Academic literature on the topic 'Flowering Tops'
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Journal articles on the topic "Flowering Tops"
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Agnihotri, Vijai K., Hala N. ElSohly, Troy J. Smillie, Ikhlas A. Khan, and Larry A. Walker. "Constituents of Leonotis leonurus flowering tops." Phytochemistry Letters 2, no. 3 (August 2009): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2009.02.001.
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Chindarkar, Pritam V. "Antimicrobial Activity of Hyptis suaveolens Flowering-tops." British Journal of Medical and Health Research 7, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.46624/bjmhr.2020.v7.i5.008.
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Сhehalkova, L. K., A. M. Konova, A. Yu Gavrilova, and V. M. Novikov. "FEATURES OF THE AGROTECHNOLOGY OF EARLY RIPE GRADES OF POTATOES AT CULTIVATION ON THE SEED PURPOSES IN CONDITIONS OF THE SMOLENSK REGION." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-3-99-103.
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The most significant in the technology of growing potatoes are the timing of removal of the tops, as this factor directly affects the physiological state of the tubers and their quality. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of the timing of removal of tops on yield, quantitative yield and quality of elite seed of early maturing potato varieties Snegir, Delphin, Udacha and Zhukovskij rannij. Experience, observations and accounting were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The study was conducted in a field experiment of the Smolensk Institute of agriculture (ex. Smolensk GOSHOS). As a result of phenological observations, it was found that the mass flowering did not occur simultaneously in all studied potato varieties. Before all the phase of mass flowering occurred in the Zhukovskij rannij variety. The percentage of plant viral diseases in all studied varieties in the variant with the term of removal of the tops 21 days after mass flowering was higher, compared with the options for removing the tops in earlier flowering periods. The maximum yield of seed fraction of potato tubers in varieties Delphin and Snegir (12.6 and 26.1 t/ha, respectively) was noted in the version with the second term of removal of the tops, in varieties Zhukovskij rannij and Udacha (23.2 and 23.4 t/ha, respectively) – in the version with the term of removal of the tops 21 days after mass flowering. The yield of tubers seed fraction and their mass were the highest varieties of Dеlphin and Zhukovskij rannij. According to the results of the tuberous analysis, an increase in the total number of tubers affected by fungal diseases was observed in variants with later dates of removal of the tops. The most affected disease of all the studied varieties was the grade of bullfinch (1.5-4%), the most resistant to disease – cv. Udacha.
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Mazur, Oleksandr, Olena Mazur, and Ganna Mironova. "OF STUDYING TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF CULTIVATION OF SEED POTATO." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 3 (September 28, 2021): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2021-3-19.
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One of the main factors in increasing the yield of potato tubers is the intensification of its production, which involves the creation and introduction into production of intensive varieties. To obtain a consistently high yield of potatoes, it is necessary to have not only high-yielding varieties, productive seed material, appropriate agronomic background, but also a ratio of technological measures that would ensure optimal action and interaction of each of the effective factors. As a result of the conducted researches it was established that the highest among the studied varieties were the indicators of the weight of the tops of one bush in the variety Granada, which was noted in all variants of the experiment. Thus, in the control variant, the weight of the tops of one bush in the phase of full germination varied from 46 to 50 g, in the phase of budding from 241 to 261 g, in the phase of full flowering from 323 to 361 g ha of semi-roasted manure, Kalimagnesia (K56Mg16S30) and simple phosphate (P30) under the main cultivation, the weight of the tops of one bush increased in the phase of full germination from 48 to 56, in the budding phase from 252 to 272 g, and in the phase of full flowering from 369 to 401 g . The weight of the tops in the Granada variety was higher on the experimental variant, where against the background of application of 40 t / ha of semi-roasted manure, Kalimagnesia (K56Mg16S30) and simple superphosphate (P30) under the main tillage and during planting in rows. and in feeding on Nitroammophoska seedlings (N30P30K30), the weight of the tops in the phase of full germination varied in the phase of full germination from 56 to 63 g, and in the phase of budding from 269 to 292 g, and in the phase of full flowering from 402 to 449 g. In the same variant the highest area of a leaf surface which changed in a phase of full sprouts from 11,7 to 12,9, and in a phase of budding from 20,4 to 21,8, and in a phase of full flowering from 25,9 to 27.2, in the phase of extinction of the tops from 26.6 to 28.2 m².
