Journal articles on the topic 'Flush water'
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1
Phan, Nati K., and Samendra P. Sherchan. "Microbiological Assessment of Tap Water Following the 2016 Louisiana Flooding." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041273.
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Floods are a prominent risk factor in the world of public health, as there is a risk of dispersal of harmful biological and chemical contaminants in floodwater. As climate change increases, the occurrence of natural disasters and risk of adverse health outcomes due to flash flooding also increases. Fecal indicator bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Enterococci, are often encountered in contaminated floodwater and can cause gastrointestinal illnesses as well as a variety of infections. In August 2016, East Baton Rouge and surrounding parishes in Louisiana suffered heavy floods due to intense rainfall. No study of water quality during flooding has been conducted previously in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Twenty-three pre-flush and post-flush water samples were collected immediately from accessible homes that had been affected by the floods in order to quantify concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria. These samples were analyzed for the presence of E. coli and Enterococci through both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the IDEXX enzyme substrate method. The qPCR results indicated that 30% of the samples contained Enterococci and 61% of the samples contained E. coli, with the highest concentrations found in the pre-flush outdoor hose and the pre-flush kitchen tap. The IDEXX method yielded total coliforms in 65% of the samples, E. coli in 4%, and Enterococci in 35%, with the highest concentrations in the pre-flush outdoor faucet and the pre-flush post-filtration kitchen tap. Physical parameters including temperature, barometer pressure, dissolved oxygen, oxidation reduction potential, pH, conductivity, and salinity of these samples were also recorded. Of these parameters, conductivity and salinity were significant, suggesting they may positively influence E. coli and Enterococci growth.
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Meheriuk, M., and G. H. Neilsen. "Fruit quality of McIntosh apples irrigated with well or municipal waste water." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): 1267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-176.
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McIntosh apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) irrigated with municipal waste water were softer at harvest and had lower fruit Cu than comparable fruit irrigated with well water. Fruit size, percent red skin color, soluble solids content and fruit N, Ca, K/Ca, K + Mg/Ca, K + Mg + Na/Ca, B, Fe, Mn and Zn were not affected by source of water. Fruit P, Mg, K and Na were higher in apples irrigated with waste water in the second but not the first year of the 2-yr study. Titratable acidity was higher with well water the first year and with waste water the second year. Incidence of core flush was higher in the fruit irrigated with waste water. Key words: Apple, skin color, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, fruit Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Na, N and P, core flush
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Kaur, Rajdeep, Gurnoor Kaur, Sarbjeet Kaur, Gurleen Kaur, Bikramdeep Singh, Manpinder Singh, and Harnoor Kaur. "3 in 1 Smart Water Saving Device." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 1006–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47094.
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Abstract: Friends, nowadays the level of water is decreasing day by day, to save this level of water, all the people are making efforts such as collecting rain water, using RO’s waste water for plants etc. We also wanted to make an effort which will help to a great extent in saving the water level. Friends, you must have seen that 10 liters of water is stored in the flush tank and using it repeatedly consumes a lot of water. To save this water, we have thought of a solution. It will have an arrangement in which two containers of 2 liter and 5 liter will be placed inside the flush tank. The waste water from the kitchen sink will be sent to the sewerage which will be stored in the storage tank and purified and reused in the flush tank. This idea will be of great benefit.
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Zhang, Chao, Bo Fu Li, and Ying He Jiang. "Flush Rule and Initial Flush Analysis of Cement Concrete Pavement." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.701.
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Road runoff was the major contribute to water body pollution. According to the cement concrete pavement flush was evaluated by artificial rainfall model, the experiment indicated that the runoff coefficient of cement concrete pavement was 0.85, the flush coefficient of dissolvable pollutant of road runoff flush model k was 0.082, and the flush coefficient of indissolvable pollutant of road runoff flush model k was 0.057. With the increasing cumulate runoff ratio, the initial flush coefficient kn was decreasing. The emission of 90% dissolvable pollutant and of 30% indissolvable pollutant was removed by 30% runoff.
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Doyle, Kelly C., and Peter Shanahan. "Effect of first flush on storage-reliability-yield of rainwater harvesting." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.055.
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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) entails capture of rainwater falling on a roof and conveyance to a storage tank for later use as domestic water supply. During dry weather, dust and pollutants accumulate on the roof surface and are subsequently washed off with the ‘first flush’ at the beginning of the next rain. Diverting the first flush can improve the quality of stored water but at the cost of reducing the reliability with which the system can supply water. A storage-reliability-yield (SRY) analysis of RWH was completed for Bisate, Rwanda for a period of 20 years with a range of normalized storage volumes and yields. Reliability expressed as days per year on which demand was met was determined for alternative first-flush strategies and compared to the reliability of an otherwise equivalent system without first-flush diversion. Diversion of the first flush was found to reduce reliability by at most 8%. Analysis of three existing RWH systems in Bisate indicates that a recommended 1 mm first-flush diversion would reduce the number of days the system meets demand by no more than 7 days per year.
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Lorenzen, Arne, Erik Ristenpart, and Wolfgang Pfuhl. "Flush cleaning of sewers." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 9 (April 1, 1996): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0216.
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Flush cleaning experiments were conducted in a combined sewer in the city of Hannover using two existing gate valves. The aim of the investigation was to find a practicable cleaning recipe for a particular sewer section, where frequent cleaning actions are necessary due to massive sedimentation. Flush cleaning could be shown to be a powerful method to move sediments, however, the distance between the gate valves and the sewer section to be cleaned was to large, as to successfully clean the particular sewer section. The flush height, its velocity and duration, the frequency of flush events and perhaps the time of arrival of a flush are important qualities in oder to achieve good cleaning results. Modern flush cleaning tools like the Biogest system and the Hydrass Valve are powerful devices with excellent performances and without the shortcomings of other typs of valves. Flush cleaning should be considered when choosing a cleaning method for a particular sewer. It is a method which is economic and ecologic.
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Pasquin, John P. "5005225 Dual flush valve for water closets." Environment International 18, no. 3 (January 1992): V. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(92)90132-n.
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Prisciandaro, M., and G. Mazziotti di Celso. "Back-flush effects on superficial water ultrafiltration." Desalination 256, no. 1-3 (June 2010): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.02.025.
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SINGH, ANUP KUMAR, B. H. M. PATEL, MUKESH SINGH, G. K. GAUR, M. R. VERMA, TRIVENI DUTT, and P. CAROLINA. "Assessment of autoflush machine for cleaning of toilet area/elimination area in weaner pen." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88, no. 11 (November 22, 2018): 1316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i11.85072.
