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Journal articles on the topic 'Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Liu, Mingxian, Fenglin Tang, Zhengli Yang, Jing Xu, and Xiupei Yang. "Recent Progress on Gold-Nanocluster-Based Fluorescent Probe for Environmental Analysis and Biological Sensing." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (January 2, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1095148.

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Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are one of metal nanoclusters, which play a pivotal role in the recent advances in the research of fluorescent probes for their fluorescence effect. They are favored by most researchers due to their strong stability in fluorescence and adjustability in fluorescence wavelength when compared to traditional organic fluorescent dyes. In this review, we introduce various synthesis strategies of gold-nanocluster-based fluorescent probes and summarize their application for environmental analysis and biological sensing. The use of gold-nanocluster-based fluorescent probes for the analysis of heavy metals and inorganic and organic pollutants is covered in the environmental analysis while biological labeling, imaging, and detection are presented in biological sensing.

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2

He, Ying. "Application of Biomimetic Nanomaterials in Biological Detection and the Intelligent Recognition Method of Nanoparticle Images." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.2904.

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New nanomaterials (metal nanoclusters, graphene, etc.) are favored by researchers due to their unique properties and are widely used in biomedical detection. The excellent fluorescence characteristics of gold nanoclusters are utilized to develop a fast and highly sensitive bionic nanomaterial with non-label and dual functions, which can detect silver ions and mercury ions and study the particularity of TEM nanoparticle images. The particle segmentation of TEM nanoparticle images is studied to compare the traditional watershed algorithm and watershed transformation algorithm. The experiment results show that silver ions can enhance the fluorescence of gold nanoclusters to form gold-silver nanoclusters with strong yellow fluorescence, and mercury ions can quickly weaken the fluorescence of gold-silver nanoclusters. Based on the biomimetic nanomaterials, a dual-function fluorescent probe is designed to detect silver ions and mercury ions in lake with detection accuracy of 8 nM and 33 nM respectively; the sensing excitation of the fluorescent probe is further analyzed. Because the metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) effect enables the silver element and Au nanoparticles to form fluorescence-enhancing effect, the high metalphilic interaction between mercury ions and silver ions quenches the fluorescence effect of gold nanocluster; the rapid watershed transformation/region fusion method can achieve better particle image segmentation combined with the image segmentation algorithms of different TEM nanoparticles, which can be better applied to the characterization analysis of the preparation of gold nanomaterials.

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3

Suber, Lorenza, Luciano Pilloni, Kshitij Khanna, Giuliana Righi, Ludovica Primitivo, Martina De Angelis, and Daniela Caschera. "Fine-Tuning Synthesis of Fluorescent Silver Thiolate Nanoclusters." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 2816–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19048.

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Noble metal thiolate nanoclusters are a new class of nanomaterials with molecular-like properties such as high dispersibility and fluorescence in the visible and infrared spectral region, properties highly requested in biomedicine for imaging, sensing and drug delivery applications. We report on three new silver phenylethane thiolate nanoclusters, differing for slight modifications of the preparation, i.e., the reaction solvent and the thiolate quantity, producing changes in the nanocluster composition as well as in the fluorescence behavior. All samples, excited in the range 250–500 nm, emit around 400 and 700 nm differing in the emission maxima and behavior. The silver thiolate nanoclusters have been characterized by way of C, H, S elemental analyses and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) to determine the nanocluster composition, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) to investigate the nanocluster morphology and UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy to study their optical properties.

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4

Song, Chunxia, Jingyuan Xu, Ying Chen, Liangliang Zhang, Ying Lu, and Zhihe Qing. "DNA-Templated Fluorescent Nanoclusters for Metal Ions Detection." Molecules 24, no. 22 (November 19, 2019): 4189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24224189.

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DNA-templated fluorescent nanoclusters (NCs) have attracted increasing research interest on account of their prominent features, such as DNA sequence-dependent fluorescence, easy functionalization, wide availability, water solubility, and excellent biocompatibility. Coupling DNA templates with complementary DNA, aptamers, G-quadruplex, and so on has generated a large number of sensors. Additionally, the preparation and applications of DNA-templated fluorescent NCs in these sensing have been widely studied. This review firstly focuses on the properties of DNA-templated fluorescent NCs, and the synthesis of DNA-templated fluorescent NCs with different metals is then discussed. In the third part, we mainly introduce the applications of DNA-templated fluorescent NCs for sensing metal ions. At last, we further discuss the future perspectives of DNA-templated fluorescent NCs in the synthesis and sensing metal ions in the environmental and biological fields.

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5

Ai, Lin, Min Tang, Ji Li, Hsiao Hsien Chen, and Hong Meng. "Ultra-Bright 2D Assembled Copper Nanoclusters: Fluorescence Mechanism Exploration and LED Application." Materials Science Forum 996 (June 2020): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.996.20.

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Novel fluorescent nanomaterials have attracted enormous interests in the applications of illumination and display besides the traditional organic fluorophors. As potential alternatives, the environmental friendly fluorescent ultra-small organic-inorganic hybrid metal nanoclusters (size < 2 nm) is a series of powerful competitors used in illuminating field, on account of the non-poisonous, large amount of storage in earth, simple synthetic route, and relative low cost. The most important one, facile regulation of the fluorescence intensity and emission colors makes metal nanoclusters more attractive candidates for illumination application. Here, through ingeniously designing the structures of capping ligands, the highly bright copper nanoclusters are obtained, which further assemble into 2D ribbons with fluorescence quantum efficiency ascending to 36.4%. Last, the light emitting diodes with excellent performance are constructed, the emission wavelength locates at 650 nm in red region, which is suitable for plant illumination.

