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Academic literature on the topic 'Flowers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Flowers"

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Mbulu, Maria Magdalena Kristiani, I. A. Rina Pratiwi Pudja, and Ni Luh Yulianti. "Pemanfaatan Air Kelapa Dan Asam Sitrat Sebagai Larutan Peraga Menggunakan Teknik Holding Untuk Memperpanjang Masa Kesegaran Bunga Potong Krisan (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) Tipe Spray." Jurnal BETA (Biosistem dan Teknik Pertanian) 7, no. 1 (October 28, 2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jbeta.2019.v07.i01.p06.

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This research aims to obtain the best concentration of coconut water and citric acid as a solution to extend Chrysanthemum cut flowers’ freshness period. The research is consisted of 25 experimental units, each experiment was repeated twice to gain 50 experimental units. The research uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with an experimental factor. The factor is a combination of coconut water and citric acid. The concentration of coconut water which was used 0%, 4%, 8%,12% and 16% meanwhile the concentrations of citric acid which was used 0 ppm,100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, and 400 ppm. The parameters which is measured are;the flower‘s freshness period, percentage of flower bloom, the absorbed solution and the flower’s color. Based on the results of the research, it is known that the best treatment is the concentration of coconut water 4% and citric acid 400 ppm that will gain 11 days of flowers’ freshness period, the percentage of flowers’ bloom is 65.5%, the total absorbed solution is 177.5 ml with flower’s color becoming very faded and slightly brown. Keywords:Chrysanthemum flowers, coconut water, citric acid, the flower‘s freshness period of flowers
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Bassett, Mark J. "Interaction of Two Genes, Fcr and Fcr2, with the t Allele in Common Bean that Restores Color to Flowers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 6 (November 1993): 881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.881.

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Plant Introduction (PI) accession 507984 of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has partly colored seed coats and either pure white flowers or light laelia flowers. Crosses were made with white-flowered plants of PI 507984: white-flowered plant #1 × the genetic stock t ers ers2 BC2 5-593 and white-flowered plant #2 × recurrent parent dry bean breeding line 5-593. Inheritance was studied in the F1, F2, and F3 of the former cross and the F1 and F2 of the latter cross. PI 507984 (white flower, plant #1) × t ers ers2 BC2 5-593 gave F1 plants with colored flowers and partly colored seeds. The F2 gave a 9:7 segregation ratio (colored flowers to white flowers), and the genetic model proposed is that flower color is restored in the presence of t/t by two complementary genes, Fcr and Fcr-2. That model was confirmed by F3 progeny tests of 21 F2 parents with colored flowers. The cross PI 507984 (white flower, plant #2) × 5-593 gave an F2 segregation ratio of 9:3:4 (bishops-violet: light laelia: white flowers), indicating that the white-flowered PI 507984 has vlae masked by t. Analysis of all the data suggests that PI 507984 is heterogeneous at Fcr and Fcr-2, having all three possible homozygous genotypes, viz., either light laelia flowers from vlae t Fcr Fcr-2 or white flowers from vlae t Fcr fcr-2 or vlae t fcr Fcr-2. The flower color restoration gene in 5-593 is arbitrarily assigned the symbol Fcr. Great variability occurs in partly colored seeds of PI 507984 due to the environment in which the seed was produced.
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Lubell, Jessica D., and Mark H. Brand. "Flower Color, Color Stability, and Flower Longevity in Red-flowered Elepidote Rhododendrons." HortTechnology 27, no. 5 (October 2017): 607–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03792-17.

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Red-flowered elepidote rhododendrons (Rhododendron sp.) are favored by consumers, but cold-hardy red-flowered rhododendrons frequently have blue-red flower hue rather than the preferred red flower hue. Flower longevity, color, and color stability over 14 days were studied for the following eight elepidote rhododendron cultivars possessing red flowers: Besse Howells, Burma, Cary’s Red, Firestorm, Francesca, Henry’s Red, Low Red Frilled, and Nova Zembla. The eight cultivars were separated by flower hue into two distinct groups of four cultivars each. Rhododendron cultivars Burma, Firestorm, Francesca, and Henry’s Red produced flowers with red hue and Besse Howells, Cary’s Red, Low Red Frilled, and Nova Zembla produced flowers with blue-red hue. Flower longevity among rhododendron cultivars varied with Francesca blooms lasting the longest at over 14 days, and Besse Howells and Firestorm blooms lasting the shortest at ≈10 days. As flowers aged, hue angle decreased (became bluer), lightness increased, and chroma decreased or remained unchanged. The degree of change in flower color over time differed among cultivars, with ‘Francesca’ demonstrating the least change (ΔE00 ≈ 3) and ‘Besse Howells’ the most change (ΔE00 ≈ 11).
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Ramadhani, I. A. M. R., and A. Salamah. "Study of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Flower Development: Morphological Variations in an Urban Environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 940, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012015.

