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Ido, Yasushi, Hiroki Yokoyama, and Hitoshi Nishida. "OS22-13 Viscous Property of Magnetic Compound Fluids Containing Needle-like Particles(Fluid Machinery and Functional Fluids,OS22 Experimental method in fluid mechanics,FLUID AND THERMODYNAMICS)." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2015.14 (2015): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2015.14.277.
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Gagnon, D. A., and P. E. Arratia. "The cost of swimming in generalized Newtonian fluids: experiments with C. elegans." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 800 (July 14, 2016): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.420.
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Numerous natural processes are contingent on microorganisms’ ability to swim through fluids with non-Newtonian rheology. Here, we use the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and tracking methods to experimentally investigate the dynamics of undulatory swimming in shear-thinning fluids. Theory and simulation have proposed that the cost of swimming, or mechanical power, should be lower in a shear-thinning fluid compared to a Newtonian fluid of the same zero-shear viscosity. We aim to provide an experimental investigation into the cost of swimming in a shear-thinning fluid from (i) an estimate of the mechanical power of the swimmer and (ii) the viscous dissipation rate of the flow field, which should yield equivalent results for a self-propelled low Reynolds number swimmer. We find the cost of swimming in shear-thinning fluids is less than or equal to the cost of swimming in Newtonian fluids of the same zero-shear viscosity; furthermore, the cost of swimming in shear-thinning fluids scales with a fluid’s effective viscosity and can be predicted using fluid rheology and simple swimming kinematics. Our results agree reasonably well with previous theoretical predictions and provide a framework for understanding the cost of swimming in generalized Newtonian fluids.
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Momeni, Ali, Seyyed Shahab Tabatabaee Moradi, and Seyyed Alireza Tabatabaei-Nejad. "A REVIEW ON GLYCEROL-BASED DRILLING FLUIDS AND GLYCERINE AS A DRILLING FLUID ADDITIVE." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 39, no. 1 (2024): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2024.1.8.
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A significant increase of energy demands all over the world and production decline from available oil and gas reservoirs have led the industry to invest in major offshore petroleum resources. However, drilling operations in offshore environments are usually restricted by environmental constraints. Therefore, recent studies are devoted to the development of environmentally compatible fluids with adequate technical properties. Glycerine is a non-toxic, lubricating, colorless, odorless substance with a higher density than water. Due to the properties of glycerine, it can be used as the base of drilling fluid to formulate synthetic-based fluids. This research aimed to review the studies on the applications of glycerine in the composition of drilling fluid. Based on the results, glycerine-based fluids can be considered as an environmentally compatible fluid with sufficient technical properties to replace other drilling fluids. However, there is a lack of experimental studies on the glycerine fluid properties for a reliable decision. For the application of glycerine fluids, an economic feasibility study is mandatory for both pure and crude glycerine. Also, the thermal stability of glycerine fluids is an important aspect, which should be covered in future research studies.
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Adams-Thies, Brian. "Fluid bodies or bodily fluids." Journal of Language and Sexuality 1, no. 2 (September 28, 2012): 179–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jls.1.2.03ada.
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Previous researchers discussing cybersexuality have been fascinated with the body-less-ness of cybersex. They have focused on the textual productions and (re)formations of the self that are allowed in this space independent of the body. Thus, the cyber becomes the space of transformation and fluidity of the self while the ‘real’ becomes the site of the material, concrete and unchanging body. I posit that dichotomous thinking about the cyber and the real and the text and the body produces an errant concept of the body. Cybersex is rarely a disembodied experience. Text-making cannot create itself free from the constraints of linguistic communities of practice in the “real” world. I challenge the notion that cybersexuality is a sexuality without the body and that the body in the ‘real’ world is stable. I focus specifically on how gay men describe the experience of the anus and anal sex as a means to better understand how the body becomes a site for linguistic marking and reference.
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Haghghi, Maghsoud A., and Seyed M. Pesteei. "Energy and exergy analysis of flat plate solar collector for three working fluids, under the same conditions." Progress in Solar Energy and Engineering Systems 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/psees.010101.
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The growth and expansion of the population, has caused increased the use of energy in the last few years. One of the cleanest and renewable sources of the energy is the solar energy. The solar energy can be collected by solar collectors. One of the solar collectors is the flat plate solar collector (FPC), that it is used in domestic utilization. Use of various Nano-fluids to improve the thermal properties of solar collectors, considered as one of the most effective method to optimize the flat plate collectors. In this study, a FPC in terms of energy and exergy, for three fluids (water, air and TiO2 Nano-fluid) have been investigated. According to the results obtained and under the same conditions, destruction exergy of water is more than other two fluids and TiO2 Nano-fluid has the least amount of destruction exergy. Also, by increasing in the total radiation on tilted surface (Gt) TiO2 Nano-fluid’s exergy efficiency is more than the other fluids in this study. By increasing ambient temperature, the exergy efficiency decreases, that water has the most variation. Due to the temperature range of the inlet working fluid to the collector’s tubes, observed that outlet temperature of the TiO2 Nano-fluid is about 50°C higher than when water enters it. Therefore, the initial statement about Nano-fluids is confirmed. In appropriate conditions, the collector’s efficiency is between 45% - 50%, thus FPC is one of the best devices for domestic utilization.
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Dufour, I., A. Maali, Y. Amarouchene, C. Ayela, B. Caillard, A. Darwiche, M. Guirardel, et al. "The Microcantilever: A Versatile Tool for Measuring the Rheological Properties of Complex Fluids." Journal of Sensors 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/719898.
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Silicon microcantilevers can be used to measure the rheological properties of complex fluids. In this paper, two different methods will be presented. In the first method, the microcantilever is used to measure the hydrodynamic force exerted by a confined fluid on a sphere that is attached to the microcantilever. In the second method, the measurement of the microcantilever's dynamic spectrum is used to extract the hydrodynamic force exerted by the surrounding fluid on the microcantilever. The originality of the proposed methods lies in the fact that not only may the viscosity of the fluid be measured, but also the fluid's viscoelasticity, that is, both viscous and elastic properties, which are key parameters in the case of complex fluids. In both methods, the use of analytical equations permits the fluid's complex shear modulus to be extracted and expressed as a function of shear stress and/or frequency.
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Watanabe, Toshiaki, Hironori Maehara, and Shigeru Itoh. "Evaporating Cryogenic Fluids by Direct Contacting Normal Temperature Fluids." Materials Science Forum 673 (January 2011): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.673.219.
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In recent years in Japan, the demand of cryogenic fluids like a LH2, LNG is increasing because of the advance of fuel cell device technology, hydrogen of engine, and stream of consciousness for environmental agreement. On the other hand, as for fisheries as well, the use of a source of energy that environment load is small has been being a pressing need. We paid attention to the effective use of cold heat of the liquid fuel which is a cryogenic fluid. That method is to use a cold heat which an cryogenic fluid has, without a heat exchanger. The mixture of the extreme low temperature fluid and the normal temperature fluid becomes the cause which causes pressure vessel and piping system crush due to explosive boiling and rapid freezing. Therefore, we carried out the experiments related to promotion of evaporating cryogenic fluids, in the contact directly of the room temperature fluids and cryogenic fluids.
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Audétat, Andreas, and Marie Edmonds. "Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluids." Elements 16, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.16.6.401.
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Magmatic-hydrothermal fluids play a key role in a variety of geological processes, including volcanic eruptions and the formation of ore deposits whose metal content is derived from magmas and transported to the site of ore deposition by means of hydrothermal fluids. Here, we explain the causes and consequences of fluid saturation in magmas, the corresponding fluid-phase equilibria, and the behavior of metals and ligands during the transition from magma to an exsolved hydrothermal fluid. Much of what we know about magmatic-hydrothermal systems stems from the study of fluid inclusions, which are minute droplets of fluids trapped within minerals during mineral growth.
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Esterik, Penny Van. "Vintage Breast Milk: Exploring the Discursive Limits of Feminine Fluids." Canadian Theatre Review 137 (January 2009): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.137.003.
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What are feminine fluids — fluids consumed by women or fluids produced by women? Fluids that enter female bodies or fluids that exit female bodies? Breast milk is clearly a fluid that leaves one body and enters another. No fluid is more feminine than breast milk. No fluid carries with it as much complex symbolic baggage surrounding what it means to be female. This article explores the material and symbolic dimensions of breast milk in North America, building on the provocations of a Toronto performance artist whose work has transformed breast milk from a fluid produced by women to a fluid consumed by women.
