Journal articles on the topic 'Flower line'
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1
Annisa, Risti, Yulian Fakhrurrozi, and Sri Rahayu. "PROSES PEMBUNGAAN BEBERAPA VARIETAS Hoya coronaria DARI KAWASAN HUTAN KERANGAS AIR ANYIR, BANGKA." EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v2i1.464.
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Hoya coronaria found in heath forest of Air Anyir, Bangka has diverse colors. Flowers color diversity sometimes correlated varieties or the result of color changes during flowering process. The flowers development process observed from 5 H. coronaria varieties with different color from heath forest of Air Anyir, Bangka.The purpose of this research to know the flowering process and flower color change process some varieties of H. coronaria. This research done from September 2015-January 2016. This study used qualitative method to made detail and systematic description about flowering phase. H.coronaria flowering process consists of flower initation, flower estabilisment and flower development. Flower initation needs 13-15 days, flower estabilisment needs 10-12 days and flower development consists of early blooming process, full blooming and senescene. Early blooming process needs 1-3 days, full blooming needs 5-12 days and senescene needs 1-3 days. During the development process changes from rounded to pentagonal shape and there is a change in size. The observation result showed that 5 varieties are different from one another based on the difference between the colors of the flowers. Variety 1 has yellow corolla without honey line and deep pink corona. Variety 2 has light yellow green corolla with strong pink honey line and moderate red corona. Variety 3 has moderate red corolla with moderate red honey line and moderate red corona. Variety 4 has light yellow green corolla with moderate pink honey line and light yellow green corona. Variety 5 has moderate red without honey line and grayish red corona
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Bassett, Mark J., and Phillip N. Miklas. "A New Gene, bic, with Pleiotropic Effects (with T P V) for Bicolor Flowers and Dark Olive Brown Seed Coat in Common Bean." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 3 (May 2007): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.3.352.
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‘Painted Lady’ (Phaseolus coccineus L.) has bicolor flowers with vermilion banner petal and white wing petals. This flower color pattern is not known in common bean (P. vulgaris L.). The bicolor trait was backcrossed into common bean and its inheritance investigated, including allelism tests with other genes in common bean (T, P, and V) for flower color or pattern and brown seed coat. A pure line (line 33) with bicolor flower and dark olive brown seed coat was crossed to line 5-593 (no flower pattern and black seed coat). Data from the F2 and F3 progenies from that cross demonstrated that a single recessive gene controlled both the bicolor flower and dark olive brown seed coat by pleiotropic gene action. Allelism tests between the bicolor trait (line 179c) and standard genetic tester stocks involving the T, P, V, and Wb (white banner) genes for flower color or seed coat color demonstrated independence of bicolor from those genes and further supported the hypothesis of pleiotropic action on flower and seed coat. Also, the Wb gene was demonstrated to be independent of T and P. The gene symbol bic is proposed for the bicolor gene.
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Bachman, Gary R., and Margaret J. McMahon. "Light Quality Effects on Flower Sex Expression in Cucumber and Spinach." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 464D—464. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.464d.
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Using spectral filters to reduce the amount of far-red (FR) light perceived by plants has been shown to effectively reduce internode elongation of many floriculture crops. It is theorized that gibberellin (GA) function is inhibited in some way by the increase in the red: far-red light ratio. Sex expression of flowers are effected by exogenous applications of gibberellin and cause a shift in flower sex expression towards maleness. The use of growth regulators (GA inhibitors) have demonstrated a shift towards femaleness. Flowering of spinach, a dioecious species, and cucumber (staminate and pistillate lines), a monoecious species, were surveyed for shifts in flower sex expression, indicating a suppression of GA. Male: female flower ratio decreased from 7.6:1 to 4.06:1 when comparing the controls and –FR for the staminate cucumber line and 1:13 to 1:40 for the gynecious cucumber line. The decrease in male flowers on plants grown in a –FR environment are an indication that the function of GA is inhibited. There was no significant effect on the male: female flower ratios of the spinach.
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Tan, Ming Kai, Hui Lee, and Hugh Tiang Wah Tan. "The floriphilic katydid, Phaneroptera brevis, is a frequent flower visitor of non-native, flowering forbs." Journal of Orthoptera Research 28, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.28.33063.
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Distribution of consumers in a patch of vegetation can be predicted by resource availability and explained by the resource-concentration and optimal-foraging hypotheses. These hypotheses have not been explored for flower-visiting Orthoptera because they are deemed less economically or ecologically important. Some flower-visiting orthopterans can provide pollination services, which warrants more attention. We studied a Singaporean, floriphilic katydid, Phaneropterabrevis, to investigate the following questions: 1) how frequently does P.brevis visit flowers compared to other flower visitors and 2) what factors predict the abundance of P.brevis? We collected abundance data for P.brevis and other flower-visiting arthropods and quantified seven environmental parameters, including flower abundance and host-plant species richness. We found that P.brevis frequents flowers significantly more often than some common and expected flower visitors such as hoverflies. In line with the prediction of the resource-concentration hypothesis, the abundance of P.brevis was positively correlated with a higher flower abundance. Owing to the limited information on unexpected wild flower visitors and pollinators, especially from the understudied tropics of Southeast Asia, we propose that P.brevis can be a model organism for future studies to answer fundamental questions on flower visitation.
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Vasquez, Katherine L., Wayne A. Mackay, Marisa M. Wall, and Tim D. Davis. "Effect of Flower Age on Ethylene Synthesis in Big Bend Bluebonnet, Lupinus havardii." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 486c—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.486c.
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Endogenous ethylene production of an advance breeding line and an unimproved population of L. havardii was measured to determine at what age open flowers begin to synthesize ethylene. Twenty to 30 immature flower racemes from greenhouse-grown plants were randomly selected and tagged in each plant population. Every 24 h, the uppermost open flower was tagged on the selected racemes. On the 10th day, tagged racemes were harvested from each population group. Flowers were removed from the raceme, placed into 10-ml vials (six flowers/vial), and incubated at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). Ethylene was analyzed using a gas chromatograph. Detectable ethylene levels were most prevalent in 3- to 4-day old flowers. Mean ethylene rates were 1.7 nl/g per h and 1.1 nl/g per h for 4-day-old flowers of the advance breeding line and unimproved population, respectively. Senescing flowers (10 days old) of the advanced breeding line and unimproved population had ethylene rates of 7.9 and 6.7 nl/g per h, respectively.
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Bassett, Mark J. "Inheritance of Scarlet Color and Vein Pattern in Flowers and Oxblood Red Seedcoat Color Derived from the Interspecific Cross of Common Bean with Scarlet Runner Bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 4 (July 2003): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.4.0559.
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The genetics of the vermilion flower color (more orange than scarlet or salmon red) of Phaseolus coccineus L. is largely unknown, but the gene Sal for salmon red is the gene essential for its expression. Lamprecht line M0169 (PI 527868) expresses salmon red flowers with vein pattern on the wing petals and black seedcoats. M0169 (Sal Am and an unknown gene that inhibits the scarlet flower color expression of Am) was crossed with v BC3 5-593 (sal am and no inhibitor gene, expressing white flowers and mineral brown seedcoats). Line 5-593 is a Florida dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) line used as the recurrent parent for development of genetic stocks. The F2 from Sal Am Vwf BC1 5-593 (scarlet flowers, black seedcoats) × v BC3 5-593 (white flowers, mineral brown seedcoats) supported the hypothesis that a partly dominant gene Am changes salmon red to scarlet flower color and that Am has no expression with sal. The F3 progeny test of 27 random F2 parents from the above cross supported the hypothesis of a single partly dominant factor (Am) with no expression without Sal, where only Sal/Sal Am/Am completely eliminates the flower vein pattern (VP) of Sal. F4 progeny tests of 29 random F3 parents derived from a F2 selection with Sal/Sal Am/am Vwf/v supported the hypothesis that Am is linked to V (cM = 9.4 ± 1.93) and the hypothesis that Am is linked with a dominant gene (tentative symbol Oxb) that (with Sal v) changes seedcoat color from mineral brown with red haze to oxblood red. Another F4 progeny test of seven selected F3 parents with Sal/Sal Am/am v/v and oxblood seedcoat color supported the hypothesis that the Oxb gene (linked with Am and derived from M0169) with Sal v expresses oxblood seedcoat color. The gene symbol Am is proposed for the gene from M0169 that with Sal v expresses two pleiotropic effects: changes salmon red to scarlet flower color and eliminates the VP of salmon red. The interaction of Sal with Am for flower color and VP expression is discussed for all gene combinations.