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Abstract Cananga odorata is a native plant in the Indonesian archipelago. The flowers are often used to produce essential oils with many uses and a distinct fragrance. This study aims to observe each stage of the Cananga odorata flower development. The flowers were obtained from a home garden in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, from November 2020 until January 2021. Further observations of the stamen and pistil developments were conducted using Dino-Lite Edge Digital Microscope AM4115 Series. The results show that Cananga odorata flower development can be categorized into bud, display-petal, initial-flowering, full-flowering, end-flowering, and senescence stages. The flowers require 35 days to develop from bud stage to flower senescence. Stamens and pistils also develop primarily during the bud stages and mature after flower anthesis. Flower mutants were also found and may be caused by a mutation in the flower’s homeotic genes. Each different stages of flower development show a different morphological change in the flower perianth and reproductive organs. A discrepancy of flower morphology within each stage, especially those seen during the anthesis stages, might imply a variation in the flower’s internal factors.
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Zhang, Donglin, A. M. Armitage, J. M. Affolter, and M. A. Dirr. "543 Flowering and Growth Response to Photoperiod and Cold Treatment of Arabis sturii Mottet." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 539D—539. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.539d.

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Arabis sturii Mottet (Brassicaceae) has potential as a new crop for American nurseries and may be used as a perennial pot plant. Cold treatment was required for flowering of Arabis sturii and a 6-week cold treatment resulted in the greatest number of racemes and flowers per plant. Increasing or decreasing length of cold treatment resulted in less flowers per plant. Plant height increased as duration of cold treatment increased. Photoperiod had a significant effect on flowering and growth only after plants received 3 weeks or more cold treatment. All plants given a 16-h photoperiod flowered, while only 50% and 80% flowered under an 8- or 12-h photoperiod, respectively. A 16-h photoperiod shortened the time to production of flower buds and anthesis and the greatest difference occurred after the 9-week cold treatment. At the 6-week cold treatment, number of flowers per plant different significantly between long (145 flowers) and short day (59). The effect of photoperiod on number of flowers per plant became less as cold treatment increased or decreased. Although photoperiod did not induce flower initiation, it had a tremendous effect on flower development. Many more flowers were produced and plants were taller as photoperiod increased. No significant difference was found in plant dry weight.
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Kan, Pei-Wen, Yu-Ching Cheng, and Der-Ming Yeh. "Mechanism of Leaf Vein Coloration and Inheritance of Leaf Vein Color, Flower Form, and Floral Symmetry in Gloxinia." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 146, no. 3 (May 2021): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs05034-20.

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Double-flowered gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa) cultivars with foliar variegation might have a greater market appeal as flowering foliage plants. Crosses were made among 16 gloxinia cultivars and their progenies were analyzed to determine the inheritance of leaf vein color, flower form, and floral symmetry. All plants from self-pollinating white-veined cultivars or crosses between white-veined and green-veined cultivars produced white veins. Progeny derived from self-pollinating plants of white-veined cultivars × green-veined cultivars segregated into a ratio of 3 white-veined:1 green-veined. All plants from self-pollinating or cross-pollinating single-flowered cultivars produced single flowers. Progeny of self-pollination or crosses between double-flowered cultivars segregated into a ratio of 3 double flowers:1 single flower. Contingency chi-square tests revealed that leaf vein color and flower form were inherited independently. New gloxinia progenies with homozygous white veins and double flowers were successfully developed from the F2 segregating population. Plants from self-pollinating or cross-pollinating cultivars with actinomorphic flowers produced actinomorphic flowers. A single dominant gene expressed in the homozygous or heterozygous state resulted in the zygomorphic flowers. Independent inheritance was observed between vein color and floral symmetry. Air spaces between the epidermis and the mesophyll cells were observed in the white, but not in the green, leaf vein portions. Net photosynthesis did not differ significantly between the white vein and adjacent green portion of the same leaf.
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Griesbach, R. J., and R. A. Waterworth. "464 The Biochemical Basis for Purple, Blue and Red Flower Colors in Calibrachoa LaLlave & Lexarza." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 474A—474. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.474a.