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6

Kurdekar, Aditya Dileep, L. A. Avinash Chunduri, C. Sai Manohar, Mohan Kumar Haleyurgirisetty, Indira K. Hewlett, and Kamisetti Venkataramaniah. "Streptavidin-conjugated gold nanoclusters as ultrasensitive fluorescent sensors for early diagnosis of HIV infection." Science Advances 4, no. 11 (November 2018): eaar6280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar6280.

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We have engineered streptavidin-labeled fluorescent gold nanoclusters to develop a gold nanocluster immunoassay (GNCIA) for the early and sensitive detection of HIV infection. We performed computational simulations on the mechanism of interaction between the nanoclusters and the streptavidin protein via in silico studies and showed that gold nanoclusters enhance the binding to the protein, by enhancing interaction between the Au atoms and the specific active site residues, compared to other metal nanoclusters. We also evaluated the role of glutathione conjugation in binding to gold nanoclusters with streptavidin. As proof of concept, GNCIA achieved a sensitivity limit of detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen in clinical specimens of 5 pg/ml, with a detection range up to1000 pg/ml in a linear dose-dependent manner. GNCIA demonstrated a threefold higher sensitivity and specificity compared to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of HIV p24 antigen. The specificity of the immunoassay was 100% when tested with plasma samples negative for HIV-1 p24 antigen and positive for viruses such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and dengue. GNCIA could be developed into a universal labeling technology using the relevant capture and detector antibodies for the specific detection of antigens of various pathogens in the future.

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7

Li, Jingjing, Jun-Jie Zhu, and Kai Xu. "Fluorescent metal nanoclusters: From synthesis to applications." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 58 (June 2014): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.02.011.

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8

Rolband, Lewis, Liam Yourston, Morgan Chandler, Damian Beasock, Leyla Danai, Seraphim Kozlov, Nolan Marshall, Oleg Shevchenko, Alexey V. Krasnoslobodtsev, and Kirill A. Afonin. "DNA-Templated Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters Inhibit Bacterial Growth While Being Non-Toxic to Mammalian Cells." Molecules 26, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134045.

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Silver has a long history of antibacterial effectiveness. The combination of atomically precise metal nanoclusters with the field of nucleic acid nanotechnology has given rise to DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs) which can be engineered with reproducible and unique fluorescent properties and antibacterial activity. Furthermore, cytosine-rich single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides designed to fold into hairpin structures improve the stability of AgNCs and additionally modulate their antibacterial properties and the quality of observed fluorescent signals. In this work, we characterize the sequence-specific fluorescence and composition of four representative DNA-AgNCs, compare their corresponding antibacterial effectiveness at different pH, and assess cytotoxicity to several mammalian cell lines.

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9

Romeo, María V., Elena López-Martínez, Jesús Berganza-Granda, Felipe Goñi-de-Cerio, and Aitziber L. Cortajarena. "Biomarker sensing platforms based on fluorescent metal nanoclusters." Nanoscale Advances 3, no. 5 (2021): 1331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00796j.

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Metal nanoclusters and their unique properties are increasing in importance. In this review we acknowledge their application as sensors for biomarkers and the current state in preclinical and clinical uses.

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10

Ren, Hong-Xin, Min-Xin Mao, Min Li, Cun-Zheng Zhang, Chi-Fang Peng, Jiang-Guo Xu, and Xin-Lin Wei. "A Fluorescent Detection for Paraquat Based on β-CDs-Enhanced Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters." Foods 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061178.

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In this report, a fluorescent sensing method for paraquat based on gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) is proposed. It was found that paraquat could quench both glutathione-capped AuNCs (GSH-AuNCs) and β-cyclodextrin-modified GSH-AuNCs (GSH/β-CDs-AuNCs). The modification of β-CDs on the surface of GSH-AuNCs obviously enhanced the fluorescence intensity of GSH-AuNCs and improved the sensitivity of paraquat sensing more than 4-fold. This sensibilization was ascribed to the obvious fluorescence intensity enhancement of GSH-AuNCs by β-CDs and the “host–guest” interaction between paraquat and β-CDs. The fluorescence quenching was mainly due to the photoinduced energy transfer (PET) between GSH/β-CDs-AuNCs and paraquat. With the optimized β-CDs modification of the GSH-AuNC surfaces and under buffer conditions, the fluorescent detection for paraquat demonstrated a linear response in the range of 5.0–350 ng/mL with a detection limit of 1.2 ng/mL. The fluorescent method also showed high selectivity toward common pesticides. The interference from metal ions could be easily masked by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). This method was applied to the measurement of paraquat-spiked water samples and good recoveries (93.6–103.8%) were obtained. The above results indicate that host molecule modification of fluorescent metal NC surfaces has high potential in the development of robust fluorescent sensors.

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11

Burratti, Luca, Eleonora Bolli, Mauro Casalboni, Fabio de Matteis, Federico Mochi, Roberto Francini, Stefano Casciardi, and Paolo Prosposito. "Synthesis of Fluorescent Ag Nanoclusters for Sensing and Imaging Applications." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 2243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.2243.

