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Rockwell, D. "Fluid mechanics measurements." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 8, no. 1 (March 1987): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-727x(87)90058-0.
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Roodhart, L. P. "Fracturing Fluids: Fluid-Loss Measurements Under Dynamic Conditions." Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, no. 05 (October 1, 1985): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/11900-pa.
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Abstract When filter-cake-building additives are used in fracturing fluids, the commonly applied static, 30-minute API filtration test is unsatisfactory, because in a dynamic situation (like fracturing) the formation of a thick filter cake will be inhibited by the shearing forces of the fracturing fluid. A dynamic, filter-cake-controlled, leakoff coefficient that is dependent on the shear rate and shear stress at the fracture face is, therefore, introduced. A test apparatus has been constructed in which the fluid leakoff is measured under conditions of temperature, rate of shear, duration of shear, and fluid-flow pattern as encountered under fracturing conditions. The effects of rock permeability, shear rate, and differential pressure on the permeability, shear rate, and differential pressure on the dynamic leakoff coefficient are presented for various, commonly used fracturing-fluid/fluid-loss-additive combinations. Introduction An important parameter in hydraulic fracturing design is the rate at which the fracturing fluid leaks into the formation. This parameter, known as fluid loss, not only determines the development of fracture length and width, but also governs the time required for a fracture to heal after the stimulation treatment has been terminated. The standard leakoff test is a static test, in which the effect of shear rate in the fracture on the viscosity of the fracturing fluid and on the filter-cake buildup is ignored. Dynamic vs. Static Tests The three stages in filter-cake buildup arespurt loss during initiation of the filter cake,buildup of filtercake thickness, during which time leakoff is proportional to the square root of time, andlimitation of filter-cake growth by erosion. In the standard API leakoff test, 1 the fracturing fluid, with or without leakoff additives, is forced through a disk of core material under a pressure differential of 1000 psi [7 MPa), and the flow rate of the filtrate is determined. In such a static test, the third stage-erosion of the filter cake-is absent. In a dynamic situation there is an equilibrium whereby flow along the filter cake limits the filter-cake thickness, and the leakoff rate becomes constant. The duration of each of these stages depends on the type of fluid, the type of additive, the rock permeability, and the test conditions. The differences between dynamic and static filtration tests are shown in Fig. 1, where the cumulative filtrate volume (measured in some experiments with the dynamic fluid-loss apparatus described below) is expressed as a function of time (Fig. la) and as a function of the square root of time (Fig. ]b), The shear rate at the surface of the disk is either static (O s -1 ), or 109 s -1 or 611 s -1. The curves indicate that the dynamic filtration velocities are higher than those measured in a static test and increase rapidly with increasing shear rate. This is in agreement with the observations made by Hall, who used an axially transfixed cylindrical core sample along which fracturing fluid was pumped, while the filtrate was collected from a bore through the center. Fig. la shows how the lines were drawn to fit the data: Vc = Vsp + A t + Bt, .........................(1) where Vc = cumulative volume per unit area, t = filtration time, Vsp= spurt loss, A = static leakoff component, andB = dynamic leakoff component. In static leakoff theory, B =0 and then A =2Cw, twice the static leakoff coefficient.-3 Each of the terms in Eq. 1 represents one of the stages in the leakoff process-spurt loss, buildup of filter cake, and erosion of filter cake. Analysis of the experimental data shows that the spurt loss, Vsp, and the static leakoff component, A, are independent of the shear rate, but the dynamic component, B, varies strongly with the shear rate (see Table 1). This means that, the higher the shear rate, the more the leakoff process is controlled by the third stage. process is controlled by the third stage. One model commonly used is based solely on square-root-of-time behavior with a constant spurt loss. Fig. 1 shows that little accuracy is lost by describing the leakoff with a single square-root-of-time equation: Vc = VsP + m t,...........................(2) where the dynamic leakoff coefficient. Cw = 1/2m, depends heavily on shear. and the spurt loss remains the same as in Eq. 1 and independent of the shear rate Table 2 shows that the error in C, that arises as a result of measuring under static conditions can be more than 100%. SPEJ P. 629
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Espenhahn, Björn, Lukas Schumski, Christoph Vanselow, Dirk Stöbener, Daniel Meyer, and Andreas Fischer. "Feasibility of Optical Flow Field Measurements of the Coolant in a Grinding Machine." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 11615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411615.
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For industrial grinding processes, the workpiece cooling by metalworking fluids, which strongly influences the workpiece surface layer quality, is not yet fully understood. This leads to high efforts for the empirical determination of suitable cooling parameters, increasing the part manufacturing costs. To close the knowledge gap, a measurement method for the metalworking fluid flow field near the grinding wheel is desired. However, the varying curved surfaces of the liquid phase result in unpredictable light deflections and reflections, which impede optical flow measurements. In order to investigate the yet unknown optical measurement capabilities achievable under these conditions, shadowgraphy in combination with a pattern correlation technique and particle image velocimetry (PIV) are applied in a grinding machine. The results show that particle image velocimetry enables flow field measurements inside the laminar metalworking fluid jet, whereby the shadowgraph imaging velocimetry complements these measurements since it is in particular suitable for regions with spray-like flow regimes. As a conclusion, optical flow field measurements of the metalworking fluid flow in a running grinding machine are shown to be feasible.
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Jasmita, Murda, and Ardian Putra. "Identifikasi Karakteristik Mata Air Panas Bumi di Sibanggor Tonga Kabupaten Mandailing Natal Menggunakan Diagram Segitiga Fluida." Jurnal Fisika Unand 9, no. 4 (January 25, 2021): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jfu.9.4.428-435.2020.