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Zakharova, M. N., L. V. Rozhkova, and E. Y. Ushakova. "Formation of potato seed of Evpatiy variety with the use of different doses of mineral fertilizers and timings of top mowing." Agrarian science, no. 5 (June 17, 2022): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-359-5-78-81.
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Relevance. One of the key tasks in the cultivation of seed potatoes is to obtain the optimal level of yield, the quantitative output of the standard fraction of seed tubers and ensure the quality of seed potatoes at the level of regulatory requirements of the standards set for the respective seed categories. In order to obtain a quality seed, it is necessary to form such a crop that its structure had the largest amount of seed standard fraction of tubers, and plants were less affected by viral infection. Methods. Studies on the effect of different doses of mineral fertilizers and the timing of the mowing of top on the output of seed potatoes of the variety Evpatiy were conducted in 2018–2020 on the experimental fields of ISA. The technology of cultivation of the new variety was studied in the crop rotation: peas — winter wheat + runchweed — potatoes — spring wheat. The area of experiment is 0,25 hectares, the accounting area is 10 m2, the repetition is fourfold. Soil of the site: dark gray forest heavily sougly; humus content 4.7%, potassium — 18,4 mg/100 g of soil, phosphorus — 22,3 mg/100 g of soil; soil pH 5,0. Experiment scheme: introduction of mineral fertilizers before planting and mowing top after flowering: N96P96К96 — 30 days, N96P96К96 — 45 days and N128P128К128 — 30 days, N128P128К128 — 45 days.Results. On the version with the introduction of mineral fertilizers N96P96К96 before planting and mowing tops 30 days after flowering, a tuber yield of 30.8 t/ha was obtained, with a yield of seed tubers of 37.3%. On the version with the introduction of mineral fertilizers N96P96К96 and mowing of tops 45 days after flowering, a tuber yield of 34.8 t/ha was obtained, with a yield of seed tubers of 42.2%. The use of mineral fertilizers with a rate of consumption N128P128К128 before planting and mowing tops 30 days after flowering contributed to the yield of tubers of 34.3 t/ha, with a yield of seed tubers of 45.6%. On the version with the introduction of mineral fertilizers N128P128К128 before planting and mowing tops 45 after flowering a tuber yield of 36.7 t/ha was obtained with a yield of seed tubers of 42.2%.
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Fleischer, T. C., E. P. K. Ameade, and I. K. Sawer. "Antimicrobial activity of the leaves and flowering tops of Acanthospermum hispidum." Fitoterapia 74, no. 1-2 (February 2003): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(02)00290-3.
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Alam, M. Ashraful, Abdul Ghani, Nusrat Subhan, M. Mostafizur Rahman, M. Shamsul Haque, Muntasir M. Majumder, M. Ehsanul H. Majumder, Raushan A. Akter, Lutfun Nahar, and Satyajit D. Sarker. "Antioxidant and Membrane Stabilizing Properties of the Flowering Tops of Anthocephalus Cadamba." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 1 (January 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300114.
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The hydroethanolic extract of Anthocephalus cadamba displayed remarkable antioxidative potential in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the hydrogen peroxide, the nitric oxide scavenging, the reducing power, the total antioxidant capacity, the lipid peroxidation inhibition (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances production), and the RBC membrane stabilization assays. While in the DPPH assay the IC50 value of the extract was 146.5 μg/mL, it was 24.8 μg/mL in the nitric oxide scavenging assay.