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Metal nanoparticles have attracted more and more attention in the last years due to their unique chemical and physical properties which are very different from the metal bulk material. In particular, when the size of nanoparticles decreases below two nm, nanoparticles can be described as nanoclusters (NCs), and they present peculiar optical properties. The excited electrons in addition to specific absorption bands show also a bright luminescence related to the quantum size effect which produce discrete energy levels. Optical properties (absorption and fluorescence) of these NCs are widely used in many different applications in science and engineering, such as chemical sensors, fluorescent probes for bio imaging or in environmental issues. In the present study, we report on the synthesis of silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) in aqueous phase using silver nitrate as precursor salt and L-Glutathione (GSH) as stabilizer. AgNCs were characterized using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The strong absorption and luminescence shown by these NCs are very promising for a possible exploitation both as label for bioimaging and for optical sensors for heavy metal ions.

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12

Wen, Wen, Zhongping Li, Xu Wang, Xiaoyan Du, Guangming Wen, and Li Li. "Fluorescent PEI@Pd nanoclusters: facile synthesis and application." RSC Advances 11, no. 53 (2021): 33202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra06307c.

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13

Pandya, Alok, Amitkumar N. Lad, Surinder Pal Singh, and Rishi Shanker. "DNA assembled metal nanoclusters: synthesis to novel applications." RSC Advances 6, no. 114 (2016): 113095–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra24098d.

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In this review, we have discussed the emergence of promising environmental-benign DNA assembled fluorescent metal nanoclusters and their unique electronic structures, unusual physical and chemical properties.

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14

Li, Zhen, Qiao Sun, Yian Zhu, Bien Tan, Zhi Ping Xu, and Shi Xue Dou. "Ultra-small fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles for bioimaging." J. Mater. Chem. B 2, no. 19 (2014): 2793–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tb21760d.

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The recent advances of ultra-small fluorescence inorganic nanoparticles including quantum dots, metal nanoclusters, carbon and graphene dots, up-conversion nanocrystals, and silicon nanoparticles have been comprehensively reviewed.

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15

Zhang, Xiaoyuan, Guanghua Zhang, Gang Wei, and Zhiqiang Su. "One-Pot, In-Situ Synthesis of 8-Armed Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Coated Ag Nanoclusters as a Fluorescent Sensor for Selective Detection of Cu2+." Biosensors 10, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10100131.

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Fluorescent nanomaterials, such as quantum dots, have developed rapidly in recent years and have been significantly developed. Herein, we demonstrate a facile, one-pot, and in-situ synthesis strategy to obtain fluorescent silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) coated with eight-armed poly (ethylene glycol) polymers (8PEG-AgNCs) via a direct gel-mediated process. During the synthesis, ammonium (NH3) served as the crosslinker for the gel formation via a amine-type Michael addition reaction. This hydrogel can be used as a template to synthesize AgNCs using its volume-limiting effect. The in-situ generation of AgNCs takes place inside the nanocages of the formed gels, which guarantees the homogenous distribution of AgNCs in the gel matrix, as well as the efficient coating of PEG on the nanoclusters. After the degradation of gels, the released 8PEG-AgNCs nanohybrids showed strong blue fluorescence and exhibited long-term stability in aqueous solution for nearly one year. Results showed that the fabricated sensor revealed excellent fluorescent sensitivity for the selective detection of Cu2+ with a detection limit of 50 nM and a wide linear detection range of 5–100 μM. It is proposed that the greater cross-linking density leads to smaller gel pores and allows the synthesis of AgNCs with fluorescent properties. These results indicate that this novel hydrogel with certain biodegradation has the potential to be applied as a fluorescent sensor for catalytic synthesis, fluorescence tracing in cells, and fluorescence detection fields. Meanwhile, the novel design principle has a certain versatility to accelerate the development and application of other kinds of metal nanoclusters and quantum dots.

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16

Zhang, Hui, Xin Huang, Luo Li, Gaowen Zhang, Irshad Hussain, Zhen Li, and Bien Tan. "Photoreductive synthesis of water-soluble fluorescent metal nanoclusters." Chem. Commun. 48, no. 4 (2012): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cc16088e.

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17

Liu, Juewen. "DNA-stabilized, fluorescent, metal nanoclusters for biosensor development." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 58 (June 2014): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2013.12.014.

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18

Lin, Xia, Lianjia Zou, Weisen Lan, Chunxian Liang, Yanchun Yin, Jian Liang, Yuanming Zhou, and Jianyi Wang. "Progress of metal nanoclusters in nucleic acid detection." Dalton Transactions 51, no. 1 (2022): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt03183j.

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Metal nanoclusters (MNCs), including Ag NCs, Cu NCs, and Au NCs, can be used as fluorescent probes for nucleic acid testing. Identification of DNA fragments and trace detection of miRNA (LOD as low as aM) can be achieved.

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19

Qu, Xiaochao, Yichen Li, Lei Li, Yanran Wang, Jingning Liang, and Jimin Liang. "Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters: Synthesis and Recent Biological Application." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/784097.