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Sherje, Dr Nitin. "Thermal Property Investigation in Nanolubricants via Nano- Scaled Particle Addition." International Journal of New Practices in Management and Engineering 10, no. 01 (March 31, 2021): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijnpme.v10i01.96.
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In nanolubricants, the increase in scholarly attention has been attributed to the affirmation that they exhibit enhanced thermo-physical features and that they can also be used in various thermal applications. Some of these applications where they could be incorporated include solar energy harvesting, industrial applications, and heat exchanger effectiveness enhancement. Recently, various approaches have been employed to enhance the coefficient of heat transfer, especially between the fluid contact surfaces and the working fluids. When it comes to conventional fluids of heat transfer, examples being ethylene glycol/water, thermal oils, and water, some studies document that they exhibit limitations. For instance, these fluids exhibit low thermal properties when compared to the solids with which they interact. To respond to this dilemma, there have been efforts in this study to have the fluids’ thermal properties improved via nano-scaled particle addition, causing marked evolutions in the evaluations of the behavior of fluids of heat transfer. Indeed, findings suggest that in base fluids, when the solid particles are suspended, there tends to be an enhancement in the fluid’s energy transmission; hence, notable improvements in material thermal conductivity properties, besides the betterment of material heat transfer characteristics.
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Norasia, Yolanda, Mohamad Tafrikan, and Bhamakerti Hafiz Kamaluddin. "ANALYSIS OF THE MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS NANOVISCOUS FLUID BASED ON VOLUME FRACTION AND THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 17, no. 1 (April 16, 2023): 0331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol17iss1pp0331-0340.
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Fluid flow control is applied in engineering and industry using computational fluid dynamics. Based on density, fluids are divided into two parts, namely non-viscous fluids and viscous fluids. Nanofluid is a fluid that has non-viscous and viscous characteristics. Nanoviscos fluid flow is interesting to study by considering the effect of volume fraction and thermophysical properties. Nanoviscous fluid flow models form dimensional equations that are then simplified into dimensionless equations. Dimensionless equations are converted into non-similar equations using flow functions and non-similar variables. Nanoviscous fluids with Cu particles and water-based fluids have higher temperatures and faster velocity. Based on the effect of volume fraction, the velocity of the nanoviscous fluid moves slower, while the temperature of the nanoviscous fluid increases.
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Nirmalan, Mahesh. "Fluids, more fluids and even more fluids…" Egyptian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 1, no. 3 (September 2013): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejccm.2013.11.004.
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SÁ, Carlos Dinges Marques de, Danilo dos Santos BARRETO, and Maria de Lourdes da Silva ROSA. "MINERALOGIA, GEOQUÍMICA E INCLUSÕES FLUIDAS DAS MINERALIZAÇÕES FILONIANAS HIDROTERMAIS DE FLUORITA DO STOCK MINGU, SUL DA PROVÍNCIA BORBOREMA." Geosciences = Geociências 42, no. 4 (January 15, 2024): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5016/geociencias.v42i4.17582.
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Resumo - O Stock Mingu é um granito do Domínio Macururé, Sistema Orogênico Sergipano (SOS), sul da Província da Borborema. As suas mineralizações de fluorita e sulfetos de Cu e Pb foram geradas por processos hidrotermais, evidenciados pelos filões mineralizados e pela cor avermelhada das rochas graníticas que os contém. As rochas do stock são biotita monzogranitos, quartzo monzonitos e monzogranitos, os dois últimos encaixantes dos filões. A química destas rochas evidenciou afinidade com a série shoshonítica. No contacto com estes granitos encontra-se a Unidade Batalha constituída por metadolomitos. A mineralogia dos filões é constituída por quartzo 1 e 2, fluorita, calcita, calcopirita, galena e variados carbonatos, óxidos e sulfatos. O estudo de inclusões fluidas revelou que os fluidos circularam a temperaturas no intervalo de 350 °C a 94 °C, ocorrendo as principais fases de deposição dos minerais dos filões em média a 170 °C e 120 °C. São fluidos salinos com salinidades médias entre 5 e 15 wt% NaCl eq., e as temperaturas dos eutéticos indicam provável presença dos cátions bivalentes K, Ca, Mg. Estes fluidos, resultando provavelmente da influência dos metadolomitos da Unidade Batalha sobre fluídos que circulavam pela falha Belo Monte-Jeremoabo, foram os responsáveis pelos processos hidrotermais no Stock Mingu. Palavras-chave: Mineralizações hidrotermais de fluorita. Inclusões fluidas. Sul da Província Borborema. Sistema Orogênico Sergipano. Abstract - The Mingu Stock is a granite from the Macururé Domain, Sergipano Orogenic System (SOS), south of Borborema Province. Its fluorite and Cu and Pb sulphide mineralizations were generated by hydrothermal processes, evidenced by the mineralized veins and by the reddish color of the granitic rocks that contain them. The rocks in the stock are biotite monzogranites, quartzo monzonites and monzogranites, the last two host veins. The chemistry of these rocks showed affinity with the shoshonitic series. In contact with these granites is the Batalha Unit made up of metadolomites. The mineralogy of the veins consists of quartz 1 and 2, fluorite, calcite, chalcopyrite, galena and various carbonates, oxides and sulfates. The study of fluid inclusions revealed that the fluids circulated at temperatures ranging from 350 °C to 94 °C, with the main phases of deposition of the vein minerals occurring on average at 170 °C and 120 °C. They are saline fluids with average salinities between 5 and 15 wt% NaCl eq., and the temperatures of the eutectics indicate the probable presence of the bivalent cations K, Ca, Mg. These fluids, probably resulting from the influence of the Batalha Unit's metadolomites on fluids that circulated through the Belo Monte-Jeremoabo fault, were responsible for the hydrothermal processes in Stock Mingu. Keywords: Hydrothermal Fluorite Mineralizations. Fluid Inclusions. Southern Borborema Province. Sergipe Orogenic System.
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Wilk, Klaudia. "Experimental and Simulation Studies of Energized Fracturing Fluid Efficiency in Tight Gas Formations." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 4465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234465.
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The use of water-based fracturing fluids during fracturing treatment can be a problem in water-sensitive formations due to the permeability damage hazard caused by clay minerals swelling. The article includes laboratory tests, analyses and simulations for nitrogen foamed fracturing fluids. The rheology and filtration coefficients of foamed fracturing fluids were examined and compared to the properties of conventional water-based fracturing fluid. Laboratory results provided the input for numerical simulation of the fractures geometry for water-based fracturing fluids and 50% N2 foamed fluids, with addition of natural, fast hydrating guar gum. The results show that the foamed fluids were able to create shorter and thinner fractures compared to the fractures induced by the non-foamed fluid. The simulation proved that the concentration of proppant in the fracture and its conductivity are similar or slightly higher when using the foamed fluid. The foamed fluids, when injected to the reservoir, provide additional energy that allows for more effective flowback, and maintain the proper fracture geometry and proppant placing. The results of laboratory work in combination with the 3D simulation showed that the foamed fluids have suitable viscosity which allows opening the fracture, and transport the proppant into the fracture, providing successful fracturing operation. The analysis of laboratory data and the performed computer simulations indicated that fracturing fluids foamed by nitrogen are a good alternative to non-foamed fluids. The N2-foamed fluids exhibit good rheological parameters and proppant-carrying capacity. Simulated fracture of water-based fracturing fluid is slightly longer and higher compared to foamed fluid. At the same time, when using a fluid with a gas additive, the water content in fracturing fluid is reduced which means the minimization of the negative results of the clay minerals swelling.
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Moritz, Robert P., and Serge R. Chevé. "Fluid-inclusion studies of high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Ashuanipi complex, eastern Superior Province: constraints on the retrograde P–T path and implications for gold metallogeny." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 2309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-180.