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Oza, Manisha J., and Yogesh A. Kulkarni. "Antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of flowering tops of Trifolium pratense L." Proceedings for Annual Meeting of The Japanese Pharmacological Society WCP2018 (2018): PO1–5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/jpssuppl.wcp2018.0_po1-5-30.
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Karlová, K. "Accumulation of flavonoid compounds in flowering shoots of Achillea collina Becker ex. Rchb. Alba during flower development." Horticultural Science 33, No. 4 (November 23, 2011): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3756-hortsci.
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The objective of this paper was a screening of flavonoid content in Achillea collina Becker ex. Rchb. Alba flowering tops (Herba millefolii) and flowers (Flos millefolii). Ten developmental stages of plant (flowers and tops separately) – from the beginning of flower differentiation to ripe seed stage – were studied. The methanol extract of plant material was used for HPLC analysis. The flavones apigenin, luteolin, and their 7-O-glucosides were found as the main flavonoid constituents in all developmental stages of both flower and top drug. Apigenin and apigenin-7-O-glucoside contents have a similar accumulation tendency during ontogenesis – their contents fluently increased until the full flower phase and then they decreased. Maximal apigenin and apigenin-7-O-glucoside content was established to range between 0.6 and 0.7 mg/g in millefolii herba and 0.9 and 1.3 mg/g in millefolii flos. The luteolin content has the same tendency and also quantity as apigenin and the highest value at the full flowering stage was found even stronger. On the other hand, luteolin-7-O-glucoside has the highest content at the stage of small flower bud (about 1.0 mg/g). Its amount decreased later on and it increased to the second maximum at the full flower phase.
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Chindarkar, Pritam V. "Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hand wash Gel from Hyptis suaveolens Flowering-tops." American Journal of PharmTech Research 10, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.026.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Flowering Tops"
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Chang, Po-Wen, and 張博文. "Effects of Cynamide and Top-working on Peach Flowering in Pingtung,Taiwan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29519337504838491700.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
農園生產系所
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Peach(Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) is one of important economical deciduous fruits in the world. However, the performance of temperate peach in tropical Pingtung is unknown so far. Effect of cynamide and top-working on flowering and growth were studied to regulate the season in peach in the tropics. Three different concentration of cynamide (0.5%, 1% and 3%) were sprayed on plant of 2 year old. The result showed the budbreak rate were 0%,56.7%,71.7% and 50% respectively for control, 0.5%, 1% and 2% cynamide treatments. The scion wood were stored at 7 ℃ and then top-worked on peach plant at various time. The result showed that ‘take’ of grafting was higher when scions were stored longer in November and January. Combination of top-working and cynamide spray later showed the plant could flower 28 days after treatment, and the flowering more with longer storage time. In conclusion, cynamide can break dormancy and force flowering earlier in peach in the tropics. Key words：peach, cynamide, flowering, top-working
Books on the topic "Flowering Tops"
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Mungur, Rajsree. Characterisation of New Florigenic Signals between Plant Systems: A Tissue-Specific and Spatio-Temporal Analysis. VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller E.K., 2008.
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Clarke, Andrew. Global climate change and its ecological consequences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199551668.003.0016.
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The greenhouse effect is a simple consequence of an atmosphere containing gases that are transparent to visible light but which absorb infra-red radiation (radiatively active or greenhouse gases). The temperature of the lower troposphere is set by the radiation balance at the top of the atmosphere, and is determined predominantly by the CO2 concentration. Man has been adding radiatively active gases to the atmosphere since the Industrial Revolution, and this has led to an increase in the energy in the lower atmosphere, and thus a rise in its temperature. The bulk of the extra energy (~90%) has entered the ocean, which has also warmed significantly over the past century. The rate and extent of warming varies across the planet, depending on local circumstances. Palaeoecological studies have shown that changes in distribution have been a frequent response to climate change, though this requires somewhere for the organisms to move to. Many organisms have shifted their distribution in response to recent climate change. Many organisms have also shifted the timing of life-cycle events (phenology), with migration, breeding in animals, and germination, emergence, leafing and flowering in plants all occurring earlier in some (but not all) species. There are also changes in size, with some species becoming smaller as the climate warms.