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An attempt was made to develop auto-flush machine for cleaning of toilet area/elimination area. To study the auto-flush system, a total of 10 weaners were divided into two groups (having 5 each), viz. G1 (weaners kept in a modified intensive pen with auto flush system) and G2 (weaners in intensive pen without auto-flush). The defecation pattern/trend was observed 24 h consecutively for 5 days. Each weaner defecated 8.40±0.23 and 8.92±0.13 times per day in G1 and G2 respectively. The auto-flush was assessed indirectly based on parameters like hygiene score of floor, hygiene score of animals, amount of water consumed and manpower required for cleaning of pen in 5 days. Hygiene score of floor was higher in G1 (143±0.63) compare to G2 (112.2±1.7). Hygiene score of animals was higher in G1 (5) compared to G2 (2.6). Water consumed for cleaning was lower in G1 (162.8±9.06 litres) than G2 (212±1.4 liters). Manpower requirement in G1 (7.85±0.24 sec) was lower than G2 (175.48±2.11 sec). It can be concluded that all weaners used the elimination area for defecation in G1. The auto-flush system helped in saving water, labour time and maintained the cleanliness of both floor and animal.
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Gnoatto, Eloise Leonora, Andreza Kalbusch, and Elisa Henning. "Evaluation of the Environmental and Economic Impacts on the Life Cycle of Different Solutions for Toilet Flush Systems." Sustainability 11, no. 17 (August 30, 2019): 4742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174742.
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The use of plumbing fixtures to promote water saving in the built environment is a common practice in water conservation programs. However, the environmental implications of fixtures replacement should be taken into consideration. This paper analyzes three different scenarios for the provision of water in toilets installed in a university campus. In scenarios 1 and 2, single flush and dual flush devices were installed in the toilets, respectively. In scenario 3, in addition to the installation of dual flush devices, a greywater reuse system from the lavatories was analyzed. The objective is to evaluate, through the Life Cycle Assessment, the environmental aspects related to these scenarios. The economic analysis of the three scenarios was also carried out. Measurements were taken on all plumbing fixtures installed in a building of a university campus in Southern Brazil. The research was conducted using smart meters in two periods: with single flush and dual flush devices installed in toilets. Considering the environmental impacts analyzed, scenario 3 presented lower water and energy consumption in the life cycle. Scenario 2, however, presented lower global warming potential. The net present value results were R$ 23,575.71, R$ 19,091.41, and R$ 22,500.55 for scenarios 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
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Parker, Clinton E. "Treatment of water closet flush water for recycle and reuse." International Journal of Environmental Studies 25, no. 1-2 (June 1985): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207238508710213.
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Krebs, Peter, Peter Holzer, Jacco L. Huisman, and Wolfgang Rauch. "First flush of dissolved compounds." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 9 (May 1, 1999): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0441.
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In a crude conceptual approach it is commonly assumed that in a combined sewer system the concentration of dissolved compounds in diluted by an increasing flow rate due to rainwater inflow. However, theory of hydraulics suggests that these compounds are influenced by hydrodynamic effects. It is known that since the wave celerity is higher than the flow velocity of the water, the increase of flow rate induced through rain runoff is recognised earlier at a certain downstream section of the combined sewer than the concentration increase of typical rain-water compounds originating from surface wash-off. This description implies that the wave front is formed from the fluid that was present in the sewer before the flow rate increased, that is the sewage! By means of measurements and numerical simulations, it is shown that this effect may cause a significant impact of dissolved compounds on the receiving water, when a combined sewer overflow occurs, and also on the wastewater treatment plant when the sewer network is flat and catchment area is big.
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Valencio, Isabella P., and Orestes M. Gonçalves. "Drainage and sewage system performance – Consequences of reductions in toilet flush volume." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 5 (January 3, 2019): 576–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418821079.
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This study aims to evaluate impacts of reducing toilet flush volume from 6.8 to 4.8 Lpf with laboratory and field studies. In laboratory, 260 tests were performed including water consumption, waste removal and solid transport tests, in 20 different toilets produced by national and international manufacturers. These tests demonstrated that a simple reduction in flush tank water level was not a viable solution for reducing flush volume, due to flush energy loss. Toilets are designed to work with certain water volume, and reducing this volume without studying the consequences that this could cause, can make with the toilet fail. Toilets approved according the standards ABNT NBR15097, ABNT NBR15491 and ASMEA112.19.2 were installed in 10 houses. The monitoring of water consumption and sewage system videos were conducted during eight months. When 6.8-Lpf toilets were installed, the average toilet water consumption was 16.6L/inhabitant/day. For 4.8-Lpf toilets, this value increased to 17.6. The number of flushes/person/day increased after toilets replacement, indicating that users applied successive flushes. Videos showed blockages in sewage system horizontal pipes. Findings from this study suggest that low-flush toilets do not decrease total water use, and may result in increased water use. In addition, they can cause clogging and solid deposit on sewage system. Practical application: Many management failures have affected the world water availability. Water demand has increased with population growth, and unless the equilibrium between water demand and supply is restored, the world will face increasing water shortage. However, it is essential to study the way of reducing water consumption. Without an effective analysis, instead of bringing benefits to population, water consumption reduction can lead to clogging and negative consequences on sewage system performance, causing disorder to them. It is recommended that manufacturers did not reduce the toilet water consumption without a study on the impact caused on the sewage systems, as well as designers should be careful when specifying sanitary appliances.
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Giresunlu, E., and B. Beler Baykal. "A case study of the conversion of grey water to a flush water source in a Turkish student residence hall." Water Supply 16, no. 6 (May 25, 2016): 1659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.078.
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A case study of the conversion to grey water to a flush water source in a student residence hall of the Turkish megacity Istanbul is presented. Grey water from bathtubs/showers and washbasins is treated and reused for flushing toilets. Raw and membrane bio-reactor (MBR) treated grey water quality was monitored throughout one academic year using parameters to characterize organic matter (COD/BOD), suspended solids (TSS/VSS), nutrients (N/P) and microbiological indicators (total/fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus). For raw grey water, all mean concentrations are below the characteristic concentrations for weak conventional domestic wastewater in terms of physicochemical parameters. However, total coliform concentrations were 7 logs, which is compatible with weak/intermediate conventional domestic wastewater and the mean concentration of fecal coliforms was 6 logs, corresponding to intermediate/strong conventional domestic wastewater. Results of this work revealed that organic matter and microbiological indicators were the important pollutants for this specific grey water. After treatment in an MBR system, grey water quality complied with standards given for reuse as flush water. The student residence hall was a successful example of conversion to grey water as a flush water source. As such, 25% of the wastewater could be revaluated and 25% of the regular daily water supply could be saved.
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Katner, Adrienne, Kelsey Pieper, Komal Brown, Hui-Yi Lin, Jeffrey Parks, Xinnan Wang, Chih-Yang Hu, Sheldon Masters, Howard Mielke, and Marc Edwards. "Effectiveness of Prevailing Flush Guidelines to Prevent Exposure to Lead in Tap Water." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071537.
