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Journal articles on the topic 'Flower colour'
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1
Gegear, Robert J., and Terence M. Laverty. "Effect of a colour dimorphism on the flower constancy of honey bees and bumble bees." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-029.
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We assessed the flower constancy of Italian honey bees (Apis mellifera ligustica Spinelli, 1808) and bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson, 1863) by presenting individual foragers with a mixed array of equally rewarding yellow and blue flowers after they were trained to visit each colour in succession. All honey bees showed a high degree of flower constancy to one colour and rarely visited the alternate colour, whereas most bumble bees indiscriminately visited both colours. Foraging rates (flowers visited per minute) and flower handling times did not differ between honey bee and bumble bee foragers; however, bumble bees tended to fly farther between consecutive flower visits and make fewer moves to nearest neighbouring flowers than honey bees. When bees were forced to specialize on one of two previously rewarding flower colours by depleting one colour of reward, honey bees required almost twice as many flower visits to specialize on the rewarding flower colour as bumble bees. Together, these results suggest that the relationship between individual flower constancy and colour differences is not a general behavioural phenomenon in honey and bumble bees, perhaps because of differences in the ability of each group to effectively manage multiple colours at the same time and location.
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Dyer, Adrian G., Skye Boyd-Gerny, Stephen McLoughlin, Marcello G. P. Rosa, Vera Simonov, and Bob B. M. Wong. "Parallel evolution of angiosperm colour signals: common evolutionary pressures linked to hymenopteran vision." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1742 (June 6, 2012): 3606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0827.
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Flowering plants in Australia have been geographically isolated for more than 34 million years. In the Northern Hemisphere, previous work has revealed a close fit between the optimal discrimination capabilities of hymenopteran pollinators and the flower colours that have most frequently evolved. We collected spectral data from 111 Australian native flowers and tested signal appearance considering the colour discrimination capabilities of potentially important pollinators. The highest frequency of flower reflectance curves is consistent with data reported for the Northern Hemisphere. The subsequent mapping of Australian flower reflectances into a bee colour space reveals a very similar distribution of flower colour evolution to the Northern Hemisphere. Thus, flowering plants in Australia are likely to have independently evolved spectral signals that maximize colour discrimination by hymenoptera. Moreover, we found that the degree of variability in flower coloration for particular angiosperm species matched the range of reflectance colours that can only be discriminated by bees that have experienced differential conditioning. This observation suggests a requirement for plasticity in the nervous systems of pollinators to allow generalization of flowers of the same species while overcoming the possible presence of non-rewarding flower mimics.
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Narbona, Eduardo, José C. del Valle, and Justen B. Whittall. "Painting the green canvas: how pigments produce flower colours." Biochemist 43, no. 3 (May 28, 2021): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio_2021_137.
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Flowering plants are characterized by the production of striking flower colours and these colours are primarily caused by the accumulation of pigments in cells of the floral organs. The extraordinary array of colours displayed in flowers relies on four main pigment groups: chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavonoids and betalains. With thousands of different compounds, flavonoids are the most diverse and widespread pigment group. They include coloured anthocyanins, aurones and chalcones, as well as many flavonoid compounds such as flavones and flavonols that are invisible to humans, but visible to most pollinators since they absorb ultraviolet light (UV). Flowers may exhibit homogenous colours produced by only one type of pigment or extremely complex colour patterns caused by the accumulation of several types of pigments in the same or in different floral organs. Here, we review the ecological biochemistry of pigments affecting flower colour. We also present data of flower colour variation and provide future research directions guided by the physiological functions of floral pigments.
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Rizqiani, Yanuar, Florentina Kusmiyati, and Syaiful Anwar. "Keragaman warna bunga m1 tanaman aster (Callistephus chinensis) Hasil induksi mutasi iradiasi sinar gamma." Journal of Agro Complex 2, no. 1 (February 25, 2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/joac.2.1.52-58.
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The aims of research was to determine the effect of gamma ray on the flower colour of Daisies. The research design was completely randomized design with five replicates. The irradiation treatment of gamma ray were 0 Gy, 5 Gy, 10 Gy, 15 Gy, 20 Gy. Parameters observed were stalk length, time of flowering, number of flowers, flower diameter, and flower colour. The collected data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued by Least Significance Different (LSD) of 5% level. The result showed that irradiation of gamma ray did not affected stalk length, number of flowers, and time of flowering. The gamma ray irradiation had a significant effect on flower diameter. Gamma ray irradiation significantly decreased the diameter of flower. The flower colour at doses 0 Gy (control) was purple. Colour flower was varied from dark purple to pink at irradiation 10 Gy and 15 Gy. Keywords: Callistephus chinensis, mutation, irradiation, colour of flower.