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Recently, several new Calibrachoa La Llave & Lexarza cultivars have been developed with novel red and blue flowers. Most of the wild species of Calibrachoa have purple flowers. The difference in color between the red, blue, and purple flowers was not due to anthocyanin composition but to vacuolar pH. The pH of the red flowered cultivar was 4.8, while that of the blue flowered cultivar was 5.6. The wild purple flower species had an intermediate pH of 5.0. The difference in pH was genetically inherited.
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Wolfe, Lorne M. "REGULATION OF SEX EXPRESSION IN DESERT AND MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS OF AN ANDROMONOECIOUS PLANT (GAGEA CHLORANTHA, LILIACEAE)." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 46, no. 1 (May 13, 1998): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1998.10676703.

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This study examined issues related to the ecology of andromonoecy in Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceae), a perennial geophyte that grows in desert and Mediterranean-type habitats in Israel. Andromonoecy is a plant sexual system where individuals produce both male and hermaphrodite flowers and is thought to have evolved to optimize resource allocation to male and female function. Individuals of this species produced 1–6 flowers, and flower production was significantly correlated with the size of the storage organ (bulb). Three sexual phenotypes were found to exist: those that made only male flowers, plants that made only hermaphrodite flowers, and those that produced both flower types. Two lines of evidence suggest that hermaphroditic reproduction is more costly than male reproduction: (1) hermaphroditic flowers were heavier than male flowers in terms of dry biomass; (2) bulb size was greater on single-flower plants that were hermaphrodite compared to male. In addition, bulb size was greater on multiple-flowered plants that made a hermaphrodite flower as the last flower, compared to those that made a male flower. The floral sex ratio varied extensively along a latitudinal rainfall gradient within Israel. The five Mediterranean populations were male-biased. In contrast, the production of males in the three Negev desert populations was extremely rare, and approximately 94% of the flowers were hermaphrodite. The difference in sex ratio between the two habitat types is explained in terms of environmental unpredictability.
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Gegear, Robert J., and Terence M. Laverty. "Effect of flower complexity on relearning flower-handling skills in bumble bees." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 2052–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-241.

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Pollinators often forage sequentially among the flowers of the same plant species while bypassing flowers of other rewarding species. Darwin proposed that it is more efficient for pollinators to remain constant to one plant species because switching to a second species interferes with their ability to recall a previously learned flower-handling technique. This interference hypothesis was tested using Bombus impatiens workers. Bees that had learned to handle one type of flower (species A) were retested on species A after they had learned to handle a second type of flower (species B). Interference effects were detected by comparing flower access times (time to insert the tongue into the flower) during the retesting period with initial access times on species A. Bees retested on both simple (red clover, Trifolium pratense) and complex (toadflax, Linaria vulgaris) flowers showed no evidence of interference after learning simple-flowered plant species (blueweed, Echium vulgare; purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria). However, bees relearning the complex flowers of toadflax showed a 2.2-s (81%) increase over their initial access time after switching to a second complex-flowered species (orange touch-me-not, Impatiens capensis). These results suggest that the interference effects incurred by bees switching between toadflax and orange touch-me-not under biologically realistic conditions are relatively small, and are unlikely to account for flower constancy in bumble bees.
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Fomina, Tatyana I., and Eduard S. Fomin. "Study of flowering patterns of Campanula L. species using computer modeling." BIO Web of Conferences 24 (2020): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202400022.