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Flushing tap water is promoted as a low cost approach to reducing water lead exposures. This study evaluated lead reduction when prevailing flush guidelines (30 s–2 min) are implemented in a city compliant with lead-associated water regulations (New Orleans, LA, USA). Water samples (n = 1497) collected from a convenience sample of 376 residential sites (2015–2017) were analyzed for lead. Samples were collected at (1) first draw (n = 375) and after incremental flushes of (2) 30–45 s (n = 375); (3) 2.5–3 min (n = 373), and (4) 5.5–6 min (n = 218). There was a small but significant increase in water lead after the 30 s flush (vs. first draw lead). There was no significant lead reduction until the 6 min flush (p < 0.05); but of these samples, 52% still had detectable lead (≥1 ppb). Older homes (pre-1950) and low occupancy sites had significantly higher water lead (p < 0.05). Each sample type had health-based standard exceedances in over 50% of sites sampled (max: 58 ppb). While flushing may be an effective short-term approach to remediate high lead, prevailing flush recommendations are an inconsistently effective exposure prevention measure that may inadvertently increase exposures. Public health messages should be modified to ensure appropriate application of flushing, while acknowledging its short-comings and practical limitations.
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Jönsson, Håkan, Thor-Axel Stenström, Jan Svensson, and Annika Sundin. "Source separated urine-nutrient and heavy metal content, water saving and faecal contamination." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 9 (May 1, 1997): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0338.
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Human urine is by far the largest contributor of nutrients to household wastewater. Source separation of urine can significantly decrease the nutrient load on the recipients. By recycling the urine to agriculture as a fertiliser, with very low levels of heavy metals, the nutrients are made into resources instead of becoming pollutants. The amounts and concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals in urine solution from a source separating sewage system were measured. The concentrations of nutrients were high. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was close to the expected value, indicating that the system did not have any large nitrogen loss. The heavy metal concentrations in the urine were low, much lower than that in most chemical fertilisers. Per inhabitant and day, 1.34 litres of urine solution were collected. Of this, 0.34 litres was flush water. The low flush water volume was due to the double flush mechanism of the toilets, which saved 48% of the flush water compared with conventional water closets. Per inhabitant and day, 4.9 g of nitrogen and 0.42 g of phosphorus were collected, which was 86 and 81% respectively of the expected amount. The contamination level of faecal material in the source separated urine was low.
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Budgen, Jack, and Anna Flack. "The effect of flushing on lead concentrations in drinking water." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.051.
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Abstract Current Environmental Health Standing Committee (enHealth) advice recommends flushing kitchen taps for 30 seconds each morning, because lead can leach into water that has been in contact with brass plumbing fittings for an extended period. A study of 108 Sydney households identified that a five to ten second flush was sufficient to reduce lead concentrations below the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) in all kitchen tap water samples. This supports a change to enHealth recommendations, as a five to ten second flush not only meets public health requirements but is also more realistic for customers to achieve and increases water savings.
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Kim, W. J., S. Managaki, H. Furumai, and F. Nakajima. "Washoff behavior of in-sewer deposit in combined sewer system through artificial flushing experiment." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 11 (June 1, 2010): 2835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.097.
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In-sewer deposits in combined sewer systems (CSSs) are closely related with the behavior of first foul flush and combined sewer overflows. However, the research paying attention to the role of in-sewer deposits is quite rare, furthermore, their contributions for the washoff patterns of each pollutant including pathogenic microorganisms are almost never discussed so far. The artificial flushing experiment separating the washoff of in-sewer deposits from the inflow of surface pollutants was carried out to simulate the first foul flush in a CSS. The washoff behaviors of each pollutant including bacterial indicators and enteric viruses were investigated. Several morphological analyses for the concentration and load curves of each parameter were conducted and all patterns were classified according to their washoff characteristics and first foul flush patterns. The washoff behaviors of each pollutant and microorganism are different from each other and categorized into several groups according to their (i) time-series concentration and load curves and (ii) concentration vs. flow rate curves, respectively. The first foul flush patterns of each parameter were to be categorized into typical 3 groups; strong-, partial-, and no first foul flush group. The order of these groups signifies the strength of the first foul flush phenomena and the runoff priority as well.
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Verbeck, J. Q. J. C., G. I. M. Worm, H. Futselaar, and J. C. van Dijk. "Combined air-water flush in dead-end ultrafiltration." Water Supply 1, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2001): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0139.
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Dead-end ultrafiltration has proven itself as a technique for reclamation of backwash water of sand filters and as a pre-treatment step for spiral wound reverse osmosis. A direct result of dead-end filtration is a decreased flux caused by the accumulation of material in the membrane pores and on the membrane surface. Different cleaning techniques are used to remove this accumulated material. Recently a new technique has been introduced, the AirFlush. This technique makes use of air to create higher turbulence as compared to a water flush. At Delft University of Technology research has started into the fundamentals of the combined air- and water-flush. First a series of experiments has been carried out to determine the different flow patterns, followed by experiments to determine which air- and water-velocities give the best cleaning. Finally head loss experiments have been done to get information about the energy dissipated in the system. The results of the head loss experiments have been compared to the theoretical head loss calculated with the theory of heterogeneous two-phase flow.
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McCarthy, D. T. "A traditional first flush assessment of E. coli in urban stormwater runoff." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 11 (December 1, 2009): 2749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.374.
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The behaviour of microorganisms in urban stormwater should be thoroughly investigated and understood to (a) design treatment technologies that can reduce the human health risks of utilising stormwater and (b) develop models which can accurately predict the levels of microorganisms in urban stormwater to aid in health risk assessments. A crucial part of understanding the behaviour of pollutants in urban stormwater is to determine whether the pollutant experiences higher levels in certain portions of the event (e.g. does the pollutant experience a first flush?). The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) determine if the first flush phenomenon exists for a commonly used microbial indicator, Escherichia coli, and (b) determine whether the presence of a first flush is dependent on antecedent climatic and/or hydrologic characteristics. E. coli data collected from the wet weather flows of four urban catchments in Melbourne was used in the paper. Cumulative mass versus volume curves were used in conjunction with standard statistical inferences to determine that the first flush phenomenon was not consistently present, and that the presence and magnitude of a first flush varied considerably between each site. Regression analyses were used to determine that this variation was probably not caused by the same governing processes for all four sites, with different explanatory variables significantly explaining the first flush at each site.
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Mao, Ping Huai, Jing Xi Li, Yu Qin Li, and Hao Yang. "Study on Mechanical Press for the Green Design of Environmentally Friendly Toilet and its Harmonic Response Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.738.
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The worsening in the environment and non-renewable resources are becoming scarce today, environmental protection, energy conservation has been deep into all aspects of social life. Flush toilets cost in view of the traditional water resources, pollution of the environment, and many other defects, and combined with the research status at home and abroad, the paper aims to study environmental intelligent to free water flush toilets green design its harmonic response analysis. This paper describes the environmental Smart Free water flush toilets mechanical part of the green design, including the design of the transmission system, mixing system design and green design of the exhaust system, especially introduces the main components of the spiral drum structure, transmission, installation. Secondly, Pro / Engineer to establish three-dimensional model of the spiral drum harmonic response analysis, finite element analysis software ANSYS platform, spiral drum.