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Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang identifikasi karakteristik fluida mata air panas tipe fluida, kesetimbangan, asal usul sumber fluida dan pengenceran mata air panas bumi di Sibanggor Tonga Kabupaten Mandailing Natal. Sampel penelitian diambil dari lima sumber mata air dengan volume sampel di setiap lokasi sebanyak 500 ml. Nilai pH dari 5 titik mata air panas berkisar dari 0,6 sampai 6,3 dan pengukuran temperatur permukaan diperoleh mulai dari 37,6 oC hingga 95,3 oC. Konsentrasi unsur Na, K, Mg, K, B dan Li diukur menggunakan Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Pengukuran konsentrasi unsur Cl diperoleh dari persamaan konduktivitas yang didapatkan dari alat conductivity meter dan pengukuran konsentrasi SO4 dengan metode visible spectroscopy. Pengukuran konsentrasi HCO3 diukur dengan metode titrasi asam basa. Diagram Cl-HCO3-SO4 menunjukkan semua fluida bertipe sulfat-klorida dan diagram Na-K-Mg menunjukkan semua fluida berada pada immature water yang mengindikasikan fluida telah mengalami reaksi dengan unsur lain saat menuju permukaan. Asal sumber fluida berada jauh dari reservoir atau aliran fluida bergerak secara lateral saat menuju permukaan, yang terlihat dari diagram Cl-B-Li. Research has been carried out on the identification of the characteristics of the hot spring fluid type, equilibrium, the origin of the fluid source and the dilution of the geothermal springs in Sibanggor Tonga, Mandailing Natal Regency. The research sample was taken from five springs with a sample volume of 500 ml at each location. The pH values of the 5 hot springs ranged from 0.6 to 6.3 and surface temperature measurements were obtained from 37.6°C to 95.3°C. The concentrations of Na, K, Mg, K, B and Li were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Measurement of the element concentration of Cl is obtained from the conductivity equation obtained from a conductivity meter and measurement of SO4 concentrations using the visible spectroscopy method. HCO3 concentration measurements were measured by the acid-base titration method. The Cl-HCO3-SO4 diagram shows all sulfate-chloride type fluids and the Na-K-Mg diagram shows all fluids are in immature water which indicates that the fluid has undergone a reaction with other elements when it reaches the surface. As long as the fluid source is far from the reservoir or the fluid flow moves laterally towards the surface, as seen from the Cl-B-Li diagram.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Automated Drilling-Fluids-Measurement Technique Improves Fluid Control, Quality." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1121-0053-jpt.
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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 204041, “Automatic Drilling-Fluids Monitoring,” by Knut Taugbøl, SPE, Equinor, and Bengt Sola and Matthew Forshaw, SPE, Baker Hughes, et al., prepared for the 2021 SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Stavanger, 9–11 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper presents new units for automatic drilling-fluids measurements with emphasis on offshore drilling applications. The surveillance of fluid properties and the use of data in an onshore operations center is discussed. The authors present experiences from use of these data in enabling real-time hydraulic measurements and models for automatic drilling control and explain how these advances can improve safety in drilling operations and drilling efficiency. Introduction An operator has worked with different suppliers for several years to find and develop technology for automatic measurements of drilling-fluid properties. In the described study, methods for measuring parameters such as viscosity, fluid loss control, pH, electrical stability, particle-size distribution, and cuttings morphology and mineralogy were all fitted into a flow loop in an onshore test center. These tests, however, were all performed with prototype equipment. Since then, work has continued to optimize equipment for offshore installations, made for operating in harsh environments and requiring limited maintenance to provide continuous and reliable data quality. The fluid-measuring technique presented in this paper is based on rheology measurement through a pipe rheometer and density measurements through a Coriolis meter. This rheometer measures at ambient temperature. Dual DP is the terminology that refers to pressure measurements between two differential pressure sensors. The dual-DP pipe rheometer is set up with high-accuracy pressure transducers to measure pressure loss inside the straight section of the pipe rheometer. By varying the flow rate through pipes of different dimensions, a rheology profile at varying shear rates can be calculated. Field Implementation Installation of a unit begins with a rig survey conducted in concert with the drilling contractor to find the best location and sampling point. Fluid normally is taken from the charge manifold for the mud pumps, ensuring measurement of the fluid going into the well. The first installation in the North Sea of an automatic fluid-monitoring (AFM) unit was in 2017. This unit is still operational, sending data to an onshore support center. Fig. 1 shows such a unit installed offshore. The AFM unit has only one movable part, the monopump supplying drilling fluid through the unit. Once the dual-DP rheometer was factory-acceptance-tested in the yard, it was sent offshore to be commissioned and verified on a fixed installation in the North Sea. The related data presented in the complete paper were acquired in the field while drilling the 355-m, 8½-in. section with 1.35-SG low-equivalent-circulating-density oil-based drilling fluid, with drilling conducted at approximately 4000 m measured depth. The mud engineer onboard was requested to perform rheology checks on a viscometer at equal ambient temperature to the AFM so that the results could be compared; the AFM also measures rheology at ambient temperature.
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Huang, Jinrui, Frederic Cegla, Andy Wickenden, and Mike Coomber. "Simultaneous Measurements of Temperature and Viscosity for Viscous Fluids Using an Ultrasonic Waveguide." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 5543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165543.
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The characterisation and monitoring of viscous fluids have many important applications. This paper reports a refined ‘dipstick’ method for ultrasonic measurement of the properties of viscous fluids. The presented method is based on the comparison of measurements of the ultrasonic properties of a waveguide that is immersed in a viscous liquid with the properties when it is immersed in a reference liquid. We can simultaneously determine the temperature and viscosity of a fluid based on the changes in the velocity and attenuation of the elastic shear waves in the waveguide. Attenuation is mainly dependent on the viscosity of the fluid that the waveguide is immersed in and the speed of the wave mainly depends on the surrounding fluid temperature. However, there is a small interdependency since the mass of the entrained viscous liquid adds to the inertia of the system and slows down the wave. The presented measurements have unprecedented precision so that the change due to the added viscous fluid mass becomes important and we propose a method to model such a ‘viscous effect’ on the wave propagation velocity. Furthermore, an algorithm to correct the velocity measurements is presented. With the proposed correction algorithm, the experimental results for kinematic viscosity and temperature show excellent agreement with measurements from a highly precise in-lab viscometer and a commercial resistance temperature detector (RTD) respectively. The measurement repeatability of the presented method is better than 2.0% in viscosity and 0.5% in temperature in the range from 8 to 300 cSt viscosity and 40 to 90 °C temperature.
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Alipour, Fariborz. "Fluid dynamics measurements during phonation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 5 (May 2007): 3121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4782097.
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Deng, Feng, Lizhi Xiao, Mengying Wang, Ye Tao, Lulin Kong, Xiaoning Zhang, Xinyun Liu, and Dongshi Geng. "Online NMR Flowing Fluid Measurements." Applied Magnetic Resonance 47, no. 11 (October 6, 2016): 1239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-016-0832-2.
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MATSUO, Shigenobu. "Measurements of Fluid Transport Properties." Review of High Pressure Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (2001): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4131/jshpreview.11.113.
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Zuo, Julian Y., Dan Zhang, Francois Dubost, Chengli Dong, Oliver C. Mullins, Michael O’Keefe, and Soraya S. Betancourt. "Equation-of-State-Based Downhole Fluid Characterization." SPE Journal 16, no. 01 (October 27, 2010): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/114702-pa.
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Summary Downhole fluid analysis (DFA), together with focused-sampling techniques and wireline-formation-tester (WFT) tools, provides real-time measurements of reservoir-fluid properties such as the compositions of four or five hydrocarbon components/groups and gas/oil ratio (GOR). With the introduction of a new generation of DFA tools that analyze fluids at downhole conditions, the accuracy and reliability of the DFA measurements are improved significantly. Furthermore, downhole measurements of live-fluid densities are integrated into the new tools. Direct pressure and temperature measurements of the flowline ensure capture of accurate fluid conditions. To enhance these advanced features further, a new method of downhole fluid characterization based on the equation-of-state (EOS) approach is proposed in this work. The motivation for this work is to develop a new approach to maximize the value of DFA data, perform quality assurance or quality control of DFA data, and establish a fluid model for DFA log predictions along with DFA fluid profiling. The basic inputs from DFA measurements are weight percentages of CO2, C1, C2, C3–C5 and C6+, along with live-fluid density and viscosity. A new method was developed in this work to delump and characterize the DFA measurements of C3–C5 (or C2–C5) and C6+ into full-length compositional data. The full-length compositional data predicted by the new method were compared with the laboratory-measured gas chromatograph data up to C30+ for more than 1,000 fluids, including heavy oil, conventional black oil, volatile oil, rich gas condensate, lean gas condensate, and wet gas. These fluids have a GOR range of 8–140,000 scf/STB and a gravity range from 9 to 50°API. A good agreement was achieved between the delumped and gas-chromatograph compositions. In addition, on the basis of the delumped and characterized full-length compositional data, EOS models were established that can be applied to predict fluid-phase behavior and physical properties by virtue of DFA data as inputs. The EOS predictions were validated and compared with the laboratory-measured pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) properties for more than 1,000 fluids. The GOR, formation-volume factor, density, and viscosity predictions were in good agreement with the laboratory measurements. The established EOS model then was able to predict other PVT properties, and the results were compared with the laboratory measurements in good agreement. Consequently, the established EOS models have laid a solid foundation for DFA log predictions in DFA fluid profiling, which has been integrated successfully with DFA measurements in real time to delineate compositional and asphaltene gradients in oil columns and to determine reservoir connectivity. The latter results are beyond the scope of this work and have been given in separate technical papers.
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Patterson, R., C. Ranganathan, R. Engel, and R. Berkseth. "Measurement of body fluid volume change using multisite impedance measurements." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 26, no. 1 (January 1988): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02441825.
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Batzle, Michael L., De-Hua Han, and Ronny Hofmann. "Fluid mobility and frequency-dependent seismic velocity — Direct measurements." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 1 (January 2006): N1—N9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2159053.
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The influence of fluid mobility on seismic velocity dispersion is directly observed in laboratory measurements from seismic to ultrasonic frequencies. A forced-deformation system is used in conjunction with pulse transmission to obtain elastic properties at seismic strain amplitude ([Formula: see text]) from 5 Hz to 800 kHz. Varying fluid types and saturations document the influence of pore-fluids. The ratio of rock permeability to fluid viscosity defines mobility, which largely controls pore-fluid motion and pore pressure in a porous medium. High fluid mobility permits pore-pressure equilibrium either between pores or between heterogeneous regions, resulting in a low-frequency domain where Gassmann's equations are valid. In contrast, low fluid mobility can produce strong dispersion, even within the seismic band. Here, the low-frequency assumption fails. Since most rocks in the general sedimentary section have very low permeability and fluid mobility (shales, siltstones, tight limestones, etc.), most rocks are not in the low-frequency domain, even at seismic frequencies. Only those rocks with high permeability (porous sands and carbonates) will remain in the low-frequency domain in the seismic or sonic band.
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Falat, Jelayne, Adam Fehr, Ali Telmadarreie, and Steven Bryant. "High-Resolution Inline Density Measurements: Insight on Multiphase Flow and Transport Phenomena in Porous Media." E3S Web of Conferences 146 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014601005.
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Understanding fluid flow in porous media is essential with complex and multiphase fluid flow. We demonstrate that high-resolution in-line density measurements are a valuable tool in this regard. An in-line densitometer is used in fluid flow in porous media applications to quantify fluid production and obtain quantitative and qualitative information such as breakthrough times, emulsion/foam generation, and steam condensation. In order to determine the potential applications for in-line densitometry for fluid flow in porous media, a series of sand pack floods were performed with a densitometer placed at the outlet of a sand pack. All fluids passed through the measurement cell at experiential temperatures and pressures. An algorithm was developed and applied to the density data to provide a quantitative determination of oil and water production. The second series of tests were performed at high temperature and pressure, with a densitometer placed at the inlet and outlet of a sand pack, for steam applications. In both series of experiments, data acquisition was collected at 1 hertz and the analyzed density data was compared to results from the conventional effluent analysis, including Dean-Stark, toluene separations, magnetic susceptibility measurement, and flash calculations where applicable. The high-resolution monitoring of effluent from a flow experiment through porous media in a system with two phases of known densities enables two-phase production to be accurately quantified in the case of both light and heavy oil. The frequency of measurements results in a high-resolution history of breakthrough times and fluid behavior. In the case of monitoring steam injection processes, reliable laboratory tests show that in-line density measurements enable the determination of steam quality at the inlet and outlet of a sand pack and qualitative determination of steam condensation monitoring The use of in-line densitometry provides insight on the monitoring of complex fluid flow in porous media, which typical bulk effluent analysis is not able to do. The ability to measure produced fluids at high resolution and extreme temperatures reduces mass balance error associated with the effluent collection and broadens our understanding of complex fluid flow in porous media.
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Merriman, T. L., and J. W. Kannel. "Apparatus for Extensional Viscosity Measurements." Journal of Tribology 119, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 700–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2833872.
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Although most analyses in tribology deal with the behavior of fluids in shear, many fluids, such as greases or printing inks, can develop significant forces when subjected to pure extension. These forces can impact performance, especially in the exit region of tribological interfaces. The resistance of a fluid to an imposed shear rate is a measure of the fluid’s shear viscosity (usually just referred to as its viscosity). The resistance of a fluid to an imposed extensional strain rate is a measure of the fluid’s extensional viscosity. In this paper, two techniques for the measurement of extensional forces are discussed. A subsequent companion paper will discuss interpretation of the force data in terms of extensional viscosity. Both techniques described have the advantage of a dimensionally small measurement element. The first technique involves the use of a vapor deposited surface pressure transducer. This transducer is a thin strip of ytterbium. The electrical resistance of ytterbium is pressure sensitive. Small changes in resistance can be related to extensional stress. The extensional viscometer apparatus consists of two counter-rotating cylinders. As the fluid exits the nip between the cylinders, the extensional stress is detected by a transducer attached to one of the cylinders. The second technique discussed herein involves the use of a small-beam transducer in conjunction with the counter-rotating cylinder apparatus. The deflection of the beam due to the fluid’s extensional force is detected and interpreted in terms of extensional stress as a function of strain rate at the exit of the nip. Extensional stresses of several hundred thousand Pa have been measured.
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Takahashi, Mamoru, Koji Iwano, Yasuhiko Sakai, and Yasumasa Ito. "OS22-1 Simultaneous measurement of pressure And temperature gradient in a planar jet(Thermal Transport Measurements and Multiphase Flow,OS22 Experimental method in fluid mechanics,FLUID AND THERMODYNAMICS)." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2015.14 (2015): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2015.14.265.
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Pan, Xu Dong, Guang Lin Wang, Ze Sheng Lu, and S. Zou. "Study on Fluid Process Measurement Technology." Key Engineering Materials 392-394 (October 2008): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.392-394.688.
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Process Measurement is a measuring method which is accompanied with process of the manufacture of work piece. This paper puts forward a new concept of fluid process measurement, and provides four types of fluid process measurements, which are, pressure pneumatic process measurement, flow pneumatic process measurement, pressure hydraulic process measurement, and flow hydraulic process measurement, and establishes the mathematical and physical modal for them. This paper also provides an example of the application of this measurement method. This measurement has a good prospect, because it can deal with the work pieces with high-precision, complex shape and which are hard to be measured in the machining process.
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Röthlingshöfer, Lisa, Mark Ulbrich, Sebastian Hahne, and Steffen Leonhardt. "Monitoring Change of Body Fluid during Physical Exercise using Bioimpedance Spectroscopy and Finite Element Simulations." Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance 2, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jeb.178.
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Abstract Athletes need a balanced body composition in order to achieve maximum performance. Especially dehydration reduces power and endurance during physical exercise. Monitoring the body composition, with a focus on body fluid, may help to avoid reduction in performance and other health problems. For this, a potential measurement method is bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). BIS is a simple, non-invasive measurement method that allows to determine different body compartments (body fluid, fat, fat-free mass). However, because many physiological changes occur during physical exercise that can influence impedance measurements and distort results, it cannot be assumed that the BIS data are related to body fluid loss alone. To confirm that BIS can detect body fluid loss due to physical exercise, finite element (FE) simulations were done. Besides impedance, also the current density contribution during a BIS measurement was modeled to evaluate the influence of certain tissues on BIS measurements. Simulations were done using CST EM Studio (Computer Simulation Technology, Germany) and the Visible Human Data Set (National Library of Medicine, USA). In addition to the simulations, BIS measurements were also made on athletes. Comparison between the measured bioimpedance data and simulation data, as well as body weight loss during sport, indicates that BIS measurements are sensitive enough to monitor body fluid loss during physical exercise.
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Yilmaz, Mustafa, Michael Mirza, Thomas Lohner, and Karsten Stahl. "Superlubricity in EHL Contacts with Water-Containing Gear Fluids." Lubricants 7, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7050046.
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Fluid friction in elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contacts depends strongly on the lubricant considered. Synthetic oils can have significantly lower fluid friction than mineral oils. Water-containing fluids have the potential to significantly reduce fluid friction further. The aim of this study is to investigate the film formation and frictional behavior of highly-loaded EHL contacts with water-containing fluids. Comparisons are made with mineral and polyalphaolefin oils. Measurements at an optical EHL tribometer show good lubricant film formation of the considered water-containing gear fluids. Measurements at a twin-disk test rig show coefficients of friction smaller than 0.01, which is referred to as superlubricity, for all considered operating conditions.
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BAEHR, C. "STOCHASTIC MODELING AND FILTERING OF DISCRETE MEASUREMENTS FOR A TURBULENT FIELD: APPLICATION TO MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC WIND." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 28n29 (November 20, 2009): 5424–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209063742.
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Non-linear filtering of local turbulent fluid measurements was an unexplored domain, in this paper we present original stochastic models and efficient filters to perform it. First we propose non-linear filters for processes of a mean-field law and give the convergence of their particle approximations. Then we define the acquisition process of a vector field along a random path. We deeply modify the Lagrangian models of fluids proposed by the physicists to make them compatible with the problem of filtering, the closure of these equations is obtained by conditioning the dynamics to the observations and to the acquisition process. Our algorithm allowed us to filter velocity measurements of a real turbulent fluid in 3D flows.
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BAEHR, C. "STOCHASTIC MODELING AND FILTERING OF DISCRETE MEASUREMENTS FOR A TURBULENT FIELD APPLICATION TO MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC WIND." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 29 (November 20, 2010): 5723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210055330.
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Nonlinear filtering of local turbulent fluid measurements was an unexplored domain; in this paper, we present original stochastic models and efficient filters to explore it. First, we propose nonlinear filters for processes of a mean-field law and give the convergence of their particle approximations. We then define the acquisition process of a vector field along a random path, and significantly modify the Lagrangian models of fluids proposed by the physicists to make them compatible with the problem of filtering. The closure of these equations is obtained by conditioning the dynamics to the observations and to the acquisition process. Our algorithm allowed us to filter velocity measurements of a real turbulent fluid in 3D flows.
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Haberman, J. P., M. Delestatius, D. G. Hines, G. Daccord, and J.-F. Baret. "Downhole Fluid-Loss Measurements From Drilling Fluid and Cement Slurries." Journal of Petroleum Technology 44, no. 08 (August 1, 1992): 872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/22552-pa.
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Basati, Sukhraaj, Bhargav Desai, Ali Alaraj, Fady Charbel, and Andreas Linninger. "Cerebrospinal fluid volume measurements in hydrocephalic rats." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 10, no. 4 (October 2012): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.6.peds11457.
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Object Experimental data about the evolution of intracranial volume and pressure in cases of hydrocephalus are limited due to the lack of available monitoring techniques. In this study, the authors validate intracranial CSF volume measurements within the lateral ventricle, while simultaneously using impedance sensors and pressure transducers in hydrocephalic animals. Methods A volume sensor was fabricated and connected to a catheter that was used as a shunt to withdraw CSF. In vitro bench-top calibration experiments were created to provide data for the animal experiments and to validate the sensors. To validate the measurement technique in a physiological system, hydrocephalus was induced in weanling rats by kaolin injection into the cisterna magna. At 28 days after induction, the sensor was implanted into the lateral ventricles. After sealing the skull using dental cement, an acute CSF drainage/infusion protocol consisting of 4 sequential phases was performed with a pump. Implant location was confirmed via radiography using intraventricular iohexol contrast administration. Results Controlled CSF shunting in vivo with hydrocephalic rats resulted in precise and accurate sensor measurements (r = 0.98). Shunting resulted in a 17.3% maximum measurement error between measured volume and actual volume as assessed by a Bland-Altman plot. A secondary outcome confirmed that both ventricular volume and intracranial pressure decreased during CSF shunting and increased during infusion. Ventricular enlargement consistent with successful hydrocephalus induction was confirmed using imaging, as well as postmortem. These results indicate that volume monitoring is feasible for clinical cases of hydrocephalus. Conclusions This work marks a departure from traditional shunting systems currently used to treat hydrocephalus. The overall clinical application is to provide alternative monitoring and treatment options for patients. Future work includes development and testing of a chronic (long-term) volume monitoring system.