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Long-term data on flowering phenology of 9 Campanula L. species were processed using computer modeling. Modified model is proposed to describe flowering of monocarpic shoots with multi-flowered inflorescences taking into account structural inflorescence features and morphogenesis of floral zone. The flowering patterns are determined by degree of inflorescence branching and sequence of flowers opening in them. It is shown that flowering curve for simple inflorescences is unimodal: it has single peak associated with opening of terminal flower and flowers on the 1st order axes. For compound inflorescences two maxima are noted (the second of them is due to opening of flowers on the 2nd order axes), or curve has wavy character. Regression curves describing sequence of flowers opening on the 1 st order axes are different. They are C-shaped if flowering begins in lower third of the inflorescence and then spreads divergently. More often terminal flower opens first, and is accompanied by several flowers in lower third of inflorescence, while next flowers open in divergent way. In this case the regression curves are S-shaped. The proposed model reproduces picture of individual flowering with natural variability, and can be used to describe flowering of various taxa of herbaceous plants with multi-flowered inflorescences.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flowers"

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DeGomez, Tom. "Annual Flowers for Northern Arizona above 6000 Foot Elevations." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144760.

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7 pp.
This article provides information about how to use annual flowers in Northern Arizona. It describes how to plan a garden, plant flowers and prepare soil. It lists out many of the common annual flowers that perfrom well in higher elevations in Arizona.
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Braun, Hattie, and Tom DeGomez. "Annual Flowers for Northern Arizona Above 6,000 Foot Elevations." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/298163.

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Marinina, Nina. "Grey Flowers." Thesis, Konstfack, Keramik & Glas, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-6329.

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This paper presents my master project “Grey Flowers” which is an incarnation of a poetic metaphor to a ceramic flower sculpture. The project is an installation of crafted flowers as a strong symbol of a short lived moment which has now stopped for ages. This sculptural work is based on the notion of decadence of the 19th century and presents a new way which it can been interpreted. Ceramics, clay and firing processes are used as a methods of unpredictability and a “happy accident”. The main aim of the project is to create a feeling of abandonment by showing decaying and dying beauty. The sculptural work investigates the different aspects of the flower and its representation trying to show different approaches tothinking and working while telling about the same idea.
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Vafiades, Jason A. "Without Flutes or Flowers." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2001. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/VafiadesJA2001.pdf.

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Saunders, Emma. "Flowers, interaction and emotion." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22453/.

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Previous research has identified that there is a body of research on flowers. There is rather little regarding the interrelations between flowers and interaction, and the role of flowers in weddings and funerals. It is this gap in the research that this research addresses. This study applies a sociological perspective to explore on a micro level the role of flowers in social interaction within ritual spaces, whilst also examining the management of identity involved. The research uses an ethnographic approach, applying case-study methods deriving from an interpretivist standpoint that focuses on the uniqueness of an individual’s experience. Through choice and decision making, people utilise flowers as institutionalised props that assist in the presentation of selves during ritual practices. When Goffman’s dramaturgical framework (1959) is applied alongside Hochschild’s concept of emotion work (1979) and Gordon’s (1981) definition of sentiment, they can be identified as multifaceted institutionalised props, with interchangeable meaning, assisting in the management of a positive sentiment identity. Flowers also reaffirm intergenerational connections with others, enhancing a sense of belonging in community.
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Rodkin, Hayley Amanda. "Of flowers and tears." University of Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6645.

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Magister Artium - MA
The collection of ten short stories, Of Flowers and Tears, aims to capture the events that have shaped my life, impacted on my community. It hopefully gives a voice to topics such as mental trauma, sibling strife, abortion, drug use and abuse, suicide, as well as political and social activism. Whilst none of the topics are new, the collection could potentially add to a growing genre of short story fiction by local authors which examine issues relating to trauma, loss, violence and the acknowledgement of identities. As South Africans, we carry many metaphoric scars (including psychological, socio-economic, sexual) as well as literal ones, which act as testimonies to our violent and frequently traumatic past and present. Even though most of the material used in my collection forms part of my personal memory bank and will be interpreted in a wholly fictional way, I propose that such a collection speaks to pertinent, present and pervasive realities.
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McCrea, Dillon T. "The Book of Flowers." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1621103904326569.

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Smith, Karyn L. "Nutrient remobilization during development and senescence of Petunia x hybrida floral organs." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3610.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 70 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-70).
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Thompson, Emma. "Similar but Different: How Foraging Bumblebees ('Bombus Impatiens') Treat Flowers and Pictures of Flowers." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35032.