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Melville-Shreeve, Peter, Sarah Cotterill, and David Butler. "Capturing high-resolution water demand data in commercial buildings." Journal of Hydroinformatics 23, no. 3 (February 4, 2021): 402–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2021.103.
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Abstract Water demand measurements have historically been conducted manually, from meter readings less than once per month. Leading water service providers have begun to deploy smart meters to collect high-resolution data. A low-cost flush counter was developed and connected to a real-time monitoring platform for 119 ultra-low flush toilets in 7 buildings on a university campus to explore how building users influence water demand. Toilet use followed a typical weekly pattern in which weekday use was 92% ± 4 higher than weekend use. Toilet demand was higher during term time and showed a strong, positive relationship with the number of building occupants. Mixed-use buildings tended to have greater variation in toilet use between term time and holidays than office-use buildings. The findings suggest that the flush sensor methodology is a reliable method for further consideration. Supplementary data from the study's datasets will enable practitioners to use captured data for (i) forecast models to inform water resource plans; (ii) alarm systems to automate maintenance scheduling; (iii) dynamic cleaning schedules; (iv) monitoring of building usage rates; (v) design of smart rainwater harvesting to meet demand from real-time data; and (vi) exploring dynamic water pricing models, to incentivise optimal on-site water storage strategies.
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Ngo, Ichhuy, Kyuro Sasaki, Liqiang Ma, Ronald Nguele, and Yuichi Sugai. "Enhancing surfactant desorption through low salinity water post-flush during Enhanced Oil Recovery." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 76 (2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2021050.
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Low Salinity Water (LSW) incorporates in surfactant Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) as a pre-flush is a common practice aiming to reduce the formation salinity, which affects surfactant adsorption. However, in a field implementation, the adsorption of surfactant is unavoidable, so creating a scheme that detaches the trapped surfactant is equally essential. In this study, LSW was a candidate to enhance the desorption of surfactant. LSW solely formulated from NaCl (1 wt.%), Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (SDBS) was chosen as the primary surfactant at its critical micelle concentration (CMC, 0.1 wt.%). It found that injecting LSW as post-flush achieved up to 71.7% of SDBS desorption that lower interfacial tension against oil (31.06° API) to 1.3 mN/m hence bring the total Recovery Factor (RF) to 56.1%. It was 4.9% higher than when LSW injecting as pre-flush and 5.2% greater than conventional surfactant flooding (without LSW). Chemical analysis unveiled salinity reduction induces Na+ ion adsorption substitution onto pore surface resulting in an increment in surfactant desorption. The study was further conducted in a numerical simulation upon history matched with core-flood data reported previously. By introducing LSW in post-flush after SDBS injection, up to 5.6% RF increased in comparison to other schemes. The proposed scheme resolved the problems of adsorbed surfactant after EOR, and further improve the economic viability of surfactant EOR.
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Hashemi, Shervin, Mooyoung Han, and Tschungil Kim. "Identification of urine scale problems in urinals and the solution using rainwater." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 2 (February 11, 2015): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.100.
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Water-saving urinals, such as waterless and low-flush urinals, have a great potential for water conservation by using 0 ∼ 0.8 l/flush compared with ordinary urinals, which use 2 ∼ 4 l/flush. However in some cases, water-saving urinals are not desirable because of technical problems, such as urine scale formation which makes the urinal dirty and blocks pipes. Also, some cultures do not allow the use of waterless urinals because of their notion of cleanliness. In this paper, factors causing urine scale formation have been identified from laboratory tests on pure urine and several types of flushing water. Some meaningful solutions for managing and solving urine scale problems have been suggested. In particular, the results show that mixing urine with seawater or high salinity groundwater will increase the potential of urine scale formation by increasing total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH. However, using rainwater for urinal flushing can significantly reduce the TDS and pH. These findings could support the use of water-saving toilets in Islamic societies by ensuring that the cleanliness of urinals can still be achieved.
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Hammami, Sofiene B. M., Manel Ben Laya, Narjes Baazaoui, and Besma Sghaier-Hammami. "Vegetative Growth Dynamic and Its Impact on the Flowering Intensity of the Following Season Depend on Water Availability and Bearing Status of the Olive Tree." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 15614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315614.
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A sufficient and mature vegetative growth is an essential condition for production in the following season and consequently affects the alternate bearing (AB) behavior. However, little is known about its interaction with the crop load and water supply. Herein, we studied the effect of different water regimes and bearing status on the vegetative intensity and flush and its consequence on the flowering parameters of the following season. Rainfed (RF) and fully irrigated (FI) treatments were applied for bearing (ON) and non-bearing (OFF) trees of the ‘Zalmati’ olive orchard in south Tunisia during 2018. The water deficit condition (RF) and the high crop load (ON) have caused a similar decrease in the total node number and shoots length by about 65%. Furthermore, the flowering parameters in 2019, especially the percentage of floral buds (i.e., floral induction intensity), were differentially affected by water supply according to the bearing status of the previous season. FI reduced the percentage of floral buds in 2019 by about 37% for OFF trees, while it increased it by more than four times for the ON trees. Concerning the growth flush, the second (i.e., autumnal) flush seems to respond better to water supply than the first (i.e., spring) one, for both vegetative and flowering parameters. The second flush of growth provided 28% of the total vegetative growth but contributed about 35% to the total number of floral buds for RF OFF trees. Besides, FI makes the first and the second flushes contribute equally to total vegetative growth and to the flowering parameters of the following season. On the other hand, the bearing status of the trees does not affect the contribution of each flush to the total vegetative growth.
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Areas de Almeida, Jaqueline Costa, Caroline Moreira de Souza, Letícia Delduque Alves, Giovana Proença Bastos, Gabrielle Nunes da Silva, Daniele Maia Bila, and Alfredo Akira Ohnuma Junior. "The effects of seasonality on the quality of rainfall water in the city of rio de Janeiro." International Journal of Hydrology 6, no. 4 (July 11, 2022): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2022.06.00316.
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Critical periods and abnormal rainfall events have been observed in the South-East of Brazil, and this has affected both the amount and quality of the volume of water in the water supply systems. This study seeks to assess the influence of seasonal factors on the quality of rainfall at a water treatment plant, located in the city of Rio de Janeiro - RJ. The methodology involved collecting rainfall samples between January 2017 and December 2018, at four specific points in the system: first flush 1 (FF1), first flush 2 (FF2), void volume (VV) and reservoir (RR). The parameters were analyzed statistically and followed seasonal patterns for each of the seasons of the year, and included: pH, turbidity, electric conductivity, total of alkalinity and chloride. The results suggest that there is an urgent need to dispose of the initial volume stored in the devices of the first flush. The water contained in the tank was of a satisfactory standard for non-drinkable purposes despite the effects of seasonality on the quality of the rainfall water. A multivariate statistical correlation analysis made it possible to assess the influence of the seasons of the year on the quality of pluvial water.
