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Journal articles on the topic 'Fluorescentorganic materials; Explosives materials'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Wang, Zi, Xinghua Xie, Xiangdong Meng, Weiguo Wang, and Jiahua Yang. "Nanometer battery materials from explosives." Ferroelectrics 607, no. 1 (April 26, 2023): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2023.2198381.

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2

REĆKO, Judyta. "CHARACTERIZATION OF TERRORISTIC EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS AND RELATED PROBLEMS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 161, no. 3 (November 29, 2022): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1164.

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Improvised Explosives Devices (IEDs) are a lethal threat to soldiers in hostilities. Until now, their use has been characteristic of the military conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan. Currently, IEDs are also used in the war in Ukraine. Their popularity is mainly due to easy access to explosives and pyrotechnics (e.g. from unexploded bombs), and chemical reagents, as well as specialistic knowledge that can be obtained online. These factors contribute to creation of effective means of combat, capable of destroying manpower and enemy's military equipment at a minimal cost and amount of work. Currently, problem of improvised explosives is particularly serious due to the fact that virtually everyone is able to make high-energy materials at home, using commercially available chemical reagents or obtaining them from unexploded explosives, and using simple tools. The matter is further complicated by the fact that, as a result of experiments, newer and newer explosives are created in "home laboratories". Those explosives are not yet widely known and tested, which increases the risk associated with IED. In this article, explosives used by terrorist groups and amateurs of pyrotechnics have been analyzed and characterized. The problem of universal access to knowledge and materials necessary to construct explosives was also discussed.

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3

KRYSIŃSKI, Bogdan, and Judyta REĆKO. "PROPOSALS REDUCING POSSIBILITIES OF UNAUTHORISED ACQUISITION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 163, no. 1 (May 12, 2023): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.5920.

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Terrorist attacks using explosives are one of the main forms of action by terrorist groups. Actions taken by individual countries and by international organizations partially restricted access to products used for making the explosives. However, direct access to existing explosives has not been effectively resolved to date. The article proposes measures to significantly reduce this access and identifies specific solutions.

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4

Xie, Xing Hua, Xiao Jie Li, Shi Long Yan, Meng Wang, Ming Xu, Zhi Gang Ma, Hui Liu, and Zi Ru Guo. "Low Temperature Explosion for Nanometer Active Materials." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.193.

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This paper describes a new method for prediction of the Chapman–Jouguet detonation parameters of CaHbNcOdLieMnf explosives for mixture of some of low temperature explosion explosives at 0 = 1000 kg/m3. Explosion temperatures of water-gel explosives and explosive formulations are predicted using thermochemistry information. The methodology assumes that the heat of detonation of an explosive compound of products composition H2O–CO2–CO–Li2O–MnO2–Mn2O3 can be approximated as the difference between the heats of formation of the detonation products and that of the explosive, divided by the formula weight of the explosive. For the calculations in which the first set of decomposition products is assumed, predicted temperatures of explosion of water-gel explosives with the product H2O in the gas phase have a deviation of 153.29 K from results with the product H2O in the liquid state. Lithium and manganese oxides have been prepared by the explosion of water-gel explosives of the metal nitrates, M (NO3) x (M = Li, Mn) as oxidizers and glycol as fuels, at relative low temperature. We have also used the Dulong-Petit’s values of the specific heat for liquid phase H2O. Lithium manganese oxide powders with chrysanthemum-like morphology secondary particles, but with smaller primary particles of diameters from 5 to 30 nm and a variety of morphologies were found. The oxides produced by this cheap method affirmed the validity of explosion synthesis of nano-size materials for lithium ion batteries.

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5

Fawcett, HowardH. "Explosives introduction to reactive and explosive materials." Journal of Hazardous Materials 31, no. 2 (July 1992): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(92)85035-y.

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6

Wanninger, Paul. "CONVERSION OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 4, no. 1-6 (1997): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v4.i1-6.190.

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7

Zarejousheghani, Mashaalah, Wilhelm Lorenz, Paula Vanninen, Taher Alizadeh, Malcolm Cämmerer, and Helko Borsdorf. "Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Materials as Selective Recognition Sorbents for Explosives: A Review." Polymers 11, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050888.

