, bem como da presença da intrusão alcalina da Ilha de São Sebastião, que possibilitam a sedimentação na área. Esta sedimentação ocorre por conta da deposição por ação marinha e/ou fluvial. Durante o Período Quaternário ocorreram mudanças no nível relativo dos mares (variações glácio-eustáticas), que proporcionaram avanços e recuos da linha de costa. Desta maneira, ao adquirir patamares mais elevados, a abrasão marinha atingiu determinadas cotas altimétricas, erodindo as escarpas cristalinas e depositando material na atual área emersa. Conseqüentemente, com mudanças no nível de base, a rede de drenagem passa a sofrer um rearranjo, modificando suas deposições, por conta da variação da energia de transporte. Concomitantemente aos depósitos marinhos e fluviais ocorrem também depósitos gravitacionais por meio de escorregamento de massa das escarpas da Serra do Mar. A gênese deste material ocorre pela agressiva ação intempérica atuante no Planalto Atlântico, constituindo seu manto pedológico. Este fato, associado à proximidade do Oceano e a barreira orográfica que constitui a Serra do Mar, ocasiona um intenso regime pluviométrico, acarretando em inerentes eventos de corridas de lama e escorregamentos de massa, que tem como área de deposição a Planície Sedimentar de Caraguatatuba. A compreensão e espacialização destes eventos constituem o objetivo deste trabalho que busca relacionar, na Planície Sedimentar de Caraguatatuba, os sedimentos marinhos, fluviais e gravitacionais, por sua gênese e evolução. O método de tradagens e análise de textura, assim como análises laboratoriais de amostras coletadas em trincheiras também são verificadas. Durante os estudos foram verificadas as ocorrências de materiais grosseiros próximos às escarpas cristalinas, por vezes recobertos por material argiloso, corroborando com as hipóteses levantadas.
Abstract: The Caraguatatuba's Sedimentary Plain can be considered as an exception in relation to other plains that surround it. Between the Canal de São Sebastião (SP) and Cabo Frio (RJ) predominate beaches discontinuous, segregated by indentations in the Planalto Atlântico, which sometimes suffer direct abrasion of the ocean. The beaches of the northern coast of São Paulo state and south of Rio de Janeiro state are known as "pocket beaches", presented by a plain sedimentation in small size in order to enter in some continent. However, in the Caraguatatuba's Plain, the scarped have a distance of 12 km to the current range of surf and the bay has an opening of about 10 km, unspoilt, so the other nearby plains. This fact is due to geological and structural factors, the Serra do Mar and the presence of alkaline intrusion of the São Sebastião, which allow the sedimentation in the area. This sedimentation occurs because sediment deposition by marine and / or river action. During the Quaternary period there were changes in relative sea level (glacio-eustatic variations), which showed advances and retreats of the coastline. Thus, to acquire higher levels, the marine abrasion reached certain thresholds altitude, eroding the scarped and depositing crystalline material in the current land area. Therefore, with changes in base level, the drainage network is undergoing a rearrangement, changing their statements, due to the variation of the energy transport. At the same time the marine deposits and fluvial deposits also occur through gravitational landslides of the scarped of the Serra do Mar. The genesis of this material is weathering the aggressive operating in Planalto Atlântico, making his cloak pedological. This fact, coupled with the proximity of the ocean and orographic barrier that is the Serra do Mar, causes intense rainfall, resulting in inherent in racing events and landslides, which is the deposition area of the Plain Sedimentary Caraguatatuba. The understandingans and spatialization of these events is the objective of this work that seeks to relate, in Caraguatatuba's Sedimentary Plain, marine, rivers and gravity sediments, for its genesis and evolution. The method of auger core and texture analysis, and laboratory analysis of samples collected in trenches are also checked. During the studies were verified instances of coarse material near the crystalline scarped, sometimes covered with clay-like material, which agrees with the hypotheses.
Mestrado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Mestre em Geografia