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Fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have been extensively studied due to their unique construction and distinctive properties, which place them between single metal atoms and larger nanoparticles. The dimension of AuNCs is comparable to the Fermi wavelength of electrons, which lead to size-dependent fluorescence and other molecule-like properties. In this review, we summarize various synthesis strategies of fluorescent AuNCs and recent advances of biological applications such as biosensing, biolabeling, and bioimaging. The synthetic methods are considered as two routes: “Atoms to Clusters” and “Nanoparticles to Clusters.” The surface functionalization of AuNCs is described as the precondition for making future bioapplications possible, which can eventually influence their stability, biocompatibility, and other properties. And then we focus on the recent advances of AuNCs-based applications in biological sensing, biolabeling, and bioimaging and finally discuss the current challenges of AuNCs in controllable synthesis and biological application.

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20

Xu, Jacob Ze Jia. "Application of fluorescent biosensors for heavy metal ions detection." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 3 (July 8, 2022): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v3i.708.

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Heavy metal ions can be successfully detected by using a diverse of the developed fluorescent biosensors. A major trend in designing current fluorescent biosensors incorporates nanomaterials, such as quantum dots. Combined techniques with aptamers allow for highly sensitive analyses of different heavy metal ions. Other novel methods of detection involve whole cells, for example, bacterial bioreporters. A common way of exhibiting fluorescence is through “signal-on” and “signal-off”, where some fluorescent biosensors may depend on only one state, others rely on both states of emission. The methods detecting mercury ions listed include mercury-specific oligonucleotide (MSO) probes and a dual emission ratiometric fluorescent probe using silicon (SiNPs) or gold nanoclusters (AuNCs). Methods mentioned for arsenic ions include two different kinds of fluorescent-based aptasensors and a fluorescent DNA quantum dot. As to lead ions, a fluorescent method that utilizes the interactions between DNA aptamer, acridine orange, and nanomaterials is designed. Another method is through quantum dots and DNAzyme synergetic catalytic amplification. For cadmium ions, a whole-cell bioreporter was developed that incorporated bacterial organisms. All recently published methods shared a commonality of exceptional sensitivity and selectivity.

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21

Yu, Yong, Siu Yee New, Jianping Xie, Xiaodi Su, and Yen Nee Tan. "Protein-based fluorescent metal nanoclusters for small molecular drug screening." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 89 (2014): 13805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc06914e.

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This communication reports a facile, fast (<10 min), and hitherto unreported drug screening method by comparing the fluorescence intensities of the in situ formed gold nanoclusters templated by drug-loaded proteins.

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22

Huang, Xin, Zengbei Li, Zhengguo Yu, Xinjie Deng, and Yi Xin. "Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Properties, and Biological Applications of Platinum Nanoclusters." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (September 8, 2019): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6248725.

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Noble metal nanoclusters (M NCs), defined as an aggregation of a few to tens of atoms, are considered a borderline between atoms and metal nanoparticles (M NPs), which tends to exhibit molecule-like behaviours such as discrete electronic state and size-dependent fluorescence. In the past decades, gold and silver nanoclusters (Au NCs and Ag NCs) have been massively explored and utilized in the field of industrial catalysis, optoelectronic devices, biological imaging, environmental detection, clinical diagnoses, and treatment. The analogue of Au and Ag NCs and platinum nanoclusters (Pt NCs), especially their biological applications, is relatively and rarely discussed. This review firstly investigates the synthetic methodology of Pt NCs including template-assisted and template-free approaches and then introduces their unique optical, catalytic, and thermal properties. Particular importance here is the biological applications of Pt NCs such as the bioimaging of various cells as a preferred fluorophore in contrast to traditional fluorescent markers (e.g., organic dye, semiconductor quantum dots, and fluorescent proteins), the usage of Pt NCs-based antitumour drugs as a new class chemotherapeutics for malignant tumour therapy, and the utilization of antibacteria as an alternative of Ag-based antibacterial agent. On the whole, the development of Pt NCs has already gained delectable progress; however, the study of ultrafine Pt NCs is at the beginning stage and there are still plenty of challenges like synthesis of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent Pt NCs, the explicit signal pathway of cell apoptosis, and attempt in diverse biological applications that need to be urgently tackled in future.

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23

Han, Bingyan, Xixi Hu, Mingbo Yu, Tingting Peng, Ying Li, and Gaohong He. "One-pot synthesis of enhanced fluorescent copper nanoclusters encapsulated in metal–organic frameworks." RSC Advances 8, no. 40 (2018): 22748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03632b.

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24

Shang, Li, Shaojun Dong, and G. Ulrich Nienhaus. "Ultra-small fluorescent metal nanoclusters: Synthesis and biological applications." Nano Today 6, no. 4 (August 2011): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2011.06.004.

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Zhang, Libing, and Erkang Wang. "Metal nanoclusters: New fluorescent probes for sensors and bioimaging." Nano Today 9, no. 1 (February 2014): 132–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2014.02.010.

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Hu, Yihui, Wenjing Guo, and Hui Wei. "Protein- and Peptide-directed Approaches to Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters." Israel Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 6-7 (March 27, 2015): 682–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201400178.

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27

de Carvalho, L. C., O. J. Silveira, R. Longuinhos, R. W. Nunes, and S. S. Alexandre. "Optical absorption in complexes of abasic DNA with noble-metal nanoclusters by first principles calculations." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 3 (2019): 1260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp03731k.

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Lee, Eun Sung, Byung Seok Cha, Seokjoon Kim, and Ki Soo Park. "Synthesis of Exosome-Based Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters for Cellular Imaging Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 4433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094433.