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The high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Ashuanipi complex have been the subject of a microthermometric fluid-inclusion study. Four types of fluid inclusions were observed: CO2-rich fluids; low-temperature, high-salinity H2O fluids; CH4 ± N2-rich fluids; and high-temperature, low-salinity H2O fluids. The regionally distributed CO2-rich fluids are the earliest fluids, and their calculated isochores indicate a clockwise post-peak metamorphic P–T–t path for the Ashuanipi complex. The low-temperature, high-salinity aqueous fluid inclusions are also distributed regionally and can be interpreted as late brines, retrograde metamorphic fluids, or the wicked-off aqueous component of H2O–CO2 fluid inclusions. Both CH4 ± N2-rich fluids and the high-temperature, low-salinity aqueous fluid inclusions were found only locally in gold-bearing metamorphosed banded iron formations. Fluid-inclusion microthermometry, arsenopyrite thermometry, and metamorphic petrologic study at Lac Lilois, one of the principal gold showings, suggest that some gold deposition may have occurred during regional post-peak metamorphic exhumation and cooling at P–T conditions near the amphibolite–greenschist transition. However, it is possible that gold deposition began at higher near-peak metamorphic P–T conditions. Another major gold showing, Arsène, is characterized by CH4 ± N2-rich fluid inclusions, tentatively inferred to be either directly related to gold deposition or responsible for secondary gold enrichment. The association of CH4 ± N2-rich fluids with gold occurrences in the Ashuanipi complex is comparable to gold deposits of the Abitibi greenstone belt and of Wales, Finland, and Brazil.
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Steele-MacInnis, Matthew, and Craig E. Manning. "Hydrothermal Properties of Geologic Fluids." Elements 16, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.16.6.375.
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Aqueous fluids are critical agents in the geochemical evolution of Earth’s interior. Fluid circulation and fluid–rock reactions in the Earth take place at temperatures ranging from ambient to magmatic, at pressures from ambient to extreme, and involve fluids that range from nearly pure H2O through to complex, multicomponent solutions. Consequently, the physical and chemical properties of hydrothermal fluids vary widely as functions of geologic setting; this variation strongly impacts fluid-driven processes. This issue will focus on the nature of geologic fluids at hydrothermal conditions and how such fluids affect geologic processes in some major settings.
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Nugroho, Kacuk Cikal, Wahid Sidik Sarifuddin, Budi Purnama, Ubaidillah, Nur Azmah Nordin, and Saiful Amri Bin Mazlan. "Effect of Hard Magnetic CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles Additives on Improving Rheological Properties and Dispersion Stability of Magnetorheological Fluids." Key Engineering Materials 855 (July 2020): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.855.89.
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Increasing dispersion stability is the main issue in recent research at magnetorheological (MR) fluids. The presentation of nanoparticle addictive in MR fluids is an effective method not only to increase dispersion stability but also increasing performance in MR fluids. In this study, the effect of hard magnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles addition on rheological properties and dispersion stabilization had been studied. Rheological properties were investigated using a rheometer at room temperature. The result showed that the addition of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles 1wt% in particles of MR fluids were improving the shear stress and viscosity of MR fluids. Both MR fluids with and without nanoadditives behaving like a Newtonian fluid at the off-state condition and act like Bingham fluid at the on-state condition. Moreover, MR fluid with CoFe2O4 additives had a higher sedimentation ratio than MR fluids without additives.
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Wang, Yi, Jiawen Yang, Li Xia, Xiaoyan Sun, Shuguang Xiang, and Lili Wang. "Research on screening strategy of Organic Rankine Cycle working fluids based on quantum chemistry." Clean Energy Science and Technology 2, no. 2 (April 21, 2024): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/cest.v2i2.169.
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The screening of working fluids is one of the key components in the study of power generation systems utilizing low-temperature waste heat. However, the variety of working fluids and their complex composition increase the difficulty of screening working fluids. In this study, a screening strategy for working fluids was developed from the perspective of the thermodynamic physical properties of working fluids. A comparative ideal gas heat capacity via the reduced ideal gas heat capacity factor (RCF) was proposed to characterize the dry and wet properties of working fluids, where RCF > 1 indicated a dry working fluid and RCF < 1 indicated a wet working fluid. A three-step screening strategy was developed for working fluid screening for organic Rankine cycles (ORCs). The strategy comprised basic physical property analysis of working fluids, research on dry and wet properties, and quantum chemical analysis. By comparing the RCF calculation result of 23 selected working fluid with values from the literature, the relative deviations of the data were less than 6.64% overall, indicating that the calculation result of the RCFs is reliable. The selection strategy explains the mechanism of working fluid selection in ORC systems from both micro- and macro-perspectives, laying a foundation for the study of structure-activity relationships in working fluids for ORCs.
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Rosenbaum, Jeffrey M., Alan Zindler, and James L. Rubenstone. "Mantle fluids: Evidence from fluid inclusions." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, no. 17 (September 1996): 3229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00167-6.
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Conliffe, J., and M. Feely. "Fluid inclusions in Irish granite quartz: monitors of fluids trapped in the onshore Irish Massif." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 101, no. 1 (December 20, 2010): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691010009047.
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ABSTRACTFluid inclusion studies of granite quartz provide an opportunity to study fluid flow associated with igneous activity and post-emplacement fluid processes. This study presents new fluid inclusion data from the late Caledonian Donegal granites and Newry granodiorite, and the Tertiary Mourne Mountains granite in Ireland, which identify three distinct fluids. Aqueous-carbonic fluids (Type 1) have been recorded in late Caledonian granites with a significant mantle component (Newry granodiorite and the Ardara and Thorr granites in Donegal). These fluids represent late-magmatic fluids trapped at high temperatures (up to 575°C), and the ultimate source of these carbonic fluids is linked to sub-lithospheric processes during the Caledonian orogeny. The dominant fluid type (Type 2) in late Caledonian granites is a H2O+NaCl±KCl fluid which may be related to thermal convection cells around granite bodies and/or to regional scale influx of surface derived fluids at the end of the Caledonian orogeny. High salinity NaCl–CaCl2 fluids (Type 3) overprint quartz in the Ardara granite in Donegal, and in the Newry granodiorite, and are interpreted to represent basinal brines, sourced in overlying sedimentary basins, which circulated through the crystalline basement during a period of crustal extension (possibly during the Carboniferous or the Triassic). Fluid inclusion studies of the Tertiary Mourne Mountains granites have identified only Type 2 fluids related to thermal convection cells, consistent with stable isotope evidence, which indicates that this younger granite is unaffected by regional-scale fluid influxes.
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Neil Phillips, G. "Metamorphic fluids and gold." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 388 (September 1993): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.388.02.
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AbstractLow-salinity fluids (T > 200°C reduced S, modest CO2) and high geothermal gradients are common to many gold deposits and provinces. In contrast, host rocks, hosting structures, depth of formation (in the crust during deposition), subsequent metamorphic overprint, alteration mineralogy and isotopic signatures can vary dramatically within single deposits or provinces. Gold deposits with co-product base metals are an exception to the above comments, and probably relate to saline fluids.The low salinity fluids inferred for major gold-only deposits are not easily explained by seawater, basinal brines, meteoric fluid or common magmatic processes. In contrast, metamorphic devolatilisation of mafic/greywacke rocks is one effective way to produce low-salinity metamorphic fluids with characteristics matching the gold fluids. Such an origin also explains the link to geothermal gradients.The transition from chlorite—albite—carbonate assemblages to amphibole-plagioclase assemblages (commonly greenschist—amphibolite facies boundary) involves considerable loss of metamorphic fluid whose composition is buffered by the mineral assemblage, and is a function of P and T. This low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluid is evolved at T > 400°C commonly carries reduced sulphur, and may contain Au complexed with this sulphur. This auriferous fluid is likely to mix with other fluid types during times of elevated temperature, especially magmatic fluids at depth, and upper crustal fluids at higher levels.Gold deposits in Archaean greenstone belts exhibit good evidence of low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluids of T > 300°C these include examples from Canada, Australia, Brazil, Zimbabwe, India, and South Africa. Turbidite-hosted (slate-belt) deposits exhibit similar evidence for such fluids but commonly with appreciable CH4; the Victoria and Juneau (Alaska) goldfields are examples. The Witwatersrand goldfields also show evidence of low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluids carrying reduced sulphur and gold, but their distribution and timing are not well established. Epithermal (sensu lato) gold deposits have evidence for low salinity fluids carrying Au and S, but are much more diverse in character than those from the previously mentioned gold provinces: this probably arises from mixing of several fluid types at high crustal levels. Together these four types of gold provinces account for over 80% of the primary gold mined to date.
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Papp, R., and S. J. Fisher. "DRILLING FLUIDS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: CHARACTERISATION OF BASE FLUIDS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES." APPEA Journal 39, no. 1 (1999): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98042.
