Academic literature on the topic 'Fluorescent nanoprobes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fluorescent nanoprobes"
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Yuan, Huanxiang, Yutong Li, Jiaqi Lv, Yunhe An, Di Guan, Jia Liu, Chenxiao Tu, Xiaoyu Wang, and Huijuan Zhou. "Recent Advances in Fluorescent Nanoprobes for Food Safety Detection." Molecules 28, no. 14 (July 24, 2023): 5604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145604.
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Fluorescent nanoprobes show similar fluorescence properties to traditional organic dyes, but the addition of nanotechnology accurately controls the size, shape, chemical composition, and surface chemistry of the nanoprobes with unique characteristics and properties, such as bright luminescence, high photostability, and strong biocompatibility. For example, modifying aptamers or antibodies on a fluorescent nanoprobe provides high selectivity and specificity for different objects to be tested. Fluorescence intensity, life, and other parameters of targets can be changed by different sensing mechanisms based on the unique structural and optical characteristics of fluorescent nanoprobes. What’s more, the detection of fluorescent nanoprobes is cost-saving, simple, and offers great advantages in rapid food detection. Sensing mechanisms of fluorescent nanoprobes were introduced in this paper, focusing on the application progress in pesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, heavy metals, microbes, mycotoxins, and other substances in food safety detection in recent years. A brief outlook for future development was provided as well.
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Zha, Yiqian, Xinyuan Cui, Yanlei Liu, Shanshan Fan, Yi Lu, Shengsheng Cui, and Daxiang Cui. "Two-Photon Nanoprobe for NIR-II Imaging of Tumour and Biosafety Evaluation." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2022.3275.
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How to develop near-infrared second window (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) fluorescent nanoprobes with a uniform size, strong fluorescence signal and good biosafety owns great clinical requirement. Herein we reported that a two photon fluorescent nanoprobe was developed via encapsulating NIR-II-fluorescent molecules into DSPE-PEG, which was effectively endocytosized by cancer cells, and achieved strong NIR-II fluorescence imaging in cancer cells and cancer cell-beard mice models. Prepared NIR-II-fluorescent nanoprobe exhibited rapid metabolism and excellent biocompatibility. In conclusion, the prepared two photon nanoprobe owns good biosafety, and clinical translational prospect in NIR-II fluorescent imaging of tumour in vivo in near future.
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Wang, Xiao-Lin, Xiao Han, Xiao-Ying Tang, Xiao-Jun Chen, and Han-Jun Li. "A Review of Off–On Fluorescent Nanoprobes: Mechanisms, Properties, and Applications." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 1249–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2021.3117.
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With the development of nanomaterials, fluorescent nanoprobes have attracted enormous attention in the fields of chemical sensing, optical materials, and biological detection. In this paper, the advantages of “off–on” fluorescent nanoprobes in disease detection, such as high sensitivity and short response time, are attentively highlighted. The characteristics, sensing mechanisms, and classifications of disease-related target substances, along with applications of these nanoprobes in cancer diagnosis and therapy are summarized systematically. In addition, the prospects of “off–on” fluorescent nanoprobe in disease detection are predicted. In this review, we presented information from all the papers published in the last 5 years discussing “off–on” fluorescent nanoprobes. This review was written in the hopes of being useful to researchers who are interested in further developing fluorescent nanoprobes. The characteristics of these nanoprobes are explained systematically, and data references and supports for biological analysis, clinical drug improvement, and disease detection have been provided appropriately.
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Boukari, Hacène, Candida Silva, Ralph Nossal, and Ferenc Horkay. "Nanoprobe Diffusion in Poly(Vinyl-alcohol) Gels and Solutions: Effects of pH and Dehydration." MRS Proceedings 1622 (2014): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.74.
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ABSTRACTWe report fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) measurements of the translational diffusion of two fluorescent nanoprobes, rhodamine (R6G) and carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), embedded in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solutions and gels. The diffusion coefficient was measured as a function of the PVA concentration and pH. Furthermore, we designed and built an optical chamber to determine the diffusion coefficient of the nanoprobes within the PVA solutions and gels subjected to controlled dehydration. We find that 1) lowering pH causes an apparent slowing down of the diffusion of the nanoprobes, 2) increase of PVA concentration and crosslink density also induce slowing down of both nanoprobes, and 3) dehydration induces systematic decrease of the diffusion of TAMRA in both solutions and gels. Taken together, these results demonstrate that transient physical interactions between the nanoprobes and the PVA linear polymers have a significant effect upon nanoprobe diffusion.
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Dai, Li, Wenjun Wang, Jie Yan, and Yong Liu. "Novel Synthesis of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Based Fluorescent Nanoprobes in Imaging Lung Inflammation." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 20, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2024.3795.
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We aimed to examine the novel synthesis of fluorescent nanoprobes synthesized in imaging lung inflammation and diseased tissues. All reagents were purchased from commercial suppliers to synthesize the PLGA, PEG, GFP, RFP, rhodamine, and magnetic fluorescent nanoprobes. We performed experiments using human lung cells from the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cell Center. The cells were cultured in a DMEM medium. Confocal microscopy was used to label the cells during imaging. All statistical analyses were performed in GraphPad Prism. There were significant differences in the fluorescent intensities of all nanoprobes. The fluorescence intensity of the iron oxide nanoprobes was significantly higher than all other probes, while Cy5.5 and RFP nanoprobes had significantly higher fluorescence intensity than PEG and FITC. Moreover, we found that GFP has a better quantum yield than RFP, while RFP has longer emission wavelengths than GFP. Fluorescent nanoprobes have shown great potential as a non-invasive and sensitive tool for imaging lung inflammation and diseased tissue.