Book chapters on the topic "Flowering Tops"
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"Cannonball Tree, Nagalingam, Shivalingam, Tope Gola." In Major Flowering Trees of Tropical Gardens, 219–21. Cambridge University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108680646.117.
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Winter, Jerrold. "Marijuana: From Reefer Madness to THC Gummy Bears." In Our Love Affair with Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190051464.003.0007.
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No substance better exemplifies the ambivalence of Western societies toward psychoactive drugs than marijuana. In 2017, it was estimated that there were more than 22 million current users, about 6.7% of the adult population, in the United States. For those aged 18 to 25, the figure was nearly 20%. In the United Kingdom, the prevalence of recreational use of marijuana among males aged 16–34 was put at 15.5%. Despite its widespread acceptance, many regard marijuana as a serious drug of abuse which, if set free, will destroy the fabric of our society. Others see it as one of God’s gifts to humankind and regularly call for its legalization for medical use. By 2018, the United Kingdom and 40 other countries had heeded that call. In the United States, medical marijuana has been approved in 30 states and the District of Columbia with more sure to follow. Going further, recreational use is allowed in 10 of those states. Nonetheless, marijuana possession continues to be illegal under federal law in the United States, and some physicians have been threatened with loss of their licenses for advocating medical marijuana. In 2015, combined state and federal laws led to more arrests for possession of small amounts of marijuana than those for all violent crimes combined. The word marijuana (or the alternate spelling marihuana) does not appear in American medical texts of the 19th century. Instead, the term cannabis referred to flowering tops of the female plant of Cannabis sativa. At that time, while millions of persons in Asia and Africa habitually indulged in cannabis as an intoxicant, cannabis was little used for that purpose in this country. In this chapter, I will use the term “cannabis” to refer to any active material derived from Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, the two species—some say subspecies—of the plant. Today’s controversies surrounding “medical marijuana” often ignore its long history in European and American medicine. Beginning in 1850, Cannabis indica and several extracts of the plant were listed in The United States Pharmacopeia, an official compilation of medically useful drugs.
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Kumar Sarkar, Anup. "Pollination Biology and Environmental Water Pollution Indicator of Onion (Allium cepa L.)." In Plant Breeding - New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111475.
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Numerous genes in flowering plants, including onion (Allium cepa L.) govern morphological character differences in structure, shape, orientation, weight and number, etc. arising from their assortment and recombination due to pollination. Pollination in onion flower occurs mainly by insects (91%) and wind (9%), with gravity also contributing to the pollination process. The hybrid vigour seeds through cross pollination as an essential input in enhancing crop productivity. The present study reveals that an onion plant generally takes around 63 days to attain flowering position, and complete flowering condition in 70–72 days, which include 15–18 days for sprouting of the green hollow fleshy shoots along with about 45 days to complete the peduncle formation on the top small part of the bud. A. cepa L. takes around 160 days to produce mature seeds with life cycle completion. The onion bulb roots are used for the last 50 years to study chromosomal behaviour as an indicator of environmental water pollution. The presence of different impurities and heavy metals in the polluted water causes reduction in reproductive capacity of cells due to the occurrence of peculiarity from the normal mitotic cell division in onion . Cytotoxicity influences all morphological characters, including root growth retardation, mitotic index, chromosomal aberration, etc. Thus, the present investigation explores the effect of pollutant water on pollination biology, cytotoxicity, root apical meristem cells in onion. We report a significant (p < 0.05) in the mitotic index in polluted water as compared to normal water.
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Singh, Varinder, Sanjay Taneja, Varinderjeet Singh, Azad Singh, and Harmesh Lal Paul. "Online Advertising Strategies in Indian and Australian E-Commerce Companies." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 124–38. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7231-3.ch009.