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Since the early 1990s, a variety of invert emulsion base fluids have been introduced into the drilling fluid market. The chemical composition of these fluids has evolved with the focus on minimising the environmental impact of discharged cuttings that contain adhered drilling fluids.The trend within Australia and other regions in which drilling fluids are extensively used, is that the life span of these fluids has become increasingly shorter, due to environmental impact pressures from the regulatory authorities in the North Sea and Australia, as well as public perception within these regions.The Well Construction Department within Woodside Energy Ltd. (WEL) has identified the need to characterise these base fluids in a manner that was both reproducible and definitive. The need was driven by the availability of a large number of commercial base fluids claiming technical and environmental superiority and the requirement for robust quality control systems for the base fluids from production to discharge—a cradle to grave philosophy.To this end, a study was initiated in 1997 where several drilling fluids were analysed using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. From this work, four classifications of invert emulsion, non-water based fluids (NWBF) have been identified. They include low toxicity oil based fluids (LTOBF), enhanced mineral oil based fluids (EMOBF), synthetic based fluids (SBF), and oxygen based fluids (OBF). The definition of these fluids and the rationale for this classification is presented here.The GC-MS characterisation has provided an insight into the structure of the base fluid, rheological characteristics, quality control/quality assurance, and in the future, the ability to develop a robust link to minimising environmental impact of the discharge.All of these benefits will aid in developing drilling fluids which achieve the technical objectives of drilling fluids as well as minimising the environmental impact. The quality control procedures for the base fluid also allow an auditable process for benchmarking with input from the regulator, operator, fluid service company and manufacturer.
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Fetecau, Constantin, Shehraz Akhtar, and Costică Moroşanu. "Porous and Magnetic Effects on Modified Stokes’ Problems for Generalized Burgers’ Fluids." Dynamics 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 803–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dynamics3040044.
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In this paper, exact analytical expressions are derived for dimensionless steady-state solutions corresponding to the modified Stokes’ problems for incompressible generalized Burgers’ fluids, considering the influence of porous and magnetic effects. Actually, these are the first exact solutions for such motions of these fluids. They can easily be particularized to give similar solutions for Newtonian, second-grade, Maxwell, Oldroyd-B and Burgers’ fluids. It is also proven that MHD motion problems of such fluids between infinite parallel plates can be investigated when shear stress is applied at the boundary. To validate the obtained results, the velocity fields are presented in two distinct forms, and their equivalence is proven through graphical representations. The obtained outcomes are utilized to determine the time required to reach a steady state and to elucidate the impacts of porous and magnetic parameters on the fluid motion. This investigation reveals that the attainment of a steady state occurs later when a porous medium or magnetic field is present. Additionally, the fluid’s flow resistance is augmented in the presence of a magnetic field or through a porous medium. Thus, as was expected, the fluid moves slower through porous media or in the presence of a magnetic field.
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Tahmasebipour, M., and A. Vafaie. "Capillary Driven Two-Phase Flow Dynamics in Nonpatterned and Patterned Microchannels." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 6386–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.16.1.2019.21.0483.
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Study of the behavior of fluids inside micro and nanochannels has become particularly important with the extensive advances in micro- and nanofluidic systems. Capillary filling is a phenomenon that occurs in microchannels when the fluid is in contact with the channel walls. This phenomenon can be controlled by introducing certain characteristics in the channel walls and these channels are used in specific applications such as micro-reactors and pressure-sensitive switches. In this paper new insights about some effective parameters in the capillary are provided by which it is possible to increase or decrease the fluid’s velocity or even stop its motion at a specific point in the microchannel. The influence of different regimes governed the capillary action on the fluid’s velocity is studied. Furthermore, the effect of introducing certain obstacles on the microchannel wall on the capillary action and its relation with the contact angle of fluid is investigated. 2D FEM capillary simulation for three different fluids at contact angles of 30, 50 and 60° showed that at 30° and 50° fluid passes the obstacle and at 60° remains pinned at the obstacle. Finally, certain grooves on the channel walls are used to increase fluid’s velocity. Results showed that the grooves increase fluid velocity by 15%.
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Tiraboschi, Carla, Francesca Miozzi, and Simone Tumiati. "Carbon-saturated COH fluids in the upper mantle: a review of high-pressure and high-temperature ex situ experiments." European Journal of Mineralogy 34, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-59-2022.
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Abstract. High-pressure COH fluids have a fundamental role in a variety of geological processes. Their composition in terms of volatile species can control the solidus temperature and carbonation/decarbonation reactions, as well as influence the amount of solutes generated during fluid–rock interaction at depth. Over the last decades, several systems have been experimentally investigated to unravel the effect of COH fluids at upper-mantle conditions. However, fluid composition is rarely tackled as a quantitative issue, and rather infrequently fluids are analyzed in the same way as the associated solid phases in the experimental assemblage. A comprehensive characterization of carbon-bearing aqueous fluids in terms of composition is hampered by experimental difficulties in synthetizing and analyzing high-pressure fluids without altering their composition upon quenching. Recently, improved techniques have been proposed for the analyses of experimental carbon-saturated COH fluids, leading to a significant advancement in synthetic fluid characterization. Here, we present a review of carbon-bearing aqueous fluid experiments conducted at lower-crust and upper-mantle P–T (pressure and temperature) conditions, in which fluids have been characterized quantitatively through ex situ techniques. We review the experimental background of the most commonly employed thermodynamic models for COH fluids, together with the techniques to synthetize them and analyze their composition when the fluid coexists with solid phases. We highlight how a quantitative approach to COH fluid analyses is a fundamental step to understand the effect of these fluids at upper-mantle conditions and to provide a strong experimental foundation to thermodynamic models to ultimately unravel the deep cycling of elements.
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Marichelvam, Mariappan Kadarkarainadar, Parthasarathy Manimaran, Anish Khan, Mariappan Geetha, Abeer Mohamed Alosaimi, and Mahmoud Ali Hussein. "Development of Eco-Friendly Cutting Fluid for Machining of AISI 1010 Steel in Automotive Industry." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 9414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159414.
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In spite of better performance, the disposal of used petroleum-based cutting fluids threatens our environment. Thus, it is essential to develop eco-friendly cutting fluids for performing machining operations in industries. The main contribution of this paper is to develop an eco-friendly cutting fluid for the plain turning of AISI 1010 steel which is used in the automotive industry. In the present work, boric acid (H3BO3) was mixed with the neem seed. Neem seed oil is easily available in many countries including India. The effectiveness of the proposed cutting fluid was evaluated by conducting different tests as per the standards. The mean biodegradability value of the developed cutting fluid is 97% which is better than other cutting fluids. The average cutting force required by the proposed cutting fluid is only 127.2 N which is much less than the cutting force requirements of dry machining and conventional cutting fluids. The average surface roughness of the machined component using the proposed cutting fluid is 122.9 µm. The mean flank wear of the tool is only 289 µm. The flash point of the proposed cutting fluids is more than 250 °C which is better than the conventional cutting fluids. The fire point of the neem oil-based cutting fluids is 300 °C. The results of the stability test and the microhardness test revealed the effectiveness of the proposed cutting fluids. The results obtained in this work are superior to several other cutting fluids reported in the existing literature. Hence, it is suggested to replace the existing petroleum-based metal cutting fluid with this eco-friendly cutting fluid in the automotive industry in Hosur, India.
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Liu, Fei, Yongfei Li, Xuewu Wang, and Zhizeng Xia. "Preparation and Properties of Reversible Emulsion Drilling Fluid Stabilized by Modified Nanocrystalline Cellulose." Molecules 29, no. 6 (March 13, 2024): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29061269.
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Reversible emulsion drilling fluids can concentrate the advantages of water-based drilling fluids and oil-based drilling fluids. Most of the existing reversible emulsion drilling fluid systems are surfactant-based emulsifier systems, which have the disadvantage of poor stability. However, the use of modified nanoparticles as emulsifiers can significantly enhance the stability of reversible emulsion drilling fluids, but ordinary nanoparticles have the disadvantages of high cost and easily causing environmental pollution. In order to solve the shortcomings of the existing reversible emulsion drilling fluid system, the modified nanocrystalline cellulose was considered to be used as an emulsifier to prepare reversible emulsion drilling fluid. After research, the modified nanocrystalline cellulose NWX-3 can be used to prepare reversible emulsions, and on this basis, reversible emulsion drilling fluids can be constructed. Compared with the reversible emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by HRW-DMOB (1.3 vol.% emulsifier), the reversible emulsion drilling fluid stabilized by the emulsifier NWX-3 maintained a good reversible phase performance, filter cake removal, and oily drill cuttings treatment performance with less reuse of emulsifier (0.8 vol.%). In terms of temperature resistance (150 °C) and stability (1000 V < W/O emulsion demulsification voltage), it is significantly better than that of the surfactant system (temperature resistance 120 °C, 600 V < W/O emulsion demulsification voltage < 650 V). The damage of reservoir permeability of different types of drilling fluids was compared by physical simulation, and the damage order of core gas permeability was clarified: water-based drilling fluid > reversible emulsion drilling fluid > oil-based drilling fluid. Furthermore, the NMR states of different types of drilling fluids were compared as working fluids, and the main cause of core permeability damage was the retention of intrusive fluids in the core.