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Iwashina, Tsukasa, Masa-atsu Yamaguchi, Masayoshi Nakayama, Takashi Onozaki, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Shuji Kawanobu, Hiroshi Ono, and Masachika Okamura. "Kaempferol Glycosides in the Flowers of Carnation and their Contribution to the Creamy White Flower Color." Natural Product Communications 5, no. 12 (December 2010): 1934578X1000501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000501213.
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Three flavonol glycosides were isolated from the flowers of carnation cultivars ‘White Wink’ and ‘Honey Moon’. They were identified from their UV, MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectra as kaempferol 3 -O-neohesperidoside, kaempferol 3 -O-sophoroside and kaempferol 3- O-glucosyl-(1→2)-[rhamnosyl-(1→6)-glucoside]. Referring to previous reports, flavonols occurring in carnation flowers are characterized as kaempferol 3- O-glucosides with additional sugars binding at the 2 and/or 6-positions of the glucose. The kaempferol glycoside contents of a nearly pure white flower and some creamy white flower lines were compared. Although the major glycoside was different in each line, the total kaempferol contents of the creamy white lines were from 5.9 to 20.9 times higher than the pure white line. Thus, in carnations, kaempferol glycosides surely contribute to the creamy tone of white flowers.
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Davis, Tim D., Wayne A. Mackay, and Narendra Sankhla. "Postharvest Characteristics of cut Inflorescences of Lupinus havardii." HortTechnology 5, no. 3 (July 1995): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.5.3.247.
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Big Bend bluebonnet (Lupinus havardii Wats.) is native to a narrow geographic range in southwestern Texas and produces attractive blue inflorescences (racemes) that may be used as cut flowers. Several crops were produced in the greenhouse to determine postharvest-characteristics of the cut inflorescences. Without any postharvest conditioning treatments, the inflorescences held in water had an average vase life of about 7 days. During this period, an average of 13 flowers abscised per inflorescence. When preconditioned for 4 hours in 40 to 160 mg·liter−1 silver thiosulfate (STS), vase life increased to 10 to 12 days and fewer than three flowers abscised per inflorescence. A commercial floral preservative (Oasis) had no effect on flower abscission or vase life of STS-treated inflorescences. Flower abscission and vase life were the same whether STS-treated inflorescences were placed in floral foam moistened with water or in water alone. Storing STS-preconditioned inflorescences in water at 5C for 72 hours did not affect flower abscission or vase life compared to the unstored control. Dry postharvest storage at 5C for 72 hours caused noticeable wilting, but, on dehydration, these inflorescences still had a vase life of about 8 days. Postharvest characteristics of pink-and white-flowered breeding lines were the same as for the blue-flowered line. These results indicate that cut inflorescences of L. havardii have desirable postharvest qualities and can be stored for up to 72 hours without seriously limiting vase life.
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Bassett, Mark J. "Pleiotropic Effects of gri on Seed Coat and Flower Color in Common Bean." HortScience 27, no. 3 (March 1992): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.3.254.
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The effects of gri on seed coat and flower color were investigated in a study using Lamprecht line V0400 (PI 527735) as the known source of gri. Seed and flower color data were taken on observations of F2, BC1-F2, and BC2,-F2 populations from crosses of V0400 with the recurrent parent S-593. Segregation was observed for a unique flower color pattern: wing petals have a very pale tinge of blue (laelia), and the banner petal has two violet dots (≈3- to 4-mm diameter) on a nearly white background. This very pale laelia flower color cosegregates with gray-white seed coats produced by gri. Furthermore, the very pale laelia color depends on the action of V for expression and is extinguished by v, which produces pure white flowers. Thus, it was demonstrated that the very pale laelia flower color, for which Lamprecht tentatively proposed the gene symbol vpal, is not controlled by an allele at V but is a pleiotropic effect of gri. It was also demonstrated that Lamprecht line V0060 (PI 527717) carries vlae, not v, as indicated by the genotypic notes accompanying the Lamprecht seed collection.
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Kwon, Young-Seok, and Fenny Dane. "462 Inheritance of Light-Green Flower Color (gf) in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 524B—524. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.524b.
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Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb. Matsum. and Nakai) flower petals usually are yellow, but in watermelon line Kw-695, light-green flowers were detected. To study the inheritance of light-green flower color, Kw-695 plants were crossed with yellow-flowered Korean cultures `SS-4' and `Dalgona'. The resulting F1, F2, and reciprocal backcross generations were analyzed for flower color. Segregation ratios in the F2 and backcross to Kw-695 were 3 yellow: 1 light green and 1 yellow: 1 light green, respectively. Backcross generations to the yellow-flowered parents showed yellow flowers only. These results indicate that inheritance of the light-green flower character in Kw-695 is governed by a single recessive gene. We propose the gf gene symbol for the green flower trait. Kw-695 plants have large vines with large, light-green leaves. The plants are andromonoecious, have large, oval, bright yellow-green fruit with irregular dark-green stripes, bright yellow-orange, inedible flesh with very low sugar content (about 3.2 °Brix), and light-yellow seeds. The trait should be useful as a marker in watermelon breeding programs. Linkages between this trait and other genetic markers in watermelon will be investigated.
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Plowright, Catherine, and Nathalie Cantin-Plante. "LE CHOIX DE LA DIRECTION DES TRAJETS ENTRE FLEURS DES BOURDONS (BOMBUS) BUTINEURS." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 5 (October 1997): 915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent129915-5.
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AbstractIn a laboratory experiment on the decision rule underlying the avoidance of flower revisitation by foraging bumble bees (Bombus impatiens), artificial flowers were arranged in two rows. For each flower visited, the choice was either to travel straight ahead onto a flower in the same row or to change direction and choose a flower in the other row. The distance between rows was manipulated to be smaller than, equal to, or greater than the distance between flowers in the same row. When the distances between adjacent flowers within a row and between rows were equal, a significant tendency to travel straight ahead was observed. This tendency was sensitive to changes in distance between rows, even when the distances between rows far exceeded the distance between flowers within a row. The tendency was abolished when the distance between rows was smaller than the distance between flowers within a row. A significant alternation of the bumble bee between rows (zigzag path) was observed in only one condition: when not only the distance between rows was much smaller than the distance between flowers in the same row, but also when the rows were staggered such that the bee could alternate between rows while still travelling in an almost straight line. These results show that the two variables of distance and angle are integrated, and that the choices made by bumble bees do not reflect a simple rule. Future research on tradeoffs is suggested.
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Kotoda, Nobuhiro, Hiroshi Iwanami, Sae Takahashi, and Kazuyuki Abe. "Antisense Expression of MdTFL1, a TFL1-like Gene, Reduces the Juvenile Phase in Apple." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 131, no. 1 (January 2006): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.131.1.74.
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Because fruit trees such as apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) flower and set fruit only after an extended juvenile phase lasting several years, efficient breeding of fruit trees is limited. We previously suggested that MdTFL1 (Malus ×domestica TFL1) functions analogously to TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and that MdTFL1 is involved in the maintenance of the juvenile/vegetative phase in apple. To clarify the function of MdTFL1 in apple, we produced transgenic `Orin' apple trees expressing MdTFL1 antisense RNA. One of them flowered only 8 months after the transfer to the greenhouse, whereas the nontransformed control plants have not flowered in nearly 6 years. As expected, the expression of endogenous MdTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic lines that showed precocious flowering. In addition, the expression level of the transgene was correlated with the reduction of the juvenile phase. These findings confirm that MdTFL1 functions like TFL1 and that MdTFL1 maintains the juvenile and vegetative phase in apple. Flower organs of the transgenic apple trees were normal in appearance, and a precocious flowering transgenic line set fruit and seeds. Interestingly, some flowers of the transgenic apple trees developed without undergoing dormancy. The expression of MdTFL1 in apple may affect flower development as well as flower induction.
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Li, Yan, Caihua Dong, Ming Hu, Zetao Bai, Chaobo Tong, Rong Zuo, Yueying Liu, et al. "Identification of Flower-Specific Promoters through Comparative Transcriptome Analysis in Brassica napus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (November 26, 2019): 5949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235949.
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Brassica napus (oilseed rape) is an economically important oil crop worldwide. Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a threat to oilseed rape production. Because the flower petals play pivotal roles in the SSR disease cycle, it is useful to express the resistance-related genes specifically in flowers to hinder further infection with S. sclerotiorum. To screen flower-specific promoters, we first analyzed the transcriptome data from 12 different tissues of the B. napus line ZS11. In total, 249 flower-specific candidate genes with high expression in petals were identified, and the expression patterns of 30 candidate genes were verified by quantitative real-time transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Furthermore, two novel flower-specific promoters (FSP046 and FSP061 promoter) were identified, and the tissue specificity and continuous expression in petals were determined in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana with fusing the promoters to β-glucuronidase (GUS)-reporter gene. GUS staining, transcript expression pattern, and GUS activity analysis indicated that FSP046 and FSP061 promoter were strictly flower-specific promoters, and FSP046 promoter had a stronger activity. The two promoters were further confirmed to be able to direct GUS expression in B. napus flowers using transient expression system. The transcriptome data and the flower-specific promoters screened in the present study will benefit fundamental research for improving the agronomic traits as well as disease and pest control in a tissue-specific manner.