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Hassan Al-Bugg, Younis Saeed. "Fruiting Season, Flowering and Peel Characteristics of Leucaena spp. Analytical Study (B)." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 64, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.64.2.2021.175.181.
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During the flowering seasons the species varied greatly and the seasons were seldom repeated (August-October) with only three species and two species (April-June), which means that they continued throughout the months of the year. Three colours of the flower were observed in total with gradient within these three colours distributed to the studied species. In terms of the colour of the peel, two colours were distinguished only in favour of the brown-gray colour, while the forms of cracks on the outer peel surface were divided into three forms. On the other hand, each type was independent when examining the colour of the inner peel. The shape of the cross section of the branch exceeded 81.8% for the circular shape on the angular shape, while two types of branch thickness were recorded and exactly the same for texture. It was possible to observe two forms of branching of the flower-bearing branches, which were very similar to those of the two forms (non-branching and branching) with a large difference between the two forms of the flower's apex, at a rate of 20 times the round shape and 90.9% of the shape of the flower. Two flowers shoots growing types were observed named (Auxotelic and an Anauxotelic). Three main colours, white, yellow and pink were distinguished and the flower head diameter varied widely between (6.5-30 mm). Flowers season seems to be in all of the year. Outer peel thickness also varied from thick to thin to intermediate. Three forms of peel fissures were found and 54.5% to mid-brown colour. Inner peel colour can be a good item to be a key of classification of this tree. Correlation coefficient between peel thickness and outer peel colour was 0.935.
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Rudall, Paula J. "Colourful cones: how did flower colour first evolve?" Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz479.
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Abstract Angiosperms that are biotically pollinated typically produce flowers with bright and contrasting colours that help to attract pollinators and hence contribute to the reproductive success of the species. This colourful array contrasts with the much less multicoloured reproductive structures of the four living gymnosperm lineages, which are mostly wind pollinated, though cycads and Gnetales are predominantly pollinated by insects that feed on surface fluids from the pollination drops. This review examines the possible evolutionary pathways and cryptic clues for flower colour in both living and fossil seed plants. It investigates how the ancestral flowering plants could have overcome the inevitable trade-off that exists between attracting pollinators and minimizing herbivory, and explores the possible evolutionary and biological inferences from the colours that occur in some living gymnosperms. The red colours present in the seed-cone bracts of some living conifers result from accumulation of anthocyanin pigments; their likely primary function is to help protect the growing plant tissues under particular environmental conditions. Thus, the visual cue provided by colour in flower petals could have first evolved as a secondary effect, probably post-dating the evolution of bee colour vision but occurring before the subsequent functional accumulation of a range of different flower pigments.
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Newman, Ethan, Bruce Anderson, and Steven D. Johnson. "Flower colour adaptation in a mimetic orchid." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1737 (February 2012): 2309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2375.
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Although the tremendous variability in floral colour among angiosperms is often attributed to divergent selection by pollinators, it is usually difficult to preclude the possibility that floral colour shifts were driven by non-pollinator processes. Here, we examine the adaptive significance of flower colour in Disa ferruginea , a non-rewarding orchid that is thought to attract its butterfly pollinator by mimicking the flowers of sympatric nectar-producing species. Disa ferruginea has red flowers in the western part of its range and orange flowers in the eastern part—a colour shift that we hypothesized to be the outcome of selection for resemblance to different local nectar-producing plants. Using reciprocal translocations of red and orange phenotypes as well as arrays of artificial flowers, we found that the butterfly Aeropetes tulbaghia , the only pollinator of the orchid, preferred both the red phenotype and red artificial flowers in the west where its main nectar plant also has red flowers, and both the orange phenotype and orange artificial flowers in the east, where its main nectar plant has orange flowers. This phenotype by environment interaction demonstrates that the flower colour shift in D. ferruginea is adaptive and driven by local colour preference in its pollinator.
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Tanaka, Yoshikazu, and Filippa Brugliera. "Flower colour and cytochromes P450." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1612 (February 19, 2013): 20120432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0432.