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Explosives are of significant interest to homeland security departments and forensic investigations. Fast, sensitive and selective detection of these chemicals is of great concern for security purposes as well as for triage and decontamination in contaminated areas. To this end, selective sorbents with fast binding kinetics and high binding capacity, either in combination with a sensor transducer or a sampling/sample-preparation method, are required. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) show promise as cost-effective and rugged artificial selective sorbents, which have a wide variety of applications. This manuscript reviews the innovative strategies developed in 57 manuscripts (published from 2006 to 2019) to use MIP materials for explosives. To the best of our knowledge, there are currently no commercially available MIP-modified sensors or sample preparation methods for explosives in the market. We believe that this review provides information to give insight into the future prospects and potential commercialization of such materials. We warn the readers of the hazards of working with explosives.

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8

Lefferts, Merel J., and Martin R. Castell. "Vapour sensing of explosive materials." Analytical Methods 7, no. 21 (2015): 9005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02262b.

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The ability to accurately and reliably detect the presence of explosives is critical in many civilian and military environments, and this is often achieved through the sensing of the vapour emitted by the explosive material. This review summarises established and recently developed detection techniques.

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9

Chmielinski, Miroslaw. "Requirements Regarding Safety Maritime Transport of Explosives Materials." TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation 14, no. 1 (2020): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12716/1001.14.01.13.

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10

Rameev, Bulat, Georgy Mozzhukhin, and Bekir Aktaş. "Magnetic Resonance Detection of Explosives and Illicit Materials." Applied Magnetic Resonance 43, no. 4 (October 28, 2012): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-012-0423-9.

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11

Wang, Yi-Kai, Chen-Guang Zhu, and Da-Zhi Liu. "Effect of Al–Mg–Mn Alloy on the Ignition Performance of RDX, HMX and CL-20." Science of Advanced Materials 14, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2022.4211.

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Aluminized explosives are known as non-ideal explosives due to their incomplete energy release. In order to improve its energy release, Al–Mg–Mn was used to replace aluminum. In this article, Thermogravimetric (TG) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques were used to study the ignition performance of three explosives (RDX, HMX and CL-20) with different mass fractions (0%, 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 30 wt.%) of Al–Mg–Mn alloy powder. The results were compared with those of the formulations with the addition of aluminum. The results suggested that the effect of the addition of Al–Mg–Mn on the extrapolated ignition temperature and exothermic peak temperature of the ignition reaction of aluminized explosives is basically similar to that of Al. However, the addition of Al–Mg–Mn increased the exothermic enthalpy. Explosives with the addition of Al–Mg–Mn alloy powder could release 1.7–17.4% more energy, depending on the mass fraction. On the other hand, unlike aluminum which reacts only during the ignition of CL-20, Al–Mg–Mn was involved in the exothermic reaction of all three explosives. During the exothermic decomposition of explosives, the more active magnesium in Al–Mg–Mn will be oxidized, and magnesium vapor will overflow along the grooves and crevices on the surface of the particles, thus destroying the surface oxidation shell and prompting the active ingredients inside to participate in the reaction.

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12

Dutta, Archisman, Amita Singh, Xiaoxiong Wang, Abhinav Kumar, and Jianqiang Liu. "Luminescent sensing of nitroaromatics by crystalline porous materials." CrystEngComm 22, no. 45 (2020): 7736–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce01087a.

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13

Li, Yongshen, Xue Zhao, Jiuhou Rui, Sen Xu, Shengquan Chang, Lizhe Zhai, Siqi Qiu, and Yuanyuan Li. "Slow Cook-Off Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Spherical NQ-Based Melt-Cast Explosive." Materials 15, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072438.

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In order to analyze the influence of nitroguanidine (NQ) spheroidization on the corresponding characteristics of slow cook-off molten cast explosives, experiments and simulation calculations were carried out. A calculation method was established, based on a multiphase flow model to simulate the response process of spherical NQ-based molten cast explosives under slow cook-off conditions, to analyze the temperature distribution and liquid phase distribution during the reaction process, and to discuss the reaction temperature, reaction time and reaction location with the change of solid content. The study found that the slow cook-off response level of spherical NQ-based molten cast explosives is deflagration; the phase change cloud diagram can be used to determine the ignition time to obtain more accurate slow cook-off response data; when the solid content is 50%, the ignition temperature of ordinary NQ-based molten cast explosives is 454.3 K, and the ignition time is 50.0 h, while the slow-baking ignition temperature of spherical NQ-based fused-cast explosives is up to 464 K, which is an increase of 2.14%, and the ignition time is 51.8 h, which is a relative increase of 3.55%; it can be seen that the spheroidization of NQ improves the thermal safety of molten-cast explosives has a significant effect.