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Flowers, the sole natural source of pollen and nectar for bees, present many similar features, in colour, shape, size and scent, which facilitate pollinator attraction. This similarity among stimuli requires perception of commonality but also a capacity for differentiation between similar but different stimuli. While many flowers of a similar type will elicit approach and foraging, failure to access resources on any individual flower in an array (e.g. due to depletion) will not necessarily generalize and deter further foraging. Such conditions demand that bees respond to both the similarity and differences among stimuli which may share many common features but differ individually in available resources. Two questions are raised by this challenge and will herein be addressed: how do bees perceive and respond to ‘similar but different’ stimuli? And, how do bees use such cues to find rewarding flowers? Picture-object correspondence has not been previously specifically studied in invertebrates. The correspondence between picture-cue and object stimuli may offer a unique opportunity to trigger memory for corresponding targets while still retaining an important distinction between unrewarding cue and rewarding targets. Perception of pictures is not always perceived by animals as either the same as or equivalent to the intended subject. According to Fagot et al. (2000) the perceived relationship may result in confusion, independence or equivalence and is dependent upon experience. The objectives of this thesis are twofold: first, determine how bumblebees (Bombus impatiens) perceive the relationship between objects and corresponding pictures and secondly, to determine whether or not bees may be able to attend to and use pictures as cues while foraging. The correspondence of picture and object by bees was evaluated with four experiments of preference: (1) learned differentiation; spontaneous association to (2) colour, and (3) achromatic, impoverished images; and (4) learned picture cue use. Firstly, results show that bees do not confuse an object with a corresponding picture but nevertheless do perceive a relationship between them if colour cues are retained. Altered, achromatic images were not consistently treated as corresponding to coloured objects. Secondly, bees can learn to use a picture cue in a delayed matching foraging task. Results further suggest a role of three contributing factors in bumblebee picture cue use: (i) conditions of high inconsistency as to which target will be rewarding; (ii) stable target locations; and (iii) individual foraging experience. It appears that bumblebees can learn to use cues, in a delayed matching task, when the location of the corresponding target is known and stable, the individual bee has acquired some experience in successful foraging, and reward is otherwise unpredictable without the use of the cue. Bees may disregard secondary cues as noise under conditions of high target predictability whereby floral constancy or target perseveration may be most efficient, but attend to and learn such cues as signals if target reward is highly unpredictable. The conditions for this sensitivity may coincide with naturally occurring floral cycles.
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Lee, Jeeyun Jennifer. "Clovette : predicting preferences for flowers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104549.

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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-73).
Flowers are often gifted for major holidays and personal holidays, for both personal and corporate purposes. Today's solutions in the market are abundant but scattered, with many players offering products of varying quality at a range of price points. To command higher prices and stay relevant in the market, florists need to distinguish themselves through high quality and/or niche product and ease of service. The goal for this project is to map the current competitive landscape and supply chain of the flower industry, and to determine whether predictive modeling in the floral industry is feasible as a point of difference for new gifting company Clovette. Data collection through distribution of a survey called "Discovering Floral Preference" assessed the potential for prediction. Furthermore, the project explores Clovette's brand identity and potential "good" business development through sustainability initiatives and supply chain optimization. Keywords: random forest, predictive modeling, flowers, gifting, sustainability.
by Jeeyun Jennifer Lee.
M.B.A.
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Books on the topic "Flowers"

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Faust, James E., and John M. Dole, eds. Cut flowers and foliages. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247602.0000.

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Abstract This book contains 8 chapters focusing on the breadth and depth of the cut flower and foliage industry, the production and postharvest handling of the most economically important cut flowers, specialty cut flowers, irrigation, fertilizer application, plant pests and diseases and their control and postharvest management, i.e. the harvesting, processing, storage, treatment and transport of these cut flowers.
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Scott, Margaret Kennedy. Pressed flowers and flower pictures. London: Batsford, 1989.

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Scott, Margaret Kennedy. Pressed flowers and flower pictures. London: B.T. Batsford, 1988.

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Roehm, Carolyne. Flowers. New York: Clarkson Potter/Publishers, 2012.

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Moyer, Halpin Anne, ed. Flowers. Emmaus, Pa: Rodale Press, 1988.

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James, Merrell, ed. Simple flowers. London: Ryland Peters & Small, 1999.

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Tom, Pritchard, Jarecki Billy, and Pure Mädderlake (Firm), eds. Flowers rediscovered. New York: Artisan, 1994.

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Greenwood, Pippa. The new flower gardener. New York: DK Pub., 1998.

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Packer, Jane. Living with flowers. North Pomfret, Vt: Trafalgar Square Pub., 1997.