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Andriani, A. A. S. P. R., I. Gusti Made Arjana, Luh Kartini, Dewa Gede Wiryangga Selangga, and Ismail Rakibe. "The Control of Pathogenic Fungi with Trichoderma in Banjar Pinge, Tabanan of Bali Province." AJARCDE | Asian Journal of Applied Research for Community Development and Empowerment 6, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29165/ajarcde.v6i1.82.
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Pinge is one of the traditional sub-village (banjar) in Baru Village, Marga Sub district, Tabanan Regency of Bali Province. There are 36% of villagers living below the poverty line where 85% of them are farmers who cultivate fruit and flowers. They have many problems with fruit and flower production as the yields is low due to natural disasters and poor agricultural practice and support. Some flower growers often complain of low flower production, especially Marigold flowers due to the attack of pathogenic fungi that cause flower blight. The solution to solve the problems faced by partners is: by providing Appropriate Technology in the processing of cow dung into compost fertilizer plus trichoderma sp antagonist microorganisms. External targets to be achieved are the use of appropriate technology in the processing technology of cow dung into compost plus Trichoderma sp. Based on the results of activities as much as 70% understand and are able to apply pest and disease control to flowers by utilizing biological agents. Trichoderma can reduce the intensity of disease above the ground by 50.00% and suppress the intensity in the soil by 34.48%. In addition, giving Trichoderma sp. can increase the fresh weight of the plant by up to 30.75%.
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Bassett, Mark J. "Interaction of Two Genes, Fcr and Fcr2, with the t Allele in Common Bean that Restores Color to Flowers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 6 (November 1993): 881–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.6.881.
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Plant Introduction (PI) accession 507984 of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has partly colored seed coats and either pure white flowers or light laelia flowers. Crosses were made with white-flowered plants of PI 507984: white-flowered plant #1 × the genetic stock t ers ers2 BC2 5-593 and white-flowered plant #2 × recurrent parent dry bean breeding line 5-593. Inheritance was studied in the F1, F2, and F3 of the former cross and the F1 and F2 of the latter cross. PI 507984 (white flower, plant #1) × t ers ers2 BC2 5-593 gave F1 plants with colored flowers and partly colored seeds. The F2 gave a 9:7 segregation ratio (colored flowers to white flowers), and the genetic model proposed is that flower color is restored in the presence of t/t by two complementary genes, Fcr and Fcr-2. That model was confirmed by F3 progeny tests of 21 F2 parents with colored flowers. The cross PI 507984 (white flower, plant #2) × 5-593 gave an F2 segregation ratio of 9:3:4 (bishops-violet: light laelia: white flowers), indicating that the white-flowered PI 507984 has vlae masked by t. Analysis of all the data suggests that PI 507984 is heterogeneous at Fcr and Fcr-2, having all three possible homozygous genotypes, viz., either light laelia flowers from vlae t Fcr Fcr-2 or white flowers from vlae t Fcr fcr-2 or vlae t fcr Fcr-2. The flower color restoration gene in 5-593 is arbitrarily assigned the symbol Fcr. Great variability occurs in partly colored seeds of PI 507984 due to the environment in which the seed was produced.
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D, Prabhakaran, Senthamilselvi Mm, and Rajeshkanna A. "ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF ARGEMONE MEXICANA L (FLOWERS) AGAINST HUMAN LIVER CANCER (HEPG2) CELL LINE." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 10 (September 1, 2017): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i10.20744.
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Objective: To explore the anticancer activity of the flowers of Argemone mexicana L. against the human hepatoma cell line (HepG2).Methods: In vitro anticancer activity was carried out to screen cytotoxicity effectiveness of the solid obtained from ethyl acetate fraction of A. mexicana L. flower extract at different concentrations against the HepG2 cell line. The MTT (methylthiazolyl diphenyl- tetrazolium bromide) assay for cell viability and markers is expected to confirm the cytotoxicity.Result: Ethyl acetate fraction from the flower extract of A. mexicana L. was tested for its anticancer activity against HepG2 cell lines (liver cancer) at various concentrations by MTT assay. It was confirmed that the IC50 value of this sample was 72±1.7 μg/ml against liver cancer HepG2 cell line.Conclusions: A. mexicana L. is a potential plant with anticancer activity. The isolation of the pure compounds and determination of the structure of individual compounds will be further performed.
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Sato, Suguru, Mary Peet, and Randy Gardner. "Timing and Duration of the Critical Period in Tomatoes for Sensitivity of Fruit and Seed Production to Heat Stress." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 453e—454. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.453e.
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Peet et al. (HortScience, 1997) reported that the period of greatest sensitivity to heat stress for fruit and seed production in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., line NC8288) was before pollen release. However the exact duration and timing of the sensitive period was not established. For the present study, 2 weeks before opening of the first flower, tomato plants grown at 28/22 °C or 32/26 °C were treated under the opposite temperature treatment for periods of 0, 5, 10, or 15 days. After this time they were returned to the initial temperature treatments constituting an imposition (32/26 °C) or relief (28/22 °C) of heat stress for varying periods before flower opening. All flowers were vibrated at anthesis and pedicels tagged to record date of pollination. Subsequently, tagged flowers (or pedicels, in the case of aborted flowers) were examined to determine if a fruit had set, and if so, whether it contained seeds. For plants initially grown at low temperature, as the pre-anthesis period of exposure to heat stress increased, the amount of seeded fruit produced decreased. For plants initially grown at high temperatures, a pre-anthesis period of relief from heat stress of at least 10 days was required for production of any seeded fruit. Further, for an individual flower, that 10- to 15-day period of low temperatures had to occur during the developmental period starting at least 15 days before flower opening and ending no sooner than 5 days before flower opening.
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Putri, Ni Wayan Cindy Pramesti Angia, Bambang Admadi H, and Cokorda Anom Bayu Sadyasmara. "Distribusi dan Perbaikan Pasca Panen Bunga Potong Sedap Malam (Polianthes tuberosa) dari Petani Desa Tunjuk, Tabanan ke Denpasar." JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI 8, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrma.2020.v08.i02.p14.
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The aims of this study were 1) to find out the type and distribution path of tuberose cut flowers from farmers in Tunjuk Village to retailers in Denpasar, 2) to analyze the system and the impact of postharvest handling to tuberose cut flowers on each distribution path, 3) to find out the impact of postharvest improvements, by conducting an experiment which soaking the tuberose cut flower in holding solution. The snowball sampling method was used to find out the types and distribution paths of tuberose cut flowers, while to analyze the system and the impact of improvements on each distribution line the Commodity System Assessment Method (CSAM) was used through survey and interview directly to stakeholders. The holding solution used for soaking treatment is sucrose, silver nitrate and citric acid.The results showed that there were only two distribution path, namely line I (Farmer – Wholesaler – Retailer - Consumer) and line II (Farmer – Retailer - Consumer). Postharvest handling along distribution lines includes harvest, sorting, binding, wrapping, soaking, storage, packaging, distribution and display. The impact of handling on postharvest losses at the sorting stage at the farm level is 2% (insignificant), the level of wholesalers at 3% (insignificant), and at the retail level of 6% (significant). Soaking treatment in holding solution can prolong the freshness of flowers. Tuberose cut flowers can last 3.98 days when soaked using water and can last up to 6.85 days when soaked in sucrose, silver nitrate, and citric acid solutions.
Keywords: tuberose flower, sucrose, silver nitrate, citric acid, CSAM
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Bogantes Arias, Antonio, and Eric Mora Newcomer. "Influencia del genotipo y la temperatura sobre la carpelodia en papaya." Agronomía Mesoamericana 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ma.v28i3.27892.
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Carpellody is a phenomenon that affects hermaphrodite flowers of papaya, and consists in the transformation of the stamens into additional carpels, resulting in ovary malformation that consequently affects fruit shape and diminishes its market value. The objective of this study was to quantify the incidence of flower carpellody in papaya, and the effect of temperature on this phenomenon. An experiment was carried out between October of 2006 and January of 2007 at ”Los Diamantes” Agricultural Experiment Station, located in the province of Limón. Four breeding lines and four experimental hybrids were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The analyzed variables were the carpel number for ovaries of hermaphrodite flowers and the daily temperature during a 60-day period prior to floral anthesis of each evaluated flower. The carpel number of lines and hybrids differed significantly each week (p≤0,03). Line and hybrid averages also differed significantly during the twelve-week period (p<0,0001). The cross between a strong carpellodic line and a stable or a weak female-sterile line resulted in a hybrid that exhibited carpellody, which suggests that carpellody is dominant. The correlation between carpel number and temperature suggests that the amplitude of temperature fluctuations during the day was a determinant factor in the induction of carpellody.