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In recent years, fluorescent metal nanoclusters have been used to develop bioimaging and sensing technology. Notably, protein-templated fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are attracting interest due to their excellent fluorescence properties and biocompatibility. Herein, we used an exosome template to synthesize AuNCs in an eco-friendly manner that required neither harsh conditions nor toxic chemicals. Specifically, we used a neutral (pH 7) and alkaline (pH 11.5) pH to synthesize two different exosome-based AuNCs (exo-AuNCs) with independent blue and red emission. Using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we demonstrated that AuNCs were successfully formed in the exosomes. Red-emitting exo-AuNCs were found to have a larger Stokes shift and a stronger fluorescence intensity than the blue-emitting exo-AuNCs. Both exo-AuNCs were compatible with MCF-7 (human breast cancer), HeLa (human cervical cancer), and HT29 (human colon cancer) cells, although blue-emitting exo-AuNCs were cytotoxic at high concentrations (≥5 mg/mL). Red-emitting exo-AuNCs successfully stained the nucleus and were compatible with membrane-staining dyes. This is the first study to use exosomes to synthesize fluorescent nanomaterials for cellular imaging applications. As exosomes are naturally produced via secretion from almost all types of cell, the proposed method could serve as a strategy for low-cost production of versatile nanomaterials.

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Krisnawati, Dyah Ika, Po-Hsuan Hsu, Yu-Hsiang Lin, Moh Alimansur, Didik Susetiyanto Atmojo, Elfi Quyumi Rahmawati, Dwi Rahayu, Muhamad Khafid, Ssu-Chiao Lu, and Tsung-Rong Kuo. "The Use of the ROS Scavenger Cysteine as a Surface Ligand of Metal Nanoclusters and Its Bactericidal Elimination Effect." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 4095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094095.

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The bactericidal effects of fluorescent metal nanoclusters have impeded their bacterial bioimaging applications due to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that is induced by the nanoclusters in bacteria to cause bacterial death. Herein, an ROS scavenger of cysteine was exploited as a surface ligand to prepare cysteine-conjugated gold nanoclusters (Cys–AuNCs) and cysteine-conjugated silver nanoclusters (Cys–AgNCs) using a facile hydrothermal approach. The structural and optical characterizations demonstrated successful syntheses of Cys–AuNCs and Cys–AgNCs. With the same weight concentration, the bactericidal effect increased in the order of Cys–AuNCs, Cys–AgNCs, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), according to the results of the bacterial growth curves. Furthermore, based on the results of the standard colony-counting method, the Cys–AuNCs revealed the best biocompatibility compared to those of the Cys–AgNCs and AgNPs in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The superior biocompatibility of the Cys–AuNCs can be attributed to the use of the ligand of cysteine as an ROS scavenger to reduce ROS in E. coli. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses indicated that the use of the ROS scavenger cysteine as the surface ligand of the Cys–AuNCs eliminated the ROS production induced by the Cys–AuNCs in E. coli. The biocompatible Cys–AuNCs were also confirmed as a fluorescent probe using confocal microscopy. Highly biocompatible Cys–AuNCs could be a potential fluorescent probe in the application of bacterial bioimaging.

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Wu, Xi-Jin, Fan Kong, Chun-Qin Zhao, and Shou-Nian Ding. "Ratiometric fluorescent nanosensors for ultra-sensitive detection of mercury ions based on AuNCs/MOFs." Analyst 144, no. 8 (2019): 2523–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8an02414f.

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Ratiometric fluorescent nanosensors were developed to detect mercury ions (Hg²⁺) using enhanced dual emissions from glutathione stabilized gold nanoclusters/indium-based metal–organic frameworks modified with cysteine (AuNCs/MIL-68(In)-NH₂/Cys).

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Bahmani, Amin, Ehsan Shokri, Morteza Hosseini, and Saman Hosseinkhani. "A fluorescent aptasensor based on copper nanoclusters for optical detection of CD44 exon v10, an important isoform in metastatic breast cancer." Analytical Methods 13, no. 34 (2021): 3837–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ay01087e.

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The aim of the current study was to develop an aptasensor based on fluorescent metal nanoclusters for early detection of cancer stem cells and metastatic breast cancer. For this the v10 isoform of CD44 was selected as a specific target.

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Zhao, Yu, Xinyu Wang, Jiqiang Mi, Yingnan Jiang, and Chuanxi Wang. "Metal Nanoclusters: Metal Nanoclusters‐Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes from Design to Sensing Applications (Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 11/2019)." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 36, no. 11 (November 2019): 1970031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201970031.

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33

Chatterjee, Arunavo, and Pradipta Purkayastha. "The impact of lipid head-groups in GUVs on electron transfer by surface-adsorbed fluorescent gold nanoclusters." Materials Advances 2, no. 4 (2021): 1343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00930j.

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Morozova, Olga, Nataliya Shevlyagina, and Vladimir Zhukhovitsky. "Abstract P-39: Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters with Immunoglobulins and Albumins." International Journal of Biomedicine 11, Suppl_1 (June 1, 2021): S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/ijbm.11.suppl_1.p39.

