Journal articles: 'Fluidised bed pyrolyser'

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Rangasamy, Mythili, P. Venkatachalam, and P. Subramanian. "Fluidized bed technology for biooil production: Review." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 4, no. 2 (June 13, 2015): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v4i2.4273.

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Fast pyrolysis is an emerging technique by which a liquid product, biooil is formed. The fast pyrolysis can be done using various reactors such as fluidized bed reactors, transported and circulating fluidized bed reactors, ablative and vacuum reactors, tubular reactors, microwave pyrolytic reactors,auger system and rotating cone reactors. Among them fluidized bed system is a well understood technology and available for the commercialization of fast pyrolysis. In this review, the process parameters in fluidized bed system that enhance the biooil production were reviewed. Utilization of various feedstocks for biooil production and the characteristics of biooil that mainly affect the utilization were presented. Â

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Raza, Mohsin, Abrar Inayat, Ashfaq Ahmed, Farrukh Jamil, Chaouki Ghenai, Salman R. Naqvi, Abdallah Shanableh, Muhammad Ayoub, Ammara Waris, and Young-Kwon Park. "Progress of the Pyrolyzer Reactors and Advanced Technologies for Biomass Pyrolysis Processing." Sustainability 13, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 11061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131911061.

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In the future, renewable energy technologies will have a significant role in catering to energy security concerns and a safe environment. Among the various renewable energy sources available, biomass has high accessibility and is considered a carbon-neutral source. Pyrolysis technology is a thermo-chemical route for converting biomass to many useful products (biochar, bio-oil, and combustible pyrolysis gases). The composition and relative product yield depend on the pyrolysis technology adopted. The present review paper evaluates various types of biomass pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis, slow pyrolysis, and advanced pyrolysis techniques concerning different pyrolyzer reactors have been reviewed from the literature and are presented to broaden the scope of its selection and application for future studies and research. Slow pyrolysis can deliver superior ecological welfare because it provides additional bio-char yield using auger and rotary kiln reactors. Fast pyrolysis can produce bio-oil, primarily via bubbling and circulating fluidized bed reactors. Advanced pyrolysis processes have good potential to provide high prosperity for specific applications. The success of pyrolysis depends strongly on the selection of a specific reactor as a pyrolyzer based on the desired product and feedstock specifications.

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Arregi, A., G. Lopez, M. Amutio, I. Barbarias, J. Bilbao, and M. Olazar. "Hydrogen production from biomass by continuous fast pyrolysis and in-line steam reforming." RSC Advances 6, no. 31 (2016): 25975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01657j.

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The continuous fast pyrolysis of pine wood sawdust has been studied in a conical spouted bed reactor (CSBR) followed by in-line steam reforming of the pyrolysis vapours in a fluidised bed reactor on a Ni commercial catalyst.

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Qin, Linbo, Jun Han, Bo Zhao, Wangsheng Chen, and Futang Xing. "The kinetics of typical medical waste pyrolysis based on gaseous evolution behaviour in a micro-fluidised bed reactor." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 11 (August 9, 2018): 1073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18790357.

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In order to obtain the kinetic parameters during typical medical waste pyrolysis, the typical medical waste is pyrolysed in a micro-fluidised bed reactor. The gases evolved from the typical medical waste pyrolysis are analysed by a mass spectrometer, and only H2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8 and C4H4 are observed. According to the gaseous product concentration profiles, the activation energies of gaseous formation are calculated based on the Friedman approach, and the average activation energies of H2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8 and C4H4 formation during typical medical waste pyrolysis are in sequence as 65.10, 39.98, 35.17, 38.71, 40.75, 41.79, 58.57 and 63.95 kJ mol−1. Moreover, the activation energy with respect to the gases mixture formation is 52.70 kJ mol−1. Hence, it is concluded that the activation energy of typical medical waste pyrolysis is 52.70 kJ mol−1. The model-fitting method is used to determine the mechanism model of medical waste pyrolysis. The results indicate that the chemical reaction ( n = 1) model (G(x) = –ln(1–x)) is the optimum.

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Aida, Isma M. I., A. Salmiaton, and Dinie K. B. Nur. "Mixed Plastic Wastes Pyrolysis in a Fluidized Bed Reactor for Potential Diesel Production." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 6, no. 8 (2015): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2015.v6.666.

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Novita, Sri Aulia, Santosa Santosa, Nofialdi Nofialdi, Andasuryani Andasuryani, and Ahmad Fudholi. "Artikel Review: Parameter Operasional Pirolisis Biomassa." Agroteknika 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32530/agroteknika.v4i1.105.

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Artikel ini menjelaskan definisi pirolisis dan pentingnya proses pirolisis dalam konversi termokimia biomassa menjadi bahan bakar. Teknologi pirolisis berpotensi untuk dikembangkan karena ketersediaan sumber bahan biomassa yang sangat melimpah, teknologinya mudah untuk dikembangkan, bersifat ramah lingkungan dan menguntungkan secara ekonomi. Dalam teknik pirolisis, beberapa parameter yang mempengaruhi proses pirolisis adalah perlakuan awal biomassa, kadar air dan ukuran partikel bahan, komposisi senyawa biomassa, suhu, laju pemanasan, laju alir gas, waktu tinggal, jenis pirolisis, jenis reaktor pirolisis dan final produk pirolisis. Reaktor pirolisis adalah alat pengurai senyawa-senyawa organik yang dilakukan dengan proses pemanasan tanpa berhubungan langsung dengan udara luar dengan suhu 300-6000C. Beberapa jenis reaktor pirolisis yang sering digunakan adalah Fixed-Bed Pyrolyzer, Bubbling Fluidized-Bed Reactors, Circulating Fluidized Bed, Ultra–Rapid Pyrolyzer, Rotating Cone, Ablative Pyrolyzer dan Vacuum Pyrolyzer. Teknik pirolisis menghasilkan tiga macam produk akhir, yaitu bio-oil, arang (biochar) dan gas.