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Cytochromes P450 play important roles in biosynthesis of flavonoids and their coloured class of compounds, anthocyanins, both of which are major floral pigments. The number of hydroxyl groups on the B-ring of anthocyanidins (the chromophores and precursors of anthocyanins) impact the anthocyanin colour, the more the bluer. The hydroxylation pattern is determined by two cytochromes P450, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) and flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) and thus they play a crucial role in the determination of flower colour. F3′H and F3′5′H mostly belong to CYP75B and CYP75A, respectively, except for the F3′5′Hs in Compositae that were derived from gene duplication of CYP75B and neofunctionalization. Roses and carnations lack blue/violet flower colours owing to the deficiency of F3′5′H and therefore lack the B-ring-trihydroxylated anthocyanins based upon delphinidin. Successful redirection of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway to delphinidin was achieved by expressing F3′5′H coding regions resulting in carnations and roses with novel blue hues that have been commercialized. Suppression of F3′5′H and F3′H in delphinidin-producing plants reduced the number of hydroxyl groups on the anthocyanidin B-ring resulting in the production of monohydroxylated anthocyanins based on pelargonidin with a shift in flower colour to orange/red. Pelargonidin biosynthesis is enhanced by additional expression of a dihydroflavonol 4-reductase that can use the monohydroxylated dihydrokaempferol (the pelargonidin precursor). Flavone synthase II (FNSII)-catalysing flavone biosynthesis from flavanones is also a P450 (CYP93B) and contributes to flower colour, because flavones act as co-pigments to anthocyanins and can cause blueing and darkening of colour. However, transgenic plants expression of a FNSII gene yielded paler flowers owing to a reduction of anthocyanins because flavanones are precursors of anthocyanins and flavones.
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Ng, Leslie, Jair E. Garcia, and Adrian G. Dyer. "Why colour is complex: Evidence that bees perceive neither brightness nor green contrast in colour signal processing." FACETS 3, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 800–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0116.
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Honey bees ( Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758) potentially rely on a variety of visual cues when searching for flowers in the environment. Both chromatic and achromatic (brightness) components of flower signals have typically been considered simultaneously to understand how flower colours have evolved. However, it is unclear whether honey bees actually use brightness information in their colour perception. We investigated whether free-flying honey bees can process brightness cues in achromatic stimuli when presented at a large visual angle of 28° to ensure colour processing. We found that green contrast (modulation of the green receptor against the background) and brightness contrast (modulation of all three receptors against the background) did not have a significant effect on the proportion of correct choices made by bees, indicating that they did not appear to use brightness cues in a colour processing context. Our findings also reveal that, even at a small visual angle, honeybees do not reliably process single targets solely based on achromatic information, at least considering values up to 60% modulation of brightness. We discuss these findings in relation to proposed models of bee colour processing. Therefore, caution should be taken when interpreting elemental components of complex flower colours as perceived by different animals.
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Casci, Tanita. "Flower colour power." Nature Reviews Genetics 5, no. 1 (January 2004): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1256.
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Donoso, Amanda, Constanza Rivas, Alan Zamorano, Álvaro Peña, Michael Handford, and Danilo Aros. "Understanding Alstroemeria pallida Flower Colour: Links between Phenotype, Anthocyanins and Gene Expression." Plants 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010055.
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Flower colour is mainly due to the accumulation of flavonoids, carotenoids and betalains in the petals. Of these pigments, flavonoids are responsible for a wide variety of colours ranging from pale yellow (flavones, flavonols and flavanodiols) to blue-violet (anthocyanins). This character plays a crucial ecological role by attracting and guiding pollinators. Moreover, in the ornamental plants market, colour has been consistently identified as the main feature chosen by consumers when buying flowers. Considering the importance of this character, the aim of this study was to evaluate flower colour in the native Chilean geophyte Alstroemeria pallida, by using three different approaches. Firstly, the phenotype was assessed using both a colour chart and a colourimeter, obtaining CIELab parameters. Secondly, the anthocyanin content of the pigmented tepals was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and finally, the expression of two key flavonoid genes, chalcone synthase (CHS) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) was analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Visual evaluation of A. pallida flower colour identified 5 accessions, ranging from white (Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) N999D) to pink (RHS 68C). Moreover, this visual evaluation of the accessions correlated highly with the CIELab parameters obtained by colourimetry. An anthocyanidin corresponding to a putative 6-hydroxycyanidin was identified, which was least abundant in the white accession (RHS N999D). Although CHS was not expressed differentially between the accessions, the expression of ANS was significantly higher in the accession with pink flowers (RHS 68C). These results suggest a correlation between phenotype, anthocyanin content and ANS expression for determining flower colour of A. pallida, which could be of interest for further studies, especially those related to the breeding of this species with ornamental value.
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Klecka, Jan, Jiří Hadrava, Paolo Biella, and Asma Akter. "Flower visitation by hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) in a temperate plant-pollinator network." PeerJ 6 (December 3, 2018): e6025. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6025.
