To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Flowers.
Journal articles on the topic 'Flowers'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Flowers.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Mbulu, Maria Magdalena Kristiani, I. A. Rina Pratiwi Pudja, and Ni Luh Yulianti. "Pemanfaatan Air Kelapa Dan Asam Sitrat Sebagai Larutan Peraga Menggunakan Teknik Holding Untuk Memperpanjang Masa Kesegaran Bunga Potong Krisan (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) Tipe Spray." Jurnal BETA (Biosistem dan Teknik Pertanian) 7, no. 1 (October 28, 2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbeta.2019.v07.i01.p06.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to obtain the best concentration of coconut water and citric acid as a solution to extend Chrysanthemum cut flowers’ freshness period. The research is consisted of 25 experimental units, each experiment was repeated twice to gain 50 experimental units. The research uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with an experimental factor. The factor is a combination of coconut water and citric acid. The concentration of coconut water which was used 0%, 4%, 8%,12% and 16% meanwhile the concentrations of citric acid which was used 0 ppm,100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, and 400 ppm. The parameters which is measured are;the flower‘s freshness period, percentage of flower bloom, the absorbed solution and the flower’s color. Based on the results of the research, it is known that the best treatment is the concentration of coconut water 4% and citric acid 400 ppm that will gain 11 days of flowers’ freshness period, the percentage of flowers’ bloom is 65.5%, the total absorbed solution is 177.5 ml with flower’s color becoming very faded and slightly brown.
Keywords:Chrysanthemum flowers, coconut water, citric acid, the flower‘s freshness period of flowers
2
Bassett, Mark J. "Interaction of Two Genes, Fcr and Fcr2, with the t Allele in Common Bean that Restores Color to Flowers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 6 (November 1993): 881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.881.
Full textAbstract:
Plant Introduction (PI) accession 507984 of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has partly colored seed coats and either pure white flowers or light laelia flowers. Crosses were made with white-flowered plants of PI 507984: white-flowered plant #1 × the genetic stock t ers ers2 BC2 5-593 and white-flowered plant #2 × recurrent parent dry bean breeding line 5-593. Inheritance was studied in the F1, F2, and F3 of the former cross and the F1 and F2 of the latter cross. PI 507984 (white flower, plant #1) × t ers ers2 BC2 5-593 gave F1 plants with colored flowers and partly colored seeds. The F2 gave a 9:7 segregation ratio (colored flowers to white flowers), and the genetic model proposed is that flower color is restored in the presence of t/t by two complementary genes, Fcr and Fcr-2. That model was confirmed by F3 progeny tests of 21 F2 parents with colored flowers. The cross PI 507984 (white flower, plant #2) × 5-593 gave an F2 segregation ratio of 9:3:4 (bishops-violet: light laelia: white flowers), indicating that the white-flowered PI 507984 has vlae masked by t. Analysis of all the data suggests that PI 507984 is heterogeneous at Fcr and Fcr-2, having all three possible homozygous genotypes, viz., either light laelia flowers from vlae t Fcr Fcr-2 or white flowers from vlae t Fcr fcr-2 or vlae t fcr Fcr-2. The flower color restoration gene in 5-593 is arbitrarily assigned the symbol Fcr. Great variability occurs in partly colored seeds of PI 507984 due to the environment in which the seed was produced.
3
Lubell, Jessica D., and Mark H. Brand. "Flower Color, Color Stability, and Flower Longevity in Red-flowered Elepidote Rhododendrons." HortTechnology 27, no. 5 (October 2017): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03792-17.
Full textAbstract:
Red-flowered elepidote rhododendrons (Rhododendron sp.) are favored by consumers, but cold-hardy red-flowered rhododendrons frequently have blue-red flower hue rather than the preferred red flower hue. Flower longevity, color, and color stability over 14 days were studied for the following eight elepidote rhododendron cultivars possessing red flowers: Besse Howells, Burma, Cary’s Red, Firestorm, Francesca, Henry’s Red, Low Red Frilled, and Nova Zembla. The eight cultivars were separated by flower hue into two distinct groups of four cultivars each. Rhododendron cultivars Burma, Firestorm, Francesca, and Henry’s Red produced flowers with red hue and Besse Howells, Cary’s Red, Low Red Frilled, and Nova Zembla produced flowers with blue-red hue. Flower longevity among rhododendron cultivars varied with Francesca blooms lasting the longest at over 14 days, and Besse Howells and Firestorm blooms lasting the shortest at ≈10 days. As flowers aged, hue angle decreased (became bluer), lightness increased, and chroma decreased or remained unchanged. The degree of change in flower color over time differed among cultivars, with ‘Francesca’ demonstrating the least change (ΔE00 ≈ 3) and ‘Besse Howells’ the most change (ΔE00 ≈ 11).
4
Ramadhani, I. A. M. R., and A. Salamah. "Study of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Flower Development: Morphological Variations in an Urban Environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 940, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Cananga odorata is a native plant in the Indonesian archipelago. The flowers are often used to produce essential oils with many uses and a distinct fragrance. This study aims to observe each stage of the Cananga odorata flower development. The flowers were obtained from a home garden in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, from November 2020 until January 2021. Further observations of the stamen and pistil developments were conducted using Dino-Lite Edge Digital Microscope AM4115 Series. The results show that Cananga odorata flower development can be categorized into bud, display-petal, initial-flowering, full-flowering, end-flowering, and senescence stages. The flowers require 35 days to develop from bud stage to flower senescence. Stamens and pistils also develop primarily during the bud stages and mature after flower anthesis. Flower mutants were also found and may be caused by a mutation in the flower’s homeotic genes. Each different stages of flower development show a different morphological change in the flower perianth and reproductive organs. A discrepancy of flower morphology within each stage, especially those seen during the anthesis stages, might imply a variation in the flower’s internal factors.
5
Zhang, Donglin, A. M. Armitage, J. M. Affolter, and M. A. Dirr. "543 Flowering and Growth Response to Photoperiod and Cold Treatment of Arabis sturii Mottet." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 539D—539. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.539d.
Full textAbstract:
Arabis sturii Mottet (Brassicaceae) has potential as a new crop for American nurseries and may be used as a perennial pot plant. Cold treatment was required for flowering of Arabis sturii and a 6-week cold treatment resulted in the greatest number of racemes and flowers per plant. Increasing or decreasing length of cold treatment resulted in less flowers per plant. Plant height increased as duration of cold treatment increased. Photoperiod had a significant effect on flowering and growth only after plants received 3 weeks or more cold treatment. All plants given a 16-h photoperiod flowered, while only 50% and 80% flowered under an 8- or 12-h photoperiod, respectively. A 16-h photoperiod shortened the time to production of flower buds and anthesis and the greatest difference occurred after the 9-week cold treatment. At the 6-week cold treatment, number of flowers per plant different significantly between long (145 flowers) and short day (59). The effect of photoperiod on number of flowers per plant became less as cold treatment increased or decreased. Although photoperiod did not induce flower initiation, it had a tremendous effect on flower development. Many more flowers were produced and plants were taller as photoperiod increased. No significant difference was found in plant dry weight.
6
Kan, Pei-Wen, Yu-Ching Cheng, and Der-Ming Yeh. "Mechanism of Leaf Vein Coloration and Inheritance of Leaf Vein Color, Flower Form, and Floral Symmetry in Gloxinia." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 146, no. 3 (May 2021): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs05034-20.
Full textAbstract:
Double-flowered gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa) cultivars with foliar variegation might have a greater market appeal as flowering foliage plants. Crosses were made among 16 gloxinia cultivars and their progenies were analyzed to determine the inheritance of leaf vein color, flower form, and floral symmetry. All plants from self-pollinating white-veined cultivars or crosses between white-veined and green-veined cultivars produced white veins. Progeny derived from self-pollinating plants of white-veined cultivars × green-veined cultivars segregated into a ratio of 3 white-veined:1 green-veined. All plants from self-pollinating or cross-pollinating single-flowered cultivars produced single flowers. Progeny of self-pollination or crosses between double-flowered cultivars segregated into a ratio of 3 double flowers:1 single flower. Contingency chi-square tests revealed that leaf vein color and flower form were inherited independently. New gloxinia progenies with homozygous white veins and double flowers were successfully developed from the F2 segregating population. Plants from self-pollinating or cross-pollinating cultivars with actinomorphic flowers produced actinomorphic flowers. A single dominant gene expressed in the homozygous or heterozygous state resulted in the zygomorphic flowers. Independent inheritance was observed between vein color and floral symmetry. Air spaces between the epidermis and the mesophyll cells were observed in the white, but not in the green, leaf vein portions. Net photosynthesis did not differ significantly between the white vein and adjacent green portion of the same leaf.