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Chen, Jingyao, Dan Li, Chenqi Zhou, Yuqian Zhu, Chenyu Lin, Liting Guo, Wenjun Le, Zhengrong Gu, and Bingdi Chen. "Principle Superiority and Clinical Extensibility of 2D and 3D Charged Nanoprobe Detection Platform Based on Electrophysiological Characteristics of Circulating Tumor Cells." Cells 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12020305.
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The electrical characteristic of cancer cells is neglected among tumor biomarkers. The development of nanoprobes with opposing charges for monitoring the unique electrophysiological characteristics of cancer cells. Micro-nano size adsorption binding necessitates consideration of the nanoprobe’s specific surface area. On the basis of the electrophysiological characteristics of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), clinical application and performance assessment are determined. To demonstrate that cancer cells have a unique pattern of electrophysiological patterns compared to normal cells, fluorescent nanoprobes with opposing charges were developed and fabricated. Graphene oxide (GO) was used to transform three-dimensional (3D) nanoprobes into two-dimensional (2D) nanoprobes. Compare 2D and 3D electrophysiological magnetic nanoprobes (MNP) in clinical samples and evaluate the adaptability and development of CTCs detection based on cell electrophysiology. Positively charged nanoprobes rapidly bind to negatively charged cancer cells based on electrostatic interactions. Compared to MNPs(+) without GO, the GO/MNPs(+) nanoprobe is more efficient and uses less material to trap cancer cells. CTCs can be distinguished from normal cells that are fully unaffected by nanoprobes by microscopic cytomorphological inspection, enabling the tracking of the number and pathological abnormalities of CTCs in the same patient at various chemotherapy phases to determine the efficacy of treatment. The platform for recognizing CTCs on the basis of electrophysiological characteristics compensates for the absence of epithelial biomarker capture and size difference capture in clinical performance. Under the influence of electrostatic attraction, the binding surface area continues to influence the targeting of cancer cells by nanoprobes. The specific recognition and detection of nanoprobes based on cell electrophysiological patterns has enormous potential in the clinical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of cancer.
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Lee, Wang Sik, Soohyun Lee, Taejoon Kang, Choong-Min Ryu, and Jinyoung Jeong. "Detection of Ampicillin-Resistant E. coli Using Novel Nanoprobe-Combined Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization." Nanomaterials 9, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9050750.
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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria present a global threat because the infections they cause are difficult to treat. Therefore, it is highly important to develop advanced methods for the identification of antibiotic resistance gene in the virulent bacteria. Here, we report the development of novel nanoprobes for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the application of the nanoprobe to the detection of ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli. The nanoprobe for FISH was synthesized by the modified sol–gel chemistry and the synthesized nanoprobe provided strong fluorescent signals and pH stability even under natural light condition. For the double-identification of bacteria species and ampicillin-resistance with a single probe in situ, the nanoprobes were conjugated to the two kinds of biotinylated probe DNAs; one for E. coli-species specific gene and the other for a drug-resistant gene. By using the nanoprobe-DNA conjugants, we successfully detected the ampicillin-resistant E. coli through the FISH technique. This result suggests the new insight into light stable FISH application of the nanoprobe for a pathogenic antibiotic-resistance bacterium.
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Liu, Jiyin, Xiaochun Xie, Junna Lu, Yi He, Dan Shao, and Fangman Chen. "Self-Assembled Ru(II)-Coumarin Complexes for Selective Cell Membrane Imaging." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112284.
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The cell membrane, as the protecting frontier of cells, is closely related to crucial biological behaviors including cell growth, death, and division. Lots of fluorescent probes have been fabricated to monitor cell membranes due to their simplicity and intuitiveness. However, the efficiency of those traditional probes has been limited by their susceptibility to photobleaching and poor water solubility. In this study, we have reported Ru(II)-coumarin complexes consisting of ruthenium, 1,10-phenanthroline, and coumarin 6 to further form self-assembled nanoprobes, for cell membrane targeting and imaging. The fluorescent property could be switchable from red to green through the dynamic disassembly of nanoprobes. Compared with commercial Dil, biocompatible nanoprobes exhibited superior stability for long-term cell imaging, along with remarkedly reduced background interference. Therefore, our self-assembled nanoprobe provides a powerful solution for investigating lipid trafficking with optical imaging.
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Zhu, Koujun, Rongguo Lu, Weifeng Qu, Jiaqi Gu, Hu Xiang, Weimin Zhang, and Bin Ni. "Novel Au–Se Nanoprobes for Specific Thrombin Detection in Diagnosis of Lung Cancer." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 18, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 976–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2022.3302.
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Thrombin is associated with malignant tumors and promotes tumor development, metastasis, and angiogenesis, therefore its identification especially in lung cancer cells is crucial. Because the interference of in vivo biothiols caused false positive findings with prior gold fluorescent nanoprobes, in this manuscript, an Au-selenol(Se) nanoprobe (5-FAM-peptide-Se-AuNPs) that could specifically detect thrombin was designed and compared to traditional Au–S nanoprobes. For reaching this goal, fluorophore-bearing thrombin-specific peptide containing selenol at the end was synthesized. The nanoprobe may be broken by thrombin to regain its fluorescence in lung cancer cells, allowing for high-sensitivity thrombin detection. Since the Au–Se bond is more stable than the Au–S bond, the accuracy of the detection results can be guaranteed. The probe synthesis method is simple and cost-effective, as well as having high biocompatibility. Low concentrations of thrombin can be detected and imaged in lung cancer cells. The synthetic method of this probe opens up new avenues for the application of Au–Se bonds.
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Song, Lina, Shuai Ren, Yali Yue, Ying Tian, and Zhongqiu Wang. "A Gold Nanocage Probe Targeting Survivin for the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051547.
