Journal articles: 'Fluidi Biologici'

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Akkoyun, Fatih, and Adem Özçelik. "A Battery-Powered Fluid Manipulation System Actuated by Mechanical Vibrations." Actuators 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act11050116.

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Miniaturized fluid manipulation systems are an important component of lab-on-a-chip platforms implemented in resourced-limited environments and point-of-care applications. This work aims to design, fabricate, and test a low-cost and battery-operated microfluidic diffuser/nozzle type pump to enable an alternative fluid manipulation solution for field applications. For this, CNC laser cutting and 3D printing are used to fabricate the fluidic unit and casing of the driving module of the system, respectively. This system only required 3.5-V input power and can generate flow rates up to 58 µL/min for water. In addition, this portable pump can manipulate higher viscosity fluids with kinematic viscosities up to 24 mPa·s resembling biological fluids such as sputum and saliva. The demonstrated system is a low-cost, battery-powered, and highly versatile fluid pump that can be adopted in various lab-on-a-chip applications for field deployment and remote applications.

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Walsh, E. J., C. King, R. Grimes, A. Gonzalez, and D. Ciobanu. "Compatibility of Segmenting Fluids in Continuous-Flow Microfluidic PCR." Journal of Medical Devices 1, no. 4 (September 12, 2007): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2812426.

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Continuous flow offers notable advantages over batch processing for analytical applications like gene expression profiling of biological material, which demands very high processing. The technology of choice for future genetic analyzers will most likely use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR); therefore, high-throughput, high-speed PCR devices have raised enormous interest. Continuous-flow, biphasic PCR can meet these requirements but segmenting∕carrier fluids chemically compatible with the PCR are needed. The present paper compares several fluids in terms of compatibility with PCR and fluidic dynamics in a continuous, two-phase flow microfluidic device, and PCR efficiency was assessed quantitatively. The results represent the first step toward rational fluid design for biphasic continuous PCR.

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Ribeiro, J. C., G. Minas, P. Turmezei, R. F. Wolffenbuttel, and J. H. Correia. "A SU-8 fluidic microsystem for biological fluids analysis." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 123-124 (September 2005): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2005.03.032.

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Swain, Michael V. "ROLE OF FLUID ON THE CONTACT DEFORMATION RESPONSE OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 27 (June 11, 2020): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2020.27.0022.

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This paper will focus on the role of fluids on the indentation deformation response of tooth and eye tissues. All natural biological materials contain fluid and function in a fluidic environment, which plays a critical role in responding to loading events as well as tissue nutrition. The location of this fluid varies and is considered as both bound and mobile with much of it located in cell compartments that are also able to respond directly to loading. The extent of the fluid content varies from less than 10 % in the case of the highly mineralised enamel to more than 80 % in the case of soft eye tissues. The role of the fluid and its response during loading is also complicated by the hierarchical structure of biological tissues, be they mineralised or not. The mechanisms by which the presence of fluid in these materials influences the mechanical response is still poorly understood and has not been systematically investigated. The present paper presents data generated over many years on both the above biological tissues and attempts to present indications as to the mechanism(s) by which the presence of fluid contributes to the deformation. The situation associated with contact loading with the presence of mobile fluid in the tissues results in a more complex situation than the classic elastic-plastic contact situation, but the latter still forms the basis for much of the analysis of instrumented indentation force-displacement load-unloading curves using various shapes of indenters, especially for mineralised structures. In the case of soft tissues the absence of agreed protocols for interpretation of force-displacement-time responses is restricting clinical/biological applications.

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Shaw, Julie LV, and Eleftherios P. Diamandis. "Distribution of 15 Human Kallikreins in Tissues and Biological Fluids." Clinical Chemistry 53, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.088104.

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Abstract Background: Kallikreins (KLKs) are a group of 15 secreted serine proteases. Some KLKs are established or candidate cancer biomarkers, but for most the physiological function is unknown. We characterized the protein and mRNA abundance patterns of all 15 KLKs in multiple panels of human tissues and biological fluids. Methods: We used sensitive and specific sandwich-type ELISAs for each KLK. Reverse transcription PCR was used for transcript amplification. Multiple panels of human tissue extracts (adult and fetal) were tested, along with various biological fluids. Results: Quantitative protein expression data on 7 sets of adult and 3 sets of fetal tissues were collected for all 15 KLKs. KLKs were also quantified in the following biological fluids: seminal plasma, breast milk, follicular fluid, breast cyst fluid, breast cancer cytosol, amniotic fluid, ovarian cancer ascites, cerebrospinal fluid, cervicovaginal fluid, and urine. The data were used to generate heat maps of KLK concentrations in tissues and fluids and categorize KLK abundance as highly restricted (KLK2 and KLK3 in prostate), restricted (KLK5 in skin, salivary gland, breast, and esophagus; KLK6 in brain and central nervous system; KLK7 in esophagus, heart, liver, and skin; KLK8 in breast, esophagus, skin, and tonsil; KLK13 in esophagus and tonsil), or wide (KLKs 1, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, and 15). Conclusions: Quantitative KLK concentrations in tissues and fluids aid in the elucidation of KLK function, and coexpression patterns provide clues for KLK participation in proteolytic cascades.

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Nelson, Arif Z., Binu Kundukad, Wai Kuan Wong, Saif A. Khan, and Patrick S. Doyle. "Embedded droplet printing in yield-stress fluids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 11 (March 3, 2020): 5671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919363117.

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Microfluidic tools and techniques for manipulating fluid droplets have become core to many scientific and technological fields. Despite the plethora of existing approaches to fluidic manipulation, non-Newtonian fluid phenomena are rarely taken advantage of. Here we introduce embedded droplet printing—a system and methods for the generation, trapping, and processing of fluid droplets within yield-stress fluids, materials that exhibit extreme shear thinning. This technique allows for the manipulation of droplets under conditions that are simply unattainable with conventional microfluidic methods, namely the elimination of exterior influences including convection and solid boundaries. Because of this, we believe embedded droplet printing approaches an ideal for the experimentation, processing, or observation of many samples in an “absolutely quiescent” state, while also removing some troublesome aspects of microfluidics including the use of surfactants and the complexity of device manufacturing. We characterize a model material system to understand the process of droplet generation inside yield-stress fluids and develop a nascent set of archetypal operations that can be performed with embedded droplet printing. With these principles and tools, we demonstrate the benefits and versatility of our method, applying it toward the diverse applications of pharmaceutical crystallization, microbatch chemical reactions, and biological assays.

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Molina, R., X. Filella, J. Jo, C. Agusti, and A. M. Ballesta. "CA 125 in Biological Fluids." International Journal of Biological Markers 13, no. 4 (October 1998): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460089801300410.