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Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are among the most important pollinators, although they attract less attention than bees. They are usually thought to be rather opportunistic flower visitors, although previous studied demonstrated that they show colour preferences and their nectar feeding is affected by morphological constraints related to flower morphology. Despite the growing appreciation of hoverflies and other non-bee insects as pollinators, there is a lack of community-wide studies of flower visitation by syrphids. The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of flower visitation patterns in a species rich community of syrphids in a Central European grassland and to evaluate how species traits shape the structure of the plant-hoverfly flower visitation network. We found that different species varied in the level of specialisation, and while some species visited a similar spectre of flowers, others partitioned resources more strongly. There was a consistent difference in both specialisation and flower preferences between three syrphid subfamilies. Eristalinae and Pipizinae were more specialised than Syrphinae. Trait-based analyses showed that relative flower visitation (i) increased with plant height, but most strongly in Eristalinae; (ii) increased with inflorescence size in small species from all three subfamilies, but was independent of inflorescence size in large species of Eristalinae and Syrphinae; and (iii) depended on flower colour, but in a subfamily-specific way. Eristalinae showed the strongest flower colour preferences for white flowers, Pipizinae visited mostly white and yellow flowers, while Syrphinae were less affected by flower colour. Exploration of the structure of the plant-hoverfly flower visitation network showed that the network was both modular and nested. We also found that there were almost no differences in specialisation and relative visitation frequency between males and females. Overall, we showed that flower visitation in syrphids was affected by phylogenetic relatedness, body size of syrphids and several plant traits.
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Dafni, Amots, Hagai Tzohari, Rachel Ben-Shlomo, Nicolas J. Vereecken, and Gidi Ne’eman. "Flower Colour Polymorphism, Pollination Modes, Breeding System and Gene Flow in Anemone coronaria." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030397.
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The flower colour of Anemone coronaria (Ranunculaceae) is a genetically inherited trait. Such intra-specific flower colour polymorphism might be driven by pollinators, other non-pollinating agents, or by abiotic factors. We investigated the genetic relations among red, white and purple-blue flower colour morphs growing in 10 populations of A. coronaria in Israel, in relation to their breeding system, pollination modes, differential perception by bees and visitors’ behaviour. Flowers of these three morphs differed in their reflectance that could be perceived by bees. Honeybees, solitary bees and flies demonstrated only partial preferences for the different colour morphs. No spontaneous self-pollination was found; however, fruit set under nets, excluding insects but allowing wind pollination, was not significantly lower than that of natural free pollinated flowers, indicating a potential role of wind pollination. Anemone coronaria flowers were visited by various insects, honeybees and Andrena sp. preferred the white and purple-blue morphs, while the syrphid flies preferred the white flowers. Thus, visitor behaviour can only partially explain the evolution or maintenance of the colour polymorphism. No significant genetic differences were found among the populations or colour morphs. Wind pollination, causing random gene flow, may explain why no significant genetic divergence was found among all studied populations and their colour morphs. The existence of monomorphic red populations, along other polymorphic populations, might be explained by linked resistance to aridity and/or grazing.
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Kelber, A. "Innate preferences for flower features in the hawkmoth Macroglossum stellatarum." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 4 (February 1, 1997): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.4.827.
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The diurnal hawkmoth Macroglossum stellatarum is known to feed from a variety of flower species of almost all colours, forms and sizes. A newly eclosed imago, however, has to find its first flower by means of an innate flower template. This study investigates which visual flower features are represented in this template and their relative importance. Newly eclosed imagines were tested for their innate preferences, using artificial flowers made out of coloured paper or projected onto a screen through interference filters. The moths were found to have a strong preference for 440 nm and a weaker preference for 540 nm. The attractiveness of a colour increases with light intensity. The background colour, as well as the spectral composition of the ambient illumination, influences the choice behaviour. Blue paper disks against a yellowish background are chosen much more often than the same disks against a bluish background. Similarly, under ultraviolet-rich illumination, the preference for 540 nm is much more pronounced than under yellowish illumination. Disks of approximately 32 mm in diameter are preferred to smaller and larger ones, and a sectored pattern is more attractive than a ring pattern. Pattern preferences are less pronounced with coloured than with black-and-white patterns. Tests using combinations of two parameters reveal that size is more important than colour and that colour is more important than pattern.
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Qian, Renjuan, Youju Ye, Qingdi Hu, Xiaohua Ma, Xule Zhang, and Jian Zheng. "Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal New Insights into the Role of Metabolites and Genes in Modulating Flower Colour of Clematis tientaiensis." Horticulturae 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010014.