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Patel, Mahesh Chandra, Mohammed Abdalla Ayoub, Mazlin Bt Idress, and Anirbid Sircar. "Development of a Novel Surfactant-Based Viscoelastic Fluid System as an Alternative Nonpolymeric Fracturing Fluid and Comparative Analysis with Traditional Guar Gum Gel Fluid." Polymers 15, no. 11 (May 25, 2023): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112444.
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Surfactant-based viscoelastic (SBVE) fluids have recently gained interest from many oil industry researchers due to their polymer-like viscoelastic behaviour and ability to mitigate problems of polymeric fluids by replacing them during various operations. This study investigates an alternative SBVE fluid system for hydraulic fracturing with comparable rheological characteristics to conventional polymeric guar gum fluid. In this study, low and high surfactant concentration SBVE fluid and nanofluid systems were synthesized, optimized, and compared. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and counterion inorganic sodium nitrate salt, with and without 1 wt% ZnO nano-dispersion additives, were used; these are entangled wormlike micellar solutions of cationic surfactant. The fluids were divided into the categories of type 1, type 2, type 3, and type 4, and were optimized by comparing the rheological characteristics of different concentration fluids in each category at 25 °C. The authors have reported recently that ZnO NPs can improve the rheological characteristics of fluids with a low surfactant concentration of 0.1 M cetyltrimethylammonium bromide by proposing fluids and nanofluids of type 1 and type 2. In addition, conventional polymeric guar gum gel fluid is prepared in this study and analyzed for its rheological characteristics. The rheology of all SBVE fluids and the guar gum fluid was analyzed using a rotational rheometer at varying shear rate conditions from 0.1 to 500 s−1 under 25 °C, 35 °C, 45 °C, 55 °C, 65 °C, and 75 °C temperature conditions. The comparative analysis section compares the rheology of the optimal SBVE fluids and nanofluids in each category to the rheology of polymeric guar gum fluid for the entire range of shear rates and temperature conditions. The type 3 optimum fluid with high surfactant concentration of 0.2 M cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 1.2 M sodium nitrate was the best of all the optimum fluids and nanofluids. This fluid shows comparative rheology to guar gum fluid even at elevated shear rate and temperature conditions. The comparison of average viscosity values under a different group of shear rate conditions suggests that the overall optimum SBVE fluid prepared in this study is a potential nonpolymeric viscoelastic fluid candidate for hydraulic fracturing operation that could replace polymeric guar gum fluids.
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Journal, IJSREM. "Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of the Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger by Use of Different NanoFluids." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 01 (January 30, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem28378.
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Heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between one or more fluids. The fluids may be separated by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct contact. These exchangers provide true counter-current flow and are especially suitable for extreme temperature crossing, high pressure, high temperature, and low to moderate surface area requirements different Nano partials mixed with base fluids is called Nano fluids and analysed for their performance of Nano fluids by use in the heat exchanger. The Nano fluids are Aluminium Oxide, Silicon Oxide and Titanium carbide.The volume concentration of the nanoparticle use in this study is 0.03% and mass flow rate 8 lpm,Nano fluid inlet temperature 333k and normal water fluid inlet temperature 300k. 3D model of the compact shell and tube heat exchanger is done in CATIA V5 and CFD analysis is done on the shell and tube heat exchanger by using ANSYS 15.0 fluent work bench. Compare three Nano fluids values for better Nano fluid choose one. Key Words: Catia, cfd, Nano fluids.
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Kong, Jin Xing, Yong Cheng Zheng, and Qi Long Wei. "Precision Machining for Thin Wall Spherical Shell Based on Magneto-Rheological Fluids Strengthening." Advanced Materials Research 381 (November 2011): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.381.6.
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Magnetorheological (MR) fluids can transform from fluid to solid and back to fluid rapidly in magnetic field. It is a novel intelligent phase transition material. In this study, MR fluids are filled inside a thin wall spherical shell as phase transition material to improve the workpiece stiffness. A fixture structure based on MR fluids for the thin wall spherical shell precision machining is designed. The fixture stiffness can be controlled and the MR fluids can be used many times. The MR fluid as strengthening material is developed and the amount of metal powder in MR fluids is 52% by volume and the performance of MR fluids is measured. Based on electromagnetic principle, a special magnetic field is designed and the magnetic field distributing is analyzed and optimized. The thin wall spherical shell using the designed fixture is turned in CK7820B lathe. The cutting experiment result shows that the fixture based on MR fluids can improve the workpiece machining precision.
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Cheng, Yanhong, Zhe Su, Jiayi Zhou, Zhifeng Liu, Decai Li, Caixia Zhang, and Jingjing Xu. "Calculation of the Maximum Temperature of Diester-Based Magnetic Fluid Layers in High-Speed Seals." Nanomaterials 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2023): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13061019.
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Magnetic fluids, as smart nanomaterials, have been successfully used in sealing applications and other fields. However, the temperature of magnetic fluids in the sealing gap is a key factor affecting sealing performances, limiting their application in high-speed sealing fields. Since obtaining a direct measurement of the magnetic fluid’s temperature is difficult, due to the small clearance, accurately calculating the maximum temperature of the magnetic fluid layer in high-speed seals is crucial. Herein, a mathematical model for calculating the maximum temperature of the magnetic fluid layer was established, by using a reasonable simplification of high-speed sealing conditions, and the calculation formula was modified by studying the rheological properties of the diester-based magnetic fluid. The results suggest that the calculation of the maximum temperature is influenced by viscous dissipation, and both are related to the rheological characteristics of magnetic fluids. When the influence of rheological properties is ignored, the calculation results are not accurate for higher-velocity seals, but the calculation model applies to lower-velocity seals. When the influence of rheological properties is considered, the calculation results obtained by the corrected formula are more accurate, and they are applicable to both lower- and higher-velocity seals. This work can help us more accurately and conveniently estimate the maximum temperature of magnetic fluids in high-speed seal applications, which is of theoretical and practical research significance for determining sealing performances and thermal designs.
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Hanson, R. Brooks. "Hydrodynamics of magmatic and meteoric fluids in the vicinity of granitic intrusions." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 87, no. 1-2 (1996): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300006660.
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ABSTRACT:Numerical models that account for fluid flow, magmatic and metamorphic fluid production, topography and thermal expansion of the fluid following emplacement of a granitic magma in the upper crust reveal controls on the distribution of magmatic fluids during the evolution of a hydrothermal system. Initially, fluid pressures are close to lithostatic in and near an intrusion, and internally generated magmatic and metamorphic fluids are expelled. Later, fluid pressures drop to hydrostatic values and meteoric fluids circulate throughout the system. High permeabilities and low rates of fluid production accelerate this transition. Fluid production in the magma and wallrocks is the dominant mechanism elevating fluid pressures to lithostatic values. For granitic intrusions, about three to five times as much magmatic fluid is produced as metamorphic fluid. Continuous fluid release from a granitic magma with a vertical dimensions of 10 km produces a dynamic permeability of up to several tens of microdarcies.Near the surface, topography associated with a typical volcano acts to maintain a shallow meteoric flow system and drive fluids laterally. The exponential decay with depth of the influence of topography on fluid pressures results in a persistent zone of mixing at a depth of 1-2 km between these meteoric fluids and magmatic fluids despite variations in the strength of the magmatic hydrothermal system. However, in shallow systems where fluid release is episodic, dramatic changes in the region of mixing are still possible because fluid pressure is sensitive to variations in the rates of fluid production. At depth, high rates of metamorphic fluid production in the wallrocks and low permeabilities (< 1 μD) produce elevated fluid pressures, which hinder the lateral flow of magmatic fluids. Together, these patterns are consistent with the distribution and evolution of skarns and hydrothermal ore deposits around granitic magmas.
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Crowe, Sarah. "Understanding nursing perceptions of intravenous fluid management practices." British Journal of Nursing 32, no. 14 (July 27, 2023): S36—S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2023.32.14.s36.