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CA 125 is not a specific tumor marker, and is synthesized by normal and malignant cells of different origin (mainly in tissues derived from the müllerian epithelia) in a similar proportion. Abnormal CA 125 levels may be found in fluids of different origin (ascites, pleura, pericardium, amniotic fluid, cyst fluid, bronchoalveolar fluid, etc.) and in serum from patients with these fluids. Differences in serum CA 125 found in malignant or benign diseases may be related to the number of cells that synthesize the marker, and are highly dependent on the access to serum, where the marker is normally determined. Moreover, CA 125 is a very good tumor marker in ovarian and lung cancer. The sensitivity of CA 125 in ovarian cancer is related to stage (40–95%), histological type (lower levels in mucinous adenocarcinoma), and the marker is useful in the early detection of recurrence (sensitivity 80%) and in therapy monitoring. It's sensitivity in lung cancer is lower than in ovarian cancer, 39% in locoregional malignancies and 69% in metastastatic disease, but clearly related to stage and histology (mainly in adenocarcinomas and large cell lung cancer) and it is useful in prognosis and disease monitoring.

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Li, Suyi, and K. W. Wang. "On the dynamic characteristics of biological inspired multicellular fluidic flexible matrix composite structures." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 23, no. 3 (October 10, 2011): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x11424218.

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The objective of this research is to explore the dynamic characteristics of a multicellular fluidic flexible matrix composite (F2MC) structure. F2MC is a novel composite idea inspired by the fibrillar organizations of plant cell walls. Previous work on F2MC has mostly focused on single cell studies and on its static or quasi-static characteristics. The F2MC dynamic characteristics with interaction between cells through a flow circuit have not yet been investigated. When under external load, a network of F2MC cells with different fiber angles will generate pressure gradient and induce internal fluid flows. Therefore, the working fluids and flow port can be selected/designed for new types of functionality. An analytical model, incorporating the flow port characteristics with the cell structural dynamics, is developed and analyzed. Experimental investigations are also performed. It is shown that a dual F2MC cellular structure can be used as a vibration absorber and as an enhanced actuator with higher actuation authority compared to a single F2MC cell in a designated frequency band. These features are studied in correlation to the various system parameters, such as the fiber composite parameters, flow port parameters, and working fluid effective bulk modulus.

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Toma, Milan, Rosalyn Chan-Akeley, Jonathan Arias, Gregory D. Kurgansky, and Wenbin Mao. "Fluid–Structure Interaction Analyses of Biological Systems Using Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics." Biology 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10030185.

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Due to the inherent complexity of biological applications that more often than not include fluids and structures interacting together, the development of computational fluid–structure interaction models is necessary to achieve a quantitative understanding of their structure and function in both health and disease. The functions of biological structures usually include their interactions with the surrounding fluids. Hence, we contend that the use of fluid–structure interaction models in computational studies of biological systems is practical, if not necessary. The ultimate goal is to develop computational models to predict human biological processes. These models are meant to guide us through the multitude of possible diseases affecting our organs and lead to more effective methods for disease diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapy. This review paper summarizes computational models that use smoothed-particle hydrodynamics to simulate the fluid–structure interactions in complex biological systems.

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Terekhina, N. A., S. E. Reuk, and T. I. Atamanova. "Comparative analysis of ceruloplasmin level in biological fluids at herpes infection." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 5 (October 15, 2013): 752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1936.

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Aim. To compare the levels of ceruloplasmin in tears, saliva and blood serum of patients with herpetic stomatitis and eye herpes to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Methods. Ceruloplasmin levels were determined in tears, saliva and blood serum of 30 children, 22 adult patients with herpetic keratitis and 27 children with acute herpetic stomatitis. Biological fluids of 62 healthy individuals were used as the control group. Results. In patients with eye herpes infection, сeruloplasmin levels increased in oral fluid and blood serum and markedly decreased in tears of both affected and intact eye. Ceruloplasmin levels in biological fluids normalized only among children with light forms of eye herpes at discharge. In the case of acute herpetic stomatitis, ceruloplasmin levels increased in oral fluid and blood serum, depending on the severity of the disease. After the treatment, ceruloplasmin levels in tears, oral fluid and blood plasma normalized only in children with dendritic ulcer (herpes epithelial keratitis), while in adult patients with chronic relapsing eye herpes and in children with highly invasive eye herpes ceruloplasmin levels did not normalize. Conclusion. In the case of infection detected multidirectional ceruloplasmin levels in tears, oral fluids and blood serum changes were found in patients with herpes. Ceruloplasmin level decreased in tears, and increased in blood serum and oral fluid.

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Talalay, Pavel, Zhengyi Hu, Huiwen Xu, Dahui Yu, Lili Han, Junjie Han, and Lili Wang. "Environmental considerations of low-temperature drilling fluids." Annals of Glaciology 55, no. 65 (2014): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014aog65a226.

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AbstractThe introduction of low-temperature fluid into boreholes drilled in ice sheets helps to remove drilling cuttings and to prevent borehole closure through visco-plastic deformation. Only special fluids, or mixtures of fluids, can satisfy the very strict criteria for deep drilling in cold ice. The effects of drilling fluid on the natural environment are analyzed from the following points of view: (1) occupational safety and health; (2) ozone depletion and global warming; (3) chemical pollution; and (4) biological pollution. Traditional low-temperature drilling fluids (kerosene-based fluids with density additives, ethanol and n-butyl acetate) cannot be qualified as intelligent choices from the safety, environmental and technological standpoints. This paper introduces a new type of low-temperature drilling fluid composed of synthetic ESTISOLTM esters, which are non-hazardous substances. ESTISOLTM 140 mixtures with ESTISOLTM 165 or ESTISOLTM F2887 have an acceptable density and viscosity at low temperature. To avoid the potential for biological contamination of the subglacial environment, the borehole drilling fluid should be treated carefully on the surface.

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Dhayal, Marshal, Chealho So, Jeong Sik Choi, and Jin Jun. "Control of Bio-MEMS Surface Chemical Properties in Micro Fluidic Devices for Biological Applications." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 3494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.17968.

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Surface chemistry of silicon/glass based bio-MEMS was controlled by depositing plasma polymerized acrylic acid (ppAc) films at two different electrode positions in a two-stage plasma reactor. AFM and XPS were used to characterize the surface roughness and surface chemistry of the films, respectively. The surface of bio-MEMS was highly functionalized with carboxylic/ester functionalities with a very good surface uniformity. The proportion of carbon atoms as C–OX, C(=O)OX functionalities was decreased and an increase in C=O functionalities was observed when the electrode position was increased from the mesh. These functionalized bio-MEMS devices have advantages in fabrication of reusable micro fluidic devices and the variation of fluid velocity by changing the surface properties may be used to develop a micro-mixing system to control the mixing ratio of different fluids for different biological and chemical applications.

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Li, Feng, Niall P. Macdonald, Rosanne M. Guijt, and Michael C. Breadmore. "Multimaterial 3D Printed Fluidic Device for Measuring Pharmaceuticals in Biological Fluids." Analytical Chemistry 91, no. 3 (December 4, 2018): 1758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03772.

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Hinghofer-Szalkay, H. "Volume and density changes of biological fluids with temperature." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 6 (December 1, 1985): 1686–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.6.1686.