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Clematis tientaiensis is an ornamental plant with beautiful flowers that belongs to the Ranunculaceae family. C. tientaiensis is endemic to Zhejiang Province in China. Five different colours of the C. tientaiensis flower have been observed, and to explore the reason for this flower colour variation, transcriptome and metabolome sequencing analyses were conducted in this study. The results indicate that 32 metabolites participate in anthocyanin biosynthesis, and that 24 metabolites were differentially accumulated among the five different flower colours. The transcriptome sequencing results enabled the identification of 13,559 differentially expressed genes. Further analysis indicated that cyanidin-3-O-galactosidea and cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside promote anthocyanin accumulation in the flowers of C. tientaiensis, whereas the pelargonidin-3-O-galactoside plays a negative role in anthocyanin synthesis. In addition, a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed that the WDR2 gene plays an important regulatory role in anthocyanin biosynthesis. The results of this study provide a basis for further research into the biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanins in C. tientaiensis flowers.
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Suharman, L. S. Nadia, and A. Sutakwa. "Effect of sucrose addition to antioxidant activity and colour in blue pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) yoghurt." Food Research 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(2).143.
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Blue pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) yoghurt is the result of processing milk with the addition of blue pea flower extract through Lactic acid bacteria's fermentation process viz. Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. Blue pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) contains bioactive components, particularly flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins, flavones, flavonols, phenolic acids and terpenoid. This study was aimed to determine the effect of sucrose on the antioxidant activity and colour of blue pea flower yoghurt. This study used a completely randomized design with five treatments namely yogurt control = no added blue pea flower extract, and the following with 10% blue pea flower extract at different sucrose concentrations: P1 = 0% sucrose, P2 = 4% sucrose, P3 = 8% sucrose and P4 = 12% sucrose. Data analysis used the analysis of variance. The results showed that the highest antioxidant activity was P2 = 105.25 ppm. While the best colour parameter is P2 = L * 42.42, a * 5.12, b * -5.54). Based on the results of the study, the addition of sucrose 4% increased the highest antioxidant activity and colour of yoghurt extract of blue pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L).
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Harrap, Michael J. M., Natalie Hempel de Ibarra, Heather M. Whitney, and Sean A. Rands. "Floral temperature patterns can function as floral guides." Arthropod-Plant Interactions 14, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11829-020-09742-z.
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AbstractFloral guides are signal patterns that lead pollinators to floral rewards after they have located the flower, and increase foraging efficiency and pollen transfer. Patterns of several floral signalling modalities, particularly colour patterns, have been identified as being able to function as floral guides. Floral temperature frequently shows patterns that can be used by bumblebees for locating and recognising the flower, but whether these temperature patterns can function as a floral guide has not been explored. Furthermore, how combined patterns (using multiple signalling modalities) affect floral guide function has only been investigated in a few modality combinations. We assessed how artificial flowers induce behaviours in bumblebees when rewards are indicated by unimodal temperature patterns, unimodal colour patterns or multimodal combinations of these. Bees visiting flowers with unimodal temperature patterns showed an increased probability of finding rewards and increased learning of reward location, compared to bees visiting flowers without patterns. However, flowers with contrasting unimodal colour patterns showed further guide-related behavioural changes in addition to these, such as reduced reward search times and attraction to the rewarding feeder without learning. This shows that temperature patterns alone can function as a floral guide, but with reduced efficiency. When temperature patterns were added to colour patterns, bees showed similar improvements in learning reward location and reducing their number of failed visits in addition to the responses seen to colour patterns. This demonstrates that temperature pattern guides can have beneficial effects on flower handling both when alone or alongside colour patterns.
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Nieuwhof, M., J. P. van Eijk, and W. Eikelboom. "Relation between flower colour and pigment composition of tulip (Tulipa L.)." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 37, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v37i4.16621.
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Colour and pigment composition were determined in flowers of F1 plants produced by crossing tulip cultivars. Yellow flowers contained only carotenoids, orange flowers always at least carotenoids and cyanidin, and red flowers always and pink and purple flowers nearly always cyanidin. Most flowers, except purple ones, did not contain delphinidin. Highest carotenoid levels occurred in yellow, orange, dark red and orange-red flowers; highest delphinidin levels in purple flowers and highest cyanidin and pelargonidin levels in red flowers. Pigment levels in light coloured flowers were lower than in darker coloured flowers. Between flowers with the same colour substantial differences in pigment composition and level may occur, indicating that flower colour of tulip depends additionally on other chemical and physical characters. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Śmiechowska, Maria, Przemysław Dmowski, and Larysa Skowierzak. "Edible Flowers’ Antioxidant Properties and Polyphenols Content Reflect Their Applicability for Household and Craft Tincture Production." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 10095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110095.