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Kaliappan, S., M. Karthick, Pravin P. Patil, P. Madhu, S. Sekar, Ravi Mani, Francisca D. Kalavathi, S. Mohanraj, and Solomon Neway Jida. "Utilization of Eco-Friendly Waste Eggshell Catalysts for Enhancing Liquid Product Yields through Pyrolysis of Forestry Residues." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (June 7, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3445485.

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In this study, catalytic and noncatalytic pyrolysis of Prosopis juliflora biomass was carried out in a fluidized bed reactor. This study highlights the potential use of forestry residues with waste eggshells under a nitrogen environment. The experiments were conducted to increase the yield of bio-oil by changing the parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, particle size, and catalyst ratio. Under noncatalytic pyrolysis, a maximum bio-oil yield of 40.9 wt% was obtained when the feedstock was pyrolysed at 500°C. During catalytic pyrolysis, the yield of bio-oil was increased by up to 16.95% compared to the noncatalytic process due to the influence of Ca-rich wastes on devolatilization behavior. In particular, the existence of alkali and alkaline-earth metals present in eggshells might have positive effects on the decomposition of biomass material. The bio-oil obtained through catalytic pyrolysis under maximum yield conditions was analyzed for its physical and chemical characterization by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).

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Azizi, Salar, and Dariush Mowla. "CFD Modeling of Algae Flash Pyrolysis in the Batch Fluidized Bed Reactor Including Heat Carrier Particles." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2014-0185.

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AbstractThe algae biomass is one of the potential biomass resources for extracting lipid to produce fuel. The off grade or residuals of dehydrated algae particles can be used in pyrolysis reactions to produce fuel or useful chemicals. Due to higher ash contents of algae biomass, pyrolysis process needs an appropriate design of pyrolysis reactor. The heating rate of algae biomass is a key factor for increasing of bio-oil production rate. Instead of heat transfer from reactor walls to the biomass, heated inert particles are added to the conventional fluidized bed reactor to increase heat transfer rate and yield of the bio-oil as called flash pyrolysis. The introduced pyrolysis reaction in the novel heating method of fluidized bed reactor studied numerically. For this purpose, an Eulerian-Eulerian CFD model utilized for modeling of the dehydrated algae pyrolysis in the fluidized bed reactor. The appropriate reaction rate of the algae pyrolysis is based on the heating rate, temperature sensitive activation energy and the reaction selectivity utilized to the algae pyrolysis. In addition, the segregation and density change of the biomass particles investigated in the CFD modeling to analysis mixing of the particles and corresponding heat transfer between the mixed particles. The validation of the CFD model investigated using results of prepared experimental setup.

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Li, Hui, and Xin Hui Ma. "Improved Design for the Device of Biomass Pyrolysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 79 (July 2011): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.79.155.

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On account of the problems which often appeared in the biomass pyrolysis device, a new set of improved biomass pyrolysis device was designed. It contains four parts: feed system, fluidized bed, cyclone separation system and condenser system. It has mainly solved the problems through the improved equipment as below: blind arch phenomenon in feed bucket, feed pipe jammed and the feed system leakage; when it makes pyrolysis experiment, the sand grains are easy to be carried out of the fluidized bed ; the cyclone separator separation efficiency is low; the condensation speed is slow and so on.

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Garland, R. V., and P. W. Pillsbury. "Status of Topping Combustor Development for Second-Generation Fluidized Bed Combined Cycles." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906294.

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Addition of a fluidized bed combustor to a high-efficiency combined cycle plant enables direct firing of inexpensive run-of-the-mine coal in an environmentally acceptable manner. To attain high thermal efficiencies, coal pyrolysis is included. The low heating value fuel gas from the pyrolyzer is burned in a topping combustion system that boosts gas turbine inlet temperature to state of the art while the pyrolyzer-produced char is burned in the bed. The candidate topping combustor, the multi-annular swirl burner, based on a design by J. M. Bee´r, is presented and discussed. Design requirements differ from conventional gas turbine combustors. The use of hot, vitiated air for cooling and combustion, and the use of low heating value fuel containing ammonia, are two factors that make the design requirements unique. The multi-annular swirl burner contains rich-burn, quick-quench, and lean-burn zones formed aerodynamically rather than the physically separate volumes found in other rich-lean combustors. Although fuel is injected through a centrally located nozzle, the combustion air enters axially through a series of swirlers. Wall temperatures are controlled by relatively thick layers of air entering through the various swirler sections, which allows the combustor to be of all-metal construction rather than the ceramic often used in rich-lean concepts. This 12-in.-dia design utilizes some of the features of the previous 5-in. and 10-in. versions of the multi-annular swirl burner; test results from the previous projects were utilized in the formulation of the test for the present program. In the upcoming tests, vitiated air will be provided to simulate a pressurized fluidized bed effluent. Hot syngas seeded with ammonia will be used to simulate the low-Btu gas produced in the pyrolyzer.

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Li, Chao, Zhi Xiang Xia, Xing Long Qiao, Wen Bang Li, and Meng Xiang Fang. "The Investigation on Fragmentation Behavior of Lignite Coal during Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1254.