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In this paper, Au nanocages (AuNCs) loaded with the MRI contrast agent gadolinium (Gd) and capped with the tumor-targeting gene survivin (Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes) were designed and applied as a targeted imaging agent for pancreatic cancer. With its capacity to transport fluorescent dyes and MR imaging agents, the gold cage is an outstanding platform. Furthermore, it has the potential to transport different drugs in the future, making it a unique carrier platform. The utilization of Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes has proven to be an effective means of targeting and localizing survivin-positive BxPC-3 cells within their cytoplasm. By targeting survivin, an antiapoptotic gene, the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobe was able to induce pro-apoptotic effects in BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells. The biocompatibility of AuNCs•Gd, AuNCs•Gd–Cy7 nanoparticles, and Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes is evaluated through the hemolysis rate assay. The stability of AuNCs•Gd, AuNCs•Gd–Cy7 nanoparticles, and Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes was evaluated by determining their hydrodynamic dimensions following storage in different pH solutions for a corresponding duration. Excellent biocompatibility and stability of the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes will facilitate their further utilization in vivo and in vitro. The surface-bound survivin plays a role in facilitating the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes’ ability to locate the BxPC-3 tumor. The probe was modified to incorporate Gd and Cy7, thereby enabling the simultaneous utilization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence imaging (FI) techniques. In vivo, the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes were found to effectively target and localize survivin-positive BxPC-3 tumors through the use of MRI and FI. After being injected via the caudal vein, the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes were found to accumulate effectively in an in situ pancreatic cancer model within 24 h. Furthermore, these nanoprobes were observed to be eliminated from the body through the kidneys within 72 h after a single injection. This characteristic is crucial for a diagnostic agent. Based on the aforementioned outcomes, the Sur–AuNC•Gd–Cy7 nanoprobes have significant potential advantages for the theranostic treatment of pancreatic cancer. This nanoprobe possesses distinctive characteristics, such as advanced imaging abilities and specific drug delivery, which offer the possibility of enhancing the precision of diagnosis and efficacy of treatment for this destructive illness.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fluorescent nanoprobes"
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Jia, Yaoshun. "Fabrication of Fluorescent Nanoprobes and Their Applications in Nanophotonics." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31343.
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In recent years, nanoprobe-based devices have attracted significant attention and found a wide range of applications, including nanostructure imaging, single molecular detection, and physical, chemical, and biological sensing applications. However, since the scale of nanodevices is substantially less than the optical diffraction limit, their fabrication remains a difficult challenge. Despite significant efforts, most of the fabrication techniques developed so far require expensive equipment and complicated processing procedures, which has hindered their applications.
In this thesis, we developed a new class of fluorescent nanoprobes consist of a silica fiber taper, a single carbon nanotube, and nanoscale fluorescent elements (such as semiconductor quantum dots). This nanoprobe provides a natural interface between the nanoscale structures (i.e., the fluorescent elements) and the microscale structure (i.e., the fiber taper), which can significantly simplify their fabrication. Furthermore, since the nanoscale fluorescent elements are produced through bottom-up processes such as chemical synthesis, we can easily tailor the functionalities of such fluorescent nanoprobes to many different applications in nanophotonics, including near field imaging, nonlinear optics mapping, and quantum electrodynamics.
We have custom designed an optical system for this nanoprobe fabrication. We have characterized the nanoprobes using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and performed preliminary experiments on near field scanning. Our current fabrication/imaging systems can be readily upgraded to achieve more advanced applications in nonlinear optics and quantum optics.Master of Science
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Díaz, Sebastián Andrés. "Water Soluble Photochromic Fluorescent Nanoprobes based on Diheteroarylethenes and Polymer Coated Quantum Dots." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-60A5-2.
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Mizusawa, Keigo. "Development of Fluorescent Turn-on Self-assembled Nanoprobes for Imaging Specific Proteins under Live Cell Conditions." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/174966.
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Fayad, Nour. "Versatile FREΤ-Based Fluοrescent Νanοprοbes fοr Biοsensing and Biοimaging Applicatiοns." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR077.
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Les nanotechnologies ont considérablement amélioré les méthodes de diagnostic biologiques en fournissant de nouveaux outils pour développer des techniques de biodétection et de bioimagerie. L'une des techniques clés est le transfert d'énergie par résonance de Förster (FRET), où un transfert d'énergie non radiative peut se produire entre un donneur et un accepteur si ils se trouvent dans un rayon de 1 à 10 nm. Le FRET représente une approche importante dans la détection et la quantification des processus biologiques en raison de sa grande sensibilité aux interactions moléculaires à l'échelle nanométrique. L'objectif de cette thèse est le développement de nanosondes fluorescentes basées sur le FRET et conçues pour la détection et la quantification de différents processus biologiques. Ces travaux comprennent la conception d'un nanocapteur basé sur le FRET pour la détection intracellulaire du glucose, la découverte d’un nouveau matériau avec de nouvelles propriétés obtenu en encapsulant des complexes métalliques luminescents dans des nanoparticules polymériques, et de nouvelles stratégies pour la biodétection multiplexée en utilisant des points quantiques (QDs) pour la détection simultanée de cibles d'ADN simple brin (ssDNA). Ces études illustrent le potentiel des nanosondes fluorescentes basées sur le FRET pour faire progresser la recherche en matière de biodétection et les applications diagnostiquesNanotechnology has enhanced biological diagnostics by providing a new tool to develop biosensing and bioimaging techniques. One of the key techniques involves Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), where a transfer of non-radiative energy can occur between a donor and an acceptor molecule, if they are within 1-10nm range. FRET represents an important approach in the detection and quantification of biological processes due to its high sensitivity to molecular interactions at a nanoscale level. The aim of this thesis is the development of FRET based fluorescent nanoprobes designed for the detection and quantification of different biological processes. This work includes the design of FRET-based nanosensor for intracellular detection of glucose, the discovery of new materials with new properties obtained by encapsulating luminescent metal complexes within polymer nanoparticles and achieving FRET with co encapsulation of near-infrared region (NIR) dye for bioimaging applications and new strategies for multiplexed biosensing using quantum dots (QDs) for simultaneous detection of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) targets. These studies mentioned highlight the potential of FRET-based fluorescent nanoprobes in advancing biosensing research and diagnostic applications
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Díaz, Sebastián Andrés [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Jovin, Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Stalke, Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Enderlein, Guido [Akademischer Betreuer] Clever, Philipp [Akademischer Betreuer] Vana, and Tiago [Akademischer Betreuer] Outeiro. "Water Soluble Photochromic Fluorescent Nanoprobes based on Diheteroarylethenes and Polymer Coated Quantum Dots / Sebastián Andrés Díaz. Gutachter: Dietmar Stalke ; Thomas Jovin ; Jörg Enderlein ; Guido Clever ; Philipp Vana ; Tiago Outeiro. Betreuer: Thomas Jovin." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1045887676/34.