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14

Fronabarger, John W., Jason B. Pattison, and Michael D. Williams. "ALTERNATIVES TO EXISTING PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 20, no. 3 (2021): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2021038576.

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15

Gould, Paula. "Optical detection of explosives." Materials Today 8, no. 6 (June 2005): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(05)70930-5.

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16

Greene, Mark E. "Nanofiber films detect explosives." Materials Today 10, no. 7-8 (July 2007): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-7021(07)70172-4.

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17

Lewis, Ian R., Nelson W. Daniel, and Peter R. Griffiths. "Interpretation of Raman Spectra of Nitro-Containing Explosive Materials. Part I: Group Frequency and Structural Class Membership." Applied Spectroscopy 51, no. 12 (December 1997): 1854–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702971939686.

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Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy has been used to obtain high-quality spectra of 32 explosive materials. The majority of the spectra of these explosives have not previously been reported. Twenty-eight of the explosives have been categorized into three classes (nitrates esters, nitro-aromatics, and nitramines) based on their chemical structure, the position of the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of the nitro group, and the shapes of the band envelopes. The spectra of exceptional explosives are discussed in terms of their unique structures or compositions.

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18

Sun, Xiangcheng, Ying Wang, and Yu Lei. "Fluorescence based explosive detection: from mechanisms to sensory materials." Chemical Society Reviews 44, no. 22 (2015): 8019–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00496a.

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19

Yuanyuan, Li, Niu Yulei, Li kun, and Nan Hai. "Experimental study on internal explosion of thermobaric explosives containing metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2478, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 032036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2478/3/032036.

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Abstract In order to study the influence of metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) materials on the internal implosion properties of thermobaric explosive, the calorimetric bomb and closed chamber were used to measure the detonation heat, quasi-static pressure and energy impulse of five explosive formulations containing different MIC materials. Compared with the traditional aluminized warm compressed explosives, the energy release characteristics and output characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the explosive formula containing MIC material has lower detonation heat value in air and vacuum than that containing traditional Al powder; The quasi-static pressure and energy impulse of the former are higher than those of the latter, indicating that MIC materials can improve the output energy of thermobaric explosives. The results can be used to guide the formulation design of thermobaric explosives.

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20

Anderson, Kevin J. "Energetic Materials, Part II: TNT and Other Military Explosives." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 12 (December 1989): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400061054.

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21

Andjelkovic-Lukic, Mirjana. "Explosives based on octogene and polymer materials, bonding agents." Vojnotehnicki glasnik 49, no. 4-5 (2001): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg0105478a.

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22

Edwards, M. R., and M. E. Palmer. "Mitigation of comminution effects of explosives by particulate materials." Journal of Applied Physics 93, no. 5 (March 2003): 2540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1542655.

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23

Eidelman, S., and A. Altshuler. "Synthesis of nanoscale materials using detonation of solid explosives." Nanostructured Materials 3, no. 1-6 (January 1993): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0965-9773(93)90060-o.

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24

van der Heijden, Antoine E D. M., Yves L M. Creyghton, Emanuela Marino, Richard H B. Bouma, Gert J H. G. Scholtes, Willem Duvalois, and Marc C P. M. Roelands. "Energetic Materials: Crystallization, Characterization and Insensitive Plastic Bonded Explosives." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 33, no. 1 (February 2008): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.200800204.

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25

Wanninger, Paul. "Initiation of Explosives & Pyrotechnic Materials, Jean-René Duguet." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 35, no. 4 (July 28, 2010): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201090014.

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26

Held, Manfred. "Jet Initiation of Covered High Explosives with Different Materials." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 27, no. 2 (April 2002): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4087(200204)27:2<88::aid-prep88>3.0.co;2-2.