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Purpose: Intravenous (IV) fluids are routinely used in hospitalized patients. As IV fluids are an everyday occurrence, their importance is often overlooked. Many patients receive large volumes of fluid during resuscitation to aid in the promotion of tissue perfusion. Nurses regularly administer IV fluids as part of maintenance infusions or as life-saving therapies and, therefore, need to understand these fluids' impact on their patients. Understanding nurses' existing perceptions of IV fluid management practices are crucial to improving practice. Methods: This study used an online survey to gather information on nursing perceptions of IV fluids. Four hundred and sixty-two Canadian nurses from diverse backgrounds were surveyed, including registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and student nurses. Results: The study found that the majority of participants agreed that IV fluids, including type, amount, and rationale for infusion, were important. They also agreed that fluids could impact patient outcomes. However, the study found that, despite recognizing the value and importance of fluid management, many nurses struggled with recognizing how to determine a patient's fluid status versus fluid responsiveness. Conclusion: This study supports improving nursing education to understand better the differences between fluid volume status and volume responsiveness. Our study also provides evidence that nurses need access to more sophisticated tools to conduct dynamic assessments and better meet patients' needs.
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Gu, Tuan, Zhilin Tuo, Tao Fan, Dongpo Shi, Chun Mu, Shucan Xu, and Desheng Zhou. "Experimental Study on the Distribution of Retained Fracturing Fluids and Its Effect on the Permeability and Wettability in Tight Oil Reservoirs." Geofluids 2023 (April 24, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9740015.
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It is not clear how the distribution of retained fracturing fluids and its effect on the permeability and wettability in tight oil reservoirs interact. Especially, there are more qualitative studies and less quantitative studies on this issue. Under laboratory experimental conditions, this paper clarifies the distribution of retained fracturing fluids in the core and reveals the influence rule of retained fracturing fluids on tight reservoir permeability and wettability. It is found that the main retention space of retained fracturing fluids in a tight reservoir is a microporous interval, and the residual oil after oil displacement by retained fracturing fluids mainly exists in the core in the form of dots or porphyries. The smaller permeability and porosity of the core will lead to more retained fracturing fluids. The permeability of different cores after fracturing fluid retention has decreased to varying degrees compared with that before fracturing fluid retention. The wettability of core slices before and after fracturing fluid retention was tested, and the effect of retained fracturing fluids on reservoir wettability was not significant. This study has important significance for improving the recovery of tight oil reservoirs and enhancing the understanding of postfracturing fluid retention.
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Kotov, A. A., V. Yu Prokofiev, A. V. Volkov, T. M. Zlobina, and K. Yu Murashov. "Quartz-Hosted Fluid Inclusions in Commercial Ores of Various Type at the Verninskoe Gold Deposit, Bodaibo District, Russia." Геохимия 68, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 508–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016752523040076.
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The paper presents data on quartz-hosted fluid inclusions in commercial ores of various type (veinlet−disseminated and vein) of the Verninskoe gold deposit. The ores of various types were found out to significantly vary in the values of some of their physicochemical parameters of the fluids and in the composition of these fluids. The fluids that formed the gold veins have a somewhat higher initial temperature (356–246°C), a higher density of carbon dioxide in gas inclusions (1.00–0.84 g/cm3), and a higher fluid pressure (3170–1390 bar) than those of the fluids that formed the veinlet–disseminated ores (330–252°C, 0.87–0.54 g/cm3, and 1960–570 bar, respectively). The fluids that formed the gold veins were enriched in CО2, Sr, Ag, Ga, Ge, Mn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Ba, and REE, whereas the fluids that formed veinlet–disseminated mineralization were richer in HCO−3, Br, Sb, V, and Au. This situations may be explained by the interaction of the deep fluid with the terrigenous host rocks in the course of ore deposition. When vein quartz crystallized in relatively wide fractures, the fluid interacted with host rocks and changed not as much as when the veinlet−disseminated ores were formed in narrow fractures. The initial parameters of the fluid that formed the vein quartz were thus the closest to the characteristics of the fluid that transported the ore components, and the comparison of these data with the parameters of the fluids that formed the veinlet–disseminated mineralization demonstrates that they changed in the course of ore deposition. The mineral-forming fluids likely came from a deep-sitting source, and the mineral-forming processes may have involve granitoid-derived fluids.
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Yang, Shichu, Weichu Yu, Mingwei Zhao, Fei Ding, and Ying Zhang. "A Review of Weak Gel Fracturing Fluids for Deep Shale Gas Reservoirs." Gels 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2024): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10050345.
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Low-viscosity slickwater fracturing fluids are a crucial technology for the commercial development of shallow shale gas. However, in deep shale gas formations with high pressure, a higher sand concentration is required to support fractures. Linear gel fracturing fluids and crosslinked gel fracturing fluids have a strong sand-carrying capacity, but the drag reduction effect is poor, and it needs to be pre-prepared to decrease the fracturing cost. Slick water fracturing fluids have a strong drag reduction effect and low cost, but their sand-carrying capacity is poor and the fracturing fluid sand ratio is low. The research and development of viscous slick water fracturing fluids solves this problem. It can be switched on-line between a low-viscosity slick water fracturing fluid and high-viscosity weak gel fracturing fluid, which significantly reduces the cost of single-well fracturing. A polyacrylamide drag reducer is the core additive of slick water fracturing fluids. By adjusting its concentration, the control of the on-line viscosity of fracturing fluid can be realized, that is, ‘low viscosity for drag reduction, high viscosity for sand-carrying’. Therefore, this article introduces the research and application status of a linear gel fracturing fluid, crosslinked gel fracturing fluid, and slick water fracturing fluid for deep shale gas reservoirs, and focuses on the research status of a viscous slick water fracturing fluid and viscosity-controllable polyacrylamide drag reducer, with the aim of providing valuable insights for the research on water-based fracturing fluids in the stimulation of deep shale gas reservoirs.
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Hoorn, Ewout J. "Intravenous fluids: balancing solutions." Journal of Nephrology 30, no. 4 (November 29, 2016): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40620-016-0363-9.
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Abstract The topic of intravenous (IV) fluids may be regarded as “reverse nephrology”, because nephrologists usually treat to remove fluids rather than to infuse them. However, because nephrology is deeply rooted in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, IV fluids belong in the realm of our specialty. The field of IV fluid therapy is in motion due to the increasing use of balanced crystalloids, partly fueled by the advent of new solutions. This review aims to capture these recent developments by critically evaluating the current evidence base. It will review both indications and complications of IV fluid therapy, including the characteristics of the currently available solutions. It will also cover the use of IV fluids in specific settings such as kidney transplantation and pediatrics. Finally, this review will address the pathogenesis of saline-induced hyperchloremic acidosis, its potential effect on outcomes, and the question if this should lead to a definitive switch to balanced solutions.
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Braun, Heinrich R., Spyridon Korres, Peter Laurs, and Joerg W. H. Franke. "Impact of Ultra-Low Viscosity Fluids on Drivetrain Functionality and Durability." Lubricants 9, no. 12 (December 8, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9120119.
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Increasing automotive powertrain electrification is impacting drivetrain complexity and the profiles of the fluids needed. Since the millennium, drivetrain fluid viscosities have been reduced for better efficiency, but this new challenge is driving them to unprecedented low levels. This paper assesses some of the potential implications of ultra-low viscosity fluids on drivetrain functionality and durability. Model formulations have been prepared from a variety of base fluids combined with additive packages. These have been evaluated in typical automotive drivetrain rig tests, as well as with some selected functional tests. In addition, the thermo-oxidative stability and electrical and thermal properties of the fluids were compared. Based on the results, the impact of low viscosity fluids on drivetrain functionality and durability varies depending on the performance parameter evaluated. For example, gear scuffing and bearing wear is highly dependent on additives, whilst gear and bearing fatigue is mainly affected by fluid viscosity. However, by carefully balancing base fluids and additives, acceptable component and fluid durability can be achieved. With respect to new electric drivetrain performance needs, the thermal properties of the finished fluid are essentially dependent on the base fluid composition, whilst its electrical properties are more influenced by additive chemistry, with some secondary impact from base fluid composition.
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Skadsem, Hans Joakim, Amare Leulseged, and Eric Cayeux. "Measurement of Drilling Fluid Rheology and Modeling of Thixotropic Behavior." Applied Rheology 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2019-0001.