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Bassett, Mark J. "A New Allele (Vwf) at the V Locus for Flower and Seedcoat Color in Common Bean." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 4 (July 1997): 519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.4.519.
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The inheritance of flower and seedcoat color was studied using Lamprecht line M0137 (PI 527845) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as the source of a new allele, Vwf, at the V locus. The cross M0137 cres Vwf × C v BC2 5-593 (a genetic tester stock) was studied in progeny of the F1, F2, F3, and F4 generations. The observed segregation for flower and seed colors was consistent with the hypothesis that M0137 carried a new allele, Vwf, that produced (in the presence of P C J G B) white flowers and black seeds rather than the white flowers and mineral-brown seeds produced (in the presence of P C J G B) by v. The V/Vwf genotype produced cobalt-violet flowers, the same as V/v. A test cross of F3 Vwf × t BC1 5-593 bipunctata demonstrated that Vwf is not allelic with t, a gene that can produce white or colored flowers and self-colored or partly colored seeds, depending on background genotype.
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Hoshino, Atsushi, Takayuki Mizuno, Keiichi Shimizu, Shoko Mori, Sachiko Fukada-Tanaka, Kazuhiko Furukawa, Kanako Ishiguro, Yoshikazu Tanaka, and Shigeru Iida. "Generation of Yellow Flowers of the Japanese Morning Glory by Engineering Its Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway toward Aurones." Plant and Cell Physiology 60, no. 8 (May 28, 2019): 1871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz101.
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Abstract Wild-type plants of the Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea nil) produce blue flowers that accumulate anthocyanin pigments, whereas its mutant cultivars show wide range flower color such as red, magenta and white. However, I. nil lacks yellow color varieties even though yellow flowers were curiously described in words and woodblocks printed in the 19th century. Such yellow flowers have been regarded as ‘phantom morning glories’, and their production has not been achieved despite efforts by breeders of I. nil. The chalcone isomerase (CHI) mutants (including line 54Y) bloom very pale yellow or cream-colored flowers conferred by the accumulation of 2′, 4′, 6′, 4-tetrahydoroxychalcone (THC) 2′-O-glucoside. To produce yellow phantom morning glories, we introduced two snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) genes to the 54Y line by encoding aureusidin synthase (AmAS1) and chalcone 4′-O-glucosyltransferase (Am4′CGT), which are necessary for the accumulation of aureusidin 6-O-glucoside and yellow coloration in A. majus. The transgenic plants expressing both genes exhibit yellow flowers, a character sought for many years. The flower petals of the transgenic plants contained aureusidin 6-O-glucoside, as well as a reduced amount of THC 2′-O-glucoside. In addition, we identified a novel aurone compound, aureusidin 6-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside, in the yellow petals. A combination of the coexpression of AmAS1 and Am4′CGT and suppression of CHI is an effective strategy for generating yellow varieties in horticultural plants.
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Schroeder, Kenneth R., and Dennis P. Stimart. "Postharvest Longevity of Antirrhinum majus L. Cut Flowers as Influenced by Backcrosses to a Short-lived Recurrent Parent and Harvest Time." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 570d—570. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.570d.
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An inbred backcrossing approach was taken to transfer long postharvest keeping time of cut flowers from a white inbred line of Antirrhinum majus L. into a yellow short-lived inbred line. Three backcrosses to the short-lived recurrent parent were done followed by three generations of selfing by single-seed descent. Plants from 56 accessions of BC1S3 through BC3S3 were grown twice (June and August 1995) in a greenhouse and flower stems harvested for postharvest longevity evaluation. Postharvest evaluation was done in deionized water under continuous fluorescent light. Longevity was determined as the number of days from cutting to discard when 50% of the open florets on a flower stem wilted or turned brown. One yellow accession was retrieved that was not significantly different in postharvest longevity from the white long-lived parent. Environment substantially influenced postharvest longevity over harvest dates. Possible causes for variation of postharvest keeping time will be presented.
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Sa’adah, Imroatus, Eny Widajati, Mia Kosmiatin, and Endah Retno Palupi. "Flowering and Seed Development Characteristic of Citrus Derived from Somatic Hybridization of Mandarin Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Siam Madu (Citrus nobilis Lour.)." AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science 44, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v44i1.2978.
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The somatic hybridization between Mandarin Satsuma (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Siam Madu (Citrus nobilis Lour.) is expected to produce progenies having sweet seedless fruit. The research was aimed to study flowering biology, fruit and seed development to identify parthenocarpic lines derived from somatic hybridization. The research was carried out at Pacet Experimental Station of ICABIOGRAD, Cianjur, West Java (1150 m asl), during August 2019-July 2020. The research materials were 15 citrus lines derived from somatic hybridization between Mandarin Satsuma and Siam Madu, of which 5 plants (± 2 years old) per line were prepared. Observation was carried out on flowering phenology, flower morphology, fruit development, pollen viability, and stigma receptivity. Seedless fruits from un-pollinated, selfpollinated, and cross-pollinated flowers of each line were investigated. The results showed that flower morphology of the 15 citrus lines varied in the number of petals, flower diameter, pistil length relative to the stamen, and number of stamen. The development from bud emergence to fruit ripening also varied among and within lines, ranging from 212 to 316 days. Among the lines, FS 25 showed a stronger character towards stimulative parthenocarpy. FS 84 and FS 89 were potential sources of pollen (pollenizer) to produce seedless fruits.
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Paralikas, Apostolos A., J. C. Vlahos, M. Papadimitriou, and K. A. Loulakakis. "Effects of Silver Thiosulfate, Sucrose, and Calcium Nitrate on Vaselife of Ebenus cretica L." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 460A—460. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.460a.
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Ebenus cretica, Leguminosae, an endemic perennial bush of Crete, is being studied as a potential new cut flower crop. Forty-centimeter-long spikes with two to three inflorescences and six to eight compound leaves were harvested from 5-year-old plants grown from seed at the farm of the TEI, when 1/3 of the florets had opened, and were treated with various preservatives. Flower quality was evaluated morphologically combined with measurements of chlorophyll content in leaves and anthocyanin in petals. Without any postharvest treatments, inflorescences held in a solution of 100 ppm 8-hydroxyquinone sulfate (HQS) in DI water had an average vaselife of 6.8 days. Pulsing with 0.6 mM silver thiosulfate (STS) for 2 h extended vaselife up to 8.4 days. However, when ethephon was added in the solution, vaselife was significantly reduced, causing leaf yellowing and flower senescence, which suggests sensitivity to exogenous ethylene. A solution of 0.2% Ca(NO3)2 prolonged vaselife by 2.7 days, whereas higher concentrations resulted in flower discoloration and decreased flower quality. Sucrose solutions of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% had no positive effect on flower longevity. Furthermore, the higher concentrations caused leaf yellowing and petal discoloration decreasing vaselife and quality of flowers compared to control. Samples of inflorescences were taken every second day for chlorophyll (a and b) and anthocyanin measurements. The concentrations recorded were highest in the 0.2% Ca(NO3)2 treatment and were significantly correlated to flower longevity. Results indicate that Ebenus cretica may be used as a cut flower crop; however, due to the genetic variability of the Ebenus plants, a breeding line should be developed before the crop reaches the floricultural market.
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Wang, Yan, Zou, Wang, Xu, Cui, and Qu. "Morphological, Transcriptomic and Hormonal Characterization of Trimonoecious and Subandroecious Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Suggests Important Roles of Ethylene in Sex Expression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 3185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133185.
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: Sex expression is a complex process, and in-depth knowledge of its mechanism in pumpkin is important. In this study, young shoot apices at the one-true-leaf stage and 10-leaf stage in Cucurbita maxima trimonoecious line ‘2013–12’ and subandroecious line ‘9–6’ were collected as materials, and transcriptome sequencing was performed using an Illumina HiSeqTM 2000 System. 496 up-regulated genes and 375 down-regulated genes were identified between shoot apices containing mostly male flower buds and only female flower buds. Based on gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the ethylene and auxin synthesis and signal transduction pathways. In addition, shoot apices at the 4-leaf stage were treated with the ethylene-releasing agent 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel), aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG), AgNO3 and indoleacetic acid (IAA). The number of female flowers up to node 20 on the main stem of ‘2013–12’ increased significantly after Ethrel and IAA treatment and decreased significantly after AVG and AgNO3 treatment. The female flowers in ‘9–6’ showed slight changes after treatment with the exogenous chemicals. The expression of key genes in ethylene synthesis and signal transduction (CmaACS7, CmaACO1, CmaETR1 and CmaEIN3) was determined using quantitative RT-PCR, and the expression of these four genes was positively correlated with the number of female flowers in ‘2013–12’. The variations in gene expression, especially that of CmaACS7, after chemical treatment were small in ‘9–6’. From stage 1 (S1) to stage 7 (S7) of flower development, the expression of CmaACS7 in the stamen was much lower than that in the ovary, stigma and style. These transcriptome data and chemical treatment results indicated that IAA might affect pumpkin sex expression by inducing CmaACS7 expression and indirectly affecting ethylene production, and the ethylene synthesis and signal transduction pathways play crucial roles in pumpkin flower sex expression. A possible reason for the differences in sex expression between pumpkin lines ‘2013–12’ and ‘9–6’ was proposed based on the key gene expression. Overall, these transcriptome data and chemical treatment results suggest important roles for ethylene in pumpkin sex expression.