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Online advertising and marketing promote the different types of products through various kinds of advertising modes to customers. Online advertising is promotional messages that show up on the monitors of online laptops, desktops, tablets, televisions, and smart phones. The main objective of the study is to analyze the online advertising and impact comparison of online advertising strategy which is adopted by Indian and Australian e-commerce companies. To achieve the objectives of this study, the authors take the sample of 5 Indian and 5 Australian e-commerce companies. This study also found that the Indian and Australian e-commerce companies are inter-connected. Online advertising in India has been flowering and also increasing because of 4G connections, which are good for the future of online marketing. This chapter explains comparisons of Indian and Australian e-commerce companies and also focuses on the top 10 platforms to increase sales and customer attraction through advertising. The future of online advertising is brilliant and unlimited.
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Geroski, Paul A. "Entry and the Rate of Innovation*." In Market Structure, Corporate Performance and Innovative Activity, 61–77. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198288558.003.0005.
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Abstract It is often said that competition is a dynamic process, and that it is the dynamics of the process which have a major effect on market performance. Our goal in this chapter is to explore the spirit of this suggestion by examining the association between innovative activity and one observable manifestation of competitive market dynamics, namely entry. There are a number of reasons why entry—and small-firm activity more generally—is worth focusing on in connection with innovative activity. Chief amongst these is the recent policy interest that has been lavished on small firms in the name of rejuvenating industry and stimulating progressiveness. As is usual in these cases, elevating small firms up towards the top of the policy agenda has stimulated both a modest flow of careful research and a veritable flood of hyperbole. Numerous popular discussions have painted alluring pictures of a new industrial renaissance flowering from the seedbed of small-firm activity, and the same five or six anecdotal case-studies are regularly paraded in front of the argument by way of support. More scholarly examinations of the evidence have uncovered systematic evidence that loosely supports the spirit of some of these popular discussions.
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Wijekoon, Nalaka, Yoonus Imran, Darshi Attanayake, Lakmal Gonawala, and K. Ranil D. de Silva. "Neuroprotective Sri Lankan Plants: Back to the Future with Phytomedicine." In Indopathy for Neuroprotection: Recent Advances, 72–124. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050868122010008.
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Sri Lanka is listed as the top 34th biodiversity hotspot globally and has the highest biodiversity per unit area of terrestrial in the Asian continent. Intriguingly, it has been reported that 3771 flowering plant species are grown in Sri Lanka, of which 927 (24%) are endemic to the country, and 1430 species are considered medicinal plants. Surprisingly, it is reported that up to 40% of all new molecular entities submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval are either natural products or natural product-derived compounds. This chapter aims to explore the therapeutic potential of Sri Lankan plants/natural products in neuroprotection as possible synergistic targets of the nuclear factor erythroid (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Nonetheless, the symptoms of neurological diseases are different; oxidative stress plays a central role in pathogenesis, thus, Nrf2 activation will counteract common pathogenic processes involved in neurodegener-ative/neuro.muscular disorders. Therefore, targeting Nrf2 signaling may provide a therapeutic option to delay onset, slow progression, and ameliorate symptoms of neurological disorders. However, when translating from the bench to the bedside, the knowledge of the timing of Nrf2 modulating compounds and dosage is crucial to define at which point should an Nrf2 activator be used versus an Nrf2 inhibitor. In this scenario, blends of natural products that synergize and provide multi-site action on Nrf2 regulation via different pathways are vital and will pave the way for the development of evidence.based effective neuro-nutraceuticals with a stride of innovation.
Conference papers on the topic "Flowering Tops"
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Jewan, Shaikh Yassir Yousouf, Lawal Billa, Debbie Sparkes, Erik Murchie, Vinay Pagay, Deepak Gautam, Alessia Cogato, and Ajit Singh. "Monitoring Bambara Groundnut Canopy State Variables at Various Growth Stages Using Low-Cost Remote Sensing Technology and Machine Learning Techniques." In The 6th International Conference on Numerical Modelling in Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-bu8h1f.