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Abstract Drilling fluids perform a number of important functions during a drilling operation, including that of lifting drilled cuttings to the surface and balancing formation pressures. Drilling fluids are usually designed to be structured fluids exhibiting shear thinning and yield stress behavior, and most drilling fluids also exhibit thixotropy. Accurate modeling of drilling fluid rheology is necessary for predicting friction pressure losses in the wellbore while circulating, the pump pressure needed to resume circulation after a static period, and how the fluid rheology evolves with time while in static or near-static conditions. Although modeling the flow of thixotropic fluids in realistic geometries is still a formidable future challenge to be solved, considerable insights can still be gained by studying the viscometric flows of such fluids. We report a detailed rheological characterization of a water-based drilling fluid and an invert emulsion oilbased drilling fluid. The micro structure responsible for thixotropy is different in these fluids which results in different thixotropic responses. Measurements are primarily focused at transient responses to step changes in shear rate, but cover also steady state flow curves and stress overshoots during start-up of flow. We analyze the shear rate step change measurements using a structural kinetics thixotropy model.
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Patel, Mahesh Chandra, Mohammed Abdalla Ayoub, Anas Mohammed Hassan, and Mazlin Bt Idress. "A Novel ZnO Nanoparticles Enhanced Surfactant Based Viscoelastic Fluid Systems for Fracturing under High Temperature and High Shear Rate Conditions: Synthesis, Rheometric Analysis, and Fluid Model Derivation." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 4023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194023.
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Surfactant-based viscoelastic (SBVE) fluids are innovative nonpolymeric non-newtonian fluid compositions that have recently gained much attention from the oil industry. SBVE can replace traditional polymeric fracturing fluid composition by mitigating problems arising during and after hydraulic fracturing operations are performed. In this study, SBVE fluid systems which are entangled with worm-like micellar solutions of cationic surfactant: cetrimonium bromide or CTAB and counterion inorganic sodium nitrate salt are synthesized. The salt reagent concentration is optimized by comparing the rheological characteristics of different concentration fluids at 25 °C. The study aims to mitigate the primary issue concerning these SBVE fluids: significant drop in viscosity at high temperature and high shear rate (HTHS) conditions. Hence, the authors synthesized a modified viscoelastic fluid system using ZnO nanoparticle (NPs) additives with a hypothesis of getting fluids with improved rheology. The rheology of optimum fluids of both categories: with (0.6 M NaNO3 concentration fluid) and without (0.8 M NaNO3 concentration fluid) ZnO NPs additives were compared for a range of shear rates from 1 to 500 Sec−1 at different temperatures from 25 °C to 75 °C to visualize modifications in viscosity values after the addition of NPs additives. The rheology in terms of viscosity was higher for the fluid with 1% dispersed ZnO NPs additives at all temperatures for the entire range of shear rate values. Additionally, rheological correlation function models were derived for the synthesized fluids using statistical analysis methods. Subsequently, Herschel–Bulkley models were developed for optimum fluids depending on rheological correlation models. In the last section of the study, the pressure-drop estimation method is described using given group equations for laminar flow in a pipe depending on Herschel–Bulkley-model parameters have been identified for optimum fluids are consistency, flow index and yield stress values.
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Rowberry, Rowena, and Gerri Mortimore. "Prescribing intravenous fluids: a review." Journal of Prescribing Practice 5, no. 6 (June 2, 2023): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2023.5.6.244.
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This article highlights the multitude of considerations when prescribing intravenous fluids from the perspective of a trainee advanced practitioner, and emphasises that reassessment of the patient is key to safe fluid administration. Having identified that the practice of prescribing intravenous fluids is commonplace in acute care, this article will explore the level of training and education provided to clinicians, and highlights the importance of undertaking a systematic approach in assessing and decision making. In addition, this article will discuss the complexities of prescribing fluids and examine the considerations required for the assessment of fluid status, methods of determining the most appropriate fluid regime and selection of fluid for the patient, and the available evidence and guidance to aid decision making.
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Zhang, Kai, Xiaojing Lv, and Yiwu Weng. "Effect of working fluid on the ORC cycle performance of the ocean thermal energy conversion system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2707, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2707/1/012102.
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Abstract Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion system utilizes shallow seawater as the heat source and deep seawater as the cold source, achieving energy conversion at low temperatures and small temperature differences. To improve the efficiency of the OTEC system, this paper focuses on the working fluid side, based on the closed Organic Rankine Cycle, to analyse and select common low boiling point organic working fluids suitable for the OTEC system. Two of them are combined to form new mixed fluids with different component types and ratios. The impact of different types of mixed fluids on system performance is studied. Results show that M31 mixed working fluid has higher power generation efficiency, lower operation pressure and the best economical. Peak ƞOTEC is 6.43. Compared with pure fluids, using mixed fluids greatly reduces the power consumption and the frictional resistance loss. The R245fa/R245ca (0.3/0.7) mixed working fluid has the smallest power consumption among all its component allocation ratios, with a deep seawater pump consuming 5.085kW, accounting for only 3.3% of that when using pure R245ca. Compared to pure fluids, mixed fluids have higher net output power. So, M31 can be selected as the most suitable working fluids for OTEC system among M1 to M36.
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Safa Riyadh Ridha. "A Review Report of Present Trend in Peristaltic Activity of MHD NON-Newtonian and Newtonian Fluids." Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i2.40.
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This academic paper deals with reviewing theoretical studies on MHD peristaltic transport of the Non-Newtonian as well as Newtonian fluids such as Hyperbolic Tangent fluid, Carreau fluid and Bingham fluid. Here, a wide range of study subjects, concepts, points of view, and mathematical models are presented. All of these studies are focused on Non-Newtonian fluids peristaltic activity. Among numerous of the Non- Newtonian fluids flows in physiological system, blood pumping mechanics
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Wang, Jian, Mingfeng Xie, Alessandra Costanzo, Martin Feely, Yingchang Cao, and Keyu Liu. "Origin and Evolution of Geofluids in the Eocene Red-Bed Sandstones of the Dongying Depression, China." Global Journal of Earth Science and Engineering 9 (March 11, 2022): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-5710.2022.09.2.
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Fluid inclusion and petrographic study focused on authigenic quartz, annealed microfractures in quartz grains (AMF) and carbonate cement, was performed in red-bed reservoir sandstones from the first member of the Kongdian Formation and the lower fourth member of the Shahejie Formation (Shengli oilfield, East China). Both hydrocarbon and aqueous inclusions are present. Microthermometry and Laser Raman spectroscopes of liquid-rich two-phase inclusions showed that the pressure-correction value of aqueous inclusions is < 15°C. Differences in homogenization temperature and salinity occur between inclusions in quartz and carbonate cements. The liquid-rich two-phase aqueous inclusions were classified into four groups based on the salinity-homogenization temperature plots. The liquid-rich two-phase hydrocarbon inclusions were classified into two groups. The timing of the first-stage diagenetic fluid was before 31.3Ma. Fluids were from syn-depositional water and diagenetic fluids of clay minerals in interbedded mudstones. The timing of the second-stage diagenetic fluid was between 31.3 and 26.4Ma. Fluids were rich in organic acids and were accompanied by filling of small amounts of low maturity oil. The timing of the third-stage diagenetic fluid was between 26.4 and 21.4Ma. Fluids were mainly influenced by dehydration of gypsum-salt rocks and decarboxylation of organic acids. The timing of the fourth-stage diagenetic fluid was after 21.4 Ma. Fluids were influenced by organic acids and carbon acids and were accompanied by filling of mature oil after 10Ma. During the burial history, the red-bed reservoirs experienced the evolution process of early alkaline diagenetic fluids, early acid diagenetic fluids, late alkaline diagenetic fluids and late acid diagenetic fluids, which caused the alternate evolution of multiple alkaline and acid diagenetic environments.
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MUKHERJEE, BARUN K., and HIMANSHU K. SACHAN. "Fluids in coesite-bearing rocks of the Tso Morari Complex, NW Himalaya: evidence for entrapment during peak metamorphism and subsequent uplift." Geological Magazine 146, no. 6 (July 15, 2009): 876–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809990069.