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Linkov, Pavel. "Synthèse et caractérisation physico-chimique et optique de nanocristaux fluorescents pour les applications biomédicales." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMP201/document.
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Le développement des nanoparticules fluorescentes, appelées quantum dots (QDs) est devenu l'un des domaines les plus prometteurs de la science des matériaux. Dans cette étude une procédure de synthèse de QDs a été mise au point, comprenant la synthèse de noyaux ultra-minces de CdSe, la purification de noyau haute performance, le revêtement central avec une coquille épitaxiale en ZnS. Cette approche a permis d’obtenir des QDs d’une taille de 3,7 nm possédant un rendement quantique supérieur à 70%. Les QDs développés ont été utilisés pour concevoir des conjugués de QDs compacts avec les nouveaux dérivés d'acridine, ayant une affinité élevée pour le G-quadruplex des télomères, ainsi que leur effet inhibiteur sur la télomérase, une cible importante du traitement du cancer. Les résultats de cette étude ouvrent la voie à l'ingénierie de nanosondes multifonctionnelles possédant une meilleure pénétration intracellulaire, une plus forte brillance et une stabilité colloïdale plus importanteDevelopment of the fluorescent nanoparticles referred to as quantum dots (QDs) has become one of the most promising areas of materials sciences. In this study, a procedure of synthesis of QDs, which includes the synthesis of ultrasmall CdSe cores, high-performance purification, core coating with an epitaxial ZnS shell has been developed. This approach has allowed obtaining 3.7-nm QDs with a quantum yield exceeding 70%. The QDs have been used: to engineer compact conjugates of QDs with the novel acridine derivatives, which have a high affinity for the telomere G-quadruplex; to demonstrate their inhibitory effect on telomerase, an important target of anticancer therapy; and to accelerate transmembrane penetration of ultrasmall QDs into cancer cells while retaining a high brightness and colloidal stability. The results of this study pave the way to the engineering of multifunctional nanoprobes with improved intracellular penetration, brightness, and colloidal stability
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Chu, Manh-Hung. "Structural and chemical characterization of single Co-implanted ZnO nanowires by a hard X-ray nanoprobe." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY016/document.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'analyse de nanofils de ZnO dopés au cobalt par implantation ionique, en utilisant la fluorescence des rayons X, la spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons X et les techniques de diffraction des rayons X à l'échelle nanométrique sur la ligne de lumière ID22 de l'Installation Européenne de Rayonnement Synchrotron. Les nanofils sont obtenus par croissance catalysée sur des substrats de p-Si (100). Les nanofils de ZnO synthétisés ont été dopés avec du cobalt par d'implantation ionique. Pour la première fois, l'utilisation combinée des techniques de caractérisation par rayons X citées ci-dessus nous permet d'étudier l'homogénéité de la distribution des dopants, la composition, ainsi que l'ordre structurel à courte et grande distance de nanofils individuels. Les résultats de la nano-fluorescence des rayons X indiquent que le dopage au cobalt par implantation ionique dans les nanofils de ZnO est homogène, avec les concentrations désirées. La spectroscopie d'absorption de rayons X et l'analyse des données de diffraction de rayons X fournissent de nouvelles informations sur la distorsion du réseau cristallin produite par l'introduction de défauts structuraux par le processus d'implantation ionique. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance du recuit thermique après l'implantation pour récupérer la structure des nanofils de ZnO à l'échelle du nanomètre. Les mesures complémentaires de micro-photoluminescence et cathodo-luminescence corroborent ces résultats. En conclusion, les méthodes utilisées dans cette thèse ouvrent de nouvelles voies pour l'application de mesures multi-techniques basées sur le rayonnement synchrotron pour l'étude détaillée des nanofils semi-conducteurs à l'échelle nanométriqueThe PhD dissertation focuses on the investigation of single Co-implanted ZnO nanowires using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques with nanometer resolution at the beamline ID22 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The ZnO nanowires were grown on p-Si (100) substrates using vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. The synthesized ZnO nanowires were doped with Co via an ion implantation process. For the first time, the combined use of these techniques allows us to study the dopant homogeneity, composition, short- and large-range structural order of individual nanowires. The nano-X-ray fluorescence results indicate the successful and homogeneous Co doping with the desired concentrations in the ZnO nanowires by an ion implantation process. The nano-X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data analyses provide new insights into the lattice distortions produced by the structural defect formation generated by the ion implantation process. These findings highlight the importance of the post-implantation thermal annealing to recover the structure of single ZnO nanowires at the nanometer length scale. Complementary microphotoluminescence and cathodoluminescence measurements corroborrate these results. In general, the methodologies used in this work open new avenues for the application of synchrotron based multi-techniques for detailed study of single semiconductor nanowires at the nanoscale
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Coustets, Mathilde. "La lectine de Xerocomellus Chrysenteron, un nano-objet théranostique pour l’imagerie et le traitement des cancers épithéliaux : preuve de concept appliquée aux carcinoses péritonéales d’origine ovarienne." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30102.