7
Griesbach, R. J., and R. A. Waterworth. "464 The Biochemical Basis for Purple, Blue and Red Flower Colors in Calibrachoa LaLlave & Lexarza." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 474A—474. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.474a.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, several new Calibrachoa La Llave & Lexarza cultivars have been developed with novel red and blue flowers. Most of the wild species of Calibrachoa have purple flowers. The difference in color between the red, blue, and purple flowers was not due to anthocyanin composition but to vacuolar pH. The pH of the red flowered cultivar was 4.8, while that of the blue flowered cultivar was 5.6. The wild purple flower species had an intermediate pH of 5.0. The difference in pH was genetically inherited.
8
Wolfe, Lorne M. "REGULATION OF SEX EXPRESSION IN DESERT AND MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS OF AN ANDROMONOECIOUS PLANT (GAGEA CHLORANTHA, LILIACEAE)." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 46, no. 1 (May 13, 1998): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1998.10676703.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined issues related to the ecology of andromonoecy in Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceae), a perennial geophyte that grows in desert and Mediterranean-type habitats in Israel. Andromonoecy is a plant sexual system where individuals produce both male and hermaphrodite flowers and is thought to have evolved to optimize resource allocation to male and female function. Individuals of this species produced 1–6 flowers, and flower production was significantly correlated with the size of the storage organ (bulb). Three sexual phenotypes were found to exist: those that made only male flowers, plants that made only hermaphrodite flowers, and those that produced both flower types. Two lines of evidence suggest that hermaphroditic reproduction is more costly than male reproduction: (1) hermaphroditic flowers were heavier than male flowers in terms of dry biomass; (2) bulb size was greater on single-flower plants that were hermaphrodite compared to male. In addition, bulb size was greater on multiple-flowered plants that made a hermaphrodite flower as the last flower, compared to those that made a male flower. The floral sex ratio varied extensively along a latitudinal rainfall gradient within Israel. The five Mediterranean populations were male-biased. In contrast, the production of males in the three Negev desert populations was extremely rare, and approximately 94% of the flowers were hermaphrodite. The difference in sex ratio between the two habitat types is explained in terms of environmental unpredictability.
9
Gegear, Robert J., and Terence M. Laverty. "Effect of flower complexity on relearning flower-handling skills in bumble bees." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 2052–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-241.
Full textAbstract:
Pollinators often forage sequentially among the flowers of the same plant species while bypassing flowers of other rewarding species. Darwin proposed that it is more efficient for pollinators to remain constant to one plant species because switching to a second species interferes with their ability to recall a previously learned flower-handling technique. This interference hypothesis was tested using Bombus impatiens workers. Bees that had learned to handle one type of flower (species A) were retested on species A after they had learned to handle a second type of flower (species B). Interference effects were detected by comparing flower access times (time to insert the tongue into the flower) during the retesting period with initial access times on species A. Bees retested on both simple (red clover, Trifolium pratense) and complex (toadflax, Linaria vulgaris) flowers showed no evidence of interference after learning simple-flowered plant species (blueweed, Echium vulgare; purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria). However, bees relearning the complex flowers of toadflax showed a 2.2-s (81%) increase over their initial access time after switching to a second complex-flowered species (orange touch-me-not, Impatiens capensis). These results suggest that the interference effects incurred by bees switching between toadflax and orange touch-me-not under biologically realistic conditions are relatively small, and are unlikely to account for flower constancy in bumble bees.
10
Fomina, Tatyana I., and Eduard S. Fomin. "Study of flowering patterns of Campanula L. species using computer modeling." BIO Web of Conferences 24 (2020): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202400022.
Full textAbstract:
Long-term data on flowering phenology of 9 Campanula L. species were processed using computer modeling. Modified model is proposed to describe flowering of monocarpic shoots with multi-flowered inflorescences taking into account structural inflorescence features and morphogenesis of floral zone. The flowering patterns are determined by degree of inflorescence branching and sequence of flowers opening in them. It is shown that flowering curve for simple inflorescences is unimodal: it has single peak associated with opening of terminal flower and flowers on the 1st order axes. For compound inflorescences two maxima are noted (the second of them is due to opening of flowers on the 2nd order axes), or curve has wavy character. Regression curves describing sequence of flowers opening on the 1 st order axes are different. They are C-shaped if flowering begins in lower third of the inflorescence and then spreads divergently. More often terminal flower opens first, and is accompanied by several flowers in lower third of inflorescence, while next flowers open in divergent way. In this case the regression curves are S-shaped. The proposed model reproduces picture of individual flowering with natural variability, and can be used to describe flowering of various taxa of herbaceous plants with multi-flowered inflorescences.
11
Galen, C., and R. C. Plowright. "The effects of nectar level and flower development on pollen carry-over in inflorescences of fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) (Onagraceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-060.
Full textAbstract:
Nectar in flowers of Epilobium angustifolium was manipulated experimentally to provide enriched versus depleted reward levels to bumblebee pollinators. Bumblebees visited significantly more flowers on inflorescences with high rewards than low ones and stayed longer on individual flowers with high rewards. The greatest pollen deposition occurred in older female flowers having enriched nectar levels. In older female flowers the stigma lobes coil backward, reducing the distance between their receptive surfaces and the nectary site. Younger female flowers, regardless of reward level, only occasionally received more than a few pollen grains per bee visit. Although higher nectar levels are likely to promote pollen receipt over the course of a flower's lifetime, because of changes in stigma configuration with flower development, the number of pollen grains transferred to the stigma at any given time depends on the flower's age as well as its reward status. In this self-compatible plant species, most of the increase in pollen receipt resulting from high nectar production is likely to lead to self-matings since (i) plants are clonal and bees usually fly to nearest neighbor ramets after rewarding visits, (ii) bees visit more flowers on enriched inflorescences than on depleted ones, and (iii) pollen carry-over declines exponentially over the course of an inflorescence visit.
12
Henny, R. J., T. A. Mellich, and D. J. Norman. "Spathiphyllum Cultivars Vary in Flowering Response after Treatment with Gibberellic Acid." HortTechnology 9, no. 2 (January 1999): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.2.177.
Full textAbstract:
Thirty-one spathiphyllum (Spathiphyllum Schott.) cultivars were evaluated for flowering response following treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3). Greenhouse-grown plants were treated once with 250 mg·L-1 (ppm) GA3 applied as a foliar spray. Within 16 weeks after treatment all GA3-treated plants had flowered but none of the untreated controls produced flowers. `Vickilynn' (14.1 flowers/plant after 16 weeks), `Piccolino' (12.8), `Mascha' (12.6), `Chris' (11.7), `Alpha' (11.7), and `Daniel' (11.0) produced significantly more flowers than other cultivars. The cultivars producing the fewest flowers per plant after 16 weeks were `Sierra' (2.5), `S1008' (3.2), `Rica' (3.4), `Sonya' (4.3), `Vanessa' (5.1), `S18' (5.5) and `S4002' (5.6). `Alpha,' `Textura,' `Daniel,' `Mascha,' `S1007', and `Showpiece' had significantly better flower quality. `S1008,' `Codys Color', and `Petite' had poor flower quality. `Mascha' was the earliest cultivar to bloom producing maximum flower counts during weeks 9 to 10 after treatment while `Vanessa' was the latest to flower with peak bloom occurring 15 to 16 weeks after treatment. Most cultivars reached peak bloom at 11 to 13 weeks after treatment. Results indicate sufficient genetic variability in spathiphyllum flowering response to GA3 treatment exists to permit cultivar selections based on differences in flowering time, number of flowers and flower quality.
13
Kowalska, Grażyna. "The influence of heterostyly, pollination method and hormonization on eggplant's (Solanum melongena L.) flowering and fruiting." Acta Agrobotanica 56, no. 1-2 (2013): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2003.007.
Full textAbstract:
The experiment was carried out in a three unheated plastic tunnels in 1998-2000. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of flower's heterostyly and two methods of flower pollination (self-pollination and using bumble-bee) as well as flower hormonization on the flowering and fruiting of three varieties of aubergine - 'Black Beauty', 'Solara F<sub>1</sub> and Epic F<sub>1</sub>' The analysis of results showed that the eggplants formed more flowers in object with self-pollination and flower hormonization than those pollinated by bumble-bee. Regardless of the pollination way and flower hormonization, eggplants formed the highest number of flowers with long pistil and much less - with medium and short pistil. It was shown that the tendency to formation the flowers with particular type of pistil is the variety trait of eggplants. The highest number of flowers with long pistil was observed in varieties 'Solara F<sub>1</sub>' and 'Epic F<sub>1</sub>' and those with medium pistil - in 'Black Beauty' variety. Heterostyly phenomenon occurring in eggplant's flowers affected the plant's fruiting. The most fruits were set from flowers with long pistils than from those with medium and short ones. Fruits formed from long pistil flowers were characterized with significantly greater mean weight and size, than those formed from medium and short pistil ones. No significant influence of pollination method on eggplant fruit quality was found in three years of study. Fruits achieved due to three pollination methods were characterized with similar mean weight and diameter. Fruits with significantly larger mean length were achieved from flowers pollinated by bumble-bees than from self - pollinated ones.
14
Temeles, Ethan J., and Adam G. Rankin. "Effect of the lower lip of Monarda didyma on pollen removal by hummingbirds." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-089.
Full textAbstract:
We examined the effect of the lower lip of Monarda didyma L. on pollen removal by ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris L.) through comparisons of hummingbird visits to natural, lipped flowers versus those that had their lower lip experimentally removed. Birds missed the openings of lipless flowers more often than lipped flowers and thus spent more time attempting to insert their bills into them. Once their bills entered the floral tube, handling times of hummingbirds were significantly longer at lipped than at lipless flowers. Contact durations with anthers and amounts of pollen removed by hummingbirds were significantly greater at lipped than at lipless flowers. Videotapes indicated that lips enhanced pollen removal by slowing a hummingbird's bill insertion into the floral tube, which increased the amount of time that a bird was positioned under a flower's anthers. Unlike the conventional view of hummingbird-flower evolution, which argues for the loss or reduction of lips, our results suggest that lower lips may be maintained in some hummingbird flower species, because they are preadaptations that act as nectar guides for hummingbirds and positioners for optimum pollen removal, in addition to possibly serving as landing platforms or attractants for secondary pollination by bees.Key words: Monarda didyma, pollination, flower morphology, hummingbirds.
15
Erbaş, Sabri, and Murat Mutlucan. "Investigation of Flower Yield and Quality in Different Color Safflower Genotypes." Agronomy 13, no. 4 (March 23, 2023): 956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13040956.
Full textAbstract:
The present study was carried out to determine variations in flower and dye yield and chemical contents of safflower genotypes with different flower colors in 2017–2018. The flower and dyestuff yields of the genotype ranged between 6.6–12.0 kg da−1 and 218.1–421.7 g da−1, respectively. The TPC and high antioxidant capacity values were listed according to flower color as yellow > orange > red > white. Gallic, rosmarinic and chlorogenic acid were higher in orange-flowered genotypes, kaempferol in red-flowered and catechin in yellow and orange-flowered. The oil content ranged between 4.32–6.12%. In flowers, linoleic acid ranged between 32.77–48.27%, α-linolenic acid 1.85–3.38% and γ-linolenic acid 14.76–18.50%. According to the Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) technique; the main scent molecules of flowers were β-caryophyllene, α-pinene, 1-tetradecene, β-cedrene, α-cedrene and β-myrcene. The C* value of flowers was positively correlated with the total phenolic content and dyestuff content in both years, and genotypes with high C value showed high antioxidant activity. Askon-42 can be recommended for high flower yield, dyestuff content and yield among genotypes, and US-10 genotype for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. For further research, it will guide the use of different colored safflower flower extracts, which are natural dye sources, in natural cosmetic products.
16
Yang, Jae-Won, Min-Sun Lee, Dawou Joung, and Bum-Jin Park. "Effects of using Natural and Artificial Flowers in Flower Arrangement on Psychological and Physiological Relaxation." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 25, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.1.39.
Full textAbstract:
Background and objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of using natural and artificial flowers in flower arrangement on psychological and physiological relaxation. Methods In order to clarify the effect of natural flowers in terms of physiological relaxation during flower arrangement work, heart rate variability (HRV) was measured while 15 people were conducting flower arrangement with natural flowers in comparison with artificial flowers. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), Profile of Mood States (POMS), and semantic differential (SD) method were used during flower arrangement to investigate the psychological effects. Results The physiological relaxation of natural flowers shows that flower arrangement using with natural flowers during the first 5 minutes significantly inhibits sympathetic activity compared to artificial flowers. This result proves that flower arrangement using natural flowers reduces the tension and improve relaxation. As the results of examining the psychological effects, the STAI proves that flower arrangement using natural flowers can better reduce anxiety and relax the subjects than artificial flowers. The result of SCL-90-R test shows that flower arrangement using natural flowers can significantly reduce depression. The result of the POMS shows that flower arrangement using natural flowers can significantly reduce tension, anxiety and depression compared to artificial flowers. The result of the SD method shows that the subjects had a significantly more positive impression of flower arrangement using natural flowers than that using artificial flowers in terms of feeling ‘pleasant’ and ‘calm’. Conclusion The result imply that flower arrangement using natural flowers can be more effective for relaxation and recovery from stress and can improve relaxation and calmness of human body compared to artificial flowers.
17
Da Costa, Lucas Cavalcante, and Fernando Luiz Finger. "Flower opening and vase life of gladiolus cultivars: the sensitivity to ethylene and the carbohydrate content." Ornamental Horticulture 22, no. 2 (August 17, 2016): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i2.901.
Full textAbstract:
Vase life is one of the most important characteristics in the quality of cut flowers. The carbohydrate content of petals from each cultivar can be a decisive factor to vase life of gladiolus flowers. Despite exposure to ethylene does not affect the life of open florets of gladiolus flowers, it may reduce the flower’s commercial life due the occurrence of flower buds abortion. This study thus aimed to evaluate the flower opening and the vase life of gladiolus flowers according to ethylene sensitivity and carbohydrate content of each cultivar. The gladiolus cultivars used in Experiment I were ‘Amsterdam’, ‘Blue Frost’, ‘Gold Field’, ‘Green Star’, ‘Jester’, ‘Lavender’, ‘Red Beauty’, ‘Rose Supreme’, ‘Traderhorn’, and ‘Verônica’. Stems were stored in airtight chambers and exposed to the ethylene concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, and 1000 μL L−1 for 24 h. Subsequently, flower stem were placed in a test tube with distilled water when were evaluated for percentage of flower opening and vase life. In Experiment II, three cultivars (‘Amsterdam’, ‘Red Beauty’, and ‘Verônica’) were chosen based on the lowest, medium, and highest vase life in Experiment I, respectively. Total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and starch contents were evaluated in five flower developmental stages. No effect of ethylene on the flower opening or alterations in flower opening between cultivars. The vase life of gladiolus flowers differed between cultivars regardless of ethylene action. ‘Verônica’ and ‘Amsterdam’, which had the highest and lowest vase life, respectively, differed as to the total soluble sugar content. Ethylene does not influence the flower opening or vase life of the gladiolus cultivars studied. In these cultivars, the maintenance of flower opening is attributed to total soluble sugars content, which, in turn, is a major determinant of the vase life.
18
Petit, Sophie, Nadia Rubbo, and Russell Schumann. "Nectar collected with microcapillary tubes is less concentrated than total nectar in flowers with small nectar volumes." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 6 (2011): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11226.
Full textAbstract:
Previous research indicated that microcapillary tubes greatly underestimated sugar present in flowers with low nectar volumes, but it was unclear whether tubes missed liquid nectar or whether sugar concentration in nectar they collected did not represent total sugar concentration in a flower. We determined the suitability of microcapillary tubes to estimate the energetic value of Acrotriche patula R.Br. (Ericaceae) nectar from total sugar mass. We collected a standing crop of nectar from individual flowers with microcapillary tubes and subsequently washed the flowers to recover putatively any residual sucrose, glucose, and fructose. We assessed microcapillary nectar volume as a predictor for total sugar mass in a flower by regression analysis, identified the percentage of sugar missed by microcapillary tubes, and compared sugar ratios between microcapillary samples and total nectar. Nectar volume collected with microcapillary tubes cannot be used to predict total nectar sugar contents in a flower. Microcapillary tubes missed 71% of the floral sugar on average, but not a large volume, indicating that sugar is not evenly distributed in a flower’s nectar. Proportions of different sugars did not differ significantly between microcapillary samples and total samples. Animals with different tongue morphologies and feeding behaviours may obtain different energetic rewards from the same flower with low nectar volume. Variation in a flower’s nectar at one point in time is likely to favour the generalisation of pollination systems.
19
M, Visalakshi, Jawaharlal M, and Thirupathi V. "Freeze Drying on Physiological Characteristics and Sensory Quality of Flowers." Madras Agricultural Journal 102, March (2015): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.001072.
Full textAbstract:
Drying technique of many ornamental flowers by freeze drying retains the quality and longevity of flowers. In this experiment freeze drying effect on different flowers (rose, carnation, jasmine, orchid and chrysanthemum) for flower colour, flower physiology, tissue integrity and moisture content with dry flower shape were studied. Flowers which recorded optimum moisture loss provided rigidity and uniform cell contraction with shape retention while higher moisture loss resulted in shriveled flowers. Light colour flowers retained colour value compared to dark flowers. The carnation (pink) and jasmine flowers recorded optimum percentage of moisture loss due to freeze drying, which did not affect the pigment concentration and retained the colour and shape. These flowers scored better for quality parameters and found suitable for freeze drying in dry flower industry.
20
Davenport, Thomas L., and James T. O'Neal. "319 Flowering Phenology of Mamey Sapote [Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr.] in Florida." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 497F—498. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.497f.
Full textAbstract:
Flowering and fruit set characteristics were examined in the popular commercial cultivar Magaoa in an effort to elucidate the reproductive phenology of mamey sapote, Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr. [syn. Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore and Stearn]. Flowers opened during the night with anthesis beginning around sunset. The length of floral opening varied according to season, ranging from 6 days in winter to a single day in summer. Bursts of new flowers generally appeared in cycles of about 7 days in declining numbers of flowers per burst until all the floral buds of a particular floral bud flush had flowered. Floral buds flowered randomly along a branch with only a few flowers open at any one time. Flower position around the branch was a factor in fruit set. Flowers and small fruitlets encircled horizontal branches in great numbers, but immature fruit most often developed from flowers located on the upper branch quadrant. The lower quadrant contained the fewest immature fruit. As fruit matured, however, more upper quadrant fruit abscised until by harvest, most mature fruit were found on the lower quadrant. The observations provide new insights into the reproductive phenology of mamey sapote.
21
West, E. L., and T. M. Laverty. "Effect of floral symmetry on flower choice and foraging behaviour of bumble bees." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-246.
Full textAbstract:
Bumble bees are known to prefer symmetrical over asymmetrical flowers and bilateral over radial flower types. This study examined the basis of these preferences in three experiments with artificial flowers. The first experiment showed that flower-naive worker bees (Bombus impatiens) displayed no innate preference for symmetrical over asymmetrical or bilateral over radial flowers in choice tests. The second experiment tested whether bees showed a learning or memory bias for symmetrical over asymmetrical rewarding flowers when foraging on arrays of either bilateral or radial flower types. There was no evidence that bees learned or remembered symmetrical rewarding flowers better than asymmetrical rewarding flowers. The percentage of visits to rewarding flowers during test runs for bees foraging on arrays with bilateral flowers was consistently greater than on arrays with radial flowers. A third experiment examined the effect of nectar-guide symmetry on flower-handling and travel times. Bees were tested on homogeneous arrays with bilateral or radial flowers of either symmetrical or asymmetrical shapes and with symmetrical, asymmetrical, or no nectar guides. Guide symmetry had no effect on flower-handling or travel times. However, bees handled symmetrical flowers about 20% faster than asymmetrical flowers and bilateral flowers about 45% faster than radial flowers; travel times of bees on arrays with bilateral flowers were about 2.5 times faster than travel times of bees foraging on arrays of radial flowers.
22
Zhang, D., A. M. Armitage, J. M. Affolter, and M. A. Dirr. "Environmental Control of Flowering and Growth of Lysimachia congestiflora Hemsl." HortScience 30, no. 1 (February 1995): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.1.62.
Full textAbstract:
Dense-flowered loosestrife is a quantitative long-day (LD) plant. Plants given a LD photoperiod (16 hours) flowered 21 and 34 days earlier than plants given 12- and 8-hour photoperiods, respectively. Plants under LDs produced significantly more flowers than those under 8- and 12-hour photoperiods. Only 1 week of LD was needed for 100% flowering; however, optimum flower count and size were produced with 3 weeks of LD. Plant dry weight did not differ significantly among treatments; however, LDs produced fewer but larger leaves, particularly those subtending the inflorescence. Total plant growth increased as temperature increased, but lower temperature (10C) decreased flower initiation and prevented flower development. High temperature (26C) reduced the persistence of open flowers. The optimum temperature for dense-flowered loosestrife growth was ≈20C. Flowering was accelerated and dry weight production increased as irradiance levels increased from 100 to 300 μmol·m–2·s–1.
23
Dmitruk, Marta, Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska, and Aneta Sulborska. "Flowering and Nectar Secretion in two Forms of the Moldavian Dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) – A Plant with Extraordinary Apicultural Potential." Journal of Apicultural Science 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jas-2018-0010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Dracocephalum moldavica is a valuable reward plant for flower visitors. The aim of the study was to ecologically characterise its flowers and leaves and assess the seasonal and daily dynamics of flowering in two white- and blue-flowered forms of this species in 2004 and 2005. Additionally, the duration and abundance of plant flowering as well as the nectar amount and sugar content were analysed. The signalling attractants of the plant include an intense scent emitted by trichomes located not only on its flowers but also on its stem and leaf surfaces. The average corolla length is 24 mm and the corolla tube, which can be completely filled with nectar, is 8.6 mm long. The floral lifespan was shown to reach 2-3 days and the mean blooming duration of both forms of dragonhead 45-48 days. The white-flowered plants produced a substantially greater number of flowers (5352) than the blue-flowered form (2965). The nectar amount obtained from ten blue flowers was 15.33 mg and that extracted from white flowers reached 17.56 mg, with 49.4% and 51.5% content of sugar, respectively. The total sugar mass produced by one white-flowered plant was 4656 mg, while one blue-flowered plant yielded 2164 mg of sugars. The sugar yield calculated in the study for the white-flowered form (586 kg · ha−1) was two-fold higher than that in the blue-flowered plants.
24
Wetzstein, Hazel Y., Weiguang Yi, Justin A. Porter, and Nadav Ravid. "Flower Position and Size Impact Ovule Number per Flower, Fruitset, and Fruit Size in Pomegranate." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 3 (May 2013): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.3.159.
Full textAbstract:
Pomegranate trees (Punica granatum) produce large numbers of both hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers that produce fruit and functionally male flowers that characteristically abort. Excessive production of male flowers can result in decreased yields resulting from their inability to set fruit. Within hermaphroditic flowers, sex expression appears to follow a spectrum ranging from those exhibiting strong to weak pistil development. Unknown is the scope that flower quality plays in influencing fruit production. A description of floral characteristics and how they vary with flowers of different sizes and positions is lacking in pomegranate and was the focus of this study. Furthermore, the effects of flower size and position on fruit set and fruit size were evaluated. This study documents that flower size characteristics and ovule development can be quite variable and are related to flower type and position. Single and terminal flowers within a cluster were larger than lateral flowers. In addition, lateral flowers exhibited a high frequency of flowers with poor ovule development sufficient to negatively impact fruiting in that flower type. Ovule numbers per flower were significantly influenced by flower size with more ovules in larger flowers. Pollination studies verified significantly higher fruit set and fruit weight, and larger commercial size distributions were obtained with larger vs. smaller flowers. Thus, flower quality is an important issue in pomegranate. Cultural and environmental factors that influence flower size and vigor may have a direct consequence on fruit production and yield.