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Background: Multiplex biomedical assays including molecular genetic tests and immunoanalysis require multiple fluorophores with a wide excitation range and different emission spectra. In comparison with organic fluorophores and quantum dots, the metal nanoclusters (NC) consisting of a few to hundred atoms have the following advantages: small size, large Stokes shift, prolonged fluorescence lifetime and biocompatibility. Our research was aimed at construction of fluorescent AgNC with the main blood proteins and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Methods: AgNC were synthesized from AgNO3 in the presence of albumins and immunoglobulins (Ig) of different classes and origin at pH 9-11 with NaBH4 recovery. The resulting AgNC with proteins were loaded to "Formvar/Carbon 200 Mesh Copper" copper grids (Ted Pella, USA) and examined using TEM system JEM 2100 Plus (JEOL, Japan) without contrast. Fluorescence excitation/emission spectra were measured in quartz cuvette using the FluoroMax + spectrofluorometer (Horiba Scientific, Japan). Results: Recovery of Ag+ ions did not occur in the presence of IgG and albumins without NaBH4 at different temperatures, pH, and incubation time. Broad excitation spectra of AgNC were in a range 340-540 nm. Their emission spectra correlated with the original AgNO3 concentration and did not depend on protein and pH. NC stabilized with IgG or albumin with blue fluorescence and emission maximum at 420 nm contained NC from 0.6 nm and higher. Green AgNC with proteins had bright fluorescence at 430-470 nm and red NC showed emission maximum at 650 nm. TEM revealed discrete AgNC and their numerous aggregates in each sample of fluorescent NC in spite of different fluorescent emission spectra. According to the MTT test, AgNC with human IgG and BSA with protein concentrations up to 3 mg/ml were not toxic for human larynx carcinoma HEp-2 cells despite cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles covered with IgG or albumin envelopes as well as Cd and AuNC with BSA. Conclusion: AgNC with antibodies and albumin with a broad size range and aggregation possess tunable fluorescence emission spectra with broad excitation at 340-540 nm. Different emission spectra permit AgNC to be used in multiplex assays. AgNC were not toxic for human tissue culture and may be applied for bioimaging.

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Babu Busi, Kumar, Mathangi Palanivel, Krishna Kanta Ghosh, Writoban Basu Ball, Balázs Gulyás, Parasuraman Padmanabhan, and Sabyasachi Chakrabortty. "The Multifarious Applications of Copper Nanoclusters in Biosensing and Bioimaging and Their Translational Role in Early Disease Detection." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030301.

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Nanoclusters possess an ultrasmall size, amongst other favorable attributes, such as a high fluorescence and long-term colloidal stability, and consequently, they carry several advantages when applied in biological systems for use in diagnosis and therapy. Particularly, the early diagnosis of diseases may be facilitated by the right combination of bioimaging modalities and suitable probes. Amongst several metallic nanoclusters, copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) present advantages over gold or silver NCs, owing to their several advantages, such as high yield, raw abundance, low cost, and presence as an important trace element in biological systems. Additionally, their usage in diagnostics and therapeutic modalities is emerging. As a result, the fluorescent properties of Cu NCs are exploited for use in optical imaging technology, which is the most commonly used research tool in the field of biomedicine. Optical imaging technology presents a myriad of advantages over other bioimaging technologies, which are discussed in this review, and has a promising future, particularly in early cancer diagnosis and imaging-guided treatment. Furthermore, we have consolidated, to the best of our knowledge, the recent trends and applications of copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs), a class of metal nanoclusters that have been gaining much traction as ideal bioimaging probes, in this review. The potential modes in which the Cu NCs are used for bioimaging purposes (e.g., as a fluorescence, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), two-photon imaging probe) are firstly delineated, followed by their applications as biosensors and bioimaging probes, with a focus on disease detection.

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Balu, Rajkamal, Robert Knott, Christopher M. Elvin, Anita J. Hill, Namita R. Choudhury, and Naba K. Dutta. "A Sustainable Biomineralization Approach for the Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Ultra-Small Pt Nanoclusters." Biosensors 9, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9040128.

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Herein we report the first example of a facile biomineralization process to produce ultra-small-sized highly fluorescent aqueous dispersions of platinum noble metal quantum clusters (Pt-NMQCs) using a multi-stimulus responsive, biomimetic intrinsically disordered protein (IDP), Rec1-resilin. We demonstrate that Rec1-resilin acts concurrently as the host, reducing agent, and stabilizer of the blue-green fluorescent Pt-NMQCs once they are being formed. The photophysical properties, quantum yield, and fluorescence lifetime measurements of the synthesized Pt-NMQCs were examined using UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The oxidation state of the Pt-NMQCs was quantitatively analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Both a small angle X-ray scattering technique and a modeling approach have been attempted to present a detailed understanding of the structure and conformational dynamics of Rec1-resilin as an IDP during the formation of the Pt-NMQCs. It has been demonstrated that the green fluorescent Pt-NMQCs exhibit a high quantum yield of ~7.0% and a lifetime of ~9.5 ns in aqueous media. The change in photoluminescence properties due to the inter-dot interactions between proximal dots and aggregation of the Pt-NMQCs by evaporation was also measured spectroscopically and discussed.

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Li, Lu, Min Huang, Xianhu Liu, Dengming Sun, and Congying Shao. "In Situ Generation of Fluorescent Copper Nanoclusters Embedded in Monolithic Eggshell Membrane: Properties and Applications." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101913.