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This paper reported the fragmentation behavior of lignite coal particles during coal pyrolysis in fluidized bed reactor at temperature of 300°C,350°C,600°C,650°C. The particles with size of 2-4mm,4-6mm and 7-10mm pyrolyzed under N2atmosphere. The fragments were recovered by hopper, cooled to the ambient temperature and sieved in different ranks. Experimental results show that with the increasing of temperature and initial coal size due to internal overpressure induced by volatiles releasing and thermal stress caused by thermal gradient of coal intra-particles the intensity of fragmentation was enhanced monotonously, the number of fragments increased sharply and the average size of fragments declined.

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Ha, Jong Hyeon, and In-Gu Lee. "Study of a Method to Effectively Remove Char Byproduct Generated from Fast Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111407.

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A critical issue in the design of bubbling fluidized bed reactors for biomass fast pyrolysis is to maintain the bed at a constant level to ensure stable operation. In this work, a bubbling fluidized bed reactor was investigated to deal with this issue. The reactor consists of inner and outer tubes and enables in situ control of the fluidized-bed level in the inner-tube reactor with a mechanical method during biomass fast pyrolysis. The significant fraction of biochar produced from the fast pyrolysis in the inner-tube reactor was automatically removed through the annulus between the inner and outer tubes. The effect of pyrolysis temperature (426–528 °C) and feeding rate (0.8–1.8 kg/h) on the yield and characteristics of bio-oil, biochar, and gaseous products were examined at a 15 L/min nitrogen carrier gas flow rate for wood sawdust with a 0.5–1.0 mm particle size range as a feed. The bio-oil reached a maximum yield of 62.4 wt% on a dry basis at 440 °C, and then slowly decreased with increasing temperature. At least 79 wt% of bio-char byproduct was removed through the annulus and was found in the reactor bottom collector. The GC-MS analysis found phenolics to be more than 40% of the bio-oil products.

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Simeiko, K. V. "DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION OF APPROPRIATENESS FOR MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HEAT BALANCE OF ELECTROTHERMAL FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR." Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering 41, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ttpe.2.2019.5.

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Supply of heat through combustion of organic fuel is impossible or economically unviable for the raw of high temperature processes due to it’s technological peculiarities. Some of these processes can be carried out in electrothermal fluidized bed reactors. Development of appropriate mathematical model for heat balance will allow prognostication of capacity needed to carry out specific process and improvement of electrothermal fluidized bed reactor. During the development of mathematical model methods of heat-mass exchange theory were applied. Verification of appropriateness for mathematical model was carried out through comparison of experimental results and calculated values of the amount of heat needed to perform the process of methane pyrolysis in electrothermal fluidized bed and coefficient of thermal efficiency of electrothermal fluidized bed reactor. Comparison with real thermochemical process in electrothermal fluidized bed reactor confirms the appropriateness of mathematical model. Average deviation of mathematical model of heat balance and coefficient of thermal efficiency from obtained experimental values is 5…7 % and 6…9 % respectively. Proposed mathematical model can be applied in design of electrothermal fluidized bed reactors.

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Fan, Xiao Xu, Lei Zhe Chu, and Li Guo Yang. "Dried Municiple Sewage Sludge Gasification Experiment in Dual Fluidized Bed." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3799–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3799.

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The fuel characteristics of municipal sewage sludge are suitable for dual fluidized bed(DFB) gasification, which can get middle calorific value gas through volatile pyrolysis, and reduce volume through char combustion. The hot test results of municipal sewage sludge on DFB rig were showen that the temperature distribution along combustor heigh is uniform, and the carbon content of fly ash is about 2~3%. In the experiment, with the increase of gasifier temperatrue, the more volatile of the sewage sludge was pyrolyzed. When the temperature of the gasifier reached 800°C, the calorific value of gas was 6.9MJ/Nm3; the emissions of SO2, NOx and HCl were appropriate to the standard. The leaching toxicity of heavy metal of the fly ash was lower than the discharge standard.

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Geng, Ceng Ceng, Shu Yuan Li, Shao Hua Liu, Ji Li Hou, and Wen Zhi Shang. "Flash Pyrolysis of Coal with Solid Heat Carrier in a Fluidized Bed." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1153.

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Flash pyrolysis of Shenmu coal with solid heat carrier was carried out in a fluidized bed using semi-coke as the solid heat carrier and nitrogen as the carrier gas. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, reaction time and mass ratio of heat carrier to coal on the yields of products were studied. It is found that the best operating conditions involving pyrolysis temperature 550°C, reaction time 6 min and mass ratio of heat carrier to coal 2. The properties of coal tar from fluidized bed, such as density, viscosity, freezing point, carbon residue and hydrogen carbon atom ratio, are almost higher than that of the above water coal tar and lower than that of the below water coal tar, while the above and below water coal tar obtained from Sanjiang squared retort. The results of simulation distillation show that gasoline and diesel fractions of coal tar from fluidized bed are higher than that of below water coal tar and lower than that of above water coal tar, while the heavy oil fraction is opposed.

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Chemyavsky, Nikola. "The main natural lows of high-rate coal pyrolysis." Thermal Science 7, no. 2 (2003): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0302077c.

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The importance of coal pyrolysis studies for the development of energy technologies is evident, since pvrolysis is the first stage of any process of coal thermal conversion. In combustion, pyrolysis determines conditions of coal ignition and the rate of char after-burning, in gasification, pyrolysis determines total yield of gasification products. It must be noted that in modern energy technologies pyrolysis occurs at high late of coal particle heating (=10 K/s for different fluidized bed, or FB-technologies) or super-high-rate (>10**5 K/s for entrained-flow gasification), and in some of them at high pressure. In CETI during last 12 years the detailed study of pyrolysis in FB laboratory-scale PYROLYSIS-D plant and entramed-flow pilot-scale GSP-01 plant, was carried out. In this paper main results of mentioned investigations are given. Kinetic constants for bituminous coals and anthracite high heating rates in entrained flow for high temperatures (>1500 ?C and >1900 ?C), and in fluidized bed conditions in temperature range 972-1273 K. In order to describe data obtained in fluidized bed conditions, G--model based method of calculation of devolatization dynamics was suited to FB heating conditions. Calculated and experimental kinetic data are in good agreement. The result proves that at FB-pvrolysis conditions intrinsic mass-transfer limitations are negligible and devolatilization is really kinetic-controlled.