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AbstractFluid inclusions trapped in coesite-bearing rocks provide important information on the fluid phases present during ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The subduction-related coesite-bearing eclogites of the Tso Morari Complex, Himalaya, contain five major types of fluids identified by microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy. These are: (1) high-salinity brine, (2) N2, (3) CH4, (4) CO2and (5) low-salinity aqueous fluids. These fluids were trapped during both deep subduction and exhumation processes. The coesite-bearing rocks are inferred to have been buried to a depth of >120 km, where they experienced ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The fluid–rock interaction provides direct evidence for fluid derivation during a deep subduction process as demonstrated by silica–carbonate assemblages in eclogite. High salinity brine, N2and CH4inclusions are remnants of prograde and peak metamorphic fluids, whereas CO2and low-salinity aqueous fluids appear to have been trapped late, during uplift. The high-salinity brine was possibly derived from subducted ancient metasedimentary rocks, whereas the N2and CH4fluids were likely generated through chemical breakdown of NH3-bearing K minerals and graphite. Alternatively, CH4might have been formed by a mixed fluid that was released from calcareous sediments during subduction or supplied through subducted oceanic metabasic rocks. High density CO2is associated with matrix minerals formed during granulite-facies overprinting of the ultrahigh-pressure eclogite. During retrogression to amphibolite-facies conditions, low-salinity fluids were introduced from external sources, probably the enclosing gneisses. This source enhances salinity differences as compared to primary saline inclusions. The subducting Indian lithosphere produced brines prior to achieving maximal depths of >120 km, where fluids were instead dominated by gaseous phases. Subsequently, the Indian lithosphere released CO2-rich fluids during fast exhumation and was then infiltrated by the low-salinity aqueous fluids near the surface through external sources. Elemental modelling may improve quantitative understanding of the complexity of fluids and their reactions.
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V. Mavchi, Snehal, Naresh D. Sonkawade, Isha Deshmukh, Rahul M. Dawre, and Aarti A. Kinikar. "SHORT TERM EFFECT OF INTRAVENOUS FLUID THERAPY IN PAEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ON SERUM ELECTROLYTES AND RENAL FUNCTION TESTS OF CHILDREN." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 04 (April 30, 2023): 1046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16759.
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Background: Studies have shown that using hypotonic fluids may result in hyponatremia and the use of isotonic fluids is associated with lower incidence of electrolyte disturbances. Renal functions usually based on measurements of serum urea and creatinine are dependent on the maintenance of appropriate intravascular volume in order to maintain adequate organ perfusion and functioning. Aims and Objectives: To analyze the short term effect of IV Fluids in PICU on serum electrolytes and renal function tests. Methods: This observational descriptive study was conducted in 125 children admitted PICU from April 2022 to September 2022 receiving IV fluids and kept nil by mouth. The levels of serum sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine done at day1 of admission were compared to the investigations done after 72hrs.The data was categorized based on the type of fluid received by the child. Hypotonic fluids (0.45% DNS, D10) and isotonic fluids (0.9% DNS). Results: Out of 125 children, 61(48.8%) received hypotonic fluids whereas 64(51.2%) received isotonic fluids. The average volume of hypotonic fluid given was 3.2±1.7 ml/kg/hr whereas of isotonic fluid given was 2.7±1.3 ml/kg/hr (p=0.11). Hyponatremia developed in 16 out of 42 baseline normal sodium patients in hypotonic group and 6 out of 46 in isotonic group(p=0.03). Serum creatinine was raised in 6(12%) patients out of 50 baseline normal patients in hypotonic group. Serum urea from baseline normal was raised in 7(21.9%) in hypotonic and in 5(17.9%) in isotonic group (p=0.4). Mortality was significantly higher in hypotonic group (13.1%) compared to isotonic group (3.1%) (p=0.04). Conclusions:For preventing positive fluid balance and also development of hyponatremia, isotonic fluids should be considered as routine maintenance fluids.
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Wang, Lei, Runsheng Han, Yan Zhang, and Xiaodong Li. "Mixing in Two Types of Fluids Responsible for Some Carbonate-Hosted Pb–Zn Deposits, SW China: Insights from the Maoping Deposit." Minerals 13, no. 5 (April 26, 2023): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13050600.
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Carbonate-hosted Pb–Zn deposits are of major economic importance. The Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou metallogenetic belt (SYGMB), located on the western margin of the Yangtze Block, comprises over 400 carbonated-hosted Pb–Zn deposits. However, ore-forming fluids recorded in these deposits have led to controversy regarding ore genesis. We investigated a fluid system for the Maoping deposit in the SYGMB, based on fluid inclusions, and H–O–He–Ar isotopic studies. The results showed that ore-forming fluids in the Maoping deposit are characterized by mixing of high-temperature and low-salinity metamorphic fluids and low-temperature and high-salinity basinal brines. The Precambrian basement is considered to produce metamorphic fluids, while the basinal brines are said to originate from the Youjiang Basin. The mineralization at the depositional site appears to reflect the coincidence of the metamorphic fluids, basinal brines, Carboniferous coal seams, and structural-stratigraphic traps. Regional-scale data show large-scale heterogeneity in fluid properties, including basinal brines, metamorphic fluids, and organic fluids. Furthermore, the data suggest a precipitation model for some high-grade Pb–Zn deposits in the SYGMB. These findings will contribute to an understanding of deposit types in the SYGMB.
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Stamenkovic, Zivojin, Milos Kocic, Jasmina Bogdanovic-Jovanovic, and Jelena Petrovic. "Nano and micropolar MHD fluid flow and heat transfer in inclined channel." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2023): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci230515170k.
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Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fluid flows attract a lot of attention in the extrusion of polymers, in the theory of nanofluids, as well as in the consideration of biological fluids. The considered problem in the paper is the flow and heat transfer of nano and micropolar fluid in inclined channel. Fluid flow is steady, while nano and micropolar fluids are incompressible, immiscible, and electrically conductive. The upper and lower channel plates are electrically insulated and maintained at constant and different temperatures. External applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the fluid flow and considered problem is in induction-less approximation. The equations of the considered problem are reduced to ordinary differential equations, which are analytically solved in closed form. The influence of characteristics parameters of nano and micropolar fluids on velocity, micro-rotation and temperature fields are graphically shown and discussed. The general conclusions given through the analysis of graphs can be used for better understanding of the flow and heat transfer of nano and micropolar fluid, which have a great practical application. Fluids with nanoparticles innovated the modern era, due to their comprehensive applications in nanotechnology and manufacturing processes, while the theory of micropolar fluids explains the flow of biological fluids and various types of liquid metals and crystals.
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Vijayaraghavan, Sanjay, and D. Y. Goswami. "Organic Working Fluids for a Combined Power and Cooling Cycle." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 127, no. 2 (February 6, 2005): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1885039.
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A new thermodynamic cycle has been developed for the simultaneous production of power and cooling from low-temperature heat sources. The proposed cycle combines the Rankine and absorption refrigeration cycles, providing power and cooling as useful outputs. Initial studies were performed with an ammonia-water mixture as the working fluid in the cycle. This work extends the application of the cycle to working fluids consisting of organic fluid mixtures. Organic working fluids have been used successfully in geothermal power plants, as working fluids in Rankine cycles. An advantage of using organic working fluids is that the industry has experience with building turbines for these fluids. A commercially available optimization program has been used to maximize the thermodynamic performance of the cycle. The advantages and disadvantages of using organic fluid mixtures as opposed to an ammonia-water mixture are discussed. It is found that thermodynamic efficiencies achievable with organic fluid mixtures, under optimum conditions, are lower than those obtained with ammonia-water mixtures. Further, the refrigeration temperatures achievable using organic fluid mixtures are higher than those using ammonia-water mixtures.
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Sułek, Marian Włodzimierz, Anna Bąk-Sowińska, and Jacek Przepiórka. "Ecological Cutting Fluids." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 5812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245812.
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This study deals with metalworking fluids (MWFs). According to DIN 51385, depending on their base, the fluids are divided into oil and water fluids. The oil bases include, among others, mineral, synthetic, vegetable and paraffin oils. This division does not comprise surfactant solutions which can be successfully used in metalworking. Due to the fact that this type of fluid was not qualified, a new type of lubricant based on the aqueous solutions of surfactants has been proposed. Two new notions have been introduced: surfactant working fluids (SWFs) for working fluids and surfactant lubricants (SLs) for all kinds of lubricants as a broader term. The effect of the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (SLS), also known as sodium N-dodecanoyl-N-methyl glycinate, on tribological properties determined using a four-ball machine (Tester T-02) (Łukasiewicz Research Network—The Institute for Sustainable Technologies, Radom, Poland) was analyzed. On the basis of aqueous SLS solutions a composition of working fluids was developed and their functional properties were verified by means of tribological and stand tests as well as during operation. The test results obtained clearly indicate that functional properties of 2% solutions of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate with a foam inhibitor (0.05%) and a biocide (0.1%) are comparable to those of a quality commercial hydraulic fluid.