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Maniquiz-Redillas, Marla, Miguel Enrico Robles, Gil Cruz, Nash Jett Reyes, and Lee-Hyung Kim. "First Flush Stormwater Runoff in Urban Catchments: A Bibliometric and Comprehensive Review." Hydrology 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9040063.
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First flush is a phenomenon in stormwater runoff that has been considered a topic of great interest in the field of nonpoint source pollution. Despite several attempts to define the first flush quantitively, the specified characteristics of the phenomenon vary among sources. To address these uncertainties, a bibliometric and comprehensive review on published articles related to first flush was conducted. A corpus of 403 research articles was obtained from the Scopus database, which was then parsed using the CorText Manager for the bibliometric analysis. The study examined quantitative definitions of first flush from various sources; climate and topographic characteristics of monitoring and experimental sites where the studies on first flush were performed; the sample collection methods applied; the first flush values obtained on the studies and how it influenced the nonpoint source pollution in urban watersheds. A network map, two contingency matrices, and a Sankey diagram were created to visualize the relationship of significant keywords related to first flush, as well as their co-occurrences with journals, countries, and years. It was found that the strength of the first flush effect could vary depending on the geographical location of the site, climatic conditions, and the pollutants being analyzed. Therefore, initial rainfall monitoring, runoff sampling, and water quality testing were seen as critical steps in characterizing the first flush in urban catchments. Furthermore, the characterization of first flush was found to be significant to the selection of best management practices and design of low-impact development (LID) technologies for stormwater runoff management and nonpoint source pollution control.
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Hu, Jian Guo, You Song Sun, and Zheng Rong Zhang. "Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Three-Dimensional Unsteady Multi-Phase Flow in Flushing Process of Toilets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 444-445 (October 2013): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.444-445.304.
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In order to predict the flush performances of digital toilet products before mass production, a numerical simulation for a three-dimensional unsteady multi-phase flow in the flushing process of a wash-down toilet is carried out by using FLUENT software. The finite volume method (FVM) is used to discrete the three governing equations in space and time. The discrete equations are solved by using the first-order upwind discretization scheme and the PISO pressure-velocity coupling scheme. The realizable turbulence model is chosen as the viscous model to treat the fluid flow with large bending curvature wall. The volume of fluid (VOF) model is applied to solve the transient free-surface problem. First, a two-phase flow was simulated on the assumption that there is not sewage but water in the trap seal. Then, by simplifying the mixture of sewage and water in the trap seal as the third phase with high viscosity, a three-phase flow was simulated. Moreover, in order to validate the simulated results, a flushing testing was conducted to test the flush range, and a target type flow meter was designed, calibrated and applied to test the flush velocity. The comparisons show a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. Based on the verified simulation results, the flush performances of the digital wash-down toilet, such as flush range, flush velocity and sewage replacement ability, can be predicted and evaluated.
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Memon, F. A., A. Fidar, K. Littlewood, D. Butler, C. Makropoulos, and S. Liu. "A performance investigation of small-bore sewers." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 4 (February 1, 2007): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.098.
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This paper describes a full-scale physical model and its application to investigate the effectiveness/performance of small-bore sewers for a range of operational and design parameters. The implementation methodology involves observing the movement of synthetic gross solids in three small bore sewers (150, 100 and 75 mm diameter) for different volumes of simulated flush waves and gradients. The simulated flush waves were generated, using an automated wave sequencer, for three different flush volumes (3, 4.5 and 6 litres). To investigate the impact of solid shape factor, a number of tests were carried out using synthetic solids in combination with toilet tissue paper. In total, more than 1,000 tests were performed for different operational and design parameter combinations. Results obtained to date have confirmed earlier studies, particularly with respect to the role of flush volume in solids transport, and identified the impact of gradient variation and its significance particularly in small-bore sewers receiving low flush volume. Results from the physical model application exercise will be used to propose new design guidelines for wastewater collection systems with specific consideration to new developments and inform the decision support system, currently being developed as part of a research project on water cycle management for new developments (WaND).
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Berndtsson, J. C., L. Bengtsson, and K. Jinno. "First flush effect from vegetated roofs during simulated rain events." Hydrology Research 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2008): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2008.044.
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Vegetated roofs are becoming increasingly popular in urban environments. Still, several aspects of their influence on various urban infrastructures are not sufficiently investigated, including the roofs' influence on runoff water quality. In this study a first flush effect in runoff water from vegetated roofs during simulated artificial rain events is investigated. Example extensive (Sweden) and intensive (Japan) vegetated roofs are studied. The first flush effect is typically occurring in urban runoff from hard surfaces and is not observed when the source of pollutants is unlimited (e.g. soil particles). Vegetated roofs would thus not be expected to exhibit a first flush effect. However, the results show that concentrations of the studied chemical compounds and elements were higher in first runoff samples than in samples taken at higher runoff depths. Analysis of the plots of normalized cumulative mass of studied runoff constituents as a function of normalized cumulative flow showed that, generally, the values are above the diagonal line with the exception of potassium (K) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This indicates that, with the exception of K and DOC, proportionally more mass is washed off in the earlier runoff than in the later, which can be interpreted as the occurrence of a first flush effect.
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Byansi, Jade Zziwa, Richard Mutabazi, Joel Buwaguzibwa, and Najib Bateganya Lukooya. "Enhancing waterborne toilets to reduce water usage in schools: experience from Kampala, Uganda." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 7 (April 22, 2022): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i7.6s.
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Over 620 million children worldwide lacked a basic sanitation service at their school and 12% of schools have facilities that are not usable. In Kampala’s public primary school, the pupil to stance area stands at 57:1 as compared to the required 40:1 by the public health regulation of 2000. A number of waterborne toilets have been constructed in schools to change the pupil to stance ratio from 118:1 to 57:1 in the period 2012- 2018. However, the administrators of schools have denied 07% of the toilets in schools to be accessed by pupils in an effort to control water bills. Administrators prefer pupils to use pit latrines to waterborne toilets because they use less water. This acerbates the inadequacy of access to sanitation in schools in Kampala. The objective of this work was to develop a waterborne sanitation facility that meets the school administrators’ preferences features of VIP latrine with water usage of less than 10 liters of water to flush the toilet. Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) has constructed water based toilets referred to as ‘channel flush’ toilets in public schools to reduce water usage. The channel flush toilet uses a channel as a receiving chamber for faecal matter which is flushed intermittently to the septic tank or bio-digester. Each toilet block is flushed four times a day with each flushing time using 60 liters of water. With the channel flush toilet, schools use about 4 liters per child per day on flushing toilets leading to a 90% water usage reduction. Emptying has been reduced from 30 cubic meters to 5 cubic meters per year. The toilet is recommended to be used in schools and public places such as markets and taxi parks.