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The growing interest of consumers in regional and traditional products drew our attention to innovative products manufactured at home and using craft methods, which include, among others, alcohol tinctures of edible flowers. The aim of this paper is to present selected tinctures of edible flowers from home and craft production, their phenol content, antioxidant properties and colour. Novel alcoholic beverages obtained from edible flowers are characterized. The tinctures from wild rose flowers, elderberry, marigold and cornflower were studied. The content of phenolic compounds, the antioxidant properties and the colour of tinctures in the CIE L*a*b* system were analysed. The study showed that edible flower tinctures are characterized by an intense colour, which is not adversely affected by the maceration process. The determined parameters were influenced by the form of flowers (fresh or dried). The total content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in the studied tinctures were lower than in the fresh flowers. Edible flower tinctures can be an interesting alternative for both consumers looking for product innovations and alcohol connoisseurs.
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Reid, Clara. "Floral Longevity and Attraction of Arctic Lupine, Lupinus arcticus: Implications for Pollination Efficiency." Arbutus Review 10, no. 1 (October 4, 2019): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/tar101201918921.
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Pollination by insects is a mutualistic relationship in which flowers receive pollen for reproduction while pollinators are rewarded with pollen or nectar. Floral longevity (the period an individual flower blooms) and floral attraction (the period during which pollinators are attracted to the flower, often indicated by petal colour) both play prominent roles in plant and pollinator success. This study investigated whether floral longevity and floral attraction were mediated by pollination type in arctic lupine (Lupinus arcticus S. Wats.), a common herbaceous perennial in northwestern North America. Flowers were either open to pollinators, cross-pollinated by hand, or bagged to prevent cross-pollination, and floral longevity, seed set, and flower colour were observed. Open and hand-pollinated flowers had significantly shorter floral longevities and higher percent fruit sets than bagged flowers. A colour change of the banner petal marking from white to pink occurred in some flowers and was a signal of floral attraction, as pollinators preferentially visited pre-change flowers. Pre-change flowers contained more pollen and were less likely to have been injured by herbivory than post-change flowers, yet the colour change was not related to pollination type or fruit set. Pollination-induced shortening of floral longevity is likely an adaptation to limited plant resources and pollinator visitation rates. For L. arcticus, this could be influenced by short growing seasons and low annual temperatures in the study area. In the face of climatic changes and shifting species phenologies, the mediation of floral longevity by pollinators could decrease temporal mismatch between plants and their pollinators, yet the many factors at play make this difficult to accurately predict.
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Kapilraj, N., S. Keerthanan, and M. Sithambaresan. "Natural Plant Extracts as Acid-Base Indicator and Determination of Their pKa Value." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (April 10, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2031342.
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Commonly used indicators for acid-base titrations are synthetic, and this work was focused to identify the eco-friendly natural indicators and to determine their pKa values. The analytical potential of the flower extracts is very promising as seen in its application in acid-base titrimetry. These selected flower extracts were found to perform well in titrating strong acid-strong base than in weak acid-strong base. We have obtained a sharp and clear colour change from red to brownish yellow for the Bougainvillea glabra extract, from red to yellow for the Bauhinia purpurea extract, and from red to brownish yellow for the Impatiens balsamina extract. All the three flower extracts gave clear colour change with acids and bases, and the colour change was maintained with different acids and bases. The sharp contrast between their colours in acid and base made the pigment suitable for use as acid-base indicators. As these flower extracts have very simple,cost-effective, environment friendly extraction procedure and excellent performance with sharp colour change in end points of the titrations, it would be possible to replace the standard indicators being used in conventional laboratories with natural flower indicators.
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Tanaka, Yoshikazu. "Flower colour and cytochromes P450." Phytochemistry Reviews 5, no. 2-3 (October 31, 2006): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11101-006-9003-7.
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Schlangen, Karin, Heidrun Halbwirth, Fuat Topuz, Silvija Miosic, Christian Seitz, and Karl Stich. "Breeding for yellow flower colour." Journal of Biotechnology 131, no. 2 (September 2007): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.058.
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O’Hanlon, J. C., G. I. Holwell, and M. E. Herberstein. "Predatory pollinator deception: Does the orchid mantis resemble a model species?" Current Zoology 60, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.1.90.