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High-precision (10(-5) g/ml) mass density measurements on human blood, plasma, plasma ultrafiltrate (using PM-10 membranes), and erythrocyte concentrate samples were performed with the mechanical oscillator technique. Measurement temperatures varied between 4 and 48 degrees C and were accurate to +/- 1 X 10(-2) K. The coefficient of thermal expansion (beta), defined as relative volume change with temperature, was calculated. It was shown that beta increases with temperature in these fluid samples over the entire temperature range investigated; the magnitude of this increase declines with increasing temperature; beta increases with density at temperatures below 40 degrees C but is independent of density above 40 degrees C; and the beta of the intracellular fluid has about twice the value of the beta for extracellular fluid at low (4–10 degrees C) temperatures but is equal for both fluids at greater than or equal to 40 degrees C. The mechanical oscillator technique provides data with an accuracy sufficient to perform precise (10(-5) K) calculations of beta of small volumes of biological fluids.

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Shatokhina, Svetlana N., Vadim V. Zar, Mikhail V. Zar, and Vladimir N. Shabalin. "Structural features of non-cellular tissues of the human body during ochronosis." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 27, no. 4 (December 26, 2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto46934.

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With the help of special methods of dehydration, the features of the structural organization of the solid phase of biological fluids of a patient with a rare genetic disease ochronosis were revealed. Three biological fluids were taken as material for the study: urine, blood serum, and synovial fluid. For the transfer of biological fluids into a solid phase, the methods of cuneiform and marginal dehydration (technology Litos-System) were used. The structure of the solid phase of biological fluids was studied using stereomicroscopy in white and polarized light, as well as in a dark field. It was found that the structures of the solid phase of biological fluids reflect the main clinical signs of ochronosis, and also contains information about concomitant pathological processes. Specific structures of the solid phase of patients with ochronosis can be used as diagnostic markers of this disease.

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Li, Chuanbin, Boyang Qin, Arvind Gopinath, Paulo E. Arratia, Becca Thomases, and Robert D. Guy. "Flagellar swimming in viscoelastic fluids: role of fluid elastic stress revealed by simulations based on experimental data." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 135 (October 2017): 20170289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0289.

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Many important biological functions depend on microorganisms' ability to move in viscoelastic fluids such as mucus and wet soil. The effects of fluid elasticity on motility remain poorly understood, partly because the swimmer strokes depend on the properties of the fluid medium, which obfuscates the mechanisms responsible for observed behavioural changes. In this study, we use experimental data on the gaits of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii swimming in Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids as inputs to numerical simulations that decouple the swimmer gait and fluid type in order to isolate the effect of fluid elasticity on swimming. In viscoelastic fluids, cells employing the Newtonian gait swim faster but generate larger stresses and use more power, and as a result the viscoelastic gait is more efficient. Furthermore, we show that fundamental principles of swimming based on viscous fluid theory miss important flow dynamics: fluid elasticity provides an elastic memory effect that increases both the forward and backward speeds, and (unlike purely viscous fluids) larger fluid stress accumulates around flagella moving tangent to the swimming direction, compared with the normal direction.

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Chaulin, A. M., L. S. Karslyan, E. V. Bazyuk, D. A. Nurbaltaeva, and D. V. Duplyakov. "Clinical and Diagnostic Value of Cardiac Markers in Human Biological Fluids." Kardiologiia 59, no. 11 (December 15, 2019): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2019.11.n414.

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The article is devoted to problems of clinical-diagnostic value of determination of cardio-specific troponins in human biological fluids. Improvement of laboratory instrumentation and emergence of high sensitivity methods of analysis have allowed to identify troponins in urine, dialysate, and oral fluid. In the review we present actual information related to measurement of troponins in blood serum, data on testing of cardio-specific troponins in urine, dialysate, and oral fluid. Special attention is paid to determination of some cardiomarkers in oral fluid with thorough analysis of diagnostic value and effectiveness of the conducted studies.

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Bartsch de Torres, Heike, Christian Rensch, Torsten Thelemann, J. Müller, and M. Hoffmann. "Fully Integrated Bridge-Type Anemometer in LTCC-Based Microfluidic Systems." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.401.

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A thick film anemometer for in situ control of the flow rate in fluidic systems was designed, manufactured and characterized. The sensor is integrated in a retention modulus consisting of Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC). These materials allow the cost-effective realisation of fluidic microsystems with integrated electronics. The challenge of the work is to design an anemometer under the exclusive use of thick film technologies. The necessity to trim resistors causes the external use of relevant pastes. Therefore, the use inside of a closed fluidic system requires the leak of process gases and, at the same time, a maximal heat-insulating of the sensor element from the substrate. Free-standing elements necessitate the control of stress due to shrinking mismatch, TCE mismatch, density gradients and deformation during the lamination. In the presented solution, embossed flue channels prevent blow forming on a free-standing bridge. The anemometer has a linear sensor characteristic for flow rates up to 0.1 ml/min. The layout guarantees that the fluid gets only in contact with the basic ceramic material, which is compatible with a wide range of biological substances. Therefore the sensor is applicable in contact with cell fluids or PCRreagents.

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Michetti, Fabrizio, and Diego Gazzolo. "S100B Protein in Biological Fluids: A Tool for Perinatal Medicine." Clinical Chemistry 48, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 2097–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.12.2097.

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Abstract The diagnosis of perinatal insults currently relies on adequate documentation of general medical and obstetric factors and on radiologic and laboratory assessments. The measurement of brain constituents such as S100B protein may offer an alternative and direct indicator of cell damage in the nervous system when clinical and radiologic assessments are still silent and has the additional advantage of providing a quantitative indicator of the extent of brain lesions. S100B protein has been measured by several immunoassays in biological fluids (i.e., cerebrospinal fluid, blood, amniotic fluid, and urine) from fetuses and newborns at high risk of perinatal brain damage. S100B protein in biological fluids increased at an early stage when standard monitoring procedures were still silent in the study populations that later developed brain damage. S100B concentration was also significantly correlated with the extent of brain lesions. S100B protein appears to satisfy the criteria for a marker for brain injuries in perinatal medicine: (a) simple to perform measurements with good reproducibility; (b) detection in a variety of biological fluids, possibly reducing perinatal stress related to testing; (c) possible use in longitudinal monitoring because of its 1-h half-life; and (d) well-established use as an early and quantitative marker of brain lesions/damage. Finally, because of the neurotrophic role putatively played by S100B, its measurement in biological fluids at pre-/perinatal ages makes it a candidate for the laboratory evaluation of brain maturation.

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Ikeda, Mayumi, Yu Ishima, Victor T. G. Chuang, Maki Sakai, Hiroki Osafune, Hidenori Ando, Taro Shimizu, et al. "Distribution of Polysulfide in Human Biological Fluids and Their Association with Amylase and Sperm Activities." Molecules 24, no. 9 (April 30, 2019): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091689.