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Ding, Xianlong, Xuan Wang, Qiang Li, Lifeng Yu, Qijian Song, Junyi Gai, and Shouping Yang. "Metabolomics Studies on Cytoplasmic Male Sterility during Flower Bud Development in Soybean." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 2869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122869.
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Abnormal reactive oxygen species (ROS) may mediate cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). To observe the effect of ROS on soybean CMS, metabolite content and antioxidant enzyme activity in the flower buds between soybean N8855-derived CMS line and its maintainer were compared. Of the 612 metabolites identified, a total of 74 metabolites were significantly differentiated in flower buds between CMS line and its maintainer. The differential metabolites involved 32 differential flavonoids, 13 differential phenolamides, and 1 differential oxidized glutathione (GSSG) belonging to a non-enzymatic ROS scavenging system. We observed lower levels of flavonoids and antioxidant enzyme activities in flower buds of the CMS line than in its maintainer. Our results suggest that deficiencies of enzymatic and non-enzymatic ROS scavenging systems in soybean CMS line cannot eliminate ROS in anthers effectively, excessive accumulation of ROS triggered programmed cell death and ultimately resulted in pollen abortion of soybean CMS line.
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Goldman, I. L. "Inheritance of ffs, a Gene Conditioning Fasciated Flower Stem in Red Beet." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 4 (July 1998): 632–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.4.632.
Full textAbstract:
A fasciated flower stem character arose spontaneously during development of the red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) inbred line W411. The fasciated character is manifest by a flattened flower stem with petioles coalesced into a twisted, ribbonlike appearance. No fasciation is present in the vegetative stem or petioles. An inheritance study was conducted to determine the genetic control of flower stem fasciation. The inbred line W411 was used both as a male and female parent in crosses with four red beet inbred lines. Segregating progenies in both the BC1 and F2 generations were developed and scored for the fasciated flower stem character. Variable expression of the fasciated flower stem phenotype was observed in these progenies; however, the presence of flattened flower stems at the stem-hypocotyl junction was unequivocal. Chisquare goodness-of-fit tests in the BC1 and F2 generations did not deviate significantly from expected ratios for a monogenic recessive character for each genetic background. No reciprocal differences were detected for any cross in this group of four inbred lines, which suggests the lack of maternal effect for the fasciated character. The symbol ffs is proposed to describe the genetic control of the fasciated flower stem phenotype.
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Goldman, I. L. "The ffs Allele Conditions Flower Stem Fasciation in Red Beet." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 527f—528. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.527f.
Full textAbstract:
A fasciated flower stem character arose spontaneously during development of the red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) inbred line W411. The fasciated character is manifest by a flattened flower stem with petioles coalesced into a twisted, ribbonlike appearance. No fasciation is present in the vegetative stem or petioles. An inheritance study was conducted to determine the genetic control of flower stem fasciation. The inbred line W411 was used both as a male and female parent in crosses with four red beet inbred lines. Segregating progenies in both the BC1 and F2 generations were developed and scored for the fasciated flower stem character. Variable expression of the fasciated flower stem phenotype was observed in these progenies; however, the presence of flattened flower stems at the stem/hypocotyl junction was unequivocal. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests in both the BC1 and F2 generations did not deviate significantly from expected ratios for a monogenic recessive character for each genetic background. No reciprocal differences were detected for any cross in this group of four inbred lines, which suggests the lack of maternal effect for the fasciated character. The symbol ffs is proposed to describe the genetic control of the fasciated flower stem phenotype.
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DING, HONG-BO, SHI-SHUN ZHOU, BIN YANG, REN LI, MYA BHONE MAW, KYAW WIN MAUNG, and YUN-HONG TAN. "Taxonomic studies on Amomum Roxburgh s.l. (Zingiberaceae) in MyanmarⅠ: Two new species and two new records for the flora of Myanmar." Phytotaxa 418, no. 2 (September 24, 2019): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.418.2.2.
Full textAbstract:
Two taxa of Amomum (Zingiberaceae), Amomum erythranthum and Amomum ampliflorum, from Putao, Kachin State of Northern Myanmar are described and illustrated as new to science. Amomum erythranthum is morphologically similar to A. subulatum and A. nimkeyense in having similar yellow flowers, but can be distinguished by its reddish floral tube, red anther connective, red and pubescent fruit. Amomum ampliflorum is similar to A. maximum, A. dealbatum and A. odontocarpum in white flower, but differs in its longer inflorescence and much larger flower. Two species, Amomum pauciflorum and Wurfbainia microcarpum are recorded for the flora of Myanmar for the first time. Data on ecology, phenology, distribution, conservation status, similarities to the related taxa, as well as colour photographs and line drawings of the type, and voucher specimens are provided for all reported taxa.
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Bassett, Mark J. "New Genes, stp and stphbw, for Flower and Seedcoat Pattern in Common Bean." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 3 (May 1996): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.3.388.
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The inheritance of novel flower and seedcoat patterns was studied in three parental materials: PI 390775 and `Springwater Half Runner' (SHR), which have patterned flower and seedcoat colors, and 5-593, a Florida dry bean breeding line with unpatterned purple flowers and seeds. Using crosses between 5-593 and the other two parents, an analysis of F1, F2, backcross F2, and backcross F3 data demonstrated that a single recessive allele in each of the patterned parents controlled flower and seedcoat pattern. Genetic tester stocks were used to demonstrate that the recessive gene for patterning in PI 390775 was nonallelic with C, T, and Mar, the three genes previously known to control seedcoat pattern in common bean. An allelism test between the recessive pattern genes from PI 390775 and SHR demonstrated that they were allelic and that the gene from SHR was dominant. The gene symbols stp (for the gene from PI 390775) and stphbw (for the dominant gene from SHR) are proposed, where stp stands for stippled seedcoat pattern and the superscript letters hbw stand for half banner white.
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Hu, Jinguo, Soon-Jae Kwon, Jeong-Jin Park, Erik Landry, D. Scott Mattinson, and David R. Gang. "LC-MS determination of L-DOPA concentration in the leaf and flower tissues of six faba bean (Vicia faba L.) lines with common and rare flower colors." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 5, no. 7 (July 31, 2015): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v5i7.199.
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Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of muscle control, which causes trembling of the limbs and head as well as impaired balance. L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxy phenylalanine) is the major ingredient of several prescription drugs used to treat PD. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the few plant species that is known to produce L-DOPA and has the potential to be developed as a functional food crop for people suffering with PD.Objective: Aimed to provide needed information for people who want to use faba bean as a natural remedy or functional food to relieve PD symptoms, this study analyzed the variation of L-DOPA concentration in the leaf and flower tissues of six faba bean lines with common and rare flower colors.Methods: Leaf and flower samples were taken from field grown plants with different flower colors, namely, pink with purple lines and black dots, pure white, brown, and crimson. Samples were freeze-dried and L-DOPA was quantified by a LC-MS system consisting of an ACQUITY UPLC in line with a Synapt G2 HDMS quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This experiment was carried out in two consecutive years (2012 and 2013) and the plants used in the second year were grown from the seeds harvested from the plants used in the first year.Results and Discussion: Our two-year study revealed a high level of variation in L-DOPA concentration for leaf and flower tissues among the six faba bean lines studied. The average L-DOPA concentration based on dry weight (DW) in flowers ranged from 27.8 to 63.5 mg/g and 18.2 to 48.7 mg/g for leaf tissues. There was no significant correlation between L-DOPA concentrations in flowers and leaves. The L-DOPA concentration in flowers and in leaves of the same line varied but were not statistically significant between the two years. Ideally, the genotype with the highest average L-DOPA concentration in both flowers and leaves would be grown as a natural source of this medicinally important molecule. When developing faba bean as a functional food crop for PD patients, a careful selection of genotype seems necessary for exploiting the full potential of this natural remedy.Conclusion: Consumption of young pods and leaves is the most practical means for direct intake or processing of L-DOPA. Lastly, favorable environmental conditions for growth will optimize L-DOPA yield (Landry, et al., 2015). Further analysis of the genetic control of L-DOPA synthesis and metabolism will be valuable, with the possibility of developing environmentally resilient cultivars that can produce desirable amounts of L-DOPA for pharmaceutical use. Key words: Faba bean, L-DOPA, Parkinson’s disease
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Goffinet, Martin C., and Mary Jean Welser. "Relationship of Winter Stage of `Concord' Grapevine Buds, Previous Season, and Return Bloom." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 781D—781. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.781d.
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Overwintering buds and internodes of Vitis labruscana `Concord' were taken from minimal- (MP) and balance-pruned (BP) vines in Dec. 1993 and Dec. 1994 from canes whose weight, crop weight, total nodes, and nodes with periderm were known. Winter characters recorded were: node-5's primary bud basal area, total nodes, and developmental stage of cluster primordia; stage of largest cluster in the secondary bud; vascular area of cane internode 5. Fifty node-5 buds were tagged in each treatment and flower and fruit number per cluster later recorded. Regression analysis showed no effect of a shoot's crop, cane weight, node number, or nodes having periderm on any character measured in the overwintering buds or canes for either treatment. Regression analysis did show mean flower number per cluster was linearly related to mean winter stage per cluster in both treatments, with all values falling on one line. Differences between treatments were one of degree of cluster development; BP vines had more-developed winter and spring clusters and more flowers and fruit per shoot. The slope of the regression was identical the last 3 years, although the y intercept varied each year; thus, a given cluster stage in the overwintering bud was capable of producing a variable number of flowers the next season, depending on year. Flower number per shoot appeared positively related to growing-degree-days the previous season.
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Nunez-Palenius, Hector G., Daniel J. Cantliffe, Harry J. Klee, and Don J. Huber. "(264) In Vitro Pollen Germination of Wild Type and Transgenic `Galia' Male Parental Line Melon [Cucumis melo (L.) var. reticulatus Ser.]." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1016A—1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1016a.
Full textAbstract:
Pollen germination timing has a paramount role in fertilization of a flower. Rapid germination and outgrowth of a pollen tube that penetrates the stigma is required. Physical and biological factors can affect pollen germination timing. The objective of this study was to determine if ACC oxidase antisense gene expression could influence in vitro pollen germination and in vitro pollen tube length growth. A transgenic (ACC oxidase antisense) `Galia' male parental line had a reduced fruit set compared to its wild type. Likewise, embryo abortion and empty seeds after self-pollination in a `Galia' male parental line were observed. Wild type and transgenic `Galia' male parental line melon plants were grown in a greenhouse according to the practices of Rodriguez (2003). Male flowers were collected from these plants between 10 to 12 am; pollen was obtained by dipping the anther in germination medium (10.25% sucrose, 0.031% calcium nitrate, 0.015% boric acid, 0.0075% KNO3, and 0.016% MgSO4) at 25 °C and analyzed immediately, either for total percentage of germination after 5 minutes of incubation or to measure pollen tube growth rate every 5 minutes during 1 hour. Each flower provided an average of 250 pollen grains. Assays were conducted by using the “Hanging Drop Method” (Okay and Ayfer, 1994). Percentage of pollen germination in WT `Galia' male parental line was greater than the transgenic line. Likewise, in vitro pollen tube growth in wild type `Galia' melon was greater than pollen from the transgenic line. Possibly the ACC oxidase antisense gene expression in `Galia' male parental line may have had an influence on the reduced fruit set observed.
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Lee, Chiwon W., Lijuan Wang, Shanqiang Ke, Mingbo Qin, and Zong-Ming Cheng. "Expression of the RolC Gene in Transgenic Plants of Salpiglossis sinuata L." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 571e—571. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.571e.
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The phenotypic expression and inheritance of the rolC gene in the transgenic plants of Salpiglossis sinuata L. were investigated. The chasmogamous salpiglossis plants with solid yellow flower color (ccrrDD) were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains LBA4404 and EHA101 carrying rolC, GUS, and NPTII genes via a leaf disc co-cultivation system. The transgenic plants were shorter in plant height, produced more branches with a compact growth habit, and developed smaller flowers and narrower leaves as compared to the control plant. While the transgenic plants showed the same corolla color and color shades as the parental line, they became male sterile. A backcross between a male-sterile transgenic plant (ccrrDD plus rolC) and a nontransformed red-flowering line (ccRRDD) produced a progeny with red flower color and the same altered growth habit as the transgenic female parent. Only 4 out of 32 plants in this progeny population showed the negative GUS staining as well as the non transgenic phenotype. These results suggest that at least two copies of the rolC gene were integrated into one homologous chromosome pair during transformation and that a cross-over event may have occurred during meiosis.
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Paris, Harry S., and Aviva Hanan. "Single Recessive Gene for Multiple Flowering in Summer Squash." HortScience 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1643–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.11.1643.
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Most summer squash, Cucurbita pepo L., produce one flower bud per leaf axil, whereas some genotypes can produce two or more. The former genotypes are referred to as single-flowering, whereas the latter are referred to as multiple-flowering. The objective was to determine the mode of inheritance of multiple flowering. The zucchini ‘True French’, which is single-flowering, was crossed with Accession 1777, a nearly isogenic line of this cultivar, which is multiple-flowering. Parental, filial, and back-cross plants were grown in pots in the greenhouse and each of their first 15 leaf axils was scored for the number of flower buds. Nearly all F1 plants, regardless of the direction of the cross, and plants resulting from back-crossing to ‘True French’ were single-flowering. Approximately one-fourth of the F2 plants, regardless of the direction of the cross, and half of the plants of the back-cross to 1777 produced two flowers at one or more leaf axils. These results indicate that the ability to produce more than one flower per axil is conferred by a single recessive gene, herewith designated multiple flowering, symbol mf.
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Bertels, Julie, Clémence Bayard, Caroline Floccia, and Arnaud Destrebecqz. "Rapid detection of snakes modulates spatial orienting in infancy." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 4 (February 22, 2017): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025417693955.
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Recent evidence for an evolved fear module in the brain comes from studies showing that adults, children and infants detect evolutionarily threatening stimuli such as snakes faster than non-threatening ones. A decisive argument for a threat detection system efficient early in life would come from data showing, in young infants, a functional threat-detection mechanism in terms of “what” and “where” visual pathways. The present study used a variant of Posner’s cuing paradigm, adapted to 7–11-month-olds. On each trial, a threat-irrelevant or a threat-relevant cue was presented (a flower or a snake, i.e., “what”). We measured how fast infants detected these cues and the extent to which they further influenced the spatial allocation of attention (“where”). In line with previous findings, we observed that infants oriented faster towards snake than flower cues. Importantly, a facilitation effect was found at the cued location for flowers but not for snakes, suggesting that these latter cues elicit a broadening of attention and arguing in favour of sophisticated “what–where” connections. These results strongly support the claim that humans have an early propensity to detect evolutionarily threat-relevant stimuli.
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Kucekova, Zdenka, Jiri Mlcek, Petr Humpolicek, and Otakar Rop. "Edible flowers — antioxidant activity and impact on cell viability." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1023–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0212-y.
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AbstractThe phenolic compound composition, antioxidant activity and impact on cell viability of edible flower extracts of Allium schoenoprasum; Bellis perennis; Cichorium intybus; Rumex acetosa; Salvia pratensis; Sambucus nigra; Taraxacum officinale; Tragopogon pratensis; Trifolium repens and Viola arvensis was examined for the first time. Total phenolic content of the flowers of these plants fell between 11.72 and 42.74 mg of tannin equivalents/kg of dry matter. Antioxidant activity ranged from 35.56 to 71.62 g of ascorbic acid equivalents/kg of dry matter. Using the Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma cell-line (HepG2) and the Human Immortalized Non-tumorigenic Keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT), we assessed cell viability following a 3 day incubation period in media containing 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/ml of total phenolic compounds using a colorimetric MTT assay. These three properties could make the herbs useful in treatment of various diseases like cancer. The tested extracts had significant effects on cell viability, but the effects were dependent not only on the phenolic compound concentration and the edible flowers species, but also on the phenolic compound and antioxidant profiles. In addition, responses differed between cell lines.
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Lewis, David, Marie Bradley, Stephen Bloor, Ewald Swinny, Simon Deroles, Chris Winefield, and Kevin Davies. "Altering expression of the flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase gene modified flavonol ratios and pollen germination in transgenic Mitchell petunia plants." Functional Plant Biology 33, no. 12 (2006): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06181.
Full textAbstract:
Antisense technology was successfully used to reduce flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) gene expression and enzyme activity and to promote the accumulation of monohydroxylated flavonols in petunia flower tissue. The hydroxylation pattern of specific flavonoid groups is a target for modification because of the possible associated changes in a range of factors including colour, stress tolerance and reproductive viability. Petunia (cv. Mitchell) plants were transformed to express in the antisense orientation the sequences encoding the F3′H (asF3′H). Transformants showed a range of responses, in terms of the level of endogenous F3′H gene expression and the relative proportion of the monohydroxylated flavonol (kaempferol) glycosides that accumulated. Kaempferol glycosides increased from 7% of the total flavonols in flower limb tissue of the wild type plants, to 45% in the flower limb tissue of line 114, the transgenic line that also showed the greatest decrease in F3′H expression in flower tissue. In leaf tissue, the trend was for a decrease in total flavonol concentration, with the relative proportion of kaempferol glycosides varying from ~40 to 80% of the total flavonols. The changes in leaf tissue were not consistent with the changes observed in flower tissue of the same lines. Endogenous F3′H activity in flower limb tissue was not completely shut down, although an 80% decrease in enzyme activity was recorded for line 114. The residual F3′H activity was still sufficient that quercetin glycosides remained as the major flavonol form. Alteration of F3′H activity appears to have affected overall flavonoid biosynthesis. A decrease in total flavonol concentration was observed in leaf tissue and two other flavonoid biosynthetic genes were down-regulated. No morphological changes were observed in the transgenic plants; however, up to a 60% decrease in pollen germination was observed in line 13. Thus, the relatively small change in flavonoid biosynthesis induced by the asF3′H transgene, correlated with several other effects beyond just the specific biosynthetic step regulated by this enzyme.
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Deswanti, Putri, Yulian Fakhrurrozi, and Sri Rahayu. "KARAKTERISASI MORFOLOGI DAUN DAN BUNGA BEBERAPA VARIETAS Hoya coronaria DARI KAWASAN HUTAN KERANGAS AIR ANYIR, BANGKA." EKOTONIA: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi, Botani, Zoologi dan Mikrobiologi 2, no. 1 (September 24, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/ekotonia.v2i1.462.
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Hoya coronaria was found in Heath Forest Air Anyir, Bangka in various flower color. Characterization based on morphological characteristics need to clear up the differences between varieties. This research aims to observe morphological variation of six varieties of H. coronaria from Heath Forest Air Anyir, Bangka based on morphology vegetative and flower morphology. The descriptive method was used to describe the morphological character. Determination of color based on Munsell Color Chart for Plant Tissues. The six samples of different varieties was used which has different flower color as follow respectively: yellow corolla with pink corona (var1); yellow corolla with white corona (var2); yellow corolla with pink honey line and pink corona (var3); pink corolla with pink honey line and pink corona (var4); pink corolla with pink honey line and white corona (var5); and white corolla with white corona (var6). The six varieties have different characteristic of vegetative and flower part both on qualitative and quantitative measurement. The cluster analyses resulted two sister groups. The first group (group A) consisted of var3, var4, var5, and var6, and the second group (group B) consisted of var1 and var2. Groups A was consisted of two smaller groups, namely group C and group D. Group C consisted of var3, var4 and var5, while group D consisted of var6
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Hirst, Peter M., and David C. Ferree. "Rootstock Effects on Shoot Morphology and Spur Quality of `Delicious' Apple and Relationships with Precocity and Productivity." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 4 (July 1995): 622–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.4.622.
Full textAbstract:
Two-year-old branch sections of `Starkspur Supreme Delicious' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees growing on 17 rootstock were studied over 6 years to determine the effects of rootstock on shoot morphology and spur quality and describe how these factors may be related to precocity and productivity. Shoot length was affected by rootstock and was positively related to trunk cross-sectional area within each year, but the slope of the regression line decreased as trees matured. The number of spurs on a shoot was largely a product of shoot length. Spur density was inversely related to shoot length, where rootstock with longer shoots had lower spur densities. Flower density was not related to spur density, and shoot length only accounted for a minor part of the variation in flower density. The proportion of spurs that produced flowers was closely related to flower density, indicating that rootstock influence flower density by affecting the development of individual buds rather than by the production of more buds. More vigorous rootstock generally had spurs with larger individual leaves and higher total leaf area per spur, but fewer spur leaves with lower specific leaf weights. More precocious rootstock were also more productive over a 10-year period when yields were standardized for tree size. Tree size was the best indicator of precocity and productivity, which could be predicted with a high degree of certainty as early as the 4th year.
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Griesbach, R. J. "The Effect of a pH Gene on the Color of Petunia Flowers." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 519e—519. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.519e.
Full textAbstract:
An in vivo system was developed to determine the effects of pH on naturally occurring, pigment complexes within cells. The in vivo system was based upon a controlling element inserted into the Ph6 gene. The controlling element mutation was crossed into a genetically marked Petunia line expressing known flavonoid pigments. Flowers expressing the controlling element were variegated with the mutant background lighter in color than the revertant sectors. In the progeny, several individuals were found that had sectors that were a different flower color than the background. In these flowers, the background had a higher pH than the sectors. An increase in pH less than 0.5 unit changed the color from red to blue.
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Phan, Dinh Kim, and Trang Thi Xuan Dai. "Study on the antioxidant and anti-cancer activities in HEPG2 cells of Ixora duffii." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 1, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v1i6.611.
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Ixora duffii is an important traditional medicinal plant in Vietnam. In this study its antioxidant property was investigated by diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and Fe3+ reducing assay and cytotoxic activity was evaluated against HepG2 cell line by MTT assay. The results showed that the methanolic extract of Ixora duffii flowers had DPPH radical scavenging activities similar to that of leaves extract. At the concentration of 100 g/mL, the extracts of flowers and leaves scavenged about 80% DPPH radical. The DPPH scavenging activity of Ixora duffii was lower than that of vitamin C approximately 2 times. The activity of Fe3+ reducing of flowers was higher than that of leaves, with EC50 values of 162.03 and 218.87 g/mL, respectively. Results were compared with the standard butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) that was lower than 4.78 times in flowers and 6.76 times in leaves. The methanolic extract of Ixora duffii displayed significantly dose dependent in reducing the growth of HepG2, with 56% growth inhibitory concentration in a dose of 500 g/mL. The qualitative analysis of phytochemical compounds showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, quinones, glycoside, coumarins and phenols in the leaves and flower extracts of Ixora duffii. Compounds of tanins and saponins were only present in flowers of Ixora duffii. Total phenolic content were found in flowers (762.37 mg GAE/g) that was higher than the one in leaves (360.85 mg GAE/g). Flower and leave extracts exhibited a similar total flavonoid content of 679.55 mg QE/g and 676.35 mg QE/g, respectively.
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Atkins, CA, and A. Pigeaire. "Application of cytokinins to flowers to increase pod set in Lupinus angustifolius L." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 8 (1993): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931799.
Full textAbstract:
Exogenous application of a 2 mol m-3 buffered solution of N6 benzylaminopurine (BAP) to flowers on the main stem inflorescence of Lupinus angustifolius L, cv. Danja profoundly altered reproductive development by reducing post-anthesis abscission of flowers and small pods. The same effect of BAP was recorded for a mutant (abs-) of cv. Danja, in which organ abscission was completely absent, indicating that localized application of cytokinin enhanced reproductive development rather than reduced pedicel abscission per se in the parent line. Application to pedicel and sepals at the open flower stage completely eliminated flower abortion on the main inflorescence, compared with less than 50% pod initiation on untreated inflorescences, more than doubled final pod yield on the main inflorescence and increased the number of mature pods on the whole plant by 33%. A single dose of BAP, to an inflorescence which bore flowers ranging in their stage of development from post-anthesis to immature flower buds, significantly increased the number of pods initiated and at final harvest, measured on a per plant basis. A number of synthetic and naturally occurring cytokinins, including zeatin riboside and dihydrozeatin riboside, were also effective. BAP application induced a longer period of flowering and resulted in a considerably thickened raceme. This was most marked at the distal end which showed enhanced cambial development and secondary vascularization compared with untreated controls. The positive effects of BAP application on pod initiation were not restricted to cv. Danja but were found also for cv. Warrah and cv. Gungurru, both of which have enhanced pod set compared with Danja. Enhanced pod initiation on the main inflorescence generally reduced the number of pods developing on branch inflorescences. Additional application of BAP to flowers on branches, even at the most opportune time and at the most effective site, did not enhance pod initiation and, in some cases, significantly reduced pod set on these branches. The data indicate that it would be very difficult to exploit the positive effect of exogenous cytokinin application on pod set in field crops of lupin. However, selection or genetic engineering of plants with higher levels of endogenous cytokinins in flowers or flower parts at anthesis may provide a means by which to assess the importance of this factor in determining yield stability.
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Hershey, David R. "SOURCES OF PLANT HUMOR FOR USE IN HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1115b—1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1115b.
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Research indicates that humor is an effective method to reinforce learning, yet humor is rarely used in horticultural textbooks. Use of humor in horticulture is easier than in many disciplines because humor dealing with plants is less likely to offend specific population segments since plants, not people, are usually the butt of the jokes. A large collection of plant humor has been assembled, including the following: Edward Lear's 32 line drawings of “Nonsense Botany”, e.g. Manypeeplia upsidonia; Gary Larson's macabre Far Side cartoons dealing with plants, e.g. the “Venus kidtrap”; periodic tables of vegetables and of fruits & nuts; Arcimboldo's Renaissance paintings of faces composed of flowers, vegetables, and plant parts and their modern imitations; Robert Wood's book, How to Tell the Birds From The Flowers, containing drawings and poems; Axel Erlandson's fantasticly grafted trees; plant movies like the two versions of Little Shop of Horrors, which is set in a flower shop; Joke Fountains of the Renaissance; and numerous cartoons from science periodicals.
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Wang, Chen, Dan Liu, and Xiaoman Huang. "Application of Flower and Bird Patterns in Modern Makeup and Hair from the Perspective of Design Culture." Scientific and Social Research 3, no. 5 (November 5, 2021): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/ssr.v3i5.1230.
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Under the background of the vigorous development of various cultural and artistic forms, the traditional patterns that can express the unique charm of Chinese national culture have become an important material for modern design. Traditional patterns not only have unique decorative functions, but also represent the spirit of traditional culture. Among them, flower and bird patterns are also precipitated by history. It is worth exploring how to combine the flower and bird patterns with the aesthetics of the times, and how to integrate the traditional flower and bird patterns with the nature of the times. Starting with the formation and development of flower and bird patterns, this paper analyzes the historical, cultural and aesthetic attributes of flower and bird patterns from the perspective of design culture, and expounds the application of flower and bird patterns in makeup and hair in various historical dynasties. With the development of the times, the application of flower and bird patterns in modern makeup and hair should be both national and in line with the aesthetic requirements of modern people.
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Cuypers, J., C. Aerts, D. Buzasi, J. Catanzarite, T. Conrow, and R. Laher. "A Flower on a WIRE: Asteroseismology of a Massive Star." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 185 (2002): 620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100017279.
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AbstractRecently it became clear from a line profile study that the β Cephei star β Crucis (Mimosa) is multiperiodic with at least three modes excited. Observations of this star by the star tracker of the WIRE satellite have now confirmed the multiperiodicity in the light variations. A total of 5 million observations covering 17 days was analysed and the three main periods are in perfect agreement with the line profile results. The amplitudes are small (3, 2.7 and 0.6 millimag for the dominant modes), but this is not surprising in view of the mode identifications derived from the line profiles. More periods could still be present, including the one earlier suggested by the radial velocity data.
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Rai, R., J. Shrestha, and JH Kim. "Line×tester analysis in lilium×formolongi: identification of superior parents for growth and flowering traits." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 1 (August 25, 2019): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i1.42770.
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An experiment was carried out using eight double cross F1s (DCF1s) as lines and two testers to obtain sixteen Line ×Tester hybrids for the evaluation of major growth and flowering traits thereby to understand the breeding potentiality of the parental lines. The performance of growth and flowering traits of all twenty-six genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed all the genotypes were significantly different for all agro-morphological traits under study. The estimated general combining ability (GCA) effects showed that parent 5(P5), were superior for plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length, days to flowering and attitude of floral axis followed by parent 2(P2) for leaf length, leaf width, days to flowering and attitude of floral axis and parent7 (P7) for number of flower, flower diameter, bud length and attitude for floral axis. Likewise; tester 1 found to be best combiner with significant GCA effect for almost all growth and flowering traits (except number of leaves). The plant height, leaf width, number of flower and attitude of floral axis showed prevailing additive gene action while stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length, days to flowering, flower diameter and bud length indicated predominance of dominance gene action. We can conclude that parent P5, parent P2 and parent P7 can be used as good mother lines and the tester 1, as good donor for the seed production.
SAARC J. Agri., 17(1): 175-187 (2019)
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Manju, P., and S. Subramanian. "Effect of Bacillus spp. on Gerbera plant growth and control of Meloidogyne incognita." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1415.
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A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Bacillus spp. against Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood infesting gerbera plants (Var. Valletta). Investigations were undertaken in pots filled with 5 kg of sterilized potting mixture consisting of red soil:sand:FYM (2:1:1 v/v) to assess the effect of liquid and talc formulations of Bacillus spp. viz., B. subtilis strain BG42, B. subtilis strain BG37 and B. amyloliquefaciens strain B4. The results indicated that Soil drenching of liquid formulation of B. subtilis strain BG42 @ 1%/m2 (1x108 colony forming units/g) gave maximum reduc-tion of juveniles per 250g soil (67.40%), number of adult females/5g root (73.46%), number of eggmass/5g root (69.44%), gall index (1.67) and increased flower yield/m2 (127.03%). Soil drenching of liquid formulation of B. subtilis strain BG 37 were next in line in efficacy. Further liquid formulation of B. subtilis strain BG42 had a positive influence on growth parameters viz., shoot length, root length, shoot and root weight, number of leaves / plant and flower yield/m2 and quality parameters viz., flower diameter, colour of the flower, length of flower stalk and vase life . The endophytic colonization potential of the Bacillus spp. introduced into the soil was confirmed by reisolating them from gerbera roots.
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Xu, Min, and Reid G. Palmer. "Genetic analysis and molecular mapping of a pale flower allele at the W4 locus in soybean." Genome 48, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-105.
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In soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), the w4-mutable line that harbors the w4-m allele was identified in 1983. It was proposed that this line contained an autonomous transposable element at the W4 locus, which is a major locus controlling the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. The w4-m allele can revert to the W4 allele that produces the wild-type phenotype, or sometimes to other alleles that produce intermediate phenotypes. Mutant plants that produce pale flowers were identified among the progeny of a single germinal revertant event from the w4-mutable line. Through genetic analysis, we established that the pale-flower mutation was conditioned by a new allele (w4-p) at the W4 locus. The w4-p allele is dominant to the w4 allele but recessive to the W4 allele, and the w1 allele has an epistatic effect on the w4-p allele. The pale-mutant line (w4-pw4-p) was designated as Genetic Type Collection number T369. An F2 mapping population derived from the cross of Minsoy (W4W4) × T369 (w4-pw4-p) was used to map the W4/w4-p locus, using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The W4 locus was located at one end of molecular linkage group D2, 2.3 cM from the SSR marker Satt386 and close to the nearby telomere.Key words: Glycine max, w4-mutable line, transposable element, SSR markers
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Zeng, Lingtian, Jiao Zhang, Xuan Wang, and Zhixiong Liu. "Isolation and Characterization of APETALA3 Orthologs and Promoters from the Distylous Fagopyrum esculentum." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081644.
Full textAbstract:
Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) produces distylous flowers with undifferentiated petaloid tepals, which makes it obviously different from flowers of model species. In model species Arabidopsis, APETALA3 (AP3) is expressed in petal and stamen and specifies petal and stamen identities during flower development. Combining with our previous studies, we found that small-scale gene duplication (GD) event and alternative splicing (AS) of common buckwheat AP3 orthologs resulted in FaesAP3_1, FaesAP3_2 and FaesAP3_2a. FaesAP3_2 and FaesAP3_2a were mainly expressed in the stamen of thrum and pin flower. Promoters functional analysis suggested that intense GUS staining was observed in the whole stamen in pFaesAP3_2::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis, while intense GUS staining was observed only in the filament of stamen in pFaesAP3_1::GUS transgenic Arabidopsis. These suggested that FaesAP3_1 and FaesAP3_2 had overlapping functions in specifying stamen filament identity and work together to determine normal stamen development. Additionally, FaesAP3_2 and FaesAP3_2a owned the similar ability to rescue stamen development of Arabidopsis ap3-3 mutant, although AS resulted in a frameshift mutation and consequent omission of the complete PI-derived motif and euAP3 motif of FaesAP3_2a. These suggested that the MIK region of AP3-like proteins was crucial for determining stamen identity, while the function of AP3-like proteins in specifying petal identity was gradually obtained after AP3 Orthologs acquiring a novel C-terminal euAP3 motif during the evolution of core eudicots. Our results also provide a clue to understanding the early evolution of the functional specificity of euAP3-type proteins involving in floral organ development in core eudicots, and also suggested that FaesAP3_2 holds the potential application for biotechnical engineering to develop a sterile male line of F. esculentum.