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Le développement de thérapies ciblées et des techniques d’imagerie est un défi majeur en santé, particulièrement dans les pathologies cancéreuses. Les carcinoses péritonéales sont habituellement causées par une dissémination de cellules tumorales au sein de la cavité abdominale, ce qui est le cas de 85% des patientes atteintes d'un cancer ovarien et plus de 10% des patients atteints d’un cancer colorectal. Dans les deux cas, les traitements consistent en une chirurgie (cytoréduction), aussi complète que possible, accompagnée de chimiothérapies. L'amélioration de la survie globale des patients passe par le développement de technologies parallèles comme de nouveaux outils diagnostiques pour détecter des implantations précoces dans le péritoine, le blocage de la dissémination de cellules cancéreuses pendant et après la chirurgie, ou encore la combinaison de chimiothérapies et de traitements ciblés intrapéritonéaux.Ce projet de thèse consiste à aborder ces différents aspects par l'utilisation d'un nanocontainer protéique multifonctionnel. L’objectif est d’optimiser cette protéine, appartenant à la famille des lectines, pour envisager son développement en tant qu'outil théranostique dans le cadre du diagnostic et des traitements de cancers épithéliaux. La lectine de Xerocomellus chrysenteron, à l’origine extraite d’un champignon supérieur comestible, présente une forte affinité pour un biomarqueur glycosidique des carcinomes, l’antigène de Thomsen-Friedenreich (antigène TF ou CD176). De plus, la présence d’une large cavité hydratée au centre de cet assemblage protéique (homotétramère) permet d’envisager le confinement et l’adressage spécifique de molécules thérapeutiques à des cellules épithéliales cancéreuses.Nous avons commencé par établir la preuve de concept de la délivrance ciblée de molécules thérapeutiques dans plusieurs lignées d’adénocarcinomes ovariens humains (OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, IGROV-1). Le marquage de la lectine dans le proche infrarouge a permis de confirmer le mécanisme de délivrance et prouver que la molécule thérapeutique avait bien été endocytée grâce à son confinement dans le nanocontainer. La protéine marquée a également été utilisée pour valider son utilisation comme nanosonde pour la détection de nodules tumoraux submillimétriques dans le péritoine. Cette détection est faite par imagerie de fluorescence in vivo dans des modèles précliniques de carcinose péritonéale ovarienne préalablement développés à partir de lignées cellulaires. La combinaison des deux propriétés de la protéine (sonde et container) permet d’envisager son utilisation en nanothéranostique intrapéritonéale. Afin de confirmer ce développement prometteur, il sera nécessaire d’établir la preuve de concept sur des modèles murins plus pertinents de la situation clinique développés à partir de tumeurs issues de patientes (Patient Derived Xenografts, PDX)The development of targeted therapy and imaging tools is a major challenge in human health, particularly in cancer pathologies. Peritoneal carcinomatosis is usually caused by scattering of cancer cells within the abdominal cavity, which is the case for 85% of ovarian cancer patients and more than 10% of colorectal cancer patients. In both cases treatments include a cytoreductive surgery, as complete as possible, and chemotherapies. Patients overall survival improvement can be reach with the development of parallel technologies such as new diagnostic tools to detect early implantations in the peritoneal cavity, agents to block the spreading of cancer cells detached during the surgical procedure, or combining chemotherapies and intraperitoneal targeted drug delivery.This project involves reaching all those aspects by using a unique multifunctional nanocontainer protein. The aim is to maximize this protein, which belongs to the lectin family, to consider its development as a theranostic tool as part of epithelial cancers diagnostic and treatment. Xerocomellus chrysenteron lectin, originally extracted from an edible higher mushroom, has a strong affinity for a carcinoma glycan biomarker, the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF antigen). Furthermore, a large hydrated inner cavity located in the middle of the tetrameric assembly of the protein led us to consider the containment and specific addressing of therapeutic molecules to epithelial cancerous cells expressing TF antigen. We first established the proof of concept for the targeted drug delivery of therapeutic molecules in several human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines (OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, IGROV-1). The labelling of the lectin in near infrared allowed us to confirm the mechanism implicated in the delivery and prove that the uptake of the molecule within the cells was due to its containment in the nanocontainer. The labelled protein was also used also to validate it as a nanoprobe for the detection of submillimeter nodules in the peritoneal cavity. This detection was made by in vivo fluorescence imaging in preclinical models of ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis developed beforehand using established cell lines. The combination of these two properties of the protein (probe and container) permits to consider its use in intraperitoneal nanotheranostic. To confirm this promising development, it will be necessary to establish the proof of concept for theranostic aspects in mice models closer to clinic situations developed from patients’ tumors (patient derived xenografts, PDX)
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Hajjaji, Hamza. "Nanosondes fluorescentes pour l'exploration des pressions et des températures dans les films lubrifiants." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0076/document.