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Intracellular polysulfide could regulate the redox balance via its anti-oxidant activity. However, the existence of polysulfide in biological fluids still remains unknown. Recently, we developed a quantitative analytical method for polysulfide and discovered that polysulfide exists in plasma and responds to oxidative stress. In this study, we confirmed the presence of polysulfide in other biological fluids, such as semen and nasal discharge. The levels of polysulfide in these biological fluids from healthy volunteers (n = 9) with identical characteristics were compared. Additionally, the circadian rhythm of plasma polysulfide was also investigated. The polysulfide levels detected from nasal discharge and seminal fluid were approximately 400 and 600 μM, respectively. No correlation could be found between plasma polysulfide and the polysulfide levels of tear, saliva, and nasal discharge. On the other hand, seminal polysulfide was positively correlated with plasma polysulfide, and almost all polysulfide contained in semen was found in seminal fluid. Intriguingly, saliva and seminal polysulfide strongly correlated with salivary amylase and sperm activities, respectively. These results provide a foundation for scientific breakthroughs in various research areas like infertility and the digestive system process.

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Dhayal, Marshal, Jeong Sik Choi, and Cheal Ho So. "Biological fluid interaction with controlled surface properties of organic micro-fluidic devices." Vacuum 80, no. 8 (June 2006): 876–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2005.11.068.

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Nikolof, Todd, Mahesh Prakash, Paul W. Cleary, and Joseph Bertolini. "Fluid flow in a spiral device used for irradiation of biological fluids." Biotechnology Progress 29, no. 2 (February 13, 2013): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/btpr.1676.

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Luo, Nianan, Jiangbin Li, Rui Dong, and Jianguo Lu. "Exosome-Based Theranostics for Liver Diseases." Disease Markers 2022 (November 2, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7888906.

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Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that can be secreted by any type of cell, released into almost all biological fluids, and extracted from anybody fluid such as blood, urine, saliva, and amniotic fluid. The theranostic role of exosome in liver diseases has been widely studied in recent years. In this review, we briefly introduce the biological characteristics of exosomes and then focus on the theranostics of exosomes in liver diseases, specifically gene delivery associated with liver diseases.

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Sùrensen, Per Soelberg. "Biological markers in body fluids for activity and progression in multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 5, no. 4 (August 1999): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135245859900500416.

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Reliable biological markers in body fluids for disease activity and progression are important for our understanding of the pathophysiology and therapeutic decisions in various subtypes of multiple sclerosis. Sampling from body fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and urine constitutes the problem that the local immuno-inflammatory process takes place in the central nervous system whereas the disease activity is only to some extent reflected in the systemic immune compartment. Promising results have been obtained in studies of adhesion molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules and neopterin as markers of disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. However, these results apply to groups of patients but not necessarily to individual patients. Currently no single body fluid marker is sufficiently correlated to disease activity to be used in the individual patient in monitoring disease activity, progression, or therapeutic effects.

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Ванеев, А. Н., A. В. Алова, А. С. Ерофеев, П. В. Горелкин, А. Д. Алексашкин, О. В. Безнос, Н. Б. Чеснокова, et al. "Определение активных форм кислорода в биологических жидкостях с помощью платинового наноэлектрода амперометрическим методом." НАНОМЕДИЦИНА, no. 6 (September 28, 2018): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24075/vrgmu.2018.045.

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Активные формы кислорода (АФК) являются жизненно необходимыми метаболитами в многочисленных биологических функциях. Нарушение клеточных механизмов может привести к перепроизводству АФК и вызвать окислительное повреждение ДНК, белков, клеток и тканей, которое связано с патогенезом ряда нейродегенеративных и воспалительных заболеваний. Понимание взаимосвязи между уровнем АФК и этими нарушениями важно при разработке методов лечения для борьбы с окислительным стрессом. Целью работы было использование разработанного нами метода определения АФК в биологических жидкостях, а именно в слезе и внутриглазной жидкости, с помощью стабильного платинового наноэлектрода, позволяющего оценивать уровень пероксида водорода (H2O2) вплоть до 1 мкМ, а также изучение динамики изменения уровня H2O2 при антиоксидантной терапии. Показано влияние наночастиц супероксиддисмутазы (СОД) на уровень АФК в биологических жидкостях. После закапывания наночастиц СОД происходило увеличение уровня H2O2 в слезе через 10 и 30 мин. В случае с внутриглазной жидкостью рост концентрации H2O2 начинается только спустя 30 мин после закапывания, что свидетельствует о постепенном проникновении наночастиц во внутренние структуры глаза. Использование метода представляется эффективным для диагностики и контроля лечения глазных заболеваний.

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Shepard, Robin N., Jody Schock, Kevin Robertson, Diane C. Shugars, John Dyer, Pietro Vernazza, Colin Hall, Myron S. Cohen, and Susan A. Fiscus. "Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Different Biological Compartments." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 4 (2000): 1414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.4.1414-1418.2000.

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Little information is available describing viral loads in body fluids other than blood. In addition, the suitability of commercially available assays for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA quantitation has not been evaluated in most nonblood fluids. We compared Organon Teknika's nucleic acid sequence-based amplification method (NASBA) and Roche's Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor (reverse transcriptase PCR [RT-PCR]) for quantitating HIV-1 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, breast milk, seminal plasma, and cervical-vaginal lavage fluid (CVL). Saliva and breast milk frequently demonstrated some inhibition in the RT-PCR assay, similar to the inhibition previously described in seminal plasma. Inhibition of the RT-PCR assay was not observed with CSF or CVL, nor in any of the NASBA assays. When fluids from HIV-infected individuals were tested by RT-PCR and NASBA, 73 and 27% of CSF samples and 60 and 40% of breast milk specimens had detectable RNA, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. In cross-sectional studies using RT-PCR to measure viral RNA in paired blood plasma and CSF samples, 71% of blood plasma samples and 42% of CSF samples were positive. A similar analysis using NASBA with paired blood plasma and CVL, saliva, or seminal plasma samples revealed 91% were blood plasma positive and 55% were CVL positive, 76% were blood plasma positive and 46% were saliva positive, and 83% were blood plasma positive and 63% were seminal plasma positive. NASBA worked fairly well to quantitate HIV-1 RNA from all fluids without apparent inhibition. RT-PCR performed well on CVL and CSF, frequently with greater sensitivity, although its use in other fluids appears limited due to the presence of inhibitors. These studies demonstrate that viral loads in nonblood fluids were generally lower than in blood.

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Dollet, Benjamin, Philippe Marmottant, and Valeria Garbin. "Bubble Dynamics in Soft and Biological Matter." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 51, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010518-040352.

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Bubbles are present in a large variety of emerging applications, from advanced materials to biology and medicine, as either laser-generated or acoustically driven bubbles. In these applications, the bubbles undergo oscillatory dynamics and collapse inside—or near—soft and biological materials. The presence of a soft, viscoelastic medium strongly affects the bubble dynamics, both its linear resonance properties and its nonlinear behavior. Surfactant molecules or solid particles adsorbed on a bubble surface can also modify the bubble dynamics through the rheological properties of the interfacial layer. Furthermore, the interaction of bubbles with biological cells and tissues is highly dependent on the mechanical properties of these soft deformable media. This review covers recent developments in bubble dynamics in soft and biological matter for different confinement conditions: bubbles in a viscoelastic medium, coated by a viscoelastic layer, or in the vicinity of soft confinement or objects. The review surveys current work in the field and illustrates open questions for future research.

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Song, Peng Yun, and Ai Lin Ma. "The Concept and the Contents of Process Fluid Mechanics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 723 (January 2015): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.723.194.

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Fluid mechanics is the mechanics of fluids, concerned with the motion of fluids and the forces associated with that motion. A Process is a series of operations which produce a physical or chemical change or biotransformation in the nature of a material. Process industries are those industries in which processes have been taken placed. Process engineering stems from chemical engineering, having much wider ranges and much deep content, and focusing on the design, operation and maintenance of process in process industries. Process fluid mechanics may be interpreted as the fluid mechanics related to process industries and/or process engineering, or as the fluid mechanics used for the process industries or process engineering, or as the knowledge of fluid mechanics should be mastered by the process engineers and process researchers or process scientists. Process fluid mechanics can be divided into physical process fluid mechanics, chemical process fluid mechanics, and biological process fluid mechanics.

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Sun, Baichuan, Jiang Peng, Shoufeng Wang, Xuejian Liu, Kaihong Zhang, Zengzeng Zhang, Chong Wang, Xiaoguang Jing, Chengfu Zhou, and Yu Wang. "Applications of stem cell-derived exosomes in tissue engineering and neurological diseases." Reviews in the Neurosciences 29, no. 5 (July 26, 2018): 531–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0059.

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Abstract Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters of 30–100 nm that are key for intercellular communication. Almost all types of cell, including dendritic cells, T cells, mast cells, epithelial cells, neuronal cells, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and platelets, can release exosomes. Exosomes are present in human body fluids, such as urine, amniotic fluid, malignant ascites, synovial fluid, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, saliva, and blood. Exosomes have biological functions in immune response, antigen presentation, intercellular communication, and RNA and protein transfer. This review provides a brief overview of the origin, morphological characteristics, enrichment and identification methods, biological functions, and applications in tissue engineering and neurological diseases of exosomes.

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Palchetti, S., D. Pozzi, M. Mahmoudi, and G. Caracciolo. "Exploitation of nanoparticle–protein corona for emerging therapeutic and diagnostic applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 25 (2016): 4376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb01095d.

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Exposure of nanoparticles (NPs) to biological fluids (e.g., plasma, interstitial fluid, and cytoplasm) leads to the absorption of proteins on the NP surface, forming a protein corona (PC) that drastically influences the NP physicochemical properties.

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Borůvková, K., T. Bakalova, L. Voleský, and P. Louda. "The Influence of Nanoadditives on the Biological Properties and Chemical Composition of Process Fluids." Advances in Materials Science 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2015-0023.

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Abstract In this study process fluids were tested after the addition of nanoparticles. Cooling and lubricating process fluids are used in machining to reduce wear on tools, to increase machine performance and to improve product quality. The use of process fluids leads to their pollution and contamination. Nanoparticles were added to the process fluids in order to increase their antibacterial activity. The selected nanoparticles were nanoparticles of metallic silver. The process fluids were modified by the addition of silver nitrate and ascorbic acid. Reduction of silver nanoparticles in the volume of the fluid was achieved using UV. The modified fluids were tested for their cytotoxicity and changes in chemical composition. The cytotoxicity of process fluids was tested for the purpose of verifying whether the process fluids, which are in direct contact with the skin of the operator, affect the health of the operator. The cytotoxicity of the process fluids was tested on human fibroblast cells. Fibroblasts are the basic cells of fibrous tissue. The cytotoxicity was tested by measuring the cell viability and using XTT. Analysis of chemical composition was performed for the purpose of determining the individual substances in the process fluids and their chemical stability. Qualitative analysis of the process fluids was performed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC - MS).

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Wieslander, Anders, Torbjörn Linden, Barbara Musi, Ola Carlsson, and Reinhold Deppisch. "Biological Significance of Reducing Glucose Degradation Products in Peritoneal Dialysis Fluids." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 20, no. 5_suppl (December 2000): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080002005s05.

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Carbohydrates are not stable when exposed to energy; they degrade into new molecules. In peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids, degradation of glucose occurs during the heat sterilization procedure. The biological consequences of this degradation are side effects such as impaired proliferation and impaired host defense mechanisms, demonstrated in vitro for a great variety of cells. Several highly toxic compounds—such as formaldehyde and 3-deoxyglucosone—have been identified in PD fluids. Carbonyl compounds, apart from being cytotoxic, are also well-known promoters of irreversible advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which might participate in the long-term remodeling of the peritoneal membrane. Various approaches can be used to reduce the formation of glucose degradation products (GDPs) during heat sterilization. Some examples are shortening the sterilization time, lowering the pH, removing catalyzing substances, and increasing glucose concentration. The latter three factors are employed in the multi-compartment bag with a separate chamber containing pure glucose at high concentration and low pH. Gambrosol trio, a PD fluid produced in this way, shows reduced cytotoxicity, normalized host defense reactions, less AGE formation, and reduced concentrations of formaldehyde and 3-deoxyglucosone. Moreover, in the clinical situation, the fluid turns out to be more biocompatible for the patient, causing less mesothelial cell damage, which in the long term could lead to a more intact peritoneal membrane. Conclusion Glucose degradation products in heat-sterilized fluids for peritoneal dialysis are cytotoxic, promote AGE formation, and cause negative side effects for the patient. Using improved and well-controlled manufacturing processes, it is possible to produce sterile PD fluids with glucose as the osmotic agent but without the negative side effects related to GDPs.

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Wu, Chenjun, Qingxu Zhang, Xinpeng Fan, Yihu Song, and Qiang Zheng. "Magnetorheological elastomer peristaltic fluid conveying system for non-Newtonian fluids with an analogic moisture loss process." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 13 (June 4, 2019): 2013–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19853625.

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A magnetorheological elastomer peristaltic fluid conveying system consisting of a magnetorheological elastomer tube and two electromagnets implements controlled movements via an external magnetic field with varying periods of driving voltages to convey non-Newtonian fluids over a certain time period. The effects of backpressure at the outlet of the magnetorheological elastomer peristaltic fluid conveying system, the viscosity of fluids at zero shear rate, and moisture loss along the longitudinal direction on net pumped volume are investigated systematically. The results demonstrate that the net pumped volume declines linearly with backpressure under all driving voltage periods. An improvement of the viscosity of fluids at zero shear rate allows at first the decrease, then the increase, and finally the decrease of the net pumped volume. Moisture loss plays a second role in the net pumped volume and the change of the fluid viscosity profile. The compression of the magnetorheological elastomer tube, the maximum shear stress, and the maximum von Mises stress in the magnetorheological elastomer peristaltic fluid conveying system are investigated to evaluate the magneto-fluid-structure interaction. This research offers a new approach to biological fluid conveying with an analogic moisture loss process.

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D'Alessandro, Annamaria, Domenico Ciavardelli, Anna Pastore, Germana Giannone, Giada Del Baldo, Andrea Carai, Angela Mastronuzzi, Andrea Onetti Muda, and Ottavia Porzio. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of AFP and hCG: Validation of the Analytical Method and Application in the Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors." Diagnostics 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11111980.

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The determination of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) and Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) levels on serum and amniotic fluid plays a fundamental role in the diagnosis and follow-up of specific physiological or pathological conditions (e.g., pregnancy, threat of abortion or germ cell tumors). Recently, the quantification of hCG and AFP in other biological fluids has gained great attention to support the diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of neoplastic diseases deriving from trophoblastic cells, such as germinomas. Most of the commercial kits for hCG and AFP assays are developed to be used on biological fluids such as serum/plasma and/or urine by manufacturing companies. The aim of this work was to evaluate the suitability of the analytical method certified for the use on serum, and/or amniotic fluid for the quantification of hCG and AFP in cerebrospinal fluid, carrying out an internal validation protocol. The data reported here show that the automated immunochemical method is fit for quantification of hCG and AFP in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), allowing selective and specific diagnosis of secreting germ cell tumors. This is confirmed by the positive correlation between elevated levels of hCG or AFP and the diagnosis of brain tumors.

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Vaneev, A. N., A. V. Alova, A. S. Erofeev, P. V. Gorelkin, A. D. Aleksashkin, O. V. Beznos, N. B. Chesnokova, et al. "Detecting reactive oxygen species in biological fluids by platinum nanoelectrode applying amperometric method." NANOMEDICINE, no. 6 (September 28, 2018): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24075/brsmu.2018.045.

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are vital metabolites in numerous biological functions. Disorders of cellular mechanisms can cause overproduction of ROS and, subsequently, oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, cells and tissues, which is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. Development of highly sensitive, relatively simple and fast-to-implement innovative methods to detect oxidative stress requires understanding of how such disorders relate to the level of ROS. This research aimed to apply the biological fluids' ROS detection method we have developed (using the stable platinum nanoelectrode that allows assessing the level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) down to 1 μM) and determine the level of H2O2 in lacrimal and intraocular fluids of rabbits, as well as to investigate how the level of H2O2 changes under the influence of antioxidant therapy. The effect superoxide dismutase (SOD) nanoparticles produce on biological fluids' ROS level was shown. The level of H2O2 in lacrimal fluid increased 10 and 30 min after instillation of SOD nanoparticles. As for the intraocular fluid, H2O2 concentration starts to grow only 30 min after instillation of SOD nanoparticles, which suggests that the they penetrate the internal structures of the eye gradually. The method seems to be of value in the context of eye diseases diagnosing and treatment.

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Winskas, John T., Hao Wang, Arsenii Zhdanov, Surya Cheemalapati, Andrew Deonarine, Sandy Westerheide, and Anna Pyayt. "Different Regimes of Opto-fluidics for Biological Manipulation." Micromachines 10, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10120802.

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Metallic structures can be used for the localized heating of fluid and the controlled generation of microfluidic currents. Carefully designed currents can move and trap small particles and cells. Here we demonstrate a new bi-metallic substrate that allows much more powerful micro-scale manipulation. We show that there are multiple regimes of opto-fluidic manipulation that can be controlled by an external laser power. While the lowest power does not affect even small objects, medium power can be used for efficiently capturing and trapping particles and cells. Finally, the high-power regime can be used for 3D levitation that, for the first time, has been demonstrated in this paper. Additionally, we demonstrate opto-fluidic manipulation for an extraordinarily dynamic range of masses extending eight orders of magnitude: from 80 fg nano-wires to 5.4 µg live worms.

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Chen, Dilin, Jie Li, Haiwen Chen, Lai Zhang, Hongna Zhang, and Yu Ma. "Electroosmotic Flow Behavior of Viscoelastic LPTT Fluid in a Microchannel." Micromachines 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10120881.

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In many research works, the fluid medium in electroosmosis is considered to be a Newtonian fluid, while the polymer solutions and biological fluids used in biomedical fields mostly belong to the non-Newtonian category. Based on the finite volume method (FVM), the electroosmotic flow (EOF) of viscoelastic fluids in near-neutral (pH = 7.5) solution considering four ions (K+, Cl−, H+, OH−) is numerically studied, as well as the viscoelastic fluids’ flow characteristics in a microchannel described by the Linear Phan-Thien–Tanner (LPTT) constitutive model under different conditions, including the electrical double layer (EDL) thickness, the Weissenberg number (Wi), the viscosity ratio and the polymer extensibility parameters. When the EDL does not overlap, the velocity profiles for both Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids are plug-like and increase sharply near the charged wall. Compared with Newtonian fluid at Wi = 3, the viscoelastic fluid velocity increases by 5 times and 9 times, respectively, under the EDL conditions of kH = 15 and kH = 250, indicating the shear thinning behavior of LPTT fluid. Shear stress obviously depends on the viscosity ratio and different Wi number conditions. The EOF is also enhanced by the increase (decrease) in polymer extensibility parameters (viscosity ratio). When the extensibility parameters are large, the contribution to velocity is gradually weakened.

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Weber, Jessica A., David H. Baxter, Shile Zhang, David Y. Huang, Kuo How Huang, Ming Jen Lee, David J. Galas, and Kai Wang. "The MicroRNA Spectrum in 12 Body Fluids." Clinical Chemistry 56, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 1733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.147405.

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BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that play an important role in regulating various biological processes through their interaction with cellular messenger RNAs. Extracellular miRNAs in serum, plasma, saliva, and urine have recently been shown to be associated with various pathological conditions including cancer. METHODS With the goal of assessing the distribution of miRNAs and demonstrating the potential use of miRNAs as biomarkers, we examined the presence of miRNAs in 12 human body fluids and urine samples from women in different stages of pregnancy or patients with different urothelial cancers. Using quantitative PCR, we conducted a global survey of the miRNA distribution in these fluids. RESULTS miRNAs were present in all fluids tested and showed distinct compositions in different fluid types. Several of the highly abundant miRNAs in these fluids were common among multiple fluid types, and some of the miRNAs were enriched in specific fluids. We also observed distinct miRNA patterns in the urine samples obtained from individuals with different physiopathological conditions. CONCLUSIONS MicroRNAs are ubiquitous in all the body fluid types tested. Fluid type–specific miRNAs may have functional roles associated with the surrounding tissues. In addition, the changes in miRNA spectra observed in the urine samples from patients with different urothelial conditions demonstrates the potential for using concentrations of specific miRNAs in body fluids as biomarkers for detecting and monitoring various physiopathological conditions.

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Goldstein, Raymond E. "Green Algae as Model Organisms for Biological Fluid Dynamics." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 47, no. 1 (January 3, 2015): 343–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141426.