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27

Pang, Weiqiang, Chongqing Deng, Huan Li, Luigi T. DeLuca, Dihua Ouyang, Huixiang Xu, and Xuezhong Fan. "Effect of Nano-Sized Energetic Materials (nEMs) on the Performance of Solid Propellants: A Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12010133.

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As a hot research topic, nano-scale energetic materials have recently attracted much attention in the fields of propellants and explosives. The preparation of different types of nano-sized energetic materials were carried out, and the effects of nano-sized energetic materials (nEMs) on the properties of solid propellants and explosives were investigated and compared with those of micro-sized ones, placing emphasis on the investigation of the hazardous properties, which could be useable for solid rocket nozzle motor applications. It was found that the nano-sized energetic materials can decrease the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of solid propellants and explosives compared with the corresponding micro-sized ones, and the mechanical sensitivities are lower than that of micro-sized particles formulation. Seventy-nine references were enclosed.

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28

Chouyyok, Wilaiwan, J. Timothy Bays, Aleksandr A. Gerasimenko, Anthony D. Cinson, Robert G. Ewing, David A. Atkinson, and R. Shane Addleman. "Improved explosive collection and detection with rationally assembled surface sampling materials." RSC Advances 6, no. 97 (2016): 94476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20157a.

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29

Polis, Mateusz, Karolina Nikolczuk, Andrzej Maranda, Agnieszka Stolarczyk, and Tomasz Jarosz. "Theft-Safe Explosive Mixtures Based on Hydrogen Peroxide: Study of Properties and Built-In Self-Deactivation Kinetics." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 5, 2021): 5818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195818.

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The current focus on both environmental and general safety is an important issue in the field of explosives. As such, environmentally-friendly explosives, based on hydrogen peroxide (HTP) as an oxidising agent, are of significant interest. These explosives can be designed to undergo self-deactivation, denying access to them by any unlawful third parties that may attempt scavenging blasting sites for any residual energetic materials. Such deactivation also improves blasting safety, as, after a set time, misfired charges no longer pose any explosive threat. In this work, we have designed HTP-based explosive formulations that undergo deactivation after approximately 12 h. To this effect, Al powders were used both as fuels and HTP decomposition promoters. The shock wave parameters and ability to perform mechanical work of the proposed explosive formulations are comparable to those of dynamites and bulk emulsion explosives, and the details of the changes of these parameters over time are also reported.

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30

Kent, Rosalyn V., Thomas P. Vaid, Jake A. Boissonnault, and Adam J. Matzger. "Adsorption of tetranitromethane in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks yields energetic materials." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 22 (2019): 7509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01254k.

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31

Hasegawa, Kouki, Shigeru Tanaka, Ivan Bataev, Daisuke Inao, Masatoshi Nishi, Akihisa Kubota, and Kazuyuki Hokamoto. "One-dimensional nanoimprinting using linear explosives." Materials & Design 203 (May 2021): 109607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109607.

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32

Horváth, Tibor, and István Ember. "Characteristics of Homemade Explosive Materials and the Possibilities of their Identification." Land Forces Academy Review 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2021-0015.

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Abstract One of the greatest challenges for explosive ordnance disposal operators is the disarming process of an improvised explosive device. These dangerous devices are often made from homemade explosive. Committing a bomb attack in urban areas is a basic weapon of terrorists, which may claim civilians’ lives. The main aim of experts is to avoid any lethal attack and to stop terrorists who endanger our life. Identifying homemade explosives may also help during the fight against terrorism since information may be provided this way, which is essential for professionals who work in the areas of operations. Usage of high-tech equipment provides stable and reliable background in the field of explosives’ analysis.

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33

Yar, Muhammad, Ahmed Bilal Shah, Muhammad Ali Hashmi, and Khurshid Ayub. "Selective detection and removal of picric acid by C2N surface from a mixture of nitro-explosives." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 43 (2020): 18646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj03752d.

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34

Ding, Wen, Tao Guo, Chong Ji, and Rui Qi Shen. "Application of Distribution of Oxygen Coefficient in Explosive Neutron Detection." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 1040–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.1040.

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Oxygen coefficients of 396 explosives, including liquid and solid explosives, 177 dangerous materials, including oxidants, combustible substances, chemical hazards and narcotics, and 9 common packing materials were collected and compared. It can be seem that the explosives can be distinguished from non-explosives by oxygen coefficient with boundary 0.3 to 1.2. This result can support a convincing proof for explosive neutron detection.

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35

Ferrari, Claudio, Giovanni Attolini, Matteo Bosi, Cesare Frigeri, Paola Frigeri, Enos Gombia, Laura Lazzarini, et al. "Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives in Air by Amino-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081278.

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Nitroaromatic explosives are the most common explosives, and their detection is important to public security, human health, and environmental protection. In particular, the detection of solid explosives through directly revealing the presence of their vapors in air would be desirable for compact and portable devices. In this study, amino-functionalized carbon nanotubes were used to produce resistive sensors to detect nitroaromatic explosives by interaction with their vapors. Devices formed by carbon nanotube networks working at room temperature revealed trinitrotoluene, one of the most common nitroaromatic explosives, and di-nitrotoluene-saturated vapors, with reaction and recovery times of a few and tens of seconds, respectively. This type of resistive device is particularly simple and may be easily combined with low-power electronics for preparing portable devices.

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36

Zhao, Xiaohua, Gaohui Wang, Hongyuan Fang, Yong Fan, and Xueming Du. "Shock Wave Propagation Characteristics of Cylindrical Charge and Its Aspect Ratio Effects on the Damage of RC Slabs." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 29, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2483995.

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Antiknock research of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs is often carried out with spherical or nearly spherical explosives, although many explosives used in engineering and military are cylinder shaped. It is known that the shock wave caused by cylindrical explosives varies in different directions, which is quite different from the spherical charge. In this paper, the shock wave propagation characteristics of spherical and cylindrical explosives with different aspect ratios are compared and analyzed. The 2D numerical results show the peak overpressure from the cylindrical explosive is significantly affected by the L/D (length/diameter) ratio. Subsequently, the damage features of RC slabs under spherical and cylindrical explosives with a certain L/D ratio are investigated through an explosion experiment. Finally, the influence of the L/D ratio on the dynamic response of RC slabs under cylindrical explosives is studied by the fully coupled Euler–Lagrange method. The accuracy and reliability of the coupled model are verified by comparing the numerical with experimental results. Based on the experimental and numerical studies, it can be concluded that the explosive shape directly determines the shape of upper surface crater damage, and the spall damage area of RC slabs becomes larger as the L/D increases. For the L/D increases to a certain value, the cylindrical explosive will induce larger spall damage than that induced by spherical charge with the same amount of explosives. Hence, the effect of the cylindrical charge should be considered in the antiknock design of the RC structure.

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37

Kim, Eunyoung. "Laws and regulations on Explosives materials: Legal responds and ATF programs on Explosives in the United States." Gachon Law Review 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15335/glr.2023.16.2.004.

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38

Lewis, A. L., and H. T. Goldrein. "Strain Measurement Techniques in Explosives." Strain 40, no. 1 (February 2004): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2003.00107.x.

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39

Palka, Norbert. "Identification of concealed materials, including explosives, by terahertz reflection spectroscopy." Optical Engineering 53, no. 3 (December 2, 2013): 031202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.53.3.031202.

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40

Ramdasi, Dipali, and Rohini Mudhalwadkar. "Thin film sensor materials for detection of Nitro-Aromatic explosives." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 323 (March 2018): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/323/1/012003.

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41

Salinas, Yolanda, Ramón Martínez-Máñez, Jan O. Jeppesen, Lars H. Petersen, Félix Sancenón, María Dolores Marcos, Juan Soto, Carmen Guillem, and Pedro Amorós. "Tetrathiafulvalene-Capped Hybrid Materials for the Optical Detection of Explosives." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 5, no. 5 (February 25, 2013): 1538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am303111c.

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42

Bauer, F. "PVDF shock sensors: applications to polar materials and high explosives." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 47, no. 6 (November 2000): 1448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/58.883534.

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43

Loiseau, J., W. Georges, D. L. Frost, and A. J. Higgins. "The propulsive capability of explosives heavily loaded with inert materials." Shock Waves 28, no. 4 (January 27, 2018): 709–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-017-0781-1.

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44

Tarver, Craig M. "High Energy Materials, Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Jai Prakash Agrawal." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 35, no. 5 (September 17, 2010): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201000098.

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45

Zhang, Wei, Yue Tang, Anran Shi, Lirong Bao, Yun Shen, Ruiqi Shen, and Yinghua Ye. "Recent Developments in Spectroscopic Techniques for the Detection of Explosives." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081364.

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Trace detection of explosives has been an ongoing challenge for decades and has become one of several critical problems in defense science; public safety; and global counter-terrorism. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing a wide variety of approaches to detect trace explosive residues. Spectroscopy-based techniques play an irreplaceable role for the detection of energetic substances due to the advantages of rapid, automatic, and non-contact. The present work provides a comprehensive review of the advances made over the past few years in the fields of the applications of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy; and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for trace explosives detection. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of various spectroscopy-based detection techniques are summarized. Finally, the future development for the detection of explosives is discussed.

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46

Wang, Ruihao, Lanting Yang, Zhenwei Zhang, Wenkui Song, Dunju Wang, and Changping Guo. "Preparation of quasi-core/shell structured composite energetic materials to improve combustion performance." RSC Advances 13, no. 26 (2023): 17834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra02732e.

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47

Frantov, Alexandre. "SWOT-assessment of recycling materials for cheap explosives used in the development of fields in the Russian Arctic zone." E3S Web of Conferences 270 (2021): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127001007.

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Abstract:

The recycling potential is being actualized due to the trends in the production and use of powder and liquid combustible materials from the waste of a mining enterprise in the production cycle of mining, enrichment and processing (polymer packaging and containers of explosives, large tires and rubber products during the operation of mining vehicles, coal powder and coke breeze during enrichment and coking of coal, waste oil products during the operation of vehicles and mechanization equipment). In the material under consideration, a SWOT analysis of the possibility of using the recycling technology of materials in the manufacture of the simplest explosives in the northern and arctic regions of Russia is carried out, including consideration of geological, natural, climatic, economic-geographical, environmental, technological and technical aspects. On the basis of the presented detailing of the indicators of the considered aspects of the SWOT analysis, their role is shown and the value is highlighted when using the technology of recycling materials for the simplest explosives in the development of medium and small deposits. The possibility of obtaining recycled material used for the manufacture of the simplest explosives at mining enterprises from alternative manufacturers is shown.

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Nikolczuk, Karolina, Andrzej Maranda, Piotr Mertuszka, Krzysztof Fuławka, Zenon Wilk, and Piotr Koślik. "Measurements of the VOD of Selected Mining Explosives and Novel “Green Explosives” Using the Continuous Method." Central European Journal of Energetic Materials 16, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 468–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22211/cejem/112481.

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49

Pang, Wei-qiang, Ke Wang, Wei Zhang, Luigi T. De Luca, Xue-zhong Fan, and Jun-qiang Li. "CL-20-Based Cocrystal Energetic Materials: Simulation, Preparation and Performance." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 20, 2020): 4311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184311.

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The cocrystallization of high-energy explosives has attracted great interests since it can alleviate to a certain extent the power-safety contradiction. 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaaza-isowurtzitane (CL-20), one of the most powerful explosives, has attracted much attention for researchers worldwide. However, the disadvantage of CL-20 has increased sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and cocrystallization of CL-20 with other compounds may provide a way to decrease its sensitivity. The intermolecular interaction of five types of CL-20-based cocrystal (CL-20/TNT, CL-20/HMX, CL-20/FOX-7, CL-20/TKX-50 and CL-20/DNB) by using molecular dynamic simulation was reviewed. The preparation methods and thermal decomposition properties of CL-20-based cocrystal are emphatically analyzed. Special emphasis is focused on the improved mechanical performances of CL-20-based cocrystal, which are compared with those of CL-20. The existing problems and challenges for the future work on CL-20-based cocrystal are discussed.

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50

Yadav, Abhishek Kumar, Vikas D. Ghule, and Srinivas Dharavath. "Dianionic nitrogen-rich triazole and tetrazole-based energetic salts: synthesis and detonation performance." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 24 (2021): 8352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm01365c.

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To develop explosives with excellent stability, and detonation performance, a series of nitrogen-rich salts were synthesized from 5,5′-methylenebistetrazolate and N,N′-(methylenebis(1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl))dinitramide.

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