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Byansi, Jade Zziwa, Richard Mutabazi, Joel Buwaguzibwa, and Najib Bateganya Lukooya. "Enhancing waterborne toilets to reduce water usage in schools: experience from Kampala, Uganda." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 7 (April 22, 2022): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i7.6s.
Full textAbstract:
Over 620 million children worldwide lacked a basic sanitation service at their school and 12% of schools have facilities that are not usable. In Kampala’s public primary school, the pupil to stance area stands at 57:1 as compared to the required 40:1 by the public health regulation of 2000. A number of waterborne toilets have been constructed in schools to change the pupil to stance ratio from 118:1 to 57:1 in the period 2012- 2018. However, the administrators of schools have denied 07% of the toilets in schools to be accessed by pupils in an effort to control water bills. Administrators prefer pupils to use pit latrines to waterborne toilets because they use less water. This acerbates the inadequacy of access to sanitation in schools in Kampala. The objective of this work was to develop a waterborne sanitation facility that meets the school administrators’ preferences features of VIP latrine with water usage of less than 10 liters of water to flush the toilet. Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) has constructed water based toilets referred to as ‘channel flush’ toilets in public schools to reduce water usage. The channel flush toilet uses a channel as a receiving chamber for faecal matter which is flushed intermittently to the septic tank or bio-digester. Each toilet block is flushed four times a day with each flushing time using 60 liters of water. With the channel flush toilet, schools use about 4 liters per child per day on flushing toilets leading to a 90% water usage reduction. Emptying has been reduced from 30 cubic meters to 5 cubic meters per year. The toilet is recommended to be used in schools and public places such as markets and taxi parks.
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Wada, K., N. Takei, T. Sato, and H. Tsuno. "Sources of organic matter in first flush runoff from urban roadways." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 7 (June 29, 2015): 1234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.307.
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This study aims to explore the influential sources of organic matter in first flush runoff from urban roadways by comparing organic carbon content and particle size distribution in road dust with those from discharge from vehicles during rainfall. Samples on first flush runoff and road dust were collected from urban roadways. In addition, vehicle drainage was assumed to flow from vehicles during rainfall events, so vehicle wash-off water was collected by spraying water onto the top and from the underside of vehicles to simulate accumulation during a vehicle run. In road dust, the organic carbon content in the <0.2 mm fraction was about twice that of the 0.2–2 mm fraction. The particle size distributions of both first flush runoff and vehicle wash-off water were similar, and particles <0.2 mm contributed to over 95% of the total volume. The dissolved organic carbon concentration in the vehicle wash-off water was considerably higher than that in the road dust/water mixture. The total organic carbon content in road dust was positively correlated with annual daily traffic. Therefore, vehicles were thought to strongly influence the nature of road dust.
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K, Vaishnavi, Kirthana M, Arun Kumar K, Abarna R, and Pavithran P G. "UDDT with REUSED WATER FLUSH SYSTEM in RURAL and WATER SCARCE AREA." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 9, no. 6 (December 31, 2017): 4551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21817/ijet/2017/v9i6/170906094.
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Tambo, Norihito, Yoshihiko Matsui, Ken-ichi Kurotani, Masakazu Kubota, Hirohide Akiyama, Tokio Ohto, Yasushi Zaitsu, and Haruo Itoh. "Control of coagulation process by dual wavelength article analyzer." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0104.
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A coagulation process for water purification plants mainly uses feedforward control based on raw water quality and empirical data and requires operator's help. We developed a new floc sensor for measuring floc size in a flush mixer to be used for floc control. A control system using model predictive control was developed on the floc size data. A series of experiments was performed to confirm controllability of settled water quality by controlling flush mixer floc size. An automatic control with feedback from the coagulation process was evaluated as practical and reliable. Finally this new control method was applied for actual plant and evaluated as practical.
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Aryal, R. K., H. Furumai, F. Nakajima, and M. Boller. "Characteristics of particle-associated PAHs in a first flush of a highway runoff." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.058.
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Runoff monitoring of six rainfall events was carried out in a highway, Winterthur, Switzerland focusing on first flush (runoff volume up to 2.88 mm). Six runoff events were used to investigate the characteristics of particle-associated PAHs in first flush. The fine fraction (<45 μm) had a relatively higher contribution than the coarse fraction. A significant contribution of the coarse fraction was observed at some periods when the runoff flow rapidly increased. Fluctuation of PAH content during a runoff event was significant in the coarse fraction and, in contrast, the PAH content in the fine fraction was less fluctuating. The weighted average PAH content in each event ranged from 17 to 62 μg/g in total SS, from 23 to 54 μg/g in the fine fraction and from 16 to 84 μg/g in the coarse fraction. The loading of particle-associated PAHs from the first flush of highway runoff ranged from 0.06 to 0.22 g/ha in a total of 12 PAH species. Keywords First flush; highway runoff; PAH content; PAH profiles; suspended solids
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Mrowiec, M. "The application of improved flow diverter for first flush management." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 9 (November 1, 2010): 2167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.440.
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The paper presents the investigations on first flush phenomenon based on the total suspended solids (TSS) concentration measurement during selected rainfalls at central part of Czestochowa (Poland) and also the hydrodynamic model of the catchment. The model allows to present the conception of first flush management using an improved flow diverter Septurn. Flow diverters used in the separate sewer systems create a hybrid system called “semi-separate” sewage system, which allows to treat the first flush volume in the waste water treatment plant (WWTP). Proposed construction of the flow diverter makes possible to capture significant part of the pollutant load (TSS) and simultaneously to reduce volume discharges to WWTPs during wet weather.
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Kennedy, M., S. Siriphannon, S. van Hoof, and J. Schippers. "Improving the performance of dead-end ultrafiltration systems: comparing air and water flushing." Water Supply 1, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2001): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0104.
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A cleaning protocol that effectively removes fouling from hollow fiber UF systems without excessive use of chemicals, product water or (long) down time is needed. Cross flushing with UF feed water has been reported to increase the net flux of hollow fiber systems by reducing the frequency of backwashing, the consumption of permeate and the system down time. In this study, the flux restoration achieved in a vertical and horizontal UF system employing an intermittent water and water/air cross flush were compared. The flux restoration in the vertical UF system was not improved by the addition of air to the water flush and a maximum flux restoration of 82% was achieved, irrespective of the presence of air. Similarly, in a horizontal ultrafiltration system, a maximum flux restoration of 82% was also achieved with a water flush (v = 1.63 m/s). However, the addition of air to the water flush decreased the flux restoration to 40% at the highest water/air ratio (33% air). Low flux restoration in the horizontal system was attributed to residual air in the module after cross flushing. Flushing with water alone (v = 1.63 m/s) yielded a wall shear stress of 16 Pa compared with 130 Pa and 279 Pa in the liquid film surrounding the air slugs in the horizontal and vertical UF system, respectively, with a water/air ratio of 2:1. Despite the high shear force on the cake layer accumulated when air was added to the system, the maximum flux restoration was 82% both with and without air. This was attributed to the fact that it was the filtration mechanism and not the shear force on the cake layer that limited flux restoration during cross flushing. To improve the flux restoration that can be achieved by the cross flushing process, the filtration mechanism must be manipulated to minimize blocking filtration and induce cake filtration from the beginning of each filtration cycle.