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Hanson, Erin K., and Jack Ballantyne. "Rapid and inexpensive body fluid identification by RNA profiling-based multiplex High Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis." F1000Research 2 (December 20, 2013): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-281.v1.

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Positive identification of the nature of biological material present on evidentiary items can be crucial for understanding the circumstances surrounding a crime. However, traditional protein-based methods do not permit the identification of all body fluids and tissues, and thus molecular based strategies for the conclusive identification of all forensically relevant biological fluids and tissues need to be developed. Messenger RNA (mRNA) profiling is an example of such a molecular-based approach. Current mRNA body fluid identification assays involve capillary electrophoresis (CE) or quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) platforms, each with its own limitations. Both platforms require the use of expensive fluorescently labeled primers or probes. CE-based assays require separate amplification and detection steps thus increasing the analysis time. For qRT-PCR assays, only 3-4 markers can be included in a single reaction since each requires a different fluorescent dye.To simplify mRNA profiling assays, and reduce the time and cost of analysis, we have developed single- and multiplex body fluid High Resolution Melt (HRM) assays for the identification of common forensically relevant biological fluids and tissues. The incorporated biomarkers include IL19 (vaginal secretions), IL1F7 (skin), ALAS2 (blood), MMP10 (menstrual blood), HTN3 (saliva) and TGM4 (semen). The HRM assays require only unlabeled PCR primers and a single saturating intercalating fluorescent dye (Eva Green). Each body-fluid-specific marker can easily be identified by the presence of a distinct melt peak. Usually, HRM assays are used to detect variants or isoforms for a single gene target. However, we have uniquely developed duplex and triplex HRM assays to permit the simultaneous detection of multiple targets per reaction. Here we describe the development and initial performance evaluation of the developed HRM assays. The results demonstrate the potential use of HRM assays for rapid, and relatively inexpensive, screening of biological evidence.

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Hanson, Erin K., and Jack Ballantyne. "Rapid and inexpensive body fluid identification by RNA profiling-based multiplex High Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis." F1000Research 2 (February 26, 2014): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-281.v2.

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Positive identification of the nature of biological material present on evidentiary items can be crucial for understanding the circumstances surrounding a crime. However, traditional protein-based methods do not permit the identification of all body fluids and tissues, and thus molecular based strategies for the conclusive identification of all forensically relevant biological fluids and tissues need to be developed. Messenger RNA (mRNA) profiling is an example of such a molecular-based approach. Current mRNA body fluid identification assays involve capillary electrophoresis (CE) or quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) platforms, each with its own limitations. Both platforms require the use of expensive fluorescently labeled primers or probes. CE-based assays require separate amplification and detection steps thus increasing the analysis time. For qRT-PCR assays, only 3-4 markers can be included in a single reaction since each requires a different fluorescent dye.To simplify mRNA profiling assays, and reduce the time and cost of analysis, we have developed single- and multiplex body fluid High Resolution Melt (HRM) assays for the identification of common forensically relevant biological fluids and tissues. The incorporated biomarkers include IL19 (vaginal secretions), IL1F7 (skin), ALAS2 (blood), MMP10 (menstrual blood), HTN3 (saliva) and TGM4 (semen). The HRM assays require only unlabeled PCR primers and a single saturating intercalating fluorescent dye (Eva Green). Each body-fluid-specific marker can easily be identified by the presence of a distinct melt peak. Usually, HRM assays are used to detect variants or isoforms for a single gene target. However, we have uniquely developed duplex and triplex HRM assays to permit the simultaneous detection of multiple targets per reaction. Here we describe the development and initial performance evaluation of the developed HRM assays. The results demonstrate the potential use of HRM assays for rapid, and relatively inexpensive, screening of biological evidence.

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Kavokine, Nikita, Roland R. Netz, and Lydéric Bocquet. "Fluids at the Nanoscale: From Continuum to Subcontinuum Transport." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 53, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 377–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-071320-095958.

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Nanofluidics has firmly established itself as a new field in fluid mechanics, as novel properties have been shown to emerge in fluids at the nanometric scale. Thanks to recent developments in fabrication technology, artificial nanofluidic systems are now being designed at the scale of biological nanopores. This ultimate step in scale reduction has pushed the development of new experimental techniques and new theoretical tools, bridging fluid mechanics, statistical mechanics, and condensed matter physics. This review is intended as a toolbox for fluids at the nanometer scale. After presenting the basic equations that govern fluid behavior in the continuum limit, we show how these equations break down and new properties emerge in molecular-scale confinement. A large number of analytical estimates and physical arguments are given to organize the results and different limits.

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Siddiqui, A. M., Ayesha Sohail, Khush Bakhat Akram, and Qurat-ul-Ain Azim. "Flow of a fourth grade fluid between rotating disks." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 10 (February 3, 2020): 2050091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920500918.

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Flow of fluids between rotating surface is encountered in many industrial, manufacturing, mixing and biological processes. These fluids are complex, exhibit various rheological characteristics, and thus follow highly nonlinear models. In this paper, we have used fourth grade fluid model to represent fluids involved in such processes. The steady flow between two coaxial rotating disks is modeled. The resulting highly nonlinear equations are solved using perturbation approach. The velocity field in three-dimensional cylindrical coordinate system is reported. The results are then simulated to present a visual understanding of the flow.

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Fleit, HB, CD Kobasiuk, C. Daly, R. Furie, PC Levy, and RO Webster. "A soluble form of Fc gamma RIII is present in human serum and other body fluids and is elevated at sites of inflammation." Blood 79, no. 10 (May 15, 1992): 2721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v79.10.2721.2721.

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Abstract We have developed a highly sensitive and specific sandwich enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the concentration of Fc gamma RIII in serum and other body fluids. This ELISA is based on the use of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) (3G8) to Fc gamma RIII and a rabbit antiserum against Fc gamma RIII. The lower limit of detection of this ELISA was 1.5 nmol/L. The concentration of soluble Fc gamma RIII in normal serum ranged from 7.3 to 75.9 nmol/L. Soluble Fc gamma RIII was also present in other normal biologic fluids such as saliva, urine, and seminal fluid, but at much lower concentrations than that found in serum. Rabbit anti-Fc gamma RIII immunoblotted polypeptides immunoprecipitated with MoAb 3G8. Fc gamma RIII immunoprecipitated from a neutrophil lysate migrated from 40 to 76 Kd, whereas Fc gamma RIII immunoprecipitated from serum from the same donor migrated from 40 to 66 Kd. The soluble form of Fc gamma RIII apparently was bound to serum IgG, because immunoprecipitation of soluble Fc gamma RIII by MoAb 3G8 coprecipitated polypeptides that were identified by goat antihuman IgG. Incubation of neutrophils in vitro at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C showed that Fc gamma RIII was released after 30 minutes of incubation at 37 degrees C. To determine whether there was a correlation between the concentration of soluble Fc gamma RIII in biologic fluids and inflammatory diseases, we measured the concentration of Fc gamma RIII in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and in the synovial fluid from patients with various forms of arthritis. In ARDS, we found concentrations of soluble Fc gamma RIII that were five to seven times higher than that found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from healthy adults. The concentration of soluble Fc gamma RIII in the synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis ranged from 10 nmol/L to 28 mumol/L. These results suggest that activated neutrophils, such as those at sites of inflammation, may release Fc gamma RIII.

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Fleit, HB, CD Kobasiuk, C. Daly, R. Furie, PC Levy, and RO Webster. "A soluble form of Fc gamma RIII is present in human serum and other body fluids and is elevated at sites of inflammation." Blood 79, no. 10 (May 15, 1992): 2721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v79.10.2721.bloodjournal79102721.

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We have developed a highly sensitive and specific sandwich enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the concentration of Fc gamma RIII in serum and other body fluids. This ELISA is based on the use of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) (3G8) to Fc gamma RIII and a rabbit antiserum against Fc gamma RIII. The lower limit of detection of this ELISA was 1.5 nmol/L. The concentration of soluble Fc gamma RIII in normal serum ranged from 7.3 to 75.9 nmol/L. Soluble Fc gamma RIII was also present in other normal biologic fluids such as saliva, urine, and seminal fluid, but at much lower concentrations than that found in serum. Rabbit anti-Fc gamma RIII immunoblotted polypeptides immunoprecipitated with MoAb 3G8. Fc gamma RIII immunoprecipitated from a neutrophil lysate migrated from 40 to 76 Kd, whereas Fc gamma RIII immunoprecipitated from serum from the same donor migrated from 40 to 66 Kd. The soluble form of Fc gamma RIII apparently was bound to serum IgG, because immunoprecipitation of soluble Fc gamma RIII by MoAb 3G8 coprecipitated polypeptides that were identified by goat antihuman IgG. Incubation of neutrophils in vitro at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C showed that Fc gamma RIII was released after 30 minutes of incubation at 37 degrees C. To determine whether there was a correlation between the concentration of soluble Fc gamma RIII in biologic fluids and inflammatory diseases, we measured the concentration of Fc gamma RIII in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and in the synovial fluid from patients with various forms of arthritis. In ARDS, we found concentrations of soluble Fc gamma RIII that were five to seven times higher than that found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from healthy adults. The concentration of soluble Fc gamma RIII in the synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis ranged from 10 nmol/L to 28 mumol/L. These results suggest that activated neutrophils, such as those at sites of inflammation, may release Fc gamma RIII.

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Kishi, Tadaaki, Antoninus Soosaipillai, Linda Grass, Sheila P. Little, Edward M. Johnstone, and Eleftherios P. Diamandis. "Development of an Immunofluorometric Assay and Quantification of Human Kallikrein 7 in Tissue Extracts and Biological Fluids." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.029538.

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Abstract Background: Human kallikrein 7 (hK7), also known as human stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme, is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease first identified in human skin extracts and predicted to be a secreted protease. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and specific immunoassay for hK7 and to examine the distribution of hK7 in tissue extracts and biological fluids. Methods: Recombinant hK7 was produced in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) and purified by a three-step column chromatographic procedure. The purified hK7 was injected into mice for antibody generation. A sandwich-type immunoassay was developed with the anti-hK7 monoclonal antibodies. Results: The assay had imprecision (CV) <10% through the dynamic range of 0.2–20 μg/L and had no detectable cross-reactivity from other members in the human kallikrein gene family. Highest concentrations were found in skin, esophagus, and kidney. hK7 was also found in amniotic fluid, ascites from ovarian cancer patients, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, seminal plasma, serum, sweat, synovial fluid, and urine. Conclusions: This study describes the first ELISA-type immunoassay for hK7 protein quantification. hK7 is found many human tissues and in various biological fluids.

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Lee, Mei Hwa, Tain Chin Tsai, Chun Yueh Huang, Bin Da Liu, and Hung Yin Lin. "Recognition and Electrochemical Sensing of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine with Molecularly Imprinted Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) Thin Films." Key Engineering Materials 495 (November 2011): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.495.331.

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Biosensors using the mechanisms of electrochemical, optical, mass sensitive thermometric and magnetometric have been intensively investigated [1], and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) has been used as recognition elements in sensors reviewed in numerous articles [1-3]. A severe challenge for MIP sensors is detection in chemically diverse environments, such as biological fluids [4-7]. There are many biomarkers discovered in biological fluid, like cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, serum and urine. Important biomarkers such as creatinine [4], urea, and albumin [8], urine contains non-protein nitrogen metabolites, carbohydrates [9], proteins and amino acids [10]; detection of analytes must be made amid this complex chemical background.

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Zhuo, Jingxuan, Ricardo Cortez, and Robert Dillon. "Lagrangian Mesh Model with Regridding for Planar Poiseuille Flow." Communications in Computational Physics 22, no. 1 (May 3, 2017): 112–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.oa-2016-0109.

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AbstractMany biological settings involve complex fluids that have non-Newtonian mechanical responses that arise from suspended microstructures. In contrast, Newtonian fluids are liquids or mixtures of a simple molecular structure that exhibit a linear relationship between the shear stress and the rate of deformation. In modeling complex fluids, the extra stress from the non-Newtonian contribution must be included in the governing equations.In this study we compare Lagrangian mesh and Oldroyd-B formulations of fluid-structure interaction in an immersed boundary framework. The start-up phase of planar Poiseuille flow between two parallel plates is used as a test case for the fluid models. For Newtonian and Oldroyd-B fluids there exist analytical solutions which are used in the comparison of simulation and theoretical results. The Lagrangian mesh results are compared with Oldroyd-B using comparable parameters. A regridding algorithm is introduced for the Lagrangian mesh model. We show that the Lagrangian mesh model simulations with regridding produce results in close agreement with the Oldfoyd-B model.

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GUJAR, ASHWINI V., ANAND B. MUNDADA, and ATUL A. SHIRKHEDKAR. "Analytical Review on Raloxifene -An Estrogen Receptor Modulator in Different Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids." Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management 5, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jptrm.2017.51004.

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Seidel and Meyer. "Investigation of the Influence of Aging on the Lubricity of Metalworking Fluids by Means of Design of Experiment." Lubricants 7, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7110094.

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The influence of complex aging processes in water-miscible metalworking fluids on process performance is of high relevance for the metalworking industry. Because of the highly dynamic interactions in the complex “metalworking fluid” ecosystem, a distinct correlation between the aging process and the performance of the fluid in metalworking processes is hardly possible. Consequences of the aging process on physical, chemical, and biological properties of the fluid include aspects such as the decrease of the pH value, the increase of the droplet size in emulsions, the presence of bacterial cells, or the modification of the metalworking fluid composition. In the presented work, the influences of these aging aspects on the lubricity of metalworking fluids were investigated individually. A test series has been carried out, which was planned with a design of experiments method, to investigate interactions between the aging aspects regarding lubricity. In addition, the results enabled the development of an empirical regression model, which allowed an integrated description of the influence of the relevant aging aspects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fluidi Biologici'

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