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L’objectif de ce travail est d’utiliser les nanoparticules (NPs) de nanosondes fluorescentes de température en particulier dans les films lubrifiants. Le développement de ces nanosondes nécessite la détermination de leurs sensibilités thermiques afin de pouvoir sélectionner les NPs les plus prometteuses. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons présenté deux méthodes d’élaboration utilisées pour la synthèse des nanostructures à base de SiC-3C, la méthode d’anodisation électrochimique et la méthode d’attaque chimique. Dans le premier cas, les analyses FTIR,RAMAN et MET des NPs finales ont montré que la nature chimique de ces NPs est majoritairement formée de carbone graphitique. L’étude détaillée de la photoluminescence de ces NPs a montré que le processus d’émission dépend de la chimie de surface des NPs, du milieu de dispersion et de sa viscosité, de la concentration des suspensions et de la température du milieu. Pour la deuxième famille de NP de SiC, les analyses cohérentes MET, DLS et PL ont montrées une taille moyenne de 1.8 nm de diamètre avec une dispersion de ±0.5nm. Le rendement quantique externe de ces NPs est de l’ordre de 4%. Les NPs dispersées dans l’éthanol, n’ont pas montré une dépendance à la température exploitable pour notre application. Par contre, les NPs de SiC produites par cette voie, étant donné la distribution en taille resserrée et le rendement quantique « honorable » pour un matériau à gap indirect, sont prometteuses pour des applications comme luminophores en particulier pour la biologie grâce à la non toxicité du SiC. Dans le cas des NPs de Si, nous avons également étudié deux types différents de NPs. Il s’agit de : (i) NPs obtenues par anodisation électrochimique et fonctionnalisées par des groupements alkyls (décène, 1-octadécène). Nous avons mis en évidence pour la première fois une très importante variation de l’énergie d’émission dEg/dT avec la température de type red-shift entre 300 et 400K. Les mesures de(T) conduisent à une sensibilité thermique de 0.75%/°C tout à fait intéressante par rapport aux NPs II-VI. De plus il a été montré que la durée de vie mesurée n’est pas fonction de la concentration. (ii) NPs obtenue par voie humide et fonctionnalisées par le n-butyl. Pour ce type de NPs nous avons mis pour la première fois en évidence un comportement de type blue-shift pour dEg/dT de l’ordre de -0.75 meV/K dans le squalane. Pour ces NPs, la sensibilité thermique pour la durée de vie de 0.2%°C est inférieure à celle des NPs de type (i) mais largement supérieure à celle des NPs de CdSe de 4 nm (0.08%/°C). La quantification de cette la sensibilité à la température par la position du pic d’émission dEg/dT et de la durée de vie nous permet d’envisager la conception de nanosondes de température basée sur les NPs de Si avec comme recommandations l’utilisation de NPs obtenues par anodisation électrochimique et de la durée de vie comme indicateur des variations en températureThe goal of this study is the use of Si and SiC nanoparticles (NPs) as fluorescent temperature nanoprobes particularly in lubricating films. The development of these nanoprobes requires the determination of their thermal sensitivity in order to select the best prospects NPs. To achieve this goal, we presented two preparation methods used for the synthesis of 3C-SiC based nanostructures : (i) anodic etching method and (ii) chemical etching method. In the first case, the FTIR, Raman and TEM analysis of final NPs showed that the chemical nature of these NPs is formed predominantly of graphitic carbon. The detailed photoluminescence study of these NPs showed that the emission process depends on the surface chemistry of the NPs, the dispersion medium and its viscosity, the suspension concentration and temperature of the environment.. In the second case, coherent TEM, DLS and PL analyzes showed an average size of 1.8 nm in diameter with a dispersion of ±0.5 nm. The external quantum efficiency of these NPs is 4%. NPs dispersed in ethanol, did not show an exploitable fluorescence dependence on temperature for our application. On the other hand, 3C-SiC NPs produced by this way, given the narrow size distribution and the reasonably high quantum yield for an indirect bandgap material, are promising for applications such as luminophores in particular in the biology field thanks to nontoxicity of SiC. In the case of Si we studied also two different types of NPs. (i) NPs obtained by anodic etching and functionalized by alkyl groups (decene, octadecene). We have demonstrated for the first time an important red-shift in the emission energy dEg/dT with temperature from 300 to 400K. The PL lifetime measurement(T) lead to a thermal sensitivity of 0.75% /°C very interesting compared to II-VI NPs. Furthermore it has been shown that t is not depending on the concentration. (ii) NPs obtained by wet-chemical process and functionalized with n-butyl. For this type of NPs we have identified for the first time a blue-shift behavior of dEg dT in the order of -0.75 meV/K in squalane. The thermal sensitivity for the PL lifetime of these NPs is 0.2%/°C, which is lower than that of NPs obtained by anodic etching method, but much greater than that of CdSe NPs with 4 nm of diameter (0.08%/°C). Quantification of the temperature sensitivity by the position of emission peak dEg/dT and the PL lifetime dτ/dT allows us to consider the realization of temperature nanoprobes based on Si NPs with recommendations to use Si NPs obtained by anodic etching method and PL lifetime as an indicator of temperature changes
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Patommel, Jens. "Hard X-Ray Scanning Microscope Using Nanofocusing Parabolic Refractive Lenses." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-64982.