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Abstract Cases of imperfect or non-model mimicry are common in plants and animals and challenge intuitive assumptions about the nature of directional selection on mimics. Many non-rewarding flower species do not mimic a particular species, but attract pollinators through ‘generalised food deception’. Some predatory animals also attract pollinators by resembling flowers, perhaps the most well known, yet least well understood, is the orchid mantis Hymenopus coronatus. This praying mantis has been hypothesised to mimic a flower corolla and we have previously shown that it attracts and captures pollinating insects as prey. Predatory pollinator deception is relatively unstudied and whether this occurs through model mimicry or generalised food deception in the orchid mantis is unknown. To test whether the orchid mantis mimics a specific model flower species we investigated similarities between its morphology and that of flowers in its natural habitat in peninsular Malaysia. Geometric morphometries were used to compare the shape of mantis femoral lobes to flower petals. Physiological vision models were used to compare the colour of mantises and flowers from the perspective of bees, flies and birds. We did not find strong evidence for a specific model flower species for the orchid mantis. The mantis’ colour and shape varied within the range of that exhibited by many flower petals rather than resembling one type in particular. We suggest that the orchid mantis resembles an average, or generalised flower-like stimulus. Thus predatory pollinator deception in the orchid mantis is likely to function as a form of generalised food deception, as opposed to model mimicry.
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Awad Hamza Abdelmageed, Mohamed Elkheir Abdelrahman, and Hatil Hashim Alkamali. "Genetics of flower colour in pink flowered “Rosea” and white flowers “Alba” in periwinkle Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.3.0015.
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Genetics of flower Colour in winka Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don were in vestigate by inheritance two types (strains) of plants with different flowers colour were used in this study,pink corolla, and strong violet-purple eye color, and strong pink stem, and dark green leaf lamina (P), and White corolla, and yellow and greenish eye, and strong pink stem, and yellow and green leaf lamina (W) as parents, to determine the number of genes involved. This study was conducted at Horticulture Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Kassala State, Sudan during for three years the period: Jan 2016 to Oct. 2020. First the two parents were covered to ensure self-pollination. Reciprocal cross has been carried out between the two inbred parents. The study showed that a single pair of genes is probably involved in flower colour and that gene for pink corolla, and strong violet-purple eye color, and strong pink stem, and dark green leaf lamina (P) is incompletely dominant over that for White corolla, and yellow and greenish eye, and strong pink stem, and yellow and green leaf lamina (W). The reciprocal crosses gave the same results indicating no role of cytoplasmic genes in the inheritance of these colors.
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Rahmati, Razieh, Rasmieh Hamid, Zahra Ghorbanzadeh, Feba Jacob, Pezhman Azadi, Mehrshad Zeinalabedini, Laleh Karimi Farsad, et al. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Unveils the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Sepal Colour Changes under Acidic pH Substratum in Hydrangea macrophylla." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 15428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315428.
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The hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb). Ser.), an ornamental plant, has good marketing potential and is known for its capacity to change the colour of its inflorescence depending on the pH of the cultivation media. The molecular mechanisms causing these changes are still uncertain. In the present study, transcriptome and targeted metabolic profiling were used to identify molecular changes in the RNAome of hydrangea plants cultured at two different pH levels. De novo assembly yielded 186,477 unigenes. Transcriptomic datasets provided a comprehensive and systemic overview of the dynamic networks of the gene expression underlying flower colour formation in hydrangeas. Weighted analyses of gene co-expression network identified candidate genes and hub genes from the modules linked closely to the hyper accumulation of Al3+ during different stages of flower development. F3′5′H, ANS, FLS, CHS, UA3GT, CHI, DFR, and F3H were enhanced significantly in the modules. In addition, MYB, bHLH, PAL6, PAL9, and WD40 were identified as hub genes. Thus, a hypothesis elucidating the colour change in the flowers of Al3+-treated plants was established. This study identified many potential key regulators of flower pigmentation, providing novel insights into the molecular networks in hydrangea flowers.
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Lalhruaitluangi and Chhungpuii Khawlhring. "Standardization of drying techniques for hybrid tea rose variety, Valencia." Science Vision 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33493/scivis.17.04.05.
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The present experiment was carried out to standardize suitable drying techniques for hybrid tea rose variety ‘Valencia”. Two types of desiccants viz., silica gel and boric acid were used as embedding materials for drying, and the flowers were dried in hot air oven with different temperature and time combinations such as 40°C for 24 hours and 48 hours, 45°C for 24 hours and 48 hours, 50°C for 24 hours and 48 hours, 55°C for 24 hours and 48 hours, 60°C for 24 hours and 48 hours. Different observations were taken such as fresh and dry weight of flowers and hence moisture loss percentage calculated, petal diameter before and after drying were taken and hence petal shrinkage was determined. Sensory evaluations such as flower colour, shape, texture and overall acceptability was also determined. Results show that maximum moisture loss percentage (86.44%) was obtained in flowers embedded with silica gel and dried at 60°C for 48 hours; largest difference between petal diameter of fresh and dry flowers, and also maximum petal shrinkage of 14.27% occurred in those embedded with silica gel and dried at 60°C for 48 hours, whereas best score in sensory evaluations in terms of flower colour, flower shape, flower texture and overall acceptability were obtained with rose flowers embedded in silica gel and drying at 50°C for 48 hours.