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The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of an unmanned aerial vehicle-based remote sensing system for quantifying Bambara groundnut canopy state variables. Remotely sensed color infrared images and in-situ canopy state variables were collected during Malaysia's 2018/19 Bambara growing season at vegetative, flowering, podding, podfilling, maturity, and senescence stages. Five common vegetation indices (VIs) were derived from the images, yielding to single stage and cumulative VIs (∑VIs). The relationship between canopy state variables and single stage VIs/∑VIs was investigated using Pearson’s correlation. Linear parametric and non-linear non-parametric machine learning (ML) regressions were employed to estimate canopy state variables by using VIs/ ∑VIs as input features. The best correlation were observed at flowering stage. The ∑VIs from vegetative to senescence stage exhibited the most robust relationship with canopy state variables. CatBoostRegressor (CBR) excelled in training for all canopy state variables, however, it showed potential overfitting in testing. In contrast, Huber regression (HR) models provided consistent results in both training and testing. HR performance was comparable to that of the top-performing ML algorithms in estimation of groundnut crop variables.
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Umetaliev, Akylbek. "Value Chain in Export Honey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02245.
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This paper examines creating a value chain in export honey from the Kyrgyz Republic. The annual production is 12,000 tons, 500 tons are exported. The Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR model) at three stages of optimization of honey production has been adapted. The following research methods were used: desk study, survey of producers and consumers, interviews with relevant organizations, personal observations retailers. At the initial stage of optimization, recommended to maintain planning of the number of bee colonies. How to effectively use natural resources for bee colonies - finding useful flora (a flowering mass of plants to collect nectar) and finding areas with the best climate (temperature, humidity, sunshine, air movement) are the objectives of action plan for interim stage. The natural mountain landscape, the sun, air, water give honey special qualities, therefore, at the final stage of market promotion, honey must acquire potential status as a unique product. For honey producers there are two optimal options for export. The first is the packaging of honey in a container of 0.1–0.2 l., and positioning it as an expensive premium product. High marketing costs are offset by high added value in the supply chain. The second is the delivery of honey in large containers of 20–30 l., for further packaging, already in the territory of the buyer. An attractive choice for honey producers with guaranteed product sales and high profitability of sales. Research results increase honey production up to 30% and export volume up to 7%.
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Zhuk, Ekaterina. "Effect of nitrogen fertilizer Life Force Humic N on the yield and quality of the green mass of corn in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus." In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-28-76-134-138.
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Corn plays a leading role in providing the livestock industry with green and juicy feeds. To increase the yield and quality of green mass, the use of nitrogen fertilizers is of great importance [1]. In a field experiment on sod-podzolic soils in the conditions of the Minsk region, on the basis of LLC "Gastellovskoye" of the Minsk district, the influence of nitrogen fertilizer Life Force Humic N on the yield and quality of the green mass of the Dolphin corn hybrid was studied. Water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer Life Force Humic N on corn crops was used in phases: 4–6 leaves, sweeping of the panicle and the beginning of flowering of the crop. The content of the main elements of nutrition (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in the green mass of corn under the influence of the fertilizer Life Force Humic N varied within the error of the experiment and at the level with the use of control. No significant changes in the protein content depending on the use of equivalent doses of mineral nitrogen (control) and Life Force Humic N fertilizer have been established. The maximum protein content (5.6–5.7%) was noted both in the variant with the use of top dressing with standard nitrogen fertilizer and with the Life Force Humic N. fertilizer. When cultivating corn for green mass, the use of three-fold non-root treatment of crops with liquid water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer Life Force Humic N increased the yield of the green mass of the crop by 31 c / ha. When cultivating corn for green mass, the use of non-root treatments with Life Force Humic N fertilizer at a dose of 1 l/ ha is recommended.
Reports on the topic "Flowering Tops"
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.
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The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.