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Tom, Pritchard, Jarecki Billy, Boehmer Alan, and Mädderlake (Firm), eds. Flowers rediscovered: New ideas for using and enjoying flowers. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flowers"

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Bowman, J. L., D. R. Smyth, J. P. Hill, E. M. Lord, S. Craig, A. Chaudhary, A. R. Davis, et al. "Flowers." In Arabidopsis, 133–273. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2598-0_3.

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Tomalin, Marcus. "Flowers." In Telling the Time in British Literature, 1675–1830, 135–59. New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: British literature in context in the long eighteenth century: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003025702-6.

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Cavalcanti, Taciana Barbosa. "Flowers." In Flora Neotropica, 37–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65875-5_4.

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Wagner, Günter P. "Flowers." In Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691156460.003.0013.

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This chapter focuses on the developmental evolution of flowers and flower organ identity. It reviews some of the most important insights that have been gained from research on the developmental evolution of flowers regarding the nature of organ identity, organ integration, and the origin of evolutionary novelties. The chapter begins with a discussion of the uniqueness of flowers and the evolution of phylogeny and flower characters in angiosperms. It then examines the genetics of canonical flower development, along with the developmental genetic architecture of the flower Bauplan. It also considers flower variation and the identities of novel flower organs, the origin of the bisexual flower developmental type, perianth evolution and the origin of petals, and the realization that additional organ identities can evolve after gene duplications.
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Carter, John Ross, and Mahinda Palihawadana. "Flowers." In The Dhammapada, 132–45. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195108606.003.0005.

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Abstract This is what is said: A garland-maker goes into a garden of flowers and, thinking, “I will gather flowers,” takes flowers from that [garden]. [Then] wishing for another [flower] plant and another, he turns his mind all over the garden, thinking: “I will gather flowers from here too.” [But] without gathering flowers from there, he turns his mind(9lto [yet] another place and procrastinates, picking from that [other] plant [as well].
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Ruamrungsri, Soraya, Kanokwan Panjama, Takuji Ohyama, and Chaiartid Inkham. "Nitrogen in Flowers." In Nitrogen in Agriculture - Physiological, Agricultural and Ecological Aspects [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98273.

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This chapter explores the literature and research on nitrogen in flowers. An overview of nitrogen deficiency symptoms in some flowers, i.e., Curcuma alismatifolia (ornamental curcuma), Tagetes erecta (marigold), Zinnia violacea (zinnia), and Gomphrena globose (gomphrena) were presented. Additionally, nitrogen uptake, translocation, and application in some flowers, i.e., ornamental curcuma, narcissus, orchids, and rose, were discussed in this chapter. Nitrogen affects the life cycle of flower, including vegetative and reproductive phases. Flower size, stem length, number of flowers per plant, and color were reduced by nitrogen deficiency. Therefore, the optimum level of nitrogen supply in each growth stage is important for flower crop production.
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"Floral Architecture and Pollination." In Flowers, 107–53. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482294385-10.

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"Towards a Global Theory?" In Flowers, 154–80. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482294385-11.

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"Inflorescence Architecture." In Flowers, 15–27. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482294385-7.

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"Floral Architecture and Morphogenesis." In Flowers, 28–67. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482294385-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flowers"

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Pan, Xiajie. "The Flower Border Design of Perennial Flowers." In The 10th International Symposium on Project Management, China. Riverwood, NSW, Australia: Aussino Academic Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/065147-0055.

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Yang, Nan, Pieter Cuijpers, Ramon Schiffelers, Johan Lukkien, and Alexander Serebrenik. "Painting Flowers." In MSR '20: 17th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3379597.3387452.

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Sonobe, Ken, Masaya Furukawa, Ayaka Yamanaka, Hidefumi Ohmura, Takuro Shibayama, and Ryu Nakagawa. "Meta Flowers." In SIGGRAPH '22: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3532834.3536199.

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"Japanese flower arrangement simulator considering deterioration of flowers." In 25th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2023.mukai.

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De Weyer, Tom, Sofie Notelaers, Karin Coninx, Peter Feys, Ilse Lamers, Geert Alders, and Richard Geers. "Watering the flowers." In the 4th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2141622.2141650.

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Verostko, Roman. "Flowers of learning." In SIGGRAPH07: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1280120.1280254.