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Rahmawati, Rahmawati, Siti Nuryanti, and Ratman Ratman. "Indikator Asam-Basa dari Bunga Dadap Merah (Erythrina crista-galliL.)." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2016.v5.i1.7997.
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Dadap red (erythrina crista-galli L.) is belonged to the legumes (fabaceaea) family which, is one of the flowering shade plants that often used as an ornamental plant. This plant has a bright red flower, a taproot with root nodule bacteria nitrogen fixation and compound leaf consists three strands on each stem. This research is climed to proves that the extract of dadap red flower can be used as acid-base indicators. Dadap red flowers was macerated using methanol then filtered. The filtrate was ready to use as an acid-base indicator. The extract is tested in an acid-base, buffer solutions, and was compared with phenolphthalein for a strong acid with a strong base while a methyl orange a weak base with a strong acid. Based on the result, indicator of dadap red flower extrat in the strong acid was red colour, while in the weak acid was pink, and also in the strong base was dark green and in the weak base was purple. Furthermore, in the buffer solution, the indicator of dadap red flower extract gave four groups of colour change, namely red color at pH 1 to pH 6, colorless at pH 7 to pH 9, brown at pH 10 and blue at pH 11 to pH 12. Additionally, to attain the end point of titration, the indicators of dadap red flower extract gives a similar results with the comparison indicators. The results showed that the indicator of dadap red flower extracts can be used as an alternative indicator.
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Wilmsen, Sakkia, Adrian G. Dyer, and Klaus Lunau. "Conical flower cells reduce surface gloss and improve colour signal integrity for free-flying bumblebees." Journal of Pollination Ecology 28 (July 9, 2021): 108–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2021)606.
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Colour signals of flowers facilitate detection, spontaneous preference, discrimination and flower constancy by important bee pollinators. At short distances bees orient to floral colour patterns to find a landing platform and collect nutrition, potentially improving the plants’ reproductive success when multiple flowers are visited sequentially. In addition to pigments and backscattering structures within the petals’ internal layers, the epidermal micro-structure of the petals’ surface may also influence petal reflectance properties and thus influence overall colour patterns via optical effects. Gloss, i.e., shine caused by specular reflections of incident light from smooth surfaces, may for example alter the visual appearance of surfaces including flowers. We classify the epidermal surface properties of petals from 39 species of flowering plants from 19 families by means of a cell shape index, and measure the respective surface spectral reflectance from different angles. The spontaneous behavioural preferences of free flying bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) for surfaces with different micro-textures was then tested using specially prepared casts of selected flower petals. We specifically tested how the petal colour as function of the angle of incident light, surface structure and bee approach angle influences bumblebees’ spontaneous choices for artificial flowers. We observe that bumblebees spontaneously prefer artificial flowers with conical-papillate micro-structures under both multidirectional illumination and under spotlight conditions if approaching against the direction of spotlight, suggesting conical cells help promote constant signals by removing gloss that may confound the integrity of colour signalling.
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Borghi, Monica, and Alisdair R. Fernie. "From flowers to seeds: how the metabolism of flowers frames plant reproduction." Biochemist 43, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio_2021_134.
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Flowers are characterized by a plenitude of primary and secondary metabolites and flower-specific biosynthetic pathways that all concur to promote plant reproduction and the initial stages of embryo development. The floral secondary metabolites of flowers contribute to scent and colour, which are used by flowers to attract pollinators. Besides, many metabolites responsible for the conferral of colour also serve as photo-protectants towards the damaging effects of UV solar radiation. The whole metabolism of flowers is sustained by a network of primary metabolites that provide metabolic precursors for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and support flower development. Moreover, many primary metabolites are channelled into nectar, the food of pollinators. However, this complex metabolic network is susceptible to environmental constraints such as heat and drought, which can hamper plant reproduction by destabilizing the whole metabolism of flowers. Here, we provide a short overview of the different metabolic pathways of flowers and how they support pollination and fertilization.
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KALAIYARASI, A., M. V. DHANANJAYA, SUJATHA A. NAIR, RAJIV KUMAR, H. S. YOGEESHA, P. M. MUNIKRISHNAPPA, V. DEVAPPA, and S. PAVITHRA. "Studies on floral morphology in different genotypes of Jasminum sambac." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 1789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i11.84932.
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The present investigation was undertaken to study the floral morphology behavior among 22 genotypes of Jasminum sambac. Results revealed that among the different genotypes, cluster bearing habit in terminal position was recorded in genotypes Iruvatchi and IIHR JS - 5, whereas other genotypes recorded forked cymes of cluster flowers in terminