Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fluorescent nanoprobes'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 16 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Fluorescent nanoprobes.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Jia, Yaoshun. "Fabrication of Fluorescent Nanoprobes and Their Applications in Nanophotonics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31343.
Full textMaster of Science
Díaz, Sebastián Andrés. "Water Soluble Photochromic Fluorescent Nanoprobes based on Diheteroarylethenes and Polymer Coated Quantum Dots." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-60A5-2.
Full textMizusawa, Keigo. "Development of Fluorescent Turn-on Self-assembled Nanoprobes for Imaging Specific Proteins under Live Cell Conditions." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/174966.
Full textFayad, Nour. "Versatile FREΤ-Based Fluοrescent Νanοprοbes fοr Biοsensing and Biοimaging Applicatiοns." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR077.
Full textNanotechnology has enhanced biological diagnostics by providing a new tool to develop biosensing and bioimaging techniques. One of the key techniques involves Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), where a transfer of non-radiative energy can occur between a donor and an acceptor molecule, if they are within 1-10nm range. FRET represents an important approach in the detection and quantification of biological processes due to its high sensitivity to molecular interactions at a nanoscale level. The aim of this thesis is the development of FRET based fluorescent nanoprobes designed for the detection and quantification of different biological processes. This work includes the design of FRET-based nanosensor for intracellular detection of glucose, the discovery of new materials with new properties obtained by encapsulating luminescent metal complexes within polymer nanoparticles and achieving FRET with co encapsulation of near-infrared region (NIR) dye for bioimaging applications and new strategies for multiplexed biosensing using quantum dots (QDs) for simultaneous detection of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) targets. These studies mentioned highlight the potential of FRET-based fluorescent nanoprobes in advancing biosensing research and diagnostic applications
Díaz, Sebastián Andrés [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Jovin, Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Stalke, Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Enderlein, Guido [Akademischer Betreuer] Clever, Philipp [Akademischer Betreuer] Vana, and Tiago [Akademischer Betreuer] Outeiro. "Water Soluble Photochromic Fluorescent Nanoprobes based on Diheteroarylethenes and Polymer Coated Quantum Dots / Sebastián Andrés Díaz. Gutachter: Dietmar Stalke ; Thomas Jovin ; Jörg Enderlein ; Guido Clever ; Philipp Vana ; Tiago Outeiro. Betreuer: Thomas Jovin." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045887676/34.
Full textLinkov, Pavel. "Synthèse et caractérisation physico-chimique et optique de nanocristaux fluorescents pour les applications biomédicales." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMP201/document.
Full textDevelopment of the fluorescent nanoparticles referred to as quantum dots (QDs) has become one of the most promising areas of materials sciences. In this study, a procedure of synthesis of QDs, which includes the synthesis of ultrasmall CdSe cores, high-performance purification, core coating with an epitaxial ZnS shell has been developed. This approach has allowed obtaining 3.7-nm QDs with a quantum yield exceeding 70%. The QDs have been used: to engineer compact conjugates of QDs with the novel acridine derivatives, which have a high affinity for the telomere G-quadruplex; to demonstrate their inhibitory effect on telomerase, an important target of anticancer therapy; and to accelerate transmembrane penetration of ultrasmall QDs into cancer cells while retaining a high brightness and colloidal stability. The results of this study pave the way to the engineering of multifunctional nanoprobes with improved intracellular penetration, brightness, and colloidal stability
Chu, Manh-Hung. "Structural and chemical characterization of single Co-implanted ZnO nanowires by a hard X-ray nanoprobe." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY016/document.
Full textThe PhD dissertation focuses on the investigation of single Co-implanted ZnO nanowires using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques with nanometer resolution at the beamline ID22 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The ZnO nanowires were grown on p-Si (100) substrates using vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. The synthesized ZnO nanowires were doped with Co via an ion implantation process. For the first time, the combined use of these techniques allows us to study the dopant homogeneity, composition, short- and large-range structural order of individual nanowires. The nano-X-ray fluorescence results indicate the successful and homogeneous Co doping with the desired concentrations in the ZnO nanowires by an ion implantation process. The nano-X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data analyses provide new insights into the lattice distortions produced by the structural defect formation generated by the ion implantation process. These findings highlight the importance of the post-implantation thermal annealing to recover the structure of single ZnO nanowires at the nanometer length scale. Complementary microphotoluminescence and cathodoluminescence measurements corroborrate these results. In general, the methodologies used in this work open new avenues for the application of synchrotron based multi-techniques for detailed study of single semiconductor nanowires at the nanoscale
Coustets, Mathilde. "La lectine de Xerocomellus Chrysenteron, un nano-objet théranostique pour l’imagerie et le traitement des cancers épithéliaux : preuve de concept appliquée aux carcinoses péritonéales d’origine ovarienne." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30102.
Full textThe development of targeted therapy and imaging tools is a major challenge in human health, particularly in cancer pathologies. Peritoneal carcinomatosis is usually caused by scattering of cancer cells within the abdominal cavity, which is the case for 85% of ovarian cancer patients and more than 10% of colorectal cancer patients. In both cases treatments include a cytoreductive surgery, as complete as possible, and chemotherapies. Patients overall survival improvement can be reach with the development of parallel technologies such as new diagnostic tools to detect early implantations in the peritoneal cavity, agents to block the spreading of cancer cells detached during the surgical procedure, or combining chemotherapies and intraperitoneal targeted drug delivery.This project involves reaching all those aspects by using a unique multifunctional nanocontainer protein. The aim is to maximize this protein, which belongs to the lectin family, to consider its development as a theranostic tool as part of epithelial cancers diagnostic and treatment. Xerocomellus chrysenteron lectin, originally extracted from an edible higher mushroom, has a strong affinity for a carcinoma glycan biomarker, the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF antigen). Furthermore, a large hydrated inner cavity located in the middle of the tetrameric assembly of the protein led us to consider the containment and specific addressing of therapeutic molecules to epithelial cancerous cells expressing TF antigen. We first established the proof of concept for the targeted drug delivery of therapeutic molecules in several human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines (OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, IGROV-1). The labelling of the lectin in near infrared allowed us to confirm the mechanism implicated in the delivery and prove that the uptake of the molecule within the cells was due to its containment in the nanocontainer. The labelled protein was also used also to validate it as a nanoprobe for the detection of submillimeter nodules in the peritoneal cavity. This detection was made by in vivo fluorescence imaging in preclinical models of ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis developed beforehand using established cell lines. The combination of these two properties of the protein (probe and container) permits to consider its use in intraperitoneal nanotheranostic. To confirm this promising development, it will be necessary to establish the proof of concept for theranostic aspects in mice models closer to clinic situations developed from patients’ tumors (patient derived xenografts, PDX)
Hajjaji, Hamza. "Nanosondes fluorescentes pour l'exploration des pressions et des températures dans les films lubrifiants." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0076/document.
Full textThe goal of this study is the use of Si and SiC nanoparticles (NPs) as fluorescent temperature nanoprobes particularly in lubricating films. The development of these nanoprobes requires the determination of their thermal sensitivity in order to select the best prospects NPs. To achieve this goal, we presented two preparation methods used for the synthesis of 3C-SiC based nanostructures : (i) anodic etching method and (ii) chemical etching method. In the first case, the FTIR, Raman and TEM analysis of final NPs showed that the chemical nature of these NPs is formed predominantly of graphitic carbon. The detailed photoluminescence study of these NPs showed that the emission process depends on the surface chemistry of the NPs, the dispersion medium and its viscosity, the suspension concentration and temperature of the environment.. In the second case, coherent TEM, DLS and PL analyzes showed an average size of 1.8 nm in diameter with a dispersion of ±0.5 nm. The external quantum efficiency of these NPs is 4%. NPs dispersed in ethanol, did not show an exploitable fluorescence dependence on temperature for our application. On the other hand, 3C-SiC NPs produced by this way, given the narrow size distribution and the reasonably high quantum yield for an indirect bandgap material, are promising for applications such as luminophores in particular in the biology field thanks to nontoxicity of SiC. In the case of Si we studied also two different types of NPs. (i) NPs obtained by anodic etching and functionalized by alkyl groups (decene, octadecene). We have demonstrated for the first time an important red-shift in the emission energy dEg/dT with temperature from 300 to 400K. The PL lifetime measurement(T) lead to a thermal sensitivity of 0.75% /°C very interesting compared to II-VI NPs. Furthermore it has been shown that t is not depending on the concentration. (ii) NPs obtained by wet-chemical process and functionalized with n-butyl. For this type of NPs we have identified for the first time a blue-shift behavior of dEg dT in the order of -0.75 meV/K in squalane. The thermal sensitivity for the PL lifetime of these NPs is 0.2%/°C, which is lower than that of NPs obtained by anodic etching method, but much greater than that of CdSe NPs with 4 nm of diameter (0.08%/°C). Quantification of the temperature sensitivity by the position of emission peak dEg/dT and the PL lifetime dτ/dT allows us to consider the realization of temperature nanoprobes based on Si NPs with recommendations to use Si NPs obtained by anodic etching method and PL lifetime as an indicator of temperature changes
Patommel, Jens. "Hard X-Ray Scanning Microscope Using Nanofocusing Parabolic Refractive Lenses." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-64982.
Full textAufgrund ihrer hervorragenden Eigenschaften kommt harte Röntgenstrahlung in vielfältiger Weise in der Wissenschaft, Industrie und Medizin zum Einsatz. Vor allem die Fähigkeit, makroskopische Gegenstände zu durchdringen, eröffnet die Möglichkeit, im Innern ausgedehnter Objekte verborgene Strukturen zum Vorschein zu bringen, ohne den Gegenstand zerstören zu müssen. Eine Vielzahl röntgenanalytischer Verfahren wie zum Beispiel Kristallographie, Reflektometrie, Fluoreszenzspektroskopie, Absorptionsspektroskopie oder Kleinwinkelstreuung sind entwickelt und erfolgreich angewendet worden. Jede dieser Methoden liefert gewisse strukturelle, chemische oder physikalische Eigenschaften der Probe zutage, allerdings gemittelt über den von der Röntgenstrahlung beleuchteten Bereich. Um eine ortsaufgelöste Verteilung der durch die Röntgenanalyse gewonnenen Information zu erhalten, bedarf es eines sogenannten Mikrostrahls, durch den die Probe lokal abgetastet werden kann. Die dadurch erreichbare räumliche Auflösung ist durch die Größe des Mikrostrahls begrenzt. Aufgrund der Verfügbarkeit hinreichend brillanter Röntgenquellen in Form von Undulatoren an Synchrotronstrahlungseinrichtungen und des Vorhandenseins verbesserter Röntgenoptiken ist es in den vergangen Jahren gelungen, immer kleinere intensive Röntgenfokusse zu erzeugen und somit das räumliche Auflösungsvermögen der Röntgenrastermikroskope auf unter 100 nm zu verbessern. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist der Prototyp eines Rastersondenmikroskops für harte Röntgenstrahlung unter Verwendung refraktiver nanofokussierender Röntgenlinsen, die von unserer Arbeitsgruppe am Institut für Strukturphysik entwickelt und hergestellt werden. Das Rastersondenmikroskop wurde im Rahmen dieser Promotion in Dresden konzipiert und gebaut sowie am Strahlrohr ID 13 des ESRF installiert und erfolgreich getestet. Das Gerät stellt einen hochintensiven Röntgenfokus der Größe 50-100 nm zur Verfügung, mit dem im Verlaufe dieser Doktorarbeit zahlreiche Experimente wie Fluoreszenztomographie, Röntgennanobeugung, Abbildung mittels kohärenter Röntgenbeugung sowie Röntgenptychographie erfolgreich durchgeführt wurden. Das Rastermikroskop dient unter anderem auch dem Charakterisieren der nanofokussierenden Linsen, wobei die dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in die Herstellung verbesserten Linsen einfließen. Diese Arbeit ist wie folgt strukturiert. Ein kurzes einleitendes Kapitel dient als Motivation für den Bau eines Rastersondenmikroskops für harte Röntgenstrahlung. Es folgt eine Einführung in die Grundlagen der Röntgenphysik mit Hauptaugenmerk auf die Ausbreitung von Röntgenstrahlung im Raum und die Wechselwirkungsmechanismen von Röntgenstrahlung mit Materie. Anschließend werden die Anforderungen an die Röntgenquelle besprochen und die Vorzüge eines Undulators herausgestellt. Wichtige Eigenschaften eines mittels refraktiver Röntgenlinsen erzeugten Röntgenfokus werden behandelt, und das Konzept einer Vorfokussierung zur gezielten Anpassung der transversalen Kohärenzeigenschaften an die Erfordernisse des Experiments wird besprochen. Das Design und die technische Realisierung des Rastermikroskops werden ebenso dargestellt wie eine Auswahl erfolgreicher Experimente, die am Gerät vollzogen wurden. Die Arbeit endet mit einem Ausblick, der mögliche Weiterentwicklungen in Aussicht stellt, unter anderem den Aufbau eines verbesserten Rastermikroskops am PETRA III-Strahlrohr P06
Chang, Emmanuel Yih-Herng. "Biological applications of novel fluorescent nanoprobes." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/20587.
Full textChen, Chun-Yen, and 陳俊晏. "Developing Novel Fluorescent Thermo- or Hydrogen Peroxide-Responsive Nanoprobes with Ratiometric Readout and Exploring their Potential in Biomedical Applications." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63339930290607640447.
Full text國立臺灣大學
化學研究所
102
The studies of this thesis are divided into two parts: Section I describes that a novel nanothermometer Thermo-3HF with self-calibrating ratiometric fluorescence readout was designed and synthesized by taking advantage of the fluorescence nature of 3-hydroxyflavones. Thermo-3HF consists of thermoresponive NIPAM unit, crosslinker MBAM unit, and environmentally-sensitive 3-HFAM fluorescent unit in a ratio of 100: 1: 1. Within a sensing temperature range of 33 to 41 oC, the fluorescence color of the Thermo-3HF nanothermometer changes from blue to green. The ratiometric change magnitude is about 8.7-fold, rendering the visual differentiation of color by the naked eyes feasible. Section II describes the early-stage result of developing multifunctional drug delivery nanovectors. A reaction-based cross-linked polymeric nanoprobe HP-3HF with self-calibrating ratiometric fluorescence readout to selectively detect H2O2 is reported. HP-3HF nanoprobe is fabricated by hydrophobic H2O2-reactive boronic ester groups DCBE, crosslinker units HQBAE, and environmental-sensitive 3-HFAM fluorophores via miniemulsion polymerization. Upon the treatment of H2O2, the boronic esters in the polymer are cleavaged to form hydrophilic alcohols, subsequently leading to a hydrophobic/hydrophilic transition. Covalently linked 3-hydroxyflavones manifest the change in polarity as a ratiometric transition from green to blue, accompanied by a 500-fold increase in its volume. In addition, HP-3HF nanoprobe has been exploited for ratiometric glucose sensing by monitoring the H2O2 generated from the oxidation of glucose via glucose oxidase, and thus successfully distinguished between normal and pathological levels of glucose. After completing these tests, the potential of HP-3HF as a H2O2-responsive drug delivery nanovector for the remedy of cancers or inflammation-related diseases has been explored. The assessments of cellular uptake and cytotoxicity analysis of HP-3HF nanovector in RAW 264.7 macrophages confirm that HP-3HF is biocompatible and easy to enter into cells. The drug-releasing experiment of Nile Red-encapsulated HP-3HF (NR@HP-3HF) upon H2O2 stimulation also shows that HP-3HF is feasible as a controlled drug delivery nanovector.
Lin, Cheng-An, and 林政鞍. "Design of Novel Nanoprobes Using Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters and Poly(Maleic Anhydride) Derivatives of Amphiphilic Polymer Coating toward Biomedical Application." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42115050749639408785.
Full text中原大學
醫學工程研究所
96
Surface modification on nanomaterials is the core technology to develop nanobioengineering. Firstly, the thesis reviews the current progress of nanobiotechnology using quantum dots as examples, including synthesis, phase transfer, surface modification, biocompatibility and in vivo application. The reader can get full images how quantum dots become commercial available products from laboratory. Alivisatos and Nie et al, two most famous pioneering groups, have introduced a powerful interface technology adapting physicist, chemist, and biomedical researcher using quantum dots from 1998. Based on these pioneering works, the thesis propose a general amphiphilic polymer design for coating different kinds of nanomaterials, bridging the biological application of nanomaterials. The poly(maleic anhydride) are found as excellent backbone polymer of which can link hydrophobic alkyl chain as well as (bio-)molecules (polyethylene glycol, galactose, biotin, fluorescein and etc.) through a spontaneous amidation. Hydrophobic nanomaterials not only become water-soluble but get surface functionality right after polymer coating. Secondly, the quantum dots containing toxic ions have restricted their broad application in biomedical research, especially in clinics. The development of “greener” quantum dots, compatible to environments and human body, might solve the current crisis of traditional quantum dots. The thesis also introduces novel fluorescent gold nanoclusters from synthesis, ligand exchange, bioconjugation and cell labeling, giving a overall strategy to use fluorescent gold nanoclusters. In a word, general nanoprobes designs have been fully unveiled in this thesis and are expected to bring many biomedical applications.
Li, Shu jyuan, and 李淑娟. "Study on the preparation of fluorescent nanoprobe and its application on the detection of plant quarantine pathogens." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9ppsqm.
Full text明道大學
材料科學與工程學系碩士班
97
The study utilized technique of microemulsion to synthesize Silica nanoparticles. The sizes of silica nanoparticles were measured by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data showed that diameters of nanoparticles were approximate 21~49 nm. We also observed the surface and shape of nanoparticles were relatively smooth and circular via Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Atomic force microscope (AFM). The silica nanoparticles could be efficiently covered with the fluorescent dye, Tris(2,2’- bipyridyl) dichlororuthenium (II) hexahydrate (Rubpy). Furthermore, compared the methods of APTES with DETA of surface modified, the results showed that APTES were better. It increased more than threefold than which in DETA. The different sizes of fluorescent SiO2-NH2-COOH nanoparticles were further conjugated with Goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies termed Fluorescent silica nanoprobe (FSP). FSP was tested for the detection of antigens of phytopathogenic bacterium, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria (XVT40) using fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA). The results showed that varying size nanoparticles of FSP could efficiently detect XVT40 antigens in a concentration 103 cfu/ml. These results demonstrated that the fluorescent silica nanoprobes can be effectively used to detect the quarantine pathogens on plant diseases.
Havlík, Jan. "Design a syntéza povrchových architektur na fluorescenčních nanodiamantech." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-373934.
Full textPatommel, Jens. "Hard X-Ray Scanning Microscope Using Nanofocusing Parabolic Refractive Lenses." Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25502.
Full textAufgrund ihrer hervorragenden Eigenschaften kommt harte Röntgenstrahlung in vielfältiger Weise in der Wissenschaft, Industrie und Medizin zum Einsatz. Vor allem die Fähigkeit, makroskopische Gegenstände zu durchdringen, eröffnet die Möglichkeit, im Innern ausgedehnter Objekte verborgene Strukturen zum Vorschein zu bringen, ohne den Gegenstand zerstören zu müssen. Eine Vielzahl röntgenanalytischer Verfahren wie zum Beispiel Kristallographie, Reflektometrie, Fluoreszenzspektroskopie, Absorptionsspektroskopie oder Kleinwinkelstreuung sind entwickelt und erfolgreich angewendet worden. Jede dieser Methoden liefert gewisse strukturelle, chemische oder physikalische Eigenschaften der Probe zutage, allerdings gemittelt über den von der Röntgenstrahlung beleuchteten Bereich. Um eine ortsaufgelöste Verteilung der durch die Röntgenanalyse gewonnenen Information zu erhalten, bedarf es eines sogenannten Mikrostrahls, durch den die Probe lokal abgetastet werden kann. Die dadurch erreichbare räumliche Auflösung ist durch die Größe des Mikrostrahls begrenzt. Aufgrund der Verfügbarkeit hinreichend brillanter Röntgenquellen in Form von Undulatoren an Synchrotronstrahlungseinrichtungen und des Vorhandenseins verbesserter Röntgenoptiken ist es in den vergangen Jahren gelungen, immer kleinere intensive Röntgenfokusse zu erzeugen und somit das räumliche Auflösungsvermögen der Röntgenrastermikroskope auf unter 100 nm zu verbessern. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist der Prototyp eines Rastersondenmikroskops für harte Röntgenstrahlung unter Verwendung refraktiver nanofokussierender Röntgenlinsen, die von unserer Arbeitsgruppe am Institut für Strukturphysik entwickelt und hergestellt werden. Das Rastersondenmikroskop wurde im Rahmen dieser Promotion in Dresden konzipiert und gebaut sowie am Strahlrohr ID 13 des ESRF installiert und erfolgreich getestet. Das Gerät stellt einen hochintensiven Röntgenfokus der Größe 50-100 nm zur Verfügung, mit dem im Verlaufe dieser Doktorarbeit zahlreiche Experimente wie Fluoreszenztomographie, Röntgennanobeugung, Abbildung mittels kohärenter Röntgenbeugung sowie Röntgenptychographie erfolgreich durchgeführt wurden. Das Rastermikroskop dient unter anderem auch dem Charakterisieren der nanofokussierenden Linsen, wobei die dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in die Herstellung verbesserten Linsen einfließen. Diese Arbeit ist wie folgt strukturiert. Ein kurzes einleitendes Kapitel dient als Motivation für den Bau eines Rastersondenmikroskops für harte Röntgenstrahlung. Es folgt eine Einführung in die Grundlagen der Röntgenphysik mit Hauptaugenmerk auf die Ausbreitung von Röntgenstrahlung im Raum und die Wechselwirkungsmechanismen von Röntgenstrahlung mit Materie. Anschließend werden die Anforderungen an die Röntgenquelle besprochen und die Vorzüge eines Undulators herausgestellt. Wichtige Eigenschaften eines mittels refraktiver Röntgenlinsen erzeugten Röntgenfokus werden behandelt, und das Konzept einer Vorfokussierung zur gezielten Anpassung der transversalen Kohärenzeigenschaften an die Erfordernisse des Experiments wird besprochen. Das Design und die technische Realisierung des Rastermikroskops werden ebenso dargestellt wie eine Auswahl erfolgreicher Experimente, die am Gerät vollzogen wurden. Die Arbeit endet mit einem Ausblick, der mögliche Weiterentwicklungen in Aussicht stellt, unter anderem den Aufbau eines verbesserten Rastermikroskops am PETRA III-Strahlrohr P06.:1 Introduction ............................................... 1 2 Basic Properties of Hard X Rays ............................ 3 2.1 Free Propagation of X Rays ............................... 3 2.1.1 The Helmholtz Equation ................................. 4 2.1.2 Integral Theorem of Helmholtz and Kirchhoff ............ 6 2.1.3 Fresnel-Kirchhoff's Diffraction Formula ................ 8 2.1.4 Fresnel-Kirchhoff Propagation .......................... 11 2.2 Interaction of X Rays with Matter ........................ 13 2.2.1 Complex Index of Refraction ............................ 13 2.2.2 Attenuation ............................................ 15 2.2.3 Refraction ............................................. 18 3 The X-Ray Source ........................................... 21 3.1 Requirements ............................................. 21 3.1.1 Energy and Energy Bandwidth ............................ 21 3.1.2 Source Size and Divergence ............................. 23 3.1.3 Brilliance ............................................. 23 3.2 Synchrotron Radiation .................................... 24 3.3 Layout of a Synchrotron Radiation Facility ............... 27 3.4 Liénard-Wiechert Fields .................................. 29 3.5 Dipole Magnets ........................................... 31 3.6 Insertion Devices ........................................ 36 3.6.1 Multipole Wigglers ..................................... 36 3.6.2 Undulators ............................................. 37 4 X-Ray Optics ............................................... 39 4.1 Refractive X-Ray Lenses .................................. 40 4.2 Compound Parabolic Refractive Lenses (CRLs) .............. 41 4.3 Nanofocusing Lenses (NFLs) ............................... 43 4.4 Adiabatically Focusing Lenses (AFLs) ..................... 45 4.5 Focal Distance ........................................... 46 4.6 Transverse Focus Size .................................... 50 4.7 Beam Caustic ............................................. 52 4.8 Depth of Focus ........................................... 53 4.9 Beam Divergence .......................................... 53 4.10 Chromaticity ............................................ 54 4.11 Transmission and Cross Section .......................... 55 4.12 Transverse Coherence .................................... 56 4.12.1 Mutual Intensity Function ............................. 57 4.12.2 Free Propagation of Mutual Intensity .................. 57 4.12.3 Mutual Intensity In The Focal Plane ................... 58 4.12.4 Diffraction Limited Focus ............................. 59 4.13 Coherent Flux ........................................... 60 4.14 Two-Stage Focusing ...................................... 64 4.14.1 The Prefocusing Parameter ............................. 65 4.14.2 Required Refractive Power ............................. 67 4.14.3 Flux Considerations ................................... 70 4.14.4 Astigmatic Prefocusing ................................ 75 5 Nanoprobe Setup ............................................ 77 5.1 X-Ray Optics ............................................. 78 5.1.1 Nanofocusing Lenses .................................... 79 5.1.2 Entry Slits ............................................ 82 5.1.3 Pinhole ................................................ 82 5.1.4 Additional Shielding ................................... 83 5.1.5 Vacuum and Helium Tubes ................................ 83 5.2 Sample Stages ............................................ 84 5.2.1 High Resolution Scanner ................................ 84 5.2.2 High Precision Rotational Stage ........................ 85 5.2.3 Coarse Linear Stages ................................... 85 5.2.4 Goniometer Head ........................................ 85 5.3 Detectors ................................................ 86 5.3.1 High Resolution X-Ray Camera ........................... 86 5.3.2 Diffraction Cameras .................................... 89 5.3.3 Energy Dispersive Detectors ............................ 91 5.3.4 Photodiodes ............................................ 93 5.4 Control Software ......................................... 94 6 Experiments ................................................ 97 6.1 Lens Alignment ........................................... 97 6.2 Focus Characterization ................................... 99 6.2.1 Knife-Edge Scans ....................................... 100 6.2.2 Far-Field Measurements ................................. 102 6.2.3 X-Ray Ptychography ..................................... 103 6.3 Fluorescence Spectroscopy ................................ 105 6.3.1 Fluorescence Element Mapping ........................... 107 6.3.2 Fluorescence Tomography ................................ 110 6.4 Diffraction Experiments .................................. 111 6.4.1 Microdiffraction on Phase Change Media ................. 112 6.4.2 Microdiffraction on Stranski-Krastanow Islands ......... 113 6.4.3 Coherent X-Ray Diffraction Imaging of Gold Particles ... 115 6.4.4 X-Ray Ptychography of a Nano-Structured Microchip ...... 117 7 Conclusion and Outlook ..................................... 121 Bibliography ................................................. 125 List of Figures .............................................. 139 List of Publications ......................................... 141 Danksagung ................................................... 145 Curriculum Vitae ............................................. 149 Erklärung .................................................... 151