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Baldi, Antonio. "Comparative analysis of super-resolution algorithms for digital holography." In Speckle06: Speckles, From Grains to Flowers, edited by Pierre Slangen and Christine Cerruti. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.695354.

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Albertazzi G., Jr., Armando. "Configurations and applications of electronic speckle pattern interferometry for radial metrology using conical mirrors." In Speckle06: Speckles, From Grains to Flowers, edited by Pierre Slangen and Christine Cerruti. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.695269.

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Goodman, Joseph W. "The ubiquitous speckle phenomenon." In Speckle06: Speckles, From Grains to Flowers, edited by Pierre Slangen and Christine Cerruti. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.695251.

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Okamoto, Takashi, Takuya Moriyama, and Shuhei Fujita. "Correlation properties of three-dimensional superposed fractal speckle distributions." In Speckle06: Speckles, From Grains to Flowers, edited by Pierre Slangen and Christine Cerruti. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.695252.

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Reports on the topic "Flowers"

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Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.

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The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.
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Vega, Henry. Transportation Costs of Fresh Flowers: A Comparison across Major Exporting Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006855.

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Using a case study approach of Ecuador's supply chain this presentation discusses exports dynamics from major fresh flower exporting countries. The document covers air transportation's importance, air cargo of perishables and fresh-flowers, and a discussion on supply chain's complexity, quality deterioration cost and airfreight cost. Finally a series of conclusions are drawn. This presentation was created for the Latin America/Caribbean and Asia/Pacific Economics and Business Association (LAEBA)'s 4th Annual Meeting held in Lima, Peru, on June 17th, 2008.
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Lindow, Steven E., Shulamit Manulis, Dan Zutra, and Dan Gaash. Evaluation of Strategies and Implementation of Biological Control of Fire Blight. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568106.bard.

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The main objective of this study was to develop data that would facilitate a consistently effective method of biological control of fire blight disease to be developed and to enable its implementation for disease control by ensuring its compatibility with variations in the biological, environmental, and chemical conditions present in pear orchards. As considerable information on the pathogen and biological control of fire blight was already gathered from studies in California and elsewhere, an emphasis was placed on investigating the genetics and ecology of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight in Israel. Studies of plasmid profile, virulence on several host, serological characteristics, as well as DNA fingerprints with selected primers all revealed E. amylovora strains in Israel to be homogeneous. Strains did vary in their resistance to streptomycin, with those from more northern locations being resistant while those in the southern costal plain were all sensitive to streptomycin. Resistance appeared to be conferred by chromosomal mutations as in streptomycin-resistant strains in California. The biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 colonized flowers of both the Costia and Spodona pear cultivars in Israel as well as Bartlett pear in California. Flowers that were open at the time of spray inoculation of trees subsequently harbored from 105 to 107 cells of strain A506 per flower, while those that opened subsequent to spraying developed population sizes of about 105 cells/flower within 5 days. The incidence of fire blight infections were reduced about 3-fold in several trials in which moderate amounts of disease occurred in the plot areas; this degree of biological control is similar to that observed in California and elsewhere. On two occasions warm and moist weather that favored disease led to epidemics in which nearly all flowers became infected and which was so severe that neither P. fluorescens strain A506 nor chemical bactericides reduced disease incidence. A novel method for identifying antagonistic microorganisms for biological control of fire blight and other diseases was developed. A bacterial ice nucleation gene was introduced into E. amylovora to confer an Ice+ phenotype and the population sizes of this modified pathogen on flowers that had been pre-treated with potential control agents was estimated by measuring the freezing temperature of colonized flowers. Antagonistic strains that prevented the growth of E. amylovora in flowers were readily detected as those in which flowers froze at a low temperature. The method is both rapid and unbiased and several bacterial strains with substantial biological control potential have been identified using this method.
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Klassen, R. A., A. M. Bolduc, R. K. Burns, and F. Thompson. Geochemistry of Till, Flowers River area, Labrador. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130404.

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Mayak, Shimon, Michael Reid, Amihud Borochov, Anton Kofranek, and Abraham Halevy. Storage and Surface Transportation of Cut Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1987.7593406.bard.

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O'Neill, Sharman, Abraham Halevy, and Amihud Borochov. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Pollination-Induced Senescence in Phalaenopsis Orchids. United States Department of Agriculture, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1991.7612837.bard.