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Li, Rui, Liang Jing Jing, and Ming Ming He. "Research on CFD of Fluidization of Biomass Waste Fast Pyrolysis Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.708.

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Biomass fast pyrolysis technology is one of most promising methods to utilize biomass resources, for its high production of pyrolysis liquid named bio-oil. And the fast pyrolysis fluidized reactor is widely used because of the advantages of simple structure, and easy to enlarge. The understanding of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of its fluidized bed is necessary basis for particulate heat transfer and pyrolysis kinetics research. In this paper, modern hydrodynamic theory and calculation means is employed to simulate the cold state of fluid behavior in the pilot-scale fluidized pyrolysis reactor. The simulation results are in good agreement with the empirical equation and experimental data, with resultant error lower than 10%. Based on the cold state simulation, we modeled the fluid flow behavior in the fluidized reactor during fast pyrolysis under high temperature, and calculated the fluidization velocity and the distribution of solid phase fraction.

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Müller, Dominik, Thomas Plankenbühler, and Jürgen Karl. "A Methodology for Measuring the Heat Release Efficiency in Bubbling Fluidised Bed Combustors." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2020): 2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102420.

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Differences in the densities of bed material and—especially biogenic—solid fuels prevent an ideal mixture within bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) combustors. So, the presence of fuel particles is usually observed mainly near the surface of the fluidised bed. During their thermal conversion, this leads to a release of unburnt pyrolysis products to the freeboard of the combustion chamber. Within the further oxidation, these species will not transfer their heat-of-reaction to the inert bed material in the way of a convective heat transfer, but rather increase the gas phase temperature providing probably some additional radiative heat transfer to the dense bed. In this case, the so-called heat release efficiency to the fluidised bed, being the ratio of transferred heat to the fuel input, will be reduced. This paper presents a methodology to quantify this heat release efficiency with lab-scale experiments and the observed effects of common operating parameters like bed temperature, fluidisation ratio and fuel-to-air ratio. Experimental results show that the air-to-fuel ratio dominates the heat release efficiency, while bed temperature and fluidisation ratio have minor influences.

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Li, Shi, Xi Ju Zong, and Yan Hu. "Modeling and Control of Sludge Pyrolysis in a Fluidized Bed Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.69.

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This paper is concerns with the study of modeling and control of sludge pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor. Firstly, a mathematical model is established for sludge pyrolysis in a fluidized bed furnace, mass balance and energy equations are established. Then, the model is linearized at the steady-state point, two linear models are derived: state space model and transfer function model. The transfer function model is used in internal model control (IMC), where the filter parameter is selected and discussed. The state space model is applied in model predictive control (MPC), where controller parameters of prediction horizon length and control horizon length are discussed.

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Kantarli, Ismail Cem, Stylianos D. Stefanidis, Konstantinos G. Kalogiannis, and Angelos A. Lappas. "Utilisation of poultry industry wastes for liquid biofuel production via thermal and catalytic fast pyrolysis." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 2 (September 25, 2018): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18799870.

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The objective of this study was to examine the potential of poultry wastes to be used as feedstock in non-catalytic and catalytic fast pyrolysis processes, which is a continuation of our previous research on their conversion into biofuel via slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal conversion. Both poultry meal and poultry litter were examined, initially in a fixed bed bench-scale reactor using ZSM-5 and MgO as catalysts. Pyrolysis of poultry meal yielded high amounts of bio-oil, while pyrolysis of poultry litter yielded high amounts of solid residue owing to its high ash content. MgO was found to be more effective for the deoxygenation of bio-oil and reduction of undesirable compounds, by converting mainly the acids in the pyrolysis vapours of poultry meal into aliphatic hydrocarbons. ZSM-5 favoured the formation of both aromatic compounds and undesirable nitrogenous compounds. Overall, all bio-oil samples from the pyrolysis of poultry wastes contained relatively high amounts of nitrogen compared with bio-oils from lignocellulosic biomass, ca. 9 wt.% in the case of poultry meal and ca. 5–8 wt.% in the case of poultry litter. This was attributed to the high nitrogen content of the poultry wastes, unlike that of lignocellulosic biomass. Poultry meal yielded the highest amount of bio-oil and was selected as optimum feedstock to be scaled-up in a semi-pilot scale fluidised bed biomass pyrolysis unit with the ZSM-5 catalyst. Pyrolysis in the fluidised bed reactor was more efficient for deoxygenation of the bio-oil vapours, as evidenced from the lower oxygen content of the bio-oil.

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Chen, Tao, Xiaoke Ku, Jianzhong Lin, and Henrik Ström. "CFD-DEM Simulation of Biomass Pyrolysis in Fluidized-Bed Reactor with a Multistep Kinetic Scheme." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 5358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205358.

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The pyrolysis of biomass in a fluidized-bed reactor is studied by a combination of a CFD-DEM algorithm and a multistep kinetic scheme, where fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, particle collisions, and the detailed thermochemical conversion of biomass are all resolved. The integrated method is validated by experimental results available in literature and a considerable improvement in predicting the pyrolysis product yields is obtained as compared to previous works using a two-fluid model, especially the relative error in the predicted tar yield is reduced by more than 50%. Furthermore, the evolution of light gas, char and tar, as well as the particle conversion, which cannot easily be measured in experiments, are also revealed. Based on the proposed model, the influences of pyrolysis temperature and biomass particle size on the pyrolysis behavior in a fluidized-bed reactor are comprehensively studied. Numerical results show that the new algorithm clearly captures the dependence of char yield on pyrolysis temperature and the influence of heating rate on light gas and tar yields, which is not possible in simulations based on a simplified global pyrolysis model. It is found that, as the temperature rises from 500 to 700 °C, the light gas yield increases from 17% to 25% and char yield decreases from 22% to 14%. In addition, within the tested range of particle sizes (<1 mm), the impact on pyrolysis products from particle size is relatively small compared with that of the operating temperature. The simulations demonstrate the ability of a combined Lagrangian description of biomass particles and a multistep kinetic scheme to improve the prediction accuracy of fluidized-bed pyrolysis.

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Simeiko, K. V. "RESEARCH THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROCESS OF PYROLYSIS OF METHANE IN THE ELECTROTHERMAL FLUIDISED BED." Industrial Heat Engineering 40, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31472/ihe.4.2018.12.

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The main products of high-temperature pyrolysis of methane are carbon and hydrogen. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, pyrocarbon and pyrographite can be used in various industries and energy. Hydrogen is an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly energy carrier. Despite the large number of research works on methane pyrolysis, carrying out of this process in the electrothermal fluidized bed (ETFB) is not studied enough. The purpose of the study is to determine the thermophysical characteristics of the process of methane pyrolysis (the main products of the reaction are hydrogen and pyrocarbon) in reactors with different types of ETFB. The temperature of the complete disposition of methane to carbon and hydrogen is 800 K. This value is based on the thermodynamic calculations. A laboratory and a pilot plant with a different type of ETFB have been created for this process. Experimental studies of the process of methane pyrolysis had been carried out on these plants and experimental data were compared with the calculations. The method which allows to determine the amount of precipitated carbon has been developed. It is based on the gas analysis data. Nusselt's criterion for different types of reactors with ETFB has been calculated. It was showed that electrothermal heating of a fluidized bed of conductive particles is much more efficient than the external electric heating of a fluidized bed. This result is based on previous researches. It is explained by the direct influence of the plasma of microcircuits and by advantages of heat generation directly in the middle of the fluidized bed. Taking into account the obtained results and the specifics of the application of the pyrocarbon coating on dielectric materials, a scheme of a reactor with ETFB, which allows to use both external heating and classical ETFB at the same time, has been developed.

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Fraas, Arthur P. "Using Vibrations in Fluidized Beds." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 01 (January 1, 1998): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-jan-7.

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This article focuses on processes that do not require a high flow rate of sweep gas; the complex-mode vibration-fluidized bed offers lower power needs, attrition rates, and elutriation rates than gas-fluidized beds or rotary kilns. The fluidized solids are induced to flow horizontally by inclining the trough and/or axis of vibration downward in the direction of solids flow. When viewing the operating region through a window in the side wall, the particles in the bed move in unison, like a column of marching soldiers. In light of the complexities and uncertainties in the interaction of adjacent particles in the fluidized bed, the dynamics of a single particle falling on a horizontal plate vibrating along a vertical axis should be considered first. Because the complex-mode vibration-fluidized bed can be tailored for certain applications, a number of projects are currently in the early stages of development. Promising uses include coal pyrolysis to produce fuel for gas turbines in combined-cycle power plants, the manufacture of char for superior activated carbon, recycled synthetic fiber in carpeting, and counterflow heat exchangers.

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Sierra Jimenez, Valentina, Carlos M. Ceballos Marín, and Farid Chejne Janna. "Simulation of thermochemical processes in Aspen Plus as a tool for biorefinery analysis." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 11, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.372.

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The development of tools for the synthesis, design, and optimization of biorefineries requires deep knowledge of the thermochemical processes involved in these schemes. For this project, three models from scientific literature were implemented to simulate the processes: fast pyrolysis in a fluidized bed, fixed-bed, and fluidized-bed gasification using the Aspen PlusTM software. These models allow the user to obtain performance, consumption, and cost parameters necessary for the design and optimization of biorefineries schemes. The fast pyrolysis model encompasses a detailed description of biomass decomposition and kinetics of the process (149 reactions). In the fixed-bed gasification process, seven reactions that model the process have been integrated into two equilibrium reactors that minimize the Gibbs free energy. The model used for fluidized bed gasification considers both hydrodynamic and kinetic parameters, as well as a kinetic model that considers the change in the combustion reaction rate of biomass with oxygen leading to a change in temperature. Due to the complexity and detail of all these models, it was necessary to use FORTRAN subroutines and iterative Excel macros linked to Aspen PlusTM. Finally, the results of each simulation were validated with data from the model sources, as well as experimental results from the literature.

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Williams, P. T., and A. J. Brindle. "Fluidised bed pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of scrap tyres." Environmental Technology 24, no. 7 (July 2003): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330309385629.

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Xu, Tingting, Bo Xiao, Gensheng Fu, Sicheng Yang, and Xun Wang. "Chemical looping hydrogen production with modified iron ore as oxygen carriers using biomass pyrolysis gas as fuel." RSC Advances 9, no. 67 (2019): 39064–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08936e.

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Xiao, Gang, Ming-jiang Ni, He Huang, Yong Chi, Rui Xiao, Zhao-ping Zhong, and Ke-fa Cen. "Fluidized-bed pyrolysis of waste bamboo." Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 8, no. 9 (August 2007): 1495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2007.a1495.

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Simeyko, K. V., A. I. Malinouski, S. O. Karsim, M. A. Sydorenko, A. D. Kustovska, O. O. Liaposhchenko, and S. V. Kupriyanchuk. "INVESTIGATION OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING PYROCARBON IN AN ELECTROTHERMAL FLUIDIZED BED." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.3.2021.03.

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Carbon materials with a wide range of performance properties are used in various science, technology, and industry fields. For example, Pyrocarbon has the prospect of being used in nuclear power engineering, special metallurgy, aerospace technologies, heat exchange equipment, medicine, mechanical engineering, reactor building and other industries. The research described in the article aims to study the process of obtaining pyrocarbon in an electrothermal fluidized bed. The research is based on experimental methods of studying the process of obtaining pyrolytic carbon. Pyrocarbon is precipitated during pyrolysis (thermal destruction) of hydrocarbons in an electrothermal fluidized bed reactor. Natural gas was used as a fluidizing agent, and crushed fine electrode graphite of the GE model was used as a fluidized bed. When producing batches of pyrocarbon material, taking into account that the particle size will increase, these particles were crushed and subsequently used as a fluidized bed, thereby replacing graphite with pyrocarbon. As a result of the experimental studies carried out in the reactor with the electrothermal fluidized bed reactor, the batches of pyrocarbon material that were produced based on artificial graphite were produced. Studies using electron microscopy showed a change in the color and structure of the pyrocarbon coating depending on the processing cycle in the electrothermal fluidized bed reactor at temperatures of 900–1200 °C. Diffractometric analysis showed that pyrocarbon was identified in the treated material. Therefore, the adequacy of the method for calculating the heat balance has been confirmed. Bibl. 36, Fig. 7, Table 1.

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Luo, Jia, Jingwei Chen, and Lei Yi. "CFD-DEM Simulation of Particle Fluidization Behavior and Glycerol Gasification in a Supercritical Water Fluidized Bed." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 7128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197128.

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In this study, a mathematical model of hydrogen production from glycerol gasification in supercritical water was established based on the CFD-DEM method. The fluidization process of a supercritical water fluidized bed and the effects of bed height and feed structure on particle distribution and residence time of feedstock were analyzed. Additionally, the temperature field in the fluidized bed, the reaction rate distribution of each reaction and the influence of wall temperature on gas yields were also studied. The simulation results show that the bubble channel is easy to form along the wall at one side of the feed inlet. When the initial bed height is high, and the double symmetric feed inlet structure is used, the residence time of the feedstock is prolonged. The pyrolysis of glycerol mainly occurs in the middle and lower part of the fluidized bed reactor, and the reaction rate of the water gas shift reaction and methanation reaction are highest near the outlet, and a high wall temperature is conducive to the glycerol gasification.

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IWASAKI, Toshiyuki, Shigeo SATOKAWA, and Toshinori KOJIMA. "Adhesion of Fluidized Bed Particles on Biomass Char in Fluidized Bed Rapid Pyrolysis." Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 92, no. 4 (2013): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.92.327.

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Mazlan, Mohammad Amir Firdaus, Yoshimitsu Uemura, Norridah Osman, and Suzana Yusup. "Review on Pyrolysis of Hardwood Residue to Biofuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.714.

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In Malaysia, approximately 7 million tonne/year of rubber wood waste and 5 million tonne/year of acacia wood waste were generated in 2011. These hardwood residues could be utilized to produce biofuel through pyrolysis process. The aims of the paper are to study the fluidized bed pyrolysis system, determine the properties of pyrolytic bio-oil, and highlight the effect of biomass type, size and pyrolysis temperature on pyrolytic products distribution.

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Mendonça, Bárbara, Diunay Mantegazini, Yuri Nariyoshi, and Marcelo Silveira Bacelos. "Route of biofuel production from macadamia nut shells: effect of parameters on the particles mixing index in fluidized beds." Brazilian Journal of Production Engineering 9, no. 1 (March 28, 2023): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.47456/bjpe.v9i1.40123.

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Pyrolysis of macadamia nut shells (MNS) in a fluidized bed reactor has excellent potential to produce bio-oil. High heat transfer rates and uniform temperature in the fluidized bed can be achieved due to effective gas-solid contact in the reactor. However, binary mixtures can lead to the segregation of particles, which negatively affects heat and mass transfer in such a reactor. Therefore, a 2³ statistical experimental design was used to assess the effects of parameters (i.e., air velocity, particle diameter ratio, and mass fraction of MNS) on the mixing index of the bed of MNS and sand. Among the analyzed factors, only DMNS/DS and V/VMF influenced the mixing index (Im) within a confidence interval of 95%. Based on statistical data analysis, an air velocity 20% above the minimum fluidization and particle diameter ratio (DMNS/DS) smaller than 3 results in uniform particle mixing in the bed (i.e., reaching ideal mixing index values). Moreover, the experimental results indicate that fluidized be used for biofuel production from Macadamia nut Shells.

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Araújo, Bruna Sene Alves, and Kássia Graciele dos Santos. "CFD Simulation of Different Flow Regimes of the Spout Fluidized Bed with Draft Plates." Materials Science Forum 899 (July 2017): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.899.89.

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Spout fluidized bed has shown promising for gas-solid contact operations with and without chemical reactions, such as drying, coating, granulation, gasification, pyrolysis, etc. This is because these beds combine features from both spouted and fluidized beds. The other point is the ability to treat chemical transformations involving both heat and mass transfer in combination with particles of various sizes. Therefore, it is extremely important the knowledge of fluid dynamic of the bed, mainly for scale-up projects, which makes computer simulation an essential tool. Researches using the Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) proved to be very effective in predicting of particles dynamic in this type of bed. In Computation Fluid Dynamics, the two phases are treated as interpenetration continuous, and these phases are described by equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The goal of the present work was to simulate using CFD experimental fluid dynamics data of a spout fluidized bed. Eight distinct flow regimes were identified which showed up in good agreement with the regime map presented in literature. The results showed that the technique was efficient for the simulation of the hydrodynamic of the bed presented.

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Mastellone, Maria Laura, and Umberto Arena. "Bed defluidisation during the fluidised bed pyrolysis of plastic waste mixtures." Polymer Degradation and Stability 85, no. 3 (September 2004): 1051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.04.002.

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Chen, Kuo Wei. "Energy Extraction from Carbon Ash Burning with Fluidized Bed Gasifier." Applied Mechanics and Materials 529 (June 2014): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.529.32.

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Disposal of such high-Oil content (up to 8%-23%) waste (Carbon ash) troubles the Waste tire resource plant. The Fluidized bed Gasifier medium (SiO2 in Common) possesses the strong ability of heat reservation that makes the high-oil content waste pre-drying. In addition, the utilization of absorbed-Molecular sieves can get rid of generated. It is applicable to direct gasification pyrolysis of Carbon ash, Due to its collective characteristics of pre-drying, pyrolysis and clean of pollutant. This research was devoted to study the feasibility for self-sustained combustion of high-oil content ZKHN Waste tire pyrolysis waste by Scrolling-Type Fluidized bed Gasifier. Research results indicate that the suitable for operating temperature is about 370°C with about 150 pa Pressure difference and 82.9% burning efficiency for self-sustained gasification of carbon ash. In other words, the oil content must be controlled below 26%. The volatile gases and organic solvents of participates can be neglected. The emission of CO was an Important issue, but can be suppressed by best regulation some factors that are operating temperature, axial temperature distribution, primary air & excess air. These factors influence the results of this study.

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36

Deguchi, Seiichi, Hitoki Matsuda, Masanobu Hasatani, Bernd Hirschberg, and Joachim Werther. "Spray Pyrolysis in a Circulating Fluidized Bed." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 29, no. 1 (1996): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.29.25.

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Mastellone, M. L., F. Perugini, M. Ponte, and U. Arena. "Fluidized bed pyrolysis of a recycled polyethylene." Polymer Degradation and Stability 76, no. 3 (June 2002): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00052-6.

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38

Kaminsky, W., and A. B. Kummer. "Fluidized bed pyrolysis of digested sewage sludge." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 16, no. 1 (May 1989): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(89)80033-6.

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39

Abbas, Sarah A., Adel A. Eidan, and Assaad Al Sahlani. "Solar Reactor Review." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 671–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400303.

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This research paper presents a detailed review of the recent advances concerned with carrying out efficient solar chemical reactions by reviewing the most recent reactors available in the literature that use solid-gas reactions or pyrolysis processes. Major research groups in solar chemistry design and manufacture a wide range of solar reactor configurations, widths, and sizes, including directly radioactive particles. Solar reactors heat up to 1000℃ and can be utilized to store chemical thermal energy in concentrated solar power facilities (CSP). Reactor efficiency is better in bed reactors notably in rotating pyrolysis, fluidized bed reactors with solid gas, and fixed-bed reactor systems. Finally, their description, schematics, and key performance parameters are presented for chemical reactions.

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Fu, Peng, Zhi He Li, Xue Yuan Bai, and Wei Ming Yi. "Bio-Oil Production from Fast Pyrolysis of Corn Stalk in a Fluidized Bed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.143.

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Fast pyrolysis of corn stalk was performed at temperatures in the range of 450 - 600 °C in a fluidized bed. The chemical composition of bio-oil was analyzed by GC–MS, and its main properties were determined. The results showed that the bio-oil yield increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 450 °C to 500 °C and then declined with a further increase in pyrolysis temperature. The highest bio-oil yield of 43.3wt% was obtained at 500 °C with the dolomite as bed material. The char yield always decreased with the rise of temperature. The major chemical compounds of bio-oil included hydroxyacetone, butanone, acetic acid, propionic acid, ethylene glycol, phenol, etc.

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Baeyens, Jan, Li Shuo, Raf Dewil, Huili Zhang, and Yimin Deng. "Fluidized Bed Technology: Challenges and Perspectives." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 952, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/952/1/012010.

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Abstract Fluidized beds are recognized as important gas-solid contacting technology in chemical synthesis reactors, in combustion/gasification/pyrolysis of coal and biomass, in multiple drying applications, in solar thermal energy capture and storage, and more recently also in the production of hydrogen by either catalytic steam reforming of organic feedstock, or thermal water splitting using oxidation-reduction cycles. Although the process understanding and operational experience has significantly been expanded over the past decades, some challenges remain the be dealt with, as discussed in the paper. These challenges are mostly of gas-solid hydrodynamic nature.

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Wang, Chao, Guan Yi Chen, Wen Chao Ma, Xin Li Zhu, and Yu Wang. "Process Simulation on Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis of Biomass." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 2265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.2265.

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Aspen Plus is a process software with great functions, almost all chemical process could be described by using it. Based on experimental equipment composition and related experimental results, a simulation model of biomass pyrolysis process occurring in a fluidized bed reactor is successfully developed. Via sensitivity analysis on products’ output change along with reaction temperature’s change and analysis of mutual relationship between fractions of product residues, reaction regulation of biomass pyrolysis process could be received. As a result, this model provides a useful description of the process for producing gas, liquid and solid products, however, receiving more data from experiment is the precondition of the simulation model’s optimization.

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Azara, Abir, Jasmin Blanchard, Faroudja Mohellebi, EL Hadi Benyoussef, François Gitzhofer, and Nicolas Abatzoglou. "Production of hydrogen and carbon nanofilaments using a novel reactor configuration: hydrodynamic study and experimental results." ENP Engineering Science Journal 2, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53907/enpesj.v2i2.115.

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A novel reactor configuration combining two beds, a central fluidized bed and an annular mobile bed, was designed for the production of hydrogen and carbon nanofilaments via dry reforming of gases produced from the pyrolysis of plastic waste. This combination allows for easy recovery of these nanomaterials and, since the mixture of catalyst and carbon formed is continuously fluidized, it also prevents blockage. Understanding the hydrodynamics is crucial for choosing the optimal operating conditions. Thus, a cold mock-up unit of the same size has been built and used. Since the gases produced by plastic pyrolysis are mainly composed of unsaturated hydrocarbons, the prototype reactor setup has been operated using ethylene as a surrogate molecule. The preliminary experimental results of the reactor operation with ethylene obtained so far are very promising and confirm the operability of the process. Next step is to operate continuously for longer time and reach a production of 1kg/h of carbon nanofilaments.

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Sutejo, G., N. Dewayanto, E. A. Suyono, and A. Budiman. "Technology Selection of Microalgae Thermochemical Conversion to Bio-Crude Oil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1105, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1105/1/012016.

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Abstract Microalgae as a third-generation biofuel source with various advantages is a potential part of renewable energy resources. Various studies on the conversion process of microalgae into biofuels have been carried out, one of which is the thermochemical process. The thermochemical conversion process is considered better than the biochemical process which has a low conversion rate and higher production costs. Recent researches state that to obtain bio-crude oil from microalgae through a thermochemical process, there are two alternative technologies that can be used, which are pyrolysis and liquefaction. In this research, a selection was made to determine which technology was better using decision making tools of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The evaluation criteria that have been used are technological (readiness level, energy efficiency, pre-treatment process, and product output), operational complexity, environment, and economy (investment cost and operation cost). The alternative technologies evaluated were pyrolysis with bubbling fluidized bed reactor, pyrolysis with circulating fluidized bed reactor, and hydrothermal liquefaction. From the results of pairwise comparisons, the technological criteria had the highest weight (0.343) and hydrothermal liquefaction technology was the best alternative technology among other alternatives (0.420).

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Mtui, P. L. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Palm Fruit Pyrolysis in a Fast Fluidized Bed Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 699 (May 2013): 822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.699.822.

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The palm fruit biomass is introduced into the pyrolysis reactor bed and the transport equations for heat, mass and momentum transfer are solved using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. The Eulerian-Eulerian approach is employed to model fluidizing behavior of the sand for an externally heated reactor prior to the introduction of the biomass. The particle motion in the reactor is computed using the drag laws which depend on the local volume fraction of each phase. Heat transfer from the fluidized bed to the biomass particles together with the pyrolysis reactions were simulated by Fluent CFD code through user-defined function (UDF). Spontaneous production of pyrolysis oil, char and non-condensable gases (NCG) confirm the observation widely reported in literature. The computer model can potentially be used to assess other candidate biomass sources also to assist design of optimized pyrolysis reactors.

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Wu, Guiying, Bangting Yu, Yanjun Guan, Xuehui Wu, Kai Zhang, and Yongli Li. "Mixing Characteristics of Binary Mixture with Biomass in a Gas-Solid Rectangular Fluidized Bed." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 26, 2019): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12102011.

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Aiming to better understand the biomass pyrolysis and gasification processes, a detailed experimental study of the mixing characteristics is conducted in a fluidized bed with binary mixtures. Rapeseed is used as biomass, and silica sand or resin as inert material. The effect of mixture composition, initial packing manner, and superficial gas velocity on the concentration distribution is investigated in a rectangular fluidized bed by means of photography and sampling methods. The results show that the mixture composition plays an important role in the axial solids profile of binary mixtures. The mixing behavior of binary mixture is dominated by the bubble movement. The axial distribution of binary mixtures becomes uniform with increasing superficial gas velocity, whilst no obvious effect of initial packing manner is observed in this study.

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Korányi, Tamás I., Miklós Németh, Andrea Beck, and Anita Horváth. "Recent Advances in Methane Pyrolysis: Turquoise Hydrogen with Solid Carbon Production." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 6342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176342.

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Beside steam reforming, methane pyrolysis is an alternative method for hydrogen production. ‘Turquoise’ hydrogen with solid carbon is formed in the pyrolysis process, contrary to ‘grey’ or ‘blue’ hydrogen via steam methane reforming, where waste carbon dioxide is produced. Thermal pyrolysis is conducted at higher temperatures, but catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM) is a promising route for sustainable hydrogen production. CDM is generally carried out over four types of catalyst: nickel, carbon, noble metal and iron. The applied reactors can be fixed bed, fluidized bed, plasma bed or molten-metal reactors. Two main advantages of CDM are that (i) carbon-oxide free hydrogen, ideal for fuel cell applications, is formed and (ii) the by-product can be tailored into carbon with advanced morphology (e.g., nanofibers, nanotubes). The aim of this review is to reveal the very recent research advances of the last two years achieved in the field of this promising prospective technology.

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48

Predel, M. "Pyrolysis of rape-seed in a fluidised-bed reactor." Bioresource Technology 66, no. 2 (November 1998): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(98)00059-5.

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Schmidt, H., and W. Kaminsky. "Pyrolysis of oil sludge in a fluidised bed reactor." Chemosphere 45, no. 3 (October 2001): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00542-7.

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Kaminsky, Walter. "Chemical recycling of plastics by fluidized bed pyrolysis." Fuel Communications 8 (September 2021): 100023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfueco.2021.100023.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fluidised bed pyrolyser'

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