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Luminescent metal nanoclusters have attracted considerable research attention in recent years due to their unique properties and extensive usage in many fields. Three different synthetic routes were developed to in situ generate orange and red emitting copper nanoclusters embedded in monolithic eggshell membrane (Cu NCs@ESM) using different reducing reagents including N2H4·H2O, NH2OH·HCl and Vitamin C at room temperature for the first time. The routes are extremely facile, low-cost and versatile. The obtained Cu NCs@ESM nanocomposites exhibit excellent photostability and chemical stability, laying the foundation for various practical applications. Fluorescent surface patterning was demonstrated based on the proposed strategy easily. Significantly, the Cu NCs@ESM shows selective fluorescence quenching response to Hg2+ ions and good catalytic activity for methylene blue (MB) reduction degradation making it ideal as portable sensing strip and recyclable catalyst. The work provides a general strategy for the fabrication of other various monolithic nanomaterials with potential applications.

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Thangudu, Suresh, Poliraju Kalluru, and Raviraj Vankayala. "Preparation, Cytotoxicity, and In Vitro Bioimaging of Water Soluble and Highly Fluorescent Palladium Nanoclusters." Bioengineering 7, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering7010020.

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Fluorescent probes offer great potential to identify and treat surgical tumors by clinicians. To this end, several molecular probes were examined as in vitro and in vivo bioimaging probes. However, due to their ultra-low extinction coefficients as well as photobleaching problems, conventional molecular probes limit its practical utility. To address the above mentioned challenges, metal nanoclusters (MNCs) can serve as an excellent alternative with many unique features such as higher molar extinction coefficients/light absorbing capabilities, good photostability and appreciable fluorescence quantum yields. Herein, we reported a green synthesis of water soluble palladium nanoclusters (Pd NCs) and characterized them by using various spectroscopic and microscopic characterization techniques. These nanoclusters showed excellent photophysical properties with the characteristic emission peak centered at 500 nm under 420 nm photoexcitation wavelength. In vitro cytotoxicity studies in human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) cells reveal that Pd NCs exhibited good biocompatibility with an IC50 value of >100 µg/mL and also showed excellent co-localization and distribution throughout the cytoplasm region with a significant fraction translocating into cell nucleus. We foresee that Pd NCs will carry huge potential to serve as a new generation bioimaging nanoprobe owing to its smaller size, minimal cytotoxicity, nucleus translocation capability and good cell labelling properties.

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Tan, Shih-Hua, Sibidou Yougbaré, Hsueh-Liang Chu, Tsung-Rong Kuo, and Tsai-Mu Cheng. "Hemoglobin-Conjugated Gold Nanoclusters for Qualitative Analysis of Haptoglobin Phenotypes." Polymers 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102242.

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Designing a facile and rapid detection method for haptoglobin (Hp) phenotypes in human blood plasma is urgently needed to meet clinic requirements in hemolysis theranostics. In this work, a novel approach to qualitatively analyze Hp phenotypes was developed using a fluorescent probe of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs). Hemoglobin-conjugated (Hb)-AuNCs were successfully synthesized with blue-green fluorescence and high biocompatibility via one-pot synthesis. The fluorescence of Hb-AuNCs comes from the ligand-metal charge transfer between surface ligands of Hb and the gold cores with high oxidation states. The biocompatibility assays including cell viability and fluorescence imaging, demonstrated high biocompatibility of Hb-AuNCs. For the qualitative analysis, three Hp phenotypes in plasma, Hp 1-1, Hp 2-1, and Hp 2-2, were successfully discriminated according to changes in the fluorescence intensity and peak position of the maximum intensity of Hb-AuNCs. Our work provides a practical method with facile and rapid properties for the qualitative analysis of three Hp phenotypes in human blood plasma.

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Huang, Xin, Buyi Li, Luo Li, Hui Zhang, Irfan Majeed, Irshad Hussain, and Bien Tan. "Facile Preparation of Highly Blue Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters in Organic Media." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116, no. 1 (December 22, 2011): 448–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp209662n.

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41

Ivleva, E. A., E. A. Obraztsova, E. R. Pavlova, O. V. Morozova, D. G. Ivanov, A. S. Kononikhin, and D. V. Klinov. "Albumin-stabilized fluorescent metal nanoclusters: fabrication, physico-chemical properties and cytotoxicity." Materials & Design 192 (July 2020): 108771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108771.

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Xu, Jie, and Li Shang. "Emerging applications of near-infrared fluorescent metal nanoclusters for biological imaging." Chinese Chemical Letters 29, no. 10 (October 2018): 1436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2017.12.020.

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Hu, Yihui, Wenjing Guo, and Hui Wei. "ChemInform Abstract: Protein- and Peptide-Directed Approaches to Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters." ChemInform 46, no. 35 (August 13, 2015): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201535314.

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44

Zhao, Yu, Xinyu Wang, Jiqiang Mi, Yingnan Jiang, and Chuanxi Wang. "Metal Nanoclusters–Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes from Design to Sensing Applications." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 36, no. 11 (September 13, 2019): 1900298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201900298.

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45

Hsu, Po-Hsuan, Sibidou Yougbaré, Jui-Chi Kuo, Dyah Ika Krisnawati, Achmad Jazidie, Mohammad Nuh, Po-Ting Chou, Yu-Cheng Hsiao, and Tsung-Rong Kuo. "One-Pot Synthesis of Thiol-Modified Liquid Crystals Conjugated Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2020): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091755.