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Wong, W. C., H. T. Ng, Roland Chan, Benjamin Evain, and Huiling Ang. "Going real time in water conservation – the Singapore experience." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 1 (December 8, 2018): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.117.
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Abstract Traditional, mandatory water efficiency requirements such as maximum allowable flow rates for taps and showers, as well as water efficiency labelling for water fittings and appliances (taps, mixers, dual flush low capacity water closets (LCWCs), urinals and urinal flush valves, and washing machines) have helped achieve remarkable reductions in per capita household consumption over the years. To further boost domestic sector water conservation efforts in line with the vision for a Smart Nation where people are empowered by technology to improve living, PUB will seek to gain a deeper understanding of household water use patterns and habits, as well as what motivates water-saving behaviours. This will enable programmes to be designed and implemented in a more targeted manner. This paper shares the key findings and experiences from two projects – the Smart Shower Programme and the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) WaterGoWhere Project – whereby smart devices provide the technological means of modifying user attention to achieve greater water conservation.
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Nam, Sooyoun, Hyunje Yang, Honggeun Lim, Jaehoon Kim, Qiwen Li, Haewon Moon, and Hyung Tae Choi. "Short-Term Effects of Forest Fire on Water Quality along a Headwater Stream in the Immediate Post-Fire Period." Water 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010131.
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Changes in water quality were examined during selected rainfall events in a headwater stream severely damaged by a forest fire on 21−23 February 2021. Seven water quality parameters were analyzed: pH, electrical conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen, and total phosphorous. First-flush effect and event mean concentration analyses were conducted in spring (dry season) and summer (wet season) immediately after the forest fire. In spring, the non-biodegradable organic matter concentrations increased along with pollutants related to ash-enhanced soil water repellency in water affected by first-flush effects. In summer, TSS and nutrient concentrations increased along with pollutants related to fire-induced soil surface disturbances after a series of rainfall events. First-flush analyses indicated that cumulative pollutant loads were greater in the spring than in the summer due to a higher concentration of forest fire ash in the early storm runoff immediately after the forest fire. The event mean concentrations revealed that pollutant loads were associated with both forest fire ash and storm events in the immediate post-fire period. Therefore, this study indicated that water quality along a headwater stream is affected by short-term effects of large and intense forest fires and rainfall seasonality.
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Bhowmik, H., and K. W. Tou. "An Experimental Study of Transient Heat Transfer From Discrete Heat Sources in Water Cooled Vertical Rectangular Channel." Journal of Electronic Packaging 127, no. 3 (July 13, 2004): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1997155.
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Experiments are performed to study the single-phase transient forced convection heat transfer on an array of 4×1 flush-mounted discrete heat sources in a vertical rectangular channel during the pump-on transient operation. Water is the coolant media and the flow covers the wide range of laminar flow regime with Reynolds number, based on heat source length, from 800 to 2625. The applied uniform heat flux ranges from 1 to 7W∕cm2. For flush-mounted heaters the heat transfer characteristics are studied and correlations are presented for four chips as well as for overall data in the transient regime. The experimental results indicate that the heat transfer coefficient is affected strongly by the number of chips and the Reynolds number. Finally the general impacts of heat source protrusions (B=1, 2 mm) on heat transfer behavior of four chips are investigated by comparing the results obtained from flush-mounted (B=0) heaters.
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Zhang, Wei, Juan Li, Huichao Sun, and Wu Che. "Pollutant first flush identification and its implications for urban runoff pollution control: a roof and road runoff case study in Beijing, China." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 11 (April 22, 2021): 2829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.157.
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Abstract First flush is a common phenomenon in urban runoff pollution. Typical cement roof and asphalt road runoff in Beijing, China were monitored for 2 years. Based on the M(v) curve, the suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP) and particulate phosphorus in cement roof runoff presented a stronger first flush than those in asphalt road runoff. The first flush volume (VFF) of SS, COD, total nitrogen (TN) and TP in asphalt road runoff differed slightly from the cement roof. There were also differences in the first flush assessment depending on which method was used. We proposed a new method based on the runoff depth versus pollutant cumulative mass curve. According to the national standards in China (VFF = 3 mm), various masses of different pollutants, such as 91.42 ± 9.80% (cement roof) and 78.49 ± 19.41% (asphalt road) of SS and 86.85 ± 13.54% (cement roof) and 72.80 ± 25.79% (asphalt road) of COD, can be effectively controlled, but our mass control efficiencies were 55.91%–66.65% when VFF = 1 mm. The new method proposed in this study provides an alternative approach for assessing runoff pollution control efficiency of different VFF.
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Han, Y. H., S. L. Lau, M. Kayhanian, and M. K. Stenstrom. "Correlation analysis among highway stormwater pollutants and characteristics." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.057.
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Stormwater runoff from highway land use is a common non-point source of pollutants. A large quantity of highway stormwater runoff characteristics were collected in California during the past three years. Correlations among various water quality parameters and constituents were performed using data sets collected over the 2000–2001, 2001–2002, and 2002–2003 wet seasons for 18, 21 and 23 storm events at three highway sites in west Los Angeles, California. In addition, statistical and graphical correlation analysis of the mass first flush ratio (MFF) with storm characteristics was made to determine if the first flush is related to site or storm characteristics. The results and analyses performed indicate that (1) TSS correlates well with most particulate-bound metals. However, TSS was poorly correlated with most other pollutants. (2) Strong correlations were also observed among dissolved and total metals; DOC, COD, TKN and oil and grease; conductivity and Cl. (3) Total metals, COD and DOC were generally well correlated with mass first flush, suggesting that BMPs that treat the early portion of runoff have an opportunity to remove high concentrations of these pollutants. Keywords Correlation analysis; highway stormwater runoff; mass first flush; storm characteristics
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Bach, P. M., D. T. McCarthy, and A. Deletic. "The development of a novel approach for assessment of the first flush in urban stormwater discharges." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 10 (May 1, 2010): 2681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.209.
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The management of stormwater pollution has placed particular emphasis on the first flush phenomenon. However, definition and current methods of analyses of the phenomena contain serious limitations, the most important being their inability to capture a possible impact of the event size (total event volume) on the first flush. This paper presents the development of a novel approach in defining and assessing the first flush that should overcome these problems. The phenomenon is present in a catchment if the decrease in pollution concentration with the absolute cumulative volume of runoff from the catchment is statistically significant. Using data from seven diverse catchments around Melbourne, Australia, changes in pollutant concentrations for Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Nitrogen (TN) were calculated over the absolute cumulative runoff and aggregated from a collection of different storm events. Due to the discrete nature of the water quality data, each concentration was calculated as a flow-weighted average at 2 mm runoff volume increments. The aggregated concentrations recorded in each increment (termed as a ‘slice’ of runoff) were statistically compared to each other across the absolute cumulative runoff volume. A first flush is then defined as the volume at which concentrations reach the ‘background concentration’ (i.e. the statistically significant minimum). Initial results clearly highlight first flush and background concentrations in all but one catchment supporting the validity of this new approach. Future work will need to address factors, which will help assess the first flush's magnitude and volume. Sensitivity testing and correlation with catchment characteristics should also be undertaken.