Full textAbstract:
Hard x rays come along with a variety of extraordinary properties which make them an excellent probe for investigation in science, technology and medicine. Their large attenuation length in matter opens up the possibility to use hard x-rays for non-destructive investigation of the inner structure of specimens. Medical radiography is one important example of exploiting this feature. Since their discovery by W. C. Röntgen in 1895, a large variety of x-ray analytical techniques have been developed and successfully applied, such as x-ray crystallography, reflectometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, small angle x-ray scattering, and many more. Each of those methods reveals information about certain physical properties, but usually, these properties are an average over the complete sample region illuminated by the x rays. In order to obtain the spatial distribution of those properties in inhomogeneous samples, scanning microscopy techniques have to be applied, screening the sample with a small x-ray beam. The spatial resolution is limited by the finite size of the beam. The availability of highly brilliant x-ray sources at third generation synchrotron radiation facilities together with the development of enhanced focusing x-ray optics made it possible to generate increasingly small high intense x-ray beams, pushing the spatial resolution down to the sub-100 nm range. During this thesis the prototype of a hard x-ray scanning microscope utilizing microstructured nanofocusing lenses was designed, built, and successfully tested. The nanofocusing x-ray lenses were developed by our research group of the Institute of Structural Physics at the Technische Universität Dresden. The prototype instrument was installed at the ESRF beamline ID 13. A wide range of experiments like fluorescence element mapping, fluorescence tomography, x-ray nano-diffraction, coherent x-ray diffraction imaging, and x-ray ptychography were performed as part of this thesis. The hard x-ray scanning microscope provides a stable x-ray beam with a full width at half maximum size of 50-100 nm near the focal plane. The nanoprobe was also used for characterization of nanofocusing lenses, crucial to further improve them. Based on the experiences with the prototype, an advanced version of a hard x-ray scanning microscope is under development and will be installed at the PETRA III beamline P06 dedicated as a user instrument for scanning microscopy. This document is organized as follows. A short introduction motivating the necessity for building a hard x-ray scanning microscope is followed by a brief review of the fundamentals of hard x-ray physics with an emphasis on free-space propagation and interaction with matter. After a discussion of the requirements on the x-ray source for the nanoprobe, the main features of synchrotron radiation from an undulator source are shown. The properties of the nanobeam generated by refractive x-ray lenses are treated as well as a two-stage focusing scheme for tailoring size, flux and the lateral coherence properties of the x-ray focus. The design and realization of the microscope setup is addressed, and a selection of experiments performed with the prototype version is presented, before this thesis is finished with a conclusion and an outlook on prospective plans for an improved microscope setup to be installed at PETRA IIIAufgrund ihrer hervorragenden Eigenschaften kommt harte Röntgenstrahlung in vielfältiger Weise in der Wissenschaft, Industrie und Medizin zum Einsatz. Vor allem die Fähigkeit, makroskopische Gegenstände zu durchdringen, eröffnet die Möglichkeit, im Innern ausgedehnter Objekte verborgene Strukturen zum Vorschein zu bringen, ohne den Gegenstand zerstören zu müssen. Eine Vielzahl röntgenanalytischer Verfahren wie zum Beispiel Kristallographie, Reflektometrie, Fluoreszenzspektroskopie, Absorptionsspektroskopie oder Kleinwinkelstreuung sind entwickelt und erfolgreich angewendet worden. Jede dieser Methoden liefert gewisse strukturelle, chemische oder physikalische Eigenschaften der Probe zutage, allerdings gemittelt über den von der Röntgenstrahlung beleuchteten Bereich. Um eine ortsaufgelöste Verteilung der durch die Röntgenanalyse gewonnenen Information zu erhalten, bedarf es eines sogenannten Mikrostrahls, durch den die Probe lokal abgetastet werden kann. Die dadurch erreichbare räumliche Auflösung ist durch die Größe des Mikrostrahls begrenzt. Aufgrund der Verfügbarkeit hinreichend brillanter Röntgenquellen in Form von Undulatoren an Synchrotronstrahlungseinrichtungen und des Vorhandenseins verbesserter Röntgenoptiken ist es in den vergangen Jahren gelungen, immer kleinere intensive Röntgenfokusse zu erzeugen und somit das räumliche Auflösungsvermögen der Röntgenrastermikroskope auf unter 100 nm zu verbessern. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist der Prototyp eines Rastersondenmikroskops für harte Röntgenstrahlung unter Verwendung refraktiver nanofokussierender Röntgenlinsen, die von unserer Arbeitsgruppe am Institut für Strukturphysik entwickelt und hergestellt werden. Das Rastersondenmikroskop wurde im Rahmen dieser Promotion in Dresden konzipiert und gebaut sowie am Strahlrohr ID 13 des ESRF installiert und erfolgreich getestet. Das Gerät stellt einen hochintensiven Röntgenfokus der Größe 50-100 nm zur Verfügung, mit dem im Verlaufe dieser Doktorarbeit zahlreiche Experimente wie Fluoreszenztomographie, Röntgennanobeugung, Abbildung mittels kohärenter Röntgenbeugung sowie Röntgenptychographie erfolgreich durchgeführt wurden. Das Rastermikroskop dient unter anderem auch dem Charakterisieren der nanofokussierenden Linsen, wobei die dadurch gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in die Herstellung verbesserten Linsen einfließen. Diese Arbeit ist wie folgt strukturiert. Ein kurzes einleitendes Kapitel dient als Motivation für den Bau eines Rastersondenmikroskops für harte Röntgenstrahlung. Es folgt eine Einführung in die Grundlagen der Röntgenphysik mit Hauptaugenmerk auf die Ausbreitung von Röntgenstrahlung im Raum und die Wechselwirkungsmechanismen von Röntgenstrahlung mit Materie. Anschließend werden die Anforderungen an die Röntgenquelle besprochen und die Vorzüge eines Undulators herausgestellt. Wichtige Eigenschaften eines mittels refraktiver Röntgenlinsen erzeugten Röntgenfokus werden behandelt, und das Konzept einer Vorfokussierung zur gezielten Anpassung der transversalen Kohärenzeigenschaften an die Erfordernisse des Experiments wird besprochen. Das Design und die technische Realisierung des Rastermikroskops werden ebenso dargestellt wie eine Auswahl erfolgreicher Experimente, die am Gerät vollzogen wurden. Die Arbeit endet mit einem Ausblick, der mögliche Weiterentwicklungen in Aussicht stellt, unter anderem den Aufbau eines verbesserten Rastermikroskops am PETRA III-Strahlrohr P06
Book chapters on the topic "Fluorescent nanoprobes"
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Chen, Lingxin, Yunqing Wang, Xiuli Fu, and Ling Chen. "Fluorescent Nanoprobes." In SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science, 49–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43624-0_3.