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Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and liquid crystals (LCs) have shown great potential in nanobiotechnology applications due to their unique optical and structural properties. Herein, the hardcore of the 4-cyano biphenyl group for commonly used LCs of 4-cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) was utilized to synthesize 4′-(2-mercaptoethyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4-carbonitrile (TAT-12) based on Suzuki coupling and Appel reaction. The structural and optical properties of thiol-modified TAT-12 LCs were demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). By one-pot synthesis, thiol-modified TAT-12 LCs were used as the ligands to prepare fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs@TAT-12) according to the Au-S bond between AuNCs and TAT-12. The spectra of UV-vis absorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of AuNCs@TAT-12 indicated that the core of gold of AuNCs@TAT-12 exhibited high gold oxidation states. The fluorescence of AuNCs@TAT-12 was observed with a maximum intensity at ~352 nm coming from TAT-12 on AuNCs@TAT-12 and the fluorescence quantum yield of AuNCs@TAT-12 was calculated to be 10.1%. Furthermore, the fluorescence with a maximum intensity at ~448 nm was attributed to a ligand–metal charge transfer between the ligands of TAT-12 LCs and the core of AuNCs. The image of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further demonstrated an approximately spherical shape of AuNCs@TAT-12 with an average size of 2.3 nm. A combination of UV-vis absorption spectra, XPS spectra, fluorescence spectra and TEM image, fluorescent AuNCs@TAT-12 were successfully synthesized via one-pot synthesis. Our work provides a practical approach to the synthesis of LCs conjugated AuNCs for future applications in nanobiotechnology.

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Luo, Zhihui, Hui Xu, Baogui Ning, ZeBin Guo, Na Li, Lina Chen, Guobao Huang, Charlie Li, and Baodong Zheng. "Ratiometric Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Highly Sensitive Determination of Mercury Ions." Molecules 24, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 2278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122278.

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In this study, a novel dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe (RFN) was synthesized and ultilized for highly sensitive determination of mercury ions. In this nanoprobe, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) doped silica (SiO2) served as a reference signal, FITC–SiO2 microspheres were synthesized and modified with amino groups, and then Au Nanoclusters (AuNCs) were combined with the amino groups on the surface of the FITC–SiO2 microspheres to obtain the RFN. The selectivity, stability, and pH of the RFN were then optimized, and the determination of mercury ions was performed under optimal conditions. The probe fluorescence intensity ratio (F520 nm/F680 nm) and Hg2+ concentration (1.0 × 10−10 mol/L to 1.0 × 10−8 mol/L) showed a good linear relationship, with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.98802 and a detection limit of 1.0 × 10−10 mol/L, respectively. The probe was used for the determination of trace mercury ion in water samples, and the recovery rate was 98.15~100.45%, suggesting a wide range of applications in monitoring pollutants, such as heavy metal ion and in the area of environmental protection.

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Lores-Padín, Ana, Paula Menero-Valdés, Alejandro Rodríguez-Penedo, Héctor González-Iglesias, Beatriz Fernández, and Rosario Pereiro. "Synthesis of Size Monodisperse Water-Soluble Metal Nanoclusters for Protein Quantification by Elemental Mass Spectrometry." Materials Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 15, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocn2020-07812.

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The use of metal immunoprobes, defined as recognition molecules (e.g., antibodies) labeled with metal tags, constitutes an interesting strategy for the analysis of proteins in biological samples. Fluorescent and biocompatible metal nanoclusters (MNC) have been recently established as powerful tags for detection by spectrofluorimetry, but also by elemental mass spectrometry (MS). Detection of such immunoprobes by elemental MS allows not only the qualitative analysis of the proteins but also their absolute quantification. However, the deviation associated with the MNCs polydispersity will limit the analytical precision, particularly in those samples where the concentrations of the sought protein are very low (e.g., single cell analysis). In this work the synthesis of size monodisperse gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) is investigated by using different experimental conditions such as reaction time and temperature, solvent, reducing agent, and pH, among others. Characterization of AuNCs was performed by spectrofluorimetry, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) measurements.

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Islam, Dewan Azharul, Anindita Chakraborty, and Himadri Acharya. "Fluorescent silver nanoclusters (Ag NCs) in the metal–organic framework MIL-101(Fe) for the catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitroaniline." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 8 (2016): 6745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nj00296j.

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A fluorescent Ag nanocluster deposited iron based metal organic framework, Ag NC@MIL-101(Fe), was synthesized with significant stability and enhanced catalytic activity towards the heterogeneous reduction of 4-nitroaniline under green and ambient conditions.

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Fernández-Ujados, Mónica, Laura Trapiella-Alfonso, José M. Costa-Fernández, Rosario Pereiro, and Alfredo Sanz-Medel. "One-step aqueous synthesis of fluorescent copper nanoclusters by direct metal reduction." Nanotechnology 24, no. 49 (November 14, 2013): 495601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/49/495601.

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Deng, Hao-Hua, Xiang-Yu Fang, Kai-Yuan Huang, Shao-Bin He, Hua-Ping Peng, Xing-Hua Xia, and Wei Chen. "Regulation of metal ion selectivity of fluorescent gold nanoclusters by metallophilic interactions." Analytica Chimica Acta 1088 (December 2019): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.047.

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