25
Chen, Chunxian, and William R. Okie. "Novel Peach Flower Types in a Segregating Population from ‘Helen Borchers’." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 140, no. 2 (March 2015): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.140.2.172.
Full textAbstract:
Several new peach (Prunus persica) flower types were discovered in an F2 segregating population from an open-pollinated, non-showy-flowered F1 seedling of ‘Helen Borchers’, a double-flowered ornamental cultivar. The novel flower types were white and red single-flowered, non-showy blooms, as well as double-flowered, non-showy red, pink, white, and yellow phenotypes. The double, non-showy flowers were very attractive, and resembled pom-pom chrysanthemums. Yellow flower color is unknown in peach. Flower type in the F2 family segregated ≈3:1 for non-showy (Sh_) vs. showy (shsh), for anthocyanin-present vs. anthocyanin-absent, and for pink (R_) vs. red (rr), independently. Flower petal number segregated at about 9:3:4 for classes single:semi-double:double. Although both parents were late flowering, the F1 was not. The F2 seedlings showed a wide range in time of flowering. Higher petal number was correlated with later bloom, although it is unclear whether this is due to linkage or developmental differences in the flowers with extra petals. These novel flower types might be useful as ornamentals, and for use in genetics and breeding studies. Microsatellite analysis of possible pollen donors revealed that ‘Oldmixon Free’, a non-showy-flowered peach cultivar, was likely the pollen parent of the F1.
26
Essenberg, Carla J., Paige E. Guevarra, Hadley M. Moreau, Cody J. Jordan, and Talia Zisman. "A benefit to providing information? Flower size cues, plant attractiveness, and plant visit length." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (May 3, 2019): 1168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz065.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In many plant species, flower size is correlated with the production of floral rewards such as nectar and pollen and, therefore, provides information to pollinators about flower quality. However, how relationships between flower size and rewards influence plant fitness is not well understood. In particular, it is unclear whether indicating to pollinators which flowers are unrewarding harms or benefits plants. We used a laboratory system with artificial flowers to examine bumblebees’ (Bombus impatiens) responses to plants that had flower size as an informative cue (with large flowers rewarding and small flowers unrewarding) as compared with “deceptive” plants that had a mixture of rewarding and unrewarding large flowers and plants with only large, rewarding flowers. Bees had previously foraged in a context in which only large flowers provided rewards. Small flowers were visited less often than large flowers. In comparing plants with different numbers of flowers, we found that small flowers, although they added less to a plant’s attractiveness than large flowers, did increase a plant’s attractiveness if present in sufficient number. Furthermore, plants with informative cues received substantially fewer flower visits per plant visit in comparison with deceptive plants, even when the plants with informative cues had a larger number of flowers. Cues identifying unrewarding flowers could, therefore, reduce rates of within-plant pollen movement, increasing the plant’s fitness gains per flower visit. Their contribution to whole-plant attractiveness and avoidance of inbreeding could help explain why many plants produce small, relatively unrewarding flowers even though pollinators avoid visiting them.
27
Nepop-Aidachych, L. "SYMBOLISM OF FLOWERS IN POLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE." Comparative studies of Slavic languages and literatures. In memory of Academician Leonid Bulakhovsky, no. 36 (2020): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2075-437x.2020.36.05.
Full textAbstract:
The author explores the symbolism of flowers in the Polish language and culture. On the basis of the articles of the Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols („Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych”) (Flowers Volume („Kwiaty”)), it is determined which symbolic meaning saregiven to the flower in general and to certain types of flowers, in whichgenres of folklor et hes evalues arerealized, what be camethe basis for the formation of suchmeanings. For the reconstruction of symbolic meanings boththe Polish linguistic information and the information outside the linguistic field are used, which testify to the functioning of the corresponding conceptin Polish culture. Based on the comparison of the linguistic images of the individual flowers and the flowerin generalitisre vealedt hatt hev astmajority of linguistic image softhe flowers have both common withthe general concept and differen tsymbolic meanings, som ehave only specific one sandothers do not have thematall. Ways and technique sof analysis of the symbolism of flowers in Polish language and culture are offered.
28
Freyre, Rosanna, and Robert J. Griesbach. "Inheritance of Flower Color in Anagallis monelli L." HortScience 39, no. 6 (October 2004): 1220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1220.
Full textAbstract:
Plants of Anagallis monelli in their native habitat or in cultivation have either blue or orange flowers. Clonally propagated cultivars, seed obtained from commercial sources and the resulting plants were grown in a greenhouse at the University of New Hampshire. F2 progeny obtained from hybridization between blue- and orange-flowered plants had blue, orange or red flowers. There were no significant differences in petal pH of orange-, blue-, and red-flowered plants that could explain the differences in flower color. Anthocyanidins were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results indicated that blue color was due to malvidin, orange to pelargonidin, and red to delphinidin. Based on our segregation data, we propose a three-gene model to explain flower color inheritance in this species.
29
Zhou, Caibi, Xin Mei, Dylan O’Neill Rothenberg, Zaibo Yang, Wenting Zhang, Shihua Wan, Haijun Yang, and Lingyun Zhang. "Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Putative Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Accumulation and Coloration in White and Pink Tea (Camellia sinensis) Flower." Molecules 25, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010190.
Full textAbstract:
A variant of tea tree (Camellia sinensis (L.)) with purple buds and leaves and pink flowers can be used as a unique ornamental plant. However, the mechanism of flower coloration remains unclear. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of coloration, as well as anthocyanin accumulation in white and pink tea flowers, metabolite profiling and transcriptome sequencing was analyzed in various tea flower developmental stages. Results of metabolomics analysis revealed that three specific anthocyanin substances could be identified, i.e., cyanidin O-syringic acid, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside, which only accumulated in pink tea flowers, and were not able to be detected in white flowers. RNA-seq and weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed eight highly expressed structural genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, and particularly, different expression patterns of flavonol synthase and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes were observed. We deduced that the disequilibrium of expression levels in flavonol synthases and dihydroflavonol-4-reductases resulted in different levels of anthocyanin accumulation and coloration in white and pink tea flowers. Results of qRT-PCR performed for 9 key genes suggested that the expression profiles of differentially expressed genes were generally consistent with the results of high-throughput sequencing. These findings provide insight into anthocyanin accumulation and coloration mechanisms during tea flower development, which will contribute to the breeding of pink-flowered and anthocyanin-rich tea cultivars.
30
Cabrera, A., and A. Martin. "Genetics of tannin content and its relationship with flower and testa colours in Vicia faba." Journal of Agricultural Science 113, no. 1 (August 1989): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084665.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYTannin content of the testa was estimated in crosses among six Vicia faba lines of diverse origin using the vanillin-HCl method. Additive genetic variance was predominant in the inheritance of tannin content. Two white-flowered parents possessed different genetic information for tannin content when the pleiotropic effect of genes for white flowers was eliminated. The genes controlling red testa (r), spotted flower (Sdp) and yellow pigment on the flower (yf) negatively influenced tannin content in the testa. Breeding for low tannin content in Vicia faba is feasible and selection can be based on plants with yellow-spotted flowers and red testas.
31
HAYATI, RITA, AINUN MARLIAH, and RIFA NARIZKY. "The affect of some natural preservative solutions and immersion time on the quality of chrysanthemum cut flowers (Chrysantemum morifolium L.)." Jurnal Natural 22, no. 3 (October 31, 2022): 182–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jn.v22i3.25354.
Full textAbstract:
Chrysanthemum morifolium L. is one of the ornamental plants that has problems in maintaining the freshness of the flower. The handling given to maintain the shelf life of the flower is to soak the flowers with a natural preservative solution. This study aims to find out the effect of several types of natural preservative solutions and long soaking on the quality of freshness of chrysanthemum cut flowers, as well as to find out whether there is an interaction between the two treatments. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology and Horticulture Laboratory of the Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh from March 30 to April 15, 2021. The study used a Complete Randomized Design of a 4 x 3 Factorial pattern with 3 repeats. The parameters observed include the diameter of the full blooming flower, the flower's ness index, the flower freshness period index, total absorbed solution, color measurement and organoleptic test. The results showed that the combination of treatment between natural and long-soaked solution types had a real effect on the parameters of the flower freshness index. The best freshness period of flowers is in the combination of 10% sugar solution type treatment with a 6-hour soaking length.
32
Buschman, J. C. M. "GLOBALISATION - FLOWER - FLOWER BULBS - BULB FLOWERS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 673 (May 2005): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.673.1.
Full text
33
Smitley, D. R., T. W. Davis, and M. M. Williams. "Thrips Control on Gloxinia 1997." Arthropod Management Tests 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.345.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Gloxinia plants were obtained in flats from Earl J. Small Inc. in Florida, and transplanted to 6-inch :lay pots on 5 May. Plants were grown in a thrips infested greenhouse at the Pesticide Research Center at Michigan State University. The pre-treatment counts were made on 24 Jul by collecting 2 buds per plant, extracting the thrips with EtOH, filtering through a Buchner funnel and counting the number of thrips under a dissecting microscope. Only 3 of the 7 replicate plants were sampled for precounts since only 25% of the plants had begun to flower. Pre counts were used to block the treatments. The treatments were sprayed on 28 Jul, 1 Aug, 4 Aug, and 8 Aug with a handheld R&D CO2 sprayer with an 5008 nozzle at 30 psi. On 11 Aug, flowers were collected to determine efficacy of insecticide treatments against thrips. One or two flowers were collected rom each plant. Some plants had flowered and already dropped their flowers, but at least 5 plants in each treatment had flowers suitable for sampling (n = 5 - 7) except for 3 treatments in which the treatments severely damaged the flowers. Counts from plants with only one flower were doubled to correate with the remaining plants which all were sampled using two flowers.
34
HANDAYANI, TRI. "Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 18, no. 4 (October 7, 2017): 1624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180441.
Full textAbstract:
Handayani T. 2017. Flower morphology, floral development and insect visitors to flowers of Nepenthes mirabilis. Biodiversitas 18: 1624-1631. Nepenthes mirabilis Druce is a commercial ornamental pitcher plant belonging to the Nepenthaceae. This species is often used as a parent plant in artificial crossbreeding. The plant is also used in traditional medicine, rope-making, handicraft, and bouquets. Flower development and pollen maturity are important factors in pitcher plant crossbreeding. However, information about its flowering is still lacking. This study aimed to record the flower morphology, flower development, and faunal visitors to male inflorescences of N. mirabilis planted in Bogor Botanic Gardens, West Java, Indonesia. Twelve racemes of flowers were taken as a sample for observing the process of inflorescence development, while ten flowers on each raceme were observed for investigating the flowering pattern of individual flowers. The morphology of flowers, the process of inflorescence development, the flowering pattern for individual flowers, the number of open flowers, the longevity of anthesis, and the appearance of insect (and/or other faunal) visitors to flowers were observed and recorded, using naked eyes, a hand lens, and a camera. Six phases of inflorescence development were identified: inflorescence bud phase, raceme phase, the opening of the raceme-protecting sheath phase, inflorescence-stalk and flowerstalk growth phase, open flower phase and pollen maturity phase. Four phases of flower development were observed: growth of flower bud, the opening of tepals, pollen maturation, and flower senescence. The pattern of anthesis within an inflorescence was acropetal. The number of flowers per raceme was 56 to 163. The peak duration of anthesis of a flower was 11 days (30.7% of flowers). The length of the raceme-stalks was 17-31 cm. The length of the racemes was 23-38 cm. The most common visitors to the flowers were stingless bees, Trigona apicalis.
35
Park, Gyu Tae, Jagadeesh Sundaramoorthy, Jong-Beum Park, Jeong Dong Lee, Kwang Shik Choi, Jeong Hoe Kim, Hak Soo Seo, Soon-Ki Park, and Jong Tae Song. "Diversity of the W1 gene encoding flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase in white- and purple-flowered soybeans." Plant Genetic Resources 13, no. 3 (December 8, 2014): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262114000938.
Full textAbstract:
Cultivated soybeans [Glycinemax (L.) Merr.] have various flower colours such as dark purple, purple, light purple, pink, magenta, near white and white. About one-third of the soybean accessions in the United States Department of Agriculture – Germplasm Resource Information Network (USDA-GRIN) Soybean Germplasm Collections have white flowers and are the second dominant accessions after the purple-flowered accessions. Earlier studies have shown that the w1 recessive allele of the W1 gene encoding flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase produces white flowers. In the present study, we aimed to understand why the white-flowered accessions have become abundant among the cultivated soybeans and what their genetic and regional origin is. For this purpose, 99 landraces with white flowers and 39 landraces with purple flowers from eight Asian countries and Russia were analysed with regard to the nucleotide sequences of the W1 locus. We not only found that the w1 alleles of the 99 white-flowered landraces were identical to those of the white-flowered Williams 82, but also found that these w1 alleles displayed no polymorphism at all. By carrying out a phylogenetic analysis, we were able to identify a group with W1 alleles from which the w1 allele might have diverged.
36
Qajaia, Luiza, Neli Iluridze, and Neli Gilauri. "Techno-chemical Investigation of Azalea Flowers." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 1(527) (March 21, 2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2023-1-9-15.
Full textAbstract:
Azalea plant belongs to the Rhododendron family (Ericaceae), which includes approximately 130 species, about 20 of which are found in the Far East, Siberia and the Caucasus. It is a perennial plant and is distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the mountains of East Asia and North America. Large massifs of the Azalea plant are found in the wild in Georgia, Ukraine and the Krasnodar Krai (Russian Federation). Plants of this species are rich in various natural compounds: flavonoids, tannins, pigments, toxins, triterpenoids, essential oils and others. The Azalea plant is investigated in order to receive the absolute oil and concrete from its flowers. The influence of solvent, time of flower gathering and flowers crowns components (stems, bowls) on concrete and absolute oil outcome and quality are investigated. According to the research, Azalea extraction is advised to be conducted with petrol in room temperature conditions (18-230C); Azalea flowers should be gathered in the first part of a day during the beginning of blooming period and massive blooming; Azalea flowers should be processed with the stems and bowls – entire raceme. The concrete yield from Azalea flowers in average is 0,33%, and absolute oil yield from concrete in average – 64,5%. The Azalea flower’s concrete organoleptic and physic-chemical properties are studied and it is established that concrete quality indexes totally satisfy concrete demands. Research results were taken into account while working out the Azalea flower processing technology.
37
Orth, Afonso I., and Keith D. Waddington. "HIERARCHICAL USE OF INFORMATION BY NECTAR-FORAGING CARPENTER BEES ON VERTICAL INFLORESCENCES: FLORAL COLOR AND SPATIAL POSITION." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45, no. 2-3 (May 13, 1997): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1997.10676685.
Full textAbstract:
In many plant species, the appearance of flowers and the production of nectar change with flower age. In species where flowers are arranged in groups, on inflorescences, the position of nectar and the appearance of flowers may have nonrandom spatial patterns. Flower visitors may learn the location of nectar in association with spatial position of flowers or floral color. We observed carpenter bees, Xylocopa micans, foraging at vertical inflorescences of three artificial flowers one of which always contained nectar. In ten treatments, we manipulated the color and spatial position of the nectar-bearing flower to learn how they detected its location. Bees arrived at all three flowers equally frequently when neither spatial nor color information was predictably associated with the nectar-bearing flower or when all flowers were the same color (only spatial information available). Bees arrived almost exclusively at the nectar-bearing flower if the color of that flower differed from the color of the two empty flowers on the same inflorescence. Only in the absence of previously learned color-nectar associations did bees arrive at the nectar-bearing flower using spatial information. Across the treatments, the number of flower visits per inflorescence was negatively correlated with the proportion of arrivals at the nectar-bearing flower. We conclude that carpenter bees used a hierarchy of information to learn the location of the nectar-bearing flower. Color was primarily used to find it, but when no information was given by color the bees used spatial information.
38
Tschapka, Marco, and Otto von Helversen. "Phenology, nectar production and visitation behaviour of bats on the flowers of the bromeliad Werauhia gladioliflora in a Costa Rican lowland rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 4 (July 2007): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467407004129.
Full textAbstract:
We studied the interaction between the bromeliad Werauhia gladioliflora and its flower visitors in the Caribbean lowland forest of Costa Rica, in order to quantify the mutual benefits to both partners. Over 6 y, the bromeliads flowered mainly between October and December; with an individual inflorescence flowering for an average of 34 d (n = 233 inflorescences). The bromeliad showed a flexible breeding system with autogamy occurring in addition to cross-pollination. Exclusive pollinators were small nectar-feeding bats (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae). The average volume of nectar produced per flower was 1.1 ml (n = 25 flowers). The main visitor was the bat Glossophaga commissarisi, which approached the flowers exclusively using hovering flight. Visitation by bats, measured by infrared light sensors, occurred throughout the night with an activity peak after midnight. Median hovering duration of the bats at the flowers was 320 ms (n = 1246 visits). Hourly mean of hovering duration was negatively correlated with hourly nectar secretion rate. The flower visitation behaviour of a bat over the night seems to be shaped by a combination of intrinsic physiological factors and by nectar availability. Size of both flowers and visitors make Werauhia gladioliflora a very accessible system for quantification of factors affecting evolution of bat–plant interactions.
39
Trần, Thắng Thanh, Triều Phương Hoàng, and Hương Thanh Trần. "Study on the vase life of Chyrsanthemum indicum cultivar Sakura cutting flower." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 4, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v4i1.829.
Full textAbstract:
Chrysanthemum indicum cultivar Sakura is one of the daisy cultivars. It is beautiful, but the vase life of cutting flowers is very short. The decrease in flower quality during storage and transportation is a big problem in the flower export. In this study, the morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes during the vase life of cutting flowers were analyzed. The effects of plant growth regulators and sucrose at different concentrations on the vase life of cut flowers were investigated. The vase life of Sakura cutting flowers includes two stages: (1) the growing and blooming of flower, (2) senescence of cutting flowers. During the growing and blooming, the color of disk flowers changed from green to yellow, and the ray flowers continued to expand the dimension leading to an increase in the diameter of the head flower. The senescence of cutting flowers was initiated by the reduction of chlorophyll content in the leaf, which was located at the base. Then, the ray flowers were discolored. In the senescence stage, the respiration rate and the content of the abscisic acid of head flower increased continuously. In contrast, the water absorption, the content of starch, total sugar, salicylic acid, auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin decreased strongly. The treatment of 10 g/L sucrose, 2 mg/L NAA, 5 mg/L BA, and 20 mg/L salicylic acid in 24 hours extended the vase life of Sakura cutting flowers and the diameter of the head flower.
40
Lindow, Steven E., and Trevor V. Suslow. "Temporal Dynamics of the Biocontrol Agent Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain A506 in Flowers in Inoculated Pear Trees." Phytopathology® 93, no. 6 (June 2003): 727–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.6.727.
Full textAbstract:
The colonization of individual flowers in mature pear orchards by Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 applied at different times during bloom was measured to determine the receptivity of flowers to colonization and the extent of intra-tree movement over time. Strain A506 populations in flowers open at inoculation were initially about 104 cells per flower and increased to approximately 106 cells per flower in flowers that were inoculated within about 5 days of opening. However, eventual populations decreased with further increases in flower age at inoculation to as few as about 103 cells per flower when inoculated flowers were more than 10 days old. Populations of strain A506 on flowers that opened after inoculation was initially very low at the time of petal expansion (<100 cells per flower) but increased rapidly with time after flower opening. The maximum population of strain A506 that developed on such flowers decreased with increasing time between inoculation and petal expansion; 104 to 105 cells of strain A506 eventually colonized flowers that opened within 7 days of inoculation, whereas fewer than 100 cells colonized flowers that opened 24 days or more after inoculation. Large total bacterial populations on A506-treated trees were associated with significant reductions in populations of Erwinia amylovora and reduced incidence of fire blight and severity of fruit russet.
41
Wien, H. C. "Ethephon Treatment May Alleviate the Suppression of Female Flowers of Cucurbita Pepo under High Temperatures." HortScience 41, no. 6 (October 2006): 1421–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.6.1421.
Full textAbstract:
When pumpkins are grown in elevated temperatures (32/27 °C day/night) for 1 week during flower development, fewer female flower buds are formed than at normal temperatures (20/15 °C) and only a small percentage of these reach anthesis. To determine if application of the ethylene-releasing compound ethephon can overcome the suppression of female flowers at high temperatures, `Baby Bear' pumpkin plants were sprayed at the two-leaf stage with 100 or 300 μL L–1 ethephon and then grown in hot and cool greenhouse compartments. At 20/15 °C, 17% of the first 15 main stem nodes produced female flower buds on control plants and virtually all of these developed into open flowers. The higher rate of ethephon increased female bud percentage to 37%. At 32/27 °C, only 3% of the nodes formed female flower buds and 2% flowered. Application of ethephon did not significantly increase female expression at high temperature, and none of the buds reached anthesis. Treatment with the inhibitor of ethylene action silver thiosulfate reduced female flower bud formation at the low temperature and entirely suppressed female flower buds at high temperature. In two additional experiments, these treatments were applied to two cultivars grown at a less extreme 32/20 and at 20/15 °C. Female buds and open flowers were moderately increased by ethephon in the high temperatures, suggesting that ethephon might foster female flowering in less extreme temperatures. Further work is needed to determine if ethephon treatment can overcome the heat-induced inhibition of female flowers in pumpkin under field conditions.
42
Pechan, Paul M., and Barbara D. Webster. "Flower and Pod Set of Phaseolus vulgaris Under Controlled Environment Conditions." HortScience 21, no. 4 (August 1986): 989–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.4.989.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Light Red Kidney’ grown under controlled conditions flowered over a 20-day period. The first flower to open was on the terminal (uppermost) raceme. Pods retained to maturity originated from flowers that opened within 5 days of anthesis and were located at the basal positions on a raceme. Flowers that opened 4 to 5 days after anthesis had a much higher proportion of aborted pods than those that opened at anthesis or one day thereafter.
43
Dung, Cao D., Kevin Seaton, and Zora Singh. "The vase life of waxflower (Chamelaucium Desf.) is affected by the weight ratio of flowers to stem." Folia Horticulturae 28, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2016-0024.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The effect of flower weight on changes in the vase life of flowers and leaves of waxflowers was studied by evaluating the arranged flower weight of cultivars derived from the Chamelaucium uncinatum, Chamelaucium megalopetalum and Verticordia species. Competition for water and carbohydrates between flowers and leaves influenced vase life. The removal of flowers had at least four times the effect on leaf vase life as the removal of leaves on flower vase life. Supplying exogenous sucrose to satisfy the demand for carbohydrates negated this effect, indicating that flowers depend on carbohydrates being supplied from leaves to maintain vase life. Cultivars with a greater proportion of flowers (on a weight basis) improved the vase life of flowers at the expense of the leaves. Cultivars with large flowers or many small flowers or a greater weight ratio of flowers to stem appeared to draw more carbohydrates and water from the leaves, giving them a longer vase life and decreasing the vase life of the leaves. The vase life of flowers increased with the stage of opening of flowers up to 50% opening and then decreased up to 100% opening.
44
Kurniawati, A., M. N. R. Naimah, and Krisantini. "Dynamics of flower production and flower oil components from two accessions of Cananga (Cananga odorata) in dry season." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1359, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1359/1/012082.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Cananga flowers are a type of flower that produces economically important essential oils. Flower production and the chemical components of flower oil are influenced by the type of Cananga, flower harvest criteria, and growing environmental conditions. This research aims to analysis the production patterns of Cananga flowers and the components of their essential oils at the several harvest criteria in the dry season. The research consisted of two factors, namely Cananga accession and flower harvest criteria. The types of Cananga used were Cipanas and Kediri accessions, while the flower harvest criteria consisted of initial flowering, 25% full flowering, 50% full flowering, 75% full flowering and end flowering. The parameters observed were the number of flowers, flower production per plant and the essential oil profile of the flowers. The results showed that the Kediri accession had significantly higher production and number of flowers per plant than the Cipanas accession. Harvesting Cananga flowers at the 25% and 50% full bloom phases produces the highest production. There are 28 compounds of Cananga essential oil were detected with varying abundance. The most types of compounds found in the essential oil of the Kediri accession Cananga flowers are linalool, caryophyllene, β-Copaene, benzyl benzoate, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest number of compounds detected in Cipanas accession flower oil were linalool, caryophyllene, α-Bergamotene, β-Copaene, trans-farnesol and benzyl benzoate.
45
Corr, Brian E., and Richard E. Widmer. "Paclobutrazol, Gibberellic Acid, and Rhizome Size Affect Growth and Flowering of Zantedeschia." HortScience 26, no. 2 (February 1991): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.2.133.
Full textAbstract:
Growth and flowering of Zantedeschia elliottiana W. Wats. and Z. rehmannii Engl. were studied. Rhizomes of both species were produced either in a glasshouse or outdoors in California. Plants grown from glasshouse-produced rhizomes flowered within 90 days only when a preplant rhizome soak of 500 ppm GA, was applied. Control plants of both species flowered when grown from field-produced rhizomes, but a GA3 preplant rhizome soak significantly increased the number of flowers (spathe and spadix) produced. Paclobutrazol, applied as a preplant rhizome soak or as a soil drench when shoots were 2 to 3 cm long, significantly limited plant height of Z. rehmannii from either source if not treated with GA,. Paclobutrazol and GA, treatments interacted significantly to affect height and number of flowers of Z. rehmannii grown from field-produced rhizomes. Treatment with GA3 overcame the dwarfing effect of paclobutrazol, while paclobutrazol treatment limited flower production. Z. rehmannii rhizomes >6.5 cm in diameter produced more shoots and leaves than smaller rhizomes, regardless of GA3 treatment. Emergence, number of shoots, and number of leaves from Z. elliottiana were not significantly affected by the rhizome size-GA3 variable combination. Production of normal flowers was increased by GA3 treatment of all sizes of Z. rehmannii rhizomes except the smallest, with the most flowers being produced by plants from the largest rhizomes. Production of deformed flowers was greatest from rhizomes treated with 500 ppm GA3, with no deformed flowers on control plants.
46
Cushman, L. C., H. B. Pemberton, and J. W. Kelly. "FLOWER DEVELOPMENT OF MINIATURE POTTED ROSE PLANTS DURING SIMULATED SHIPPING." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1090a—1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1090a.
Full textAbstract:
Orange end Red Sunblaze miniature rose plants were forced. to flower in a glasshouse in 10 cm pots. At harvest, flower stage (FST) 1 (tight bud), 2 (reflexed calyx), and 3 (petals starting to reflex) flowers were designated and tagged. The plants were then stored at 4, 16 or 28°C for 2, 4, or 6 days. Subsequent to the simulated shipping treatments, plants were evaluated in a simulated home interior environment (21° with 30 μmoles M-2 sec-1 cool-white fluorescent light). After summer forcing, flowers of both cultivars developed at least 1 FST during simulated shipping. Flower development increased as storage duration increased for FST 1 and 2, but storage duration did not affect development of FST 3 flowers. The higher the temperature the faster flowers developed, but development was less than 1 FST at 4°. After winter forcing, flowers developed less than 1 FST during simulated shipping. Flower development increased with increasing temperature. In summer, plants with FST 2 flowers could be shipped at up to 16°, but plants with FST 3 flowers should be shipped at 4°. In winter, plants can be shipped at up to 16° with FST 3 flowers.
47
Lara, Carlos, and Juan Francisco Ornelas. "Flower mites and nectar production in six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-109.
Full textAbstract:
Hummingbird flower mites and hummingbirds may compete intensely for the nectar secreted by their host plants. Here, we present the results from field experiments in which flower mites were excluded from flowers of six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities. Nectar measurements were taken on flowers from which mites were excluded and those without mite exclusion over their lifespans. The exclusion of mites had a significant positive effect on the amount of nectar available in plants with long-lived flowers. In contrast, nectar availability in short-lived flowers was not significantly reduced after mite exclusion. The significance of the mite-exclusion treatment was independent of floral morph and flower age. Results also suggest that the magnitude of the mite-exclusion treatment depends on the volume of nectar produced by the flower throughout its lifetime. The treatment effect was detected when nectar consumption, presumably by flower mites, exceeded 13% of the nectar produced by the flowers; nectar availability was not significantly reduced when nectar volume was < 7 µL per flower. It appears that flower mites consume proportionately more nectar in long-lived flowers than in short-lived flowers. Parasitic hummingbird flower mites seem to be preferentially taking advantage of plant-pollinator interactions in which flowers last several days and produce large volumes of nectar. The consequences of this finding concerning planthummingbirdmite interactions await further investigation. As a working hypothesis, we propose that nectar production has increased over evolutionary time not only by the selective pressures imposed by the pollinators, but also to compensate for the reduction they suffer after exploitation by nectar robbers and thieves such as flower mites.Key words: Ascidae, flower longevity, hummingbird pollination, multiple-species interactions, mutualism exploitation, nectar theft.
48
Howe, T. K., and W. E. Waters. "EVALUATION OF PETUNIA CULTIVARS FOR THE LANDSCAPE IN A SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 680i—681. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.680i.
Full textAbstract:
Petunia (Petunia × hybrida) cultivars were evaluated for earliness of flowering, flower diameter and color, plant dimensions, plant habit, uniformity, overall appearance, lodging, floriferousness and sensitivity of flowers to spray damage during the spring and fall of 1991. Fifty-eight cultivars in the spring and 59 in the fall were grown in field beds under full sun. Spring: The range of time from sowing to the first flower was 54 to 73 days. Plant heights ranged from 15 to 40 cm. Red flowered types were the shortest, while blue and white types the tallest. Flower diameter ranged from 5.3 to 10.0 cm with grandiflora types 2.5 cm larger than multiflora types. Spray damage to flowers was absent in all blue and white colors as well as `Supercascade Red' and `Falcon Pink'. Fall: The range of time from sowing to flowering was 52 to 76 days. Plant heights were similar to the spring. Flower diameter ranged from 5.1 to 10.2 cm, with grandifloras 2.0 cm larger than multiflora types. Lodge resistance was related to plant height, which was strongly linked to flower color. Generally red flowered types lodged slightly if at all.
49
Kwon, Young-Seok, and Fenny Dane. "462 Inheritance of Light-Green Flower Color (gf) in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 524B—524. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.524b.
Full textAbstract:
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb. Matsum. and Nakai) flower petals usually are yellow, but in watermelon line Kw-695, light-green flowers were detected. To study the inheritance of light-green flower color, Kw-695 plants were crossed with yellow-flowered Korean cultures `SS-4' and `Dalgona'. The resulting F1, F2, and reciprocal backcross generations were analyzed for flower color. Segregation ratios in the F2 and backcross to Kw-695 were 3 yellow: 1 light green and 1 yellow: 1 light green, respectively. Backcross generations to the yellow-flowered parents showed yellow flowers only. These results indicate that inheritance of the light-green flower character in Kw-695 is governed by a single recessive gene. We propose the gf gene symbol for the green flower trait. Kw-695 plants have large vines with large, light-green leaves. The plants are andromonoecious, have large, oval, bright yellow-green fruit with irregular dark-green stripes, bright yellow-orange, inedible flesh with very low sugar content (about 3.2 °Brix), and light-yellow seeds. The trait should be useful as a marker in watermelon breeding programs. Linkages between this trait and other genetic markers in watermelon will be investigated.
50
Zhang, Xinpeng, Zongda Xu, Wenli Wang, Deyu Mu, Xiang Meng, Min Lu, and Cheng Li. "Advances on the Coloring Mechanism of Double-color Flowers in Plants." HortScience 57, no. 9 (September 2022): 1120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16723-22.
Full textAbstract:
Plants with the flower color phenotype of double-color flowers are very precious and attractive and can usually be regarded as valuable germplasm resources for studying and improving flower color. This paper summarizes the coloring mechanism of double-color flowers in plants from three aspects: the formation of double-color flowers, the physiological factors affecting the coloring difference of double-color flowers, and the molecular mechanism affecting the coloring difference of double-color flowers, to provide a theoretical reference for the in-depth study of the coloring mechanism and molecular breeding of double-color flowers in the future.