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The project investigated the molecular genetic and biochemical basis of pollination-induced senescence of Phalaenopsis flowers. This experimental system offered unique advantages in that senescence is strictly regulated by pollination, providing the basis to experimentally initiate and synchronize senescence in populations of flowers. The postpollination syndrome in the Phalaenopsis orchid system was dissected by investigating the temporal and spatial regulation of ACC synthase gene expression. In the stigma, pollen-borne auxin induces the expression of the auxin-regulated ACC synthase (PS-ACS2) gene, resulting in ACC synthesis within 1 h following pollination. Newly formed ACC is oxidized by basal constitutive ACC oxidase to ethylene, which then induces the expression of the ethylene-regulated ACC synthase(PS-ACS1) and oxidase (ACO1) genes for further autocatalytic production of ethylene. It is speculated that during the 6-h period following pollination, emasculation leads to the production or release of a sensitivity factor that sensitizes the cells of the stigma to ethylene. ACC and ethylene molecules are translocated from the stigma to the labellum and perianth where ethylene induces the expression of PS-ACS1 and ACO1 resulting in an increased production of ACC and ethylene. Organ-localized ethylene is responsible for inrolling and senescence of the labellum and perianth. The regulation of ethylene sensitivity and signal transduction events in pollinated flowers was also investigated. The increase in ethylene sensitivity appeared in both the flower column and the perianth, and was detected as early as 4 h after pollination. The increase in ethylene sensitivity following pollination was not dependent on endogenous ethylene production. Application of linoleic and linoleic acids to Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium flowers enhanced their senescence and promoted ethylene production. Several major lipoxygenase pathway products including JA-ME, traumatic acid, trans-2-hexenal and cis-3-hexenol, also enhanced flower senescence. However, lipoxygenase appears to not be directly involved in the endogenous regulation of pollination-induced Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium flower senescence. The data suggest that short-chain saturated fatty acids may be the ethylene "sensitivity factors" produced following pollination, and that their mode of action involves a decrease in the order of specific regions i the membrane lipid bilayer, consequently altering ethylene action. Examination of potential signal transduction intermediates indicate a direct involvement of GTP-binding proteins, calcium ions and protein phosphorylation in the cellular signal transduction response to ethylene following pollination. Modulations of cytosolic calcium levels allowed us to modify the flowers responsiveness to ethylene.
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Vega, Henry. Transportation Costs of Fresh Flowers: A Comparison across Major Exporting Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011314.

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Exporting fresh flowers is one of very few successful efforts by producers in low-income countries to compete in international markets of high-value agricultural goods. While this success results from producers' ability to take advantage of their geographic location and access to low labor costs, it may not be sustainable in the long run due to unreliable supply chains and high transportation costs. Using a case study approach of Ecuador's supply chain, complemented by an empirical analysis of microdata on exports from major fresh flower exporting countries to the United States, this study confirms producers' claims that time and transportation costs vary widely across countries. This paper was presented at the Latin America/Caribbean and Asia/Pacific Economics and Business Association (LAEBA)'s 4th Annual Meeting held at Lima, Peru on June 17th, 2008.
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Franck, Raphaël, and Oded Galor. Flowers of Evil? Industrial Development and Long-Run Prosperity. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23701.

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Kamata, Kanoko. How women holding flowers held Japanese courts to account. Edited by Tasha Wibawa. Monash University, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/0255-ead7.

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Shulha, Oleksandr. Arnica montana Flower Laboratory Guidance Document. ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.59520/bapp.lgd/udgj8291.

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Arnica montana flower extract is a popular ingredient for production of ointments, gels, and homeopathic preparations. Due to nomenclatural confusion, particularly the use of the vernacular name ”arnica” for a number of plant species, difficulties in cultivation, and high prices for wild-harvested plant material, adulteration is quite common. Some of the known adulterants and confounding species for A. montana flowers are other Arnica species (A. angustifolia, A. chamissonis, A. chamissonis subsp. foliosa), “Mexican arnica” (Heterotheca spp.), and different species from the Asteraceae family (Gaillardia spp., Grindelia spp., etc). This Laboratory Guidance Document (LGD) presents a review of various analytical methods used to differentiate between A. montana flowers, and products containing plant material from other Arnica species or adulterating materials. This document can be used in conjunction with the “Arnica montana Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin” published by the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program in 2016.
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