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Aigouy, Lionel, Benjamin Samson, Elika Saїdi, Peter Löw, Christian Bergaud, Jessica Labéguerie-Egéa, Carine Lasbrugnas, and Michel Mortier. "Scanning Thermal Microscopy with Fluorescent Nanoprobes." In Thermal Nanosystems and Nanomaterials, 505–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04258-4_17.
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Jin, Takashi, and Yasutomo Nomura. "NIR Fluorescent Nanoprobes and Techniques for Brain Imaging." In Near Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications, 349–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32036-2_13.
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Shen, Shufang, and Chao Wang. "Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Highly Sensitive In Vivo Cell Tracking." In Cell Tracking, 85–93. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0364-2_8.
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"Bio-Mediated Synthesis of Quantum Dots for Fluorescent Biosensing and Bio-Imaging Applications." In Materials Research Foundations, 185–223. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901571-7.
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Quantum dots (QDs) have received great attention for development of novel fluorescent nanoprobe with tunable colors towards the near-infrared (NIR) region because of their unique optical and electronic properties such as luminescence characteristics, wide range, continuous absorption spectra and narrow emission spectra with high light stability. Quantum dots are promising materials for biosensing and single molecular bio-imaging application due to their excellent photophysical properties such as strong brightness and resistance to photobleaching. However, the use of quantum dots in biomedical applications is limited due to their toxicity. Recently, the development of novel and safe alternative method, the biomediated greener approach is one of the best aspects for synthesis of quantum dots. In this Chapter, biomediated synthesis of quantum dots by living organisms and biomimetic systems were highlighted. Quantum dots based fluorescent probes utilizing resonance energy transfer (RET), especially Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) and chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) to probe biological phenomena were discussed. In addition, quantum dot nanocomposites are promising ultrasensitive bioimaging probe for in vivo multicolor, multimodal, multiplex and NIR deep tissue imaging. Finally, this chapter provides a conclusion with future perspectives of this field.
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"Fluorescence Nanoprobe Imaging Tumor by Sensing the Acidic Microenvironment." In Nanomedicine and Cancer, 168–90. CRC Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11516-11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Fluorescent nanoprobes"
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Dunn, Bryce, Sofya Osharovich, Ritesh Isuri, Wendy Chung, Sébastien Blais-Ouellette, Edward J. Delikatny, John R. Cressman, Remi Veneziano, Parag Chitnis, and Marzieh Hanafi. "Enhancing vascular imaging using NIR-II fluorescent nanoprobes." In Reporters, Markers, Dyes, Nanoparticles, and Molecular Probes for Biomedical Applications XV, edited by Ramesh Raghavachari and Mikhail Y. Berezin. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3003068.
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Nakane, Yuko, Takashi Jin, Yuki Mori, Yoshichika Yoshioka, and Qiang Ma. "Near-infrared fluorescent nanoprobes for non-invasive multimodal tissue imaging." In 2014 World Automation Congress (WAC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wac.2014.6935781.
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Lee, Sang-Myung. "Dual-modal silica nanoprobes with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic and fluorescent signals." In International Conference on Nano-Bio Sensing, Imaging, and Spectroscopy 2015, edited by Donghyun Kim, Min-Gon Kim, and Seung-Han Park. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2190771.
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Farias, Patricia M. A., Lan Ma-Hock, Robert Landsiedel, and Bennard van Ravenzwaay. "Toxicological evaluation of Cd-based fluorescent nanoprobes by means of in vivo studies." In Reporters, Markers, Dyes, Nanoparticles, and Molecular Probes for Biomedical Applications X, edited by Samuel Achilefu and Ramesh Raghavachari. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2289341.
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Li, Y., K. Wang, X. Xu, and Y. Jiang. "Magnetic-Fluorescent Fe3O4@Chitosan-Graphene Quantum Dots Nanocomposites for Dual-Modal nanoprobes of Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging." In 2018 IEEE International Magnetic Conference (INTERMAG). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2018.8508372.
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Ghosh, Debadyuti, Hyunjung Yi, Jifa Qi, and Angela M. Belcher. "Abstract 4287: M13-stabilized single-walled carbon nanotubes as nanoprobes for second near-infrared window fluorescent imaging of targeted tumors." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-4287.
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Jia, Yaoshun, and Yong Xu. "Single-Carbon-Nanotube-Based Fluorescent Nanoprobe." In Frontiers in Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2009.pdpb2.
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Choi, Hak Soo. "Nanoprobes for optical fluorescence imaging (Conference Presentation)." In Molecular-Guided Surgery: Molecules, Devices, and Applications IV, edited by Greg Biggs, Brian W. Pogue, and Sylvain Gioux. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2287971.
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Lee, Sangyeop, Hyangah Chon, Juhui Ko, Jaebum Choo, P. M. Champion, and L. D. Ziegler. "Cancer Diagnosis Application with Fluorescence-SERS Dual Modal Nanoprobes." In XXII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3482297.
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Wei, Yanchun, Qun Chen, Baoyan Wu, and Da Xing. "Multifunctional upconversion nanoprobe for tumor fluorescence imaging and near-infrared thermal therapy." In Twelfth International Conference on Photonics and Imaging in Biology and Medicine (PIBM 2014), edited by Qingming Luo, Lihong V. Wang, and Valery V. Tuchin. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2069018.
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