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Saget, Agnès, Ghassan Chebbo, and Jean-Luc Bertrand-Krajewski. "The first flush in sewer systems." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 9 (April 1, 1996): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0186.
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The first flush phenomenon of urban wet weather discharges is presently a controversial subject. Scientists do not agree with its reality, nor with its influences on the size of treatment works. Those disagreements mainly result from the unclear definition of the phenomenon. The objective of this article is first to provide a simple and clear definition of the first flush and then to apply it to real data and to obtain results about its appearance frequency. The data originate from the French database based on the quality of urban wet weather discharges. We use 80 events from 7 separately sewered basins, and 117 events from 7 combined sewered basins. The main result is that the first flush phenomenon is very scarce, anyway too scarce to be used to elaborate a treatment strategy against pollution generated by urban wet weather discharges.
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Buoite Stella, Alex Buoite, and Paolo Manganotti. "Enteral Nutrition and Hydration in Patients with Acute Stroke: Efficacy of an Automatic Pump System for Water Administration and Flushes—A Pilot Study." Sensors 22, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 8029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22208029.
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Background: Enteral nutrition is often prescribed in acute stroke to meet energy and fluid needs in patients with dysphagia. Tubes clogging represent a common complication of enteral formula delivery, requiring substitution and influencing nutrition administration. Frequent water flushes are recommended as one of the most effective procedures to prevent tube occlusion, but it might be time demanding and not consistently performed by the healthcare staff. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of an automatic flush pump, compared to a manual flush system, to prevent tubes’ occlusions in acute-stroke patients, as this might affect nutrition and hydration. Methods: Gastrointestinal symptoms, nutrition and hydration biomarkers were also monitored to determine the different devices’ safety. Sixty-two patients were included in the study and allocated to the “manual” or “automatic” flushes device. Results: The mean duration of data collection was 7 ± 2 days. Tube occlusions occurred in 22.6% of the patients in the “manual” group, whereas only one tube clogging was reported in the “automatic” group (p = 0.023). No significant differences between groups were reported for constipation and diarrhea frequency nor nutrition and hydration status. When the nurses were asked to simulate manual flush administration at the same frequency of the automatic device, they were able to meet the recommendations only 10% of the time. Conclusion: This preliminary study suggests the efficacy of automatic flush systems to prevent enteral tube clogging, without affecting health status compared to standard manual flush systems.
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Gaussoin, R. E., J. A. Murphy, and B. E. Branham. "A Vertically Installed, Flush-mounted Tensiometer for Turfgrass Research." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 928–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.928.
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A method for measuring soil water potential in field soils was adapted for use in turfgrass soils. The system uses tensiometers installed flush with the soil surface and permits a measuring depth as shallow as 2.5 to 5.0 cm. Water potential within a tensiometer was measured with a portable pressure transducer. Linear relationships between water potential measured with mercury manometers or vacuum gauge-equipped tensiometers and the pressure transducer were obtained (r2 = 0.99 and 0.97, respectively). The system accurately measures soil water potential of turfgrass soils, while permitting routine cultural practices to be performed.
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Freitas, Lucas Lepinski Golin, Andreza Kalbusch, Elisa Henning, and Olga Maria Formigoni Carvalho Walter. "Using Statistical Control Charts to Monitor Building Water Consumption: A Case Study on the Replacement of Toilets." Water 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2021): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182474.
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This manuscript proposes the usage of Statistical Control Charts (SCC) to monitor water consumption in buildings. The charts were employed to study the impact of replacing toilets, providing visual and statistical feedback to measure the efficiency gain resulting from the replacement of outdated flushing equipment with newer devices. The case study was conducted in a building from a university in the South of Brazil. The building has four restrooms, from which a total of 41,554 readings were collected during a 15-month period using digital water meters. After the toilets were replaced, a reduction averaging 30.22% in water consumption was observed (from 7.51 L/flush/day to 5.24 L/flush/day). Additionally, the control charts were able to pinpoint dates when unique events happened during the water-consumption monitoring process.
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Rahman, Hayder A. Abdel, Halima A. Al-Farsi, Mushtaque Ahmed, and Matheus F. A. Goosen. "Evaluation of some water saving devices in urban areas: A case study from the Sultanate of Oman." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 22, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol22iss1pp18-26.
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Water Saving Devices (WSDs) sustain demands for potable water, soften impacts on supply systems and inflict a positive effect on wastewater treatment systems. This study evaluated the effect of some WSDs in Oman. A questionnaire survey and some case studies were used. The survey results revealed that the pipe line system network for water supply accounted for about 67.7%, whereas the rest mainly use tankers. Around 37.2% of the participants received consumed 25000 - 45000 liters per household per month. Case studies showed no significant difference in household water usage before and after installation of WSDs due to pre-installed aerators. Toilet bags and dual flush toilets were not effective promoting users to flush. However, WSDs were significantly effective in restaurants, mosques, hotels and government buildings. Water consumption in shopping centres and hospitals slightly decreased. Retrofitting programs that involve replacement of existing plumbing equipment and residential water audit programs are recommended.
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Wood, Bruce W., and Charles C. Reilly. "Pest Damage to Pecan is Affected by Irrigation, Nitrogen Application, and Fruit Load." HortScience 35, no. 4 (July 2000): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.669.
Full textAbstract:
Orchard trees of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] were subjected to combinations of cultural practices inducing differential physiological states so as to assess the potential for culture-related impact on damage to trees by key arthropod pests. Leaf N concentration, leaf water status, and crop load all affected foliar damage by black pecan aphids [BPA; Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis)] and pecan leaf scorch mite [PLSM; Eotetranychus hicoriae (McGregor)], as well as second-flush shoot growth. Damage to first-flush foliage in the late season by BPA generally diminished as leaf water status and leaf N concentration increased, but intensified with a reduction in crop load. Conversely, foliage damage by PLSM increased with elevated leaf water status and N concentration, but was unaffected by crop load. First- and second-order interactions for all combinations of cultural treatments conferring differential physiological states affected damage by pests and induction of second-flush shoot growth. Arthropod-induced defoliation on trees receiving highly favorable cultural practices—those producing high leaf N, high leaf water availability, and low crop load—was greater than on trees receiving minimal or lesser cultural inputs. Thus, cultural practices influencing leaf water status, N status, or crop load potentially act and interact to produce both desirable and undesirable side-effects on damage incurred by certain arthropod pests and therefore merit consideration in efforts to develop improved integrated pest management strategies.