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DANISH, KHALID FAROOQ, and REHAN AHMAD KHAN. "FLUID VOLUME MEASUREMENT." Professional Medical Journal 18, no. 03 (September 10, 2011): 510–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.03.2381.
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Objectives: (1) To measure the difference between the actual and observed volumes of fluids as measured by the commercially available drainage bags. (2) To find out reliability of fluid volume measurements as observed in commercially available drainage bags. Settings: Surgical Unit II, IIMCT Railway Hospital, Rawalpindi. Study design: Descriptive. Materials & methods: Commercially available drainage bags were used to observe the volume of fluid contained in it. The fluid (tap water) was introduced in the bag with a 50 cc syringe in 50 cc increments starting from 50 cc to 1050 cc. and the difference between observed volume and actual volumes were recorded. Data was analyzed with SPSS. Results: A total of twenty-one observations were made in 02 different commercially available urine bags. Major differences were found in the observed and measured volume with minimum difference of 50 -230 ml and maximum difference of 200-520ml. Conclusions: Significant differences were found between the actual volumes and the volumes observed by the marks on the drainage bags. It is noted that the observed value of the fluid volume contained in a drainage bag is highly unreliable and should not be used for clinical decision making.
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Lee, Chang Kwan, Yu Kyung Kim, Myung Hwa Seo, Kyung Mee Lee, and Ju Eun Lee. "A Study on Fluid Intake Measurements." Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 25, no. 5 (2013): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2013.25.5.567.
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NI-IMI, Tomohide, Shintaro YAMASHITA, Tetsuo FUJIMOTO, and Yasuhiro TAKENAKA. "Application of Photochromism to Fluid Measurements." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 11, Supplement2 (1991): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.11.supplement2_251.
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Rodríguez-López, J., L. Elvira, and F. Montero de Espinosa. "Magnetorheological fluid characterization using ultrasound measurements." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 42 (December 10, 2012): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/42/1/012032.
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Garbade, Kurt, and Werner Freyland. "PVT-Measurements of Fluid KxKCl1−xSolutions*." Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 156, Part_1 (January 1988): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/zpch.1988.156.part_1.169.
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Tang, Xinlu, and Hans Conrad. "Quasistatic measurements on a magnetorheological fluid." Journal of Rheology 40, no. 6 (November 1996): 1167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550779.
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Fomin, N. A. "Speckle Photography for Fluid Mechanics Measurements." Measurement Science and Technology 11, no. 7 (June 16, 2000): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/7/703.
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Wang, L. M., and K. K. Shung. "Contrast medium assisted fluid flow measurements." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 42, no. 2 (March 1995): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/58.365244.
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Statland, Bernard E., and Geoffrey Sher. "Reliability of Amniotic Fluid Surfactant Measurements." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 83, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 382–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/83.3.382.
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O’Hara, Stephen G. "Elastic‐wave attenuation in fluid‐saturated Berea sandstone." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 6 (June 1989): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442707.
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In a previous publication (O’Hara, 1985), I presented detailed measurements on the attenuation of elastic waves in fluid‐saturated Berea sandstone. These measurements were used in a systematic empirical study of the frequency dependence of attenuation as a function of external pressure applied to the sandstone, pore fluid pressure, and the saturated sandstone temperature. Two pore fluids were used in the study: a brine solution and n-heptane. I measured the attenuation of the extensional and torsional rod modes of cylindrical specimens of the sandstone at identical conditions of pressure and temperature for each of the two fluids.
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Haldun Ünalmis, Ö. "Flow Measurement Optimization Using Surface Measurements and Downhole Sound Speed Measurements from Local or Distributed Acoustic Sensors." SPE Production & Operations 36, no. 02 (March 24, 2021): 437–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201313-pa.
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Summary The litmus test for downhole multiphase flowmeters is to compare the measured phase flow rates with the rates from a test separator or other surface measurement systems. In most cases, the composition of the measurand is required for flowmeters. This is typically obtained from bottomhole fluid samples. Extracting and analyzing fluid samples is an expensive process mostly done at the initial stages of field development. In some cases, the composition may be old or unavailable, leading to subpar flowmeter performance compared to surface systems. In this work, it is shown that when the data from a surface system such as a test separator are used in conjunction with the mixture sound speed measured downhole, it is possible to optimize a downhole multiphase flowmeter system without obtaining new fluid samples. The optimization process is independent of the downhole measurement device because the required flow-velocity and sound-speed measurements may be obtained from separate devices. For example, the fluid bulk velocity and mixture sound speed can be measured by a local measurement device and a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) system, respectively. The main challenge in a flow-velocity/sound-speed measurement system is determining individual phase sound speeds so that the mixture phase fraction can be correctly determined using Wood’s mixture sound speed model. The phase fraction from the separator tests can be used as the target value to optimize the performance of the system. The system has two operation modes. In optimization mode, the individual phase sound speeds are calculated backward using the predicted phase fractions from surface measurements. Pressure and temperature variations at measurement locations, as well as pipe compliance effects, are accounted for during the process. After the adjustment of individual phase sound speeds, steady-state operation mode takes over, and a forward calculation is implemented using the same model. The final phase fraction agrees well with the actual value and can be improved further with an iterative approach. This novel method is demonstrated in a North Sea case history. A downhole optical flowmeter in a North Sea field measured mixture velocity and sound speed. Well-test results indicated that water cut from the flowmeter was underreported and phase flow rates did not match test-separator rates. Instead of halting production and going through a fluid sample analysis cycle, the test-separator water cut was used as the target value to optimize oil phase sound speed using Wood’s model in the optimization mode. The difference between the initial and optimized oil sound speeds was extrapolated to other pressure and temperature conditions, and steady-state operation mode showed that separator tests and flowmeter measurements closely matched. Subsequent flowmeter and test-separator data confirmed excellent agreement. Using surface measurements and downhole mixture sound speed to optimize phase flow rates is a novel method that has not been previously demonstrated. This method is independent of device type, is broadly applicable, and improves the understanding of multiphase flow measurement.
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Satake, Shin-ichi. "Micro- and Nanoscale Imaging of Fluids in Water Using Refractive-Index-Matched Materials." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183203.
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Three-dimensional (3D) visualization in water is a technique that, in addition to macroscale visualization, enables micro- and nanoscale visualization via a microfabrication technique, which is particularly important in the study of biological systems. This review paper introduces micro- and nanoscale 3D fluid visualization methods. First, we introduce a specific holographic fluid measurement method that can visualize three-dimensional fluid phenomena; we introduce the basic principles and survey both the initial and latest related research. We also present a method of combining this technique with refractive-index-matched materials. Second, we outline the TIRF method, which is a method for nanoscale fluid measurements, and introduce measurement examples in combination with imprinted materials. In particular, refractive-index-matched materials are unaffected by diffraction at the nanoscale, but the key is to create nanoscale shapes. The two visualization methods reviewed here can also be used for other fluid measurements; however, because these methods can used in combination with refractive-index-matched materials in water, they are expected to be applied to experimental measurements of biological systems.
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Salwiński, Józef, and Wojciech Horak. "Measurement of Normal Force in Magnetorheological and Ferrofluid Lubricated Bearings." Key Engineering Materials 490 (September 2011): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.490.25.
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Preliminary analysis of magnetorheological fluid usability in fluid lubricated bearings has been described in the present study. Results of the study aimed at rheological properties of chosen fluids, which possess magnetic properties (both ferrofluids and magnetorheological fluids) with respect to their application in slide bearings have been presented Preliminary analysis of potential advantages related with the magnetic fluid bearing construction was carried out. Results of measurements of normal force developed within magnetorheological fluid and ferrofluid in result of magnetic field action at various shear rate values have been presented.
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Frolov, Sergey, Craig H. Bishop, Teddy Holt, James Cummings, and David Kuhl. "Facilitating Strongly Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Data Assimilation with an Interface Solver." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 1 (December 22, 2015): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-15-0041.1.
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Abstract In a strongly coupled data assimilation (DA), a cross-fluid covariance is specified that allows measurements from a coupled fluid (e.g., atmosphere) to directly impact analysis increments in a target fluid (e.g., ocean). The exhaustive solution to this coupled DA problem calls for a covariance where all available measurements can influence all grid points in all fluids. Solution of such a large algebraic problem is computationally expensive, often calls for a substantial rewrite of existing fluid-specific DA systems, and, as shown in this paper, can be avoided. The proposed interface solver assumes that covariances between coupled measurements and target fluid are often close to null (e.g., between stratospheric observations and the deep ocean within a 6-h forecast cycle). In the interface solver, two separate DA solvers are run in parallel: one that produces an analysis solution in the atmosphere, and one in the ocean. Each system uses a coupled observation vector where in addition to resident measurements in the target fluid it also includes nonresident measurements in the coupled fluid that are likely to have significant influence on the analysis in the target fluid (interface measurements). An ensemble-based method is employed and a localization function for coupled ensembles is proposed. Using a coupled model for the Mediterranean Sea (in a twin setting), it is demonstrated that (i) the solution of the interface solver converges to the exhaustive solution and (ii) that in presence of poorly known error covariances, the interface solver can be configured to produce a more accurate solution than an exhaustive solver.
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Jaremkiewicz, Magdalena. "Reduction of dynamic error in measurements of transient fluid temperature." Archives of Thermodynamics 32, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-011-0031-3.
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Reduction of dynamic error in measurements of transient fluid temperatureUnder steady-state conditions when fluid temperature is constant, temperature measurement can be accomplished with high degree of accuracy owing to the absence of damping and time lag. However, when fluid temperature varies rapidly, for example, during start-up, appreciable differences occur between the actual and measured fluid temperature. These differences occur because it takes time for heat to transfer through the heavy thermometer pocket to the thermocouple. In this paper, a method for determinig transient fluid temperature based on the first-order thermometer model is presented. Fluid temperature is determined using a thermometer, which is suddenly immersed into boiling water. Next, the time constant is defined as a function of fluid velocity for four sheated thermocouples with different diameters. To demonstrate the applicability of the presented method to actual data where air velocity varies, the temperature of air is estimated based on measurements carried out by three thermocouples with different outer diameters. Lastly, the time constant is presented as a function of fluid velocity and outer diameter of thermocouple.
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Skadsem, Hans Joakim, Amare Leulseged, and Eric Cayeux. "Measurement of Drilling Fluid Rheology and Modeling of Thixotropic Behavior." Applied Rheology 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arh-2019-0001.
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Abstract Drilling fluids perform a number of important functions during a drilling operation, including that of lifting drilled cuttings to the surface and balancing formation pressures. Drilling fluids are usually designed to be structured fluids exhibiting shear thinning and yield stress behavior, and most drilling fluids also exhibit thixotropy. Accurate modeling of drilling fluid rheology is necessary for predicting friction pressure losses in the wellbore while circulating, the pump pressure needed to resume circulation after a static period, and how the fluid rheology evolves with time while in static or near-static conditions. Although modeling the flow of thixotropic fluids in realistic geometries is still a formidable future challenge to be solved, considerable insights can still be gained by studying the viscometric flows of such fluids. We report a detailed rheological characterization of a water-based drilling fluid and an invert emulsion oilbased drilling fluid. The micro structure responsible for thixotropy is different in these fluids which results in different thixotropic responses. Measurements are primarily focused at transient responses to step changes in shear rate, but cover also steady state flow curves and stress overshoots during start-up of flow. We analyze the shear rate step change measurements using a structural kinetics thixotropy model.
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Barr, Hazel. "Preliminary fluid inclusion studies in a high-grade blueschist terrain, Syros, Greece." Mineralogical Magazine 54, no. 375 (June 1990): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1990.054.375.03.
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AbstractPreliminary fluid inclusion measurements have been made on quartz (whole rocks and segregations) and garnet from a blueschist terrain. Although further measurements are required, the fluids apparently associated with the blueschist event are aqueous with no thermometrically detectable CO2, a feature which is consistent with mineral-fluid equilibria studies. The salinity of the fluid inclusions is highly variable, from almost pure H2O to halite saturation, and a mechanism involving hydration reactions, such as proposed by Crawford et al. (1979), is suggested. Fluid inclusions associated with the greenschist overprint, which has affected the terrain, are also aqueous in nature.
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Van Steene, Marie, Mario Ardila, Richard Nelson, Amr Fekry, and Adel Farghaly. "Fluid Identification in Light Hydrocarbons With Use of NMR and Downhole Fluid Analyzers—A Case Study." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 16, no. 04 (July 24, 2013): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/150886-pa.
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Summary In hydrocarbon reservoirs, fluid types can often vary from dry gas to volatile oil in the same column. Because of varying and unknown invasion patterns and inexact clay-volume estimations, fluid-types differentiation on the basis of conventional logs is not always conclusive. A case study is presented by use of advanced nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) techniques in conjunction with advanced downhole-fluid-analysis (DFA) measurements and focused sampling from wireline formation testers (WFTs) to accurately assess the hydrocarbon-type variations. The saturation-profiling data from an NMR diffusion-based tool provides fluid-typing information in a continuous depth log. This approach can be limited by invasion. On the other hand, formation testers allow taking in-situ measurements of the virgin fluids beyond the invaded zone, but at discrete depths only. Thus, the two measurements ideally complement each other. In this case study, NMR saturation profiling was acquired over a series of channelized reservoirs. There is a transition from a water zone to an oil zone, and then to a rich-gas reservoir, indicated by both the DFA and the NMR measurements. Above the rich gas, is a dry-gas interval that is conclusively in a separate compartment. Diffusion-based NMR identifies the fluid type in a series of thin reservoirs above this main section, in which no samples were taken. NMR and DFA both detect compositional gradients, invisible to conventional logs. The work presented in this paper demonstrates how the integration of measurements from various tools can lead to a better understanding of fluid types and distribution.
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Wang, Jian Gang, Hua Lin Wang, Yi Fan, and Yuan Huang. "The Index Matching Method and its Application in V3V Measurements." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.946.
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In imaging measurements on the fluid flow, the quality of particle image is essential to the outcomes of the velocity field. The method to eliminate the problems of refraction and reflection is to match the refractive indices of the working fluid and the surrounding solid wall. In this article, a comprehensive summary of the refractive index matching method was presented. Three fluid materials, two organic and one non-organic was used to conduct index matching and their effect were compared. Results show the perfect index matching is effective to improve the measurement accuracy of imaging measurements.
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Lewis, Edward, and Birol Dindoruk. "Acoustic Velocity Measurements and Interpretation for Challenging Fluid Systems." SPE Journal 22, no. 01 (June 2, 2016): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180915-pa.
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Summary In terms of experimentation, acoustic velocity can be measured with a high degree of accuracy. Several thermodynamic properties related to acoustic velocity such as density, isothermal compressibility, and heat capacity can be extracted from measured data. In this study, technical improvements are implemented in an effort to develop a technique for fast and reliable determination of fluid properties on the basis of acoustic velocity measurements over an expanded range of pressures. The potential use of this device as a quality-control tool in typical pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) measurements is demonstrated. Baseline measurements matched to published literature verify the suitability of the device. Results of tests on three recombined oil samples containing dissolved gas, with prescribed gas/oil ratios (GORs), and one bitumen sample are presented. A sharp change in the acoustic velocity trend near the gas/liquid-saturation point is evidence of gas evolution during depressurization. Strong attenuation complicates measurement of acoustic velocity on the heavy fluids used in this study. Blending bitumen with a midrange-molecular-weight hydrocarbon mixture enables estimation of the undiluted-fluid acoustic velocity by extrapolation. By use of the measured acoustic velocity data available, a methodology is developed to estimate and quality check measured isothermal compressibility (κT) values. This is especially important for low-compressibility systems. Heat-capacity data for simple alkanes (CH4 to n-C10) and toluene helps to define a reasonable range of heat-capacity ratio (γ) expected for typical reservoir fluids. For the typical values of acoustic velocity encountered in the pressure and temperature range of interest, the isothermal compressibility can be calculated and/or quality checked by use of estimated values of γ. In addition, by use of various data sets and by performing graphical error analysis, we have shown the reasons that the methodology works. Available data for n-decane and n-hexadecane along with measured data for a live oil and numerical work on calibrated data sets in this study are used to develop the methodology.
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Cloud, J. E., and P. E. Clark. "Alternatives to the Power-Law Fluid Model for Crosslinked Fluids." Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, no. 06 (December 1, 1985): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/9332-pa.
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Summary Measuring the rheological properties of crosslinked fracturing fluids is difficult but important. Fluid properties play a key role in the determination of the final geometry of the created fracture and in the distribution of proppant within the fracture; therefore, an accurate knowledge of these parameters is necessary for optimum treatment design. The first paper1 in this series described a method to measure accurately and reproducibly the rheological properties of crosslinked fracturing fluids. The technique is the first that applies long-accepted mathematical methods to correct the measurements for the deviations in shear rate caused by the non-Newtonian nature of the fluids. This, in turn, allows the rigorous examination of mathematical fluid models to determine which, if any, best describes the flow properties of the fluids. Introduction The problems of characterizing crosslinked fracturing fluids were outlined in the first paper1 in this series. These problems made the application of accepted mathematical techniques to correct measurements for deviations caused by the non-Newtonian character of these fluids difficult to justify. As a result, not making corrections has often led to the wrong choice of fluid models when the mathematical description of the fluid flow is attempted. The technique1 that was used to gather data for this study has been described previously. Dynamic mechanical testing provides a quantity - called the complex viscosity (µ*) - that has been shown by Cox and Merz2 to equal the apparent viscosity (µa) determined in steady-shear measurements. Yasuela et al.3 recently confirmed this relationship with a wide variety of instruments. Use of this relationship, coupled with the increased sensitivity and reproducibility of the mechanical spectrometer, allows an examination of the data analysis techniques currently used in the industry. The API4 currently specifies that the data gathered on fracturing fluids be reported as n' and k', which have been derived from apparent Newtonian shear rates. This promotes consistency in the presentation of data but can lead to the misinterpretation of the results of an experiment. When necessary, model-independent shear-rate conversions were applied before analysis to all the input data in this study to avoid misinterpretation of the results. Background: Analysis of Laboratory Rheology Data The procedure for determining fluid-flow characteristics from laboratory data may be expressed generally as occurring in three distinct, but not independent, steps:data acquisition,analysis and data reduction, andscale-up with the fundamental equations of fluid mechanics or some generalized method, such as that of Metzner and Reed,5 that is based on those relationships. Only the first and second steps are discussed here; a complete discussion of the third step is beyond the scope of this study. Data Acquisition Data for scale-up are normally acquired in the laboratory with capillary-, tube- and extrusional-type rheometers or parallel-plate, cone-and-plate, and concentric-cylinder rotational-type rheometers. When crosslinked gels are measured, each measurement technique suffers from the effects of the viscoelastic nature1 of the gels. Slip at the wall in capillary- and tube-type rheometers makes data obtained with this type of measurement difficult to reproduce. Slip at the wall and the Weissenberg effect complicate the interpretation of data derived from the steady-shear mode of rotational-type viscometers. The method of dynamic testing1 avoids many of those problems and provides reproducible data for the next step in the scale-up process. Analysis and Data Reduction The first step in the data analysis process is the conversion of the experimental measurements - i.e., pressure drop and pump rate or torque and angular velocity - into estimates of shear stress and shear rate. Three methods of conversion can be used:equivalent (apparent) Newtonian shear rate or viscosity,model-dependent conversions, andmodel-independent conversions. Method 1 is specified by API as the method of reporting fluid data. The shear rate, computed as if the fluid were a Newtonian liquid, is used to estimate parameters for non-Newtonian fluid models. It can be shown that this technique is adequate for certain two-parameter models, provided that restrictions are applied to the range of scale-up shear rates and that the rheological parameters are used without modification in generalized methods of scale-up. This method is inadequate, however, if the object of the experiment is both fluid-model optimization and fluid-flow scale-up. The assumptions inherent to this technique will introduce a bias toward three-parameter models that will be carried through the scale-up process, if not isolated and minimized during error determination. Data Acquisition Data for scale-up are normally acquired in the laboratory with capillary-, tube- and extrusional-type rheometers or parallel-plate, cone-and-plate, and concentric-cylinder rotational-type rheometers. When crosslinked gels are measured, each measurement technique suffers from the effects of the viscoelastic nature1 of the gels. Slip at the wall in capillary- and tube-type rheometers makes data obtained with this type of measurement difficult to reproduce. Slip at the wall and the Weissenberg effect complicate the interpretation of data derived from the steady-shear mode of rotational-type viscometers. The method of dynamic testing1 avoids many of those problems and provides reproducible data for the next step in the scale-up process. Analysis and Data Reduction The first step in the data analysis process is the conversion of the experimental measurements - i.e., pressure drop and pump rate or torque and angular velocity - into estimates of shear stress and shear rate. Three methods of conversion can be used:equivalent (apparent) Newtonian shear rate or viscosity,model-dependent conversions, andmodel-independent conversions. Method 1 is specified by API as the method of reporting fluid data. The shear rate, computed as if the fluid were a Newtonian liquid, is used to estimate parameters for non-Newtonian fluid models. It can be shown that this technique is adequate for certain two-parameter models, provided that restrictions are applied to the range of scale-up shear rates and that the rheological parameters are used without modification in generalized methods of scale-up. This method is inadequate, however, if the object of the experiment is both fluid-model optimization and fluid-flow scale-up. The assumptions inherent to this technique will introduce a bias toward three-parameter models that will be carried through the scale-up process, if not isolated and minimized during error determination.
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Mulyono, Ali Mursyid Wahyu, Engkus Ainul Yakin, and Muhammad Affan Azizy Hasibuan. "In Vitro Digesting Measurement of Cassava Leaves Using Gizzard Fluid and Chicken Duodenum." Bantara Journal of Animal Science 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32585/bjas.v3i2.1947.
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Cassava leaves are an alternative feed material that can be a feed material with sufficient protein content. The study aimed to determine the effect of gizzard and duodenal fluids on in vitro digesting measurements of cassava leaves. The study used a Complete Randomized Design (RAL) unidirectional pattern, Variance Analysis (ANOVA) with Duncan's Multiple Range Terst (DMRT) follow-up test using the SPSS application. The study used 4 treatments and 3 repeats: P0: No digestive fluids (controls), P1: Gizzard fluid, P2: Duodenal fluid, P3: A mixture of gizzard and duodenal fluids. The observed variables are the Dry Material Digest Coefficient (KCBK), the Organic Material Digest Coefficient (KCBO), and the Dissolved Protein Digest Coefficient (KCPT). The results of the study that the use of gizzard fluid in in vitro digestion measurements was better in increasing the value of in vitro digestant of cassava leaves. The use of gizzard fluid can increase the digestibility coefficient of organic matter (KCBO) by 21.2160% and the dissolved protein digest coefficient (KCPT) by 50.4620%.
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White, J. E. "Biot‐Gardner theory of extensional waves in porous rods." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 3 (March 1986): 742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442126.
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Many measurements have been made on fluid‐saturated porous rods executing extensional, flexural, and torsional motion. Measurements for extensional and flexural motion yield a loss parameter for Young's modulus waves [Formula: see text], and the measurement for torsional motion yields [Formula: see text] for shear waves. [Formula: see text] has then been calculated for compressional waves in bulk rock, on the assumption that the fluid‐saturated rock is an isotropic solid. I point out the fallacy of computing [Formula: see text] from these measurements and also urge workers to recognize the losses due to simple fluid viscosity in interpreting their data on extensional waves in rods. By application of published theory, I show that peaks in attenuation of extensional waves are to be expected at frequencies of several hertz to several kilohertz, depending upon rod radius. Computed curves are compared with published measurements on Navajo sandstone saturated with water, ethanol, and n‐decane. In each case, computed peak frequency agrees with published measurements. Shift of the peak frequency with temperature from 4 °C to 25 °C is due to change of viscosity of the saturating fluid (water).
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Ziolkowski, Marek, Hartmut Brauer, and Milko Kuilekov. "Interface identification in magnetic fluid dynamics." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 1, no. 1 (2003): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee0301061z.
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In magnetic fluid dynamics appears the problem of reconstruction of free boundary between conducting fluids, e.g. in aluminum electrolysis cells. We have investigated how the interface between two fluids of different conductivity of a highly simplified model of an aluminum electrolysis cell could be reconstructed by means of external magnetic field measurements using simple genetic algorithm.
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Magnon, Elie, and Eric Cayeux. "Precise Method to Estimate the Herschel-Bulkley Parameters from Pipe Rheometer Measurements." Fluids 6, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6040157.
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Accurate characterization of the rheological behavior of non-Newtonian fluids is critical in a wide range of industries as it governs process efficiency, safety, and end-product quality. When the rheological behavior of fluid may vary substantially over a relatively short period of time, it is desirable to measure its viscous properties on a more continuous basis than relying on spot measurements made with a viscometer on a few samples. An attractive solution for inline rheological measurements is to measure pressure gradients while circulating fluid at different bulk velocities in a circular pipe. Yet, extracting the rheological model parameters may be challenging as measurement uncertainty may influence the precision of the model fitting. In this paper, we present a method to calibrate the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model to a series of differential pressure measurements made at variable bulk velocities using a combination of physics-based equations and nonlinear optimization. Experimental validation of the method is conducted on non-Newtonian shear-thinning fluid based on aqueous solutions of polymers and the results are compared to those obtained with a scientific rheometer. It is found that using a physics-based method to estimate the parameters contributes to reducing prediction errors, especially at low flow rates. With the tested polymeric fluid, the proportion difference between the estimated Herschel-Bulkley parameters and those obtained using the scientific rheometer are −24% for the yield stress, 0.26% for the consistency index, and 0.30% for the flow behavior index. Finally, the computation requires limited resources, and the algorithm can be implemented on low-power devices such as an embedded single-board computer or a mobile device.
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Carlomagno, Giovanni Maria. "SOME THERMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS IN COMPLEX FLUID FLOWS." Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing 17, no. 1 (2010): 15–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jflowvisimageproc.v17.i1.20.
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Adrian, R. J. "Book Review: Advances in Fluid Mechanics Measurements." AIAA Journal 29, no. 3 (March 1991): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.59925.
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WATANABE, Yasunori, Yasufumi TOMITA, and Jun SAKAI. "Bioluminescence Imaging Measurements of Impact Fluid Pressure." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 65, no. 1 (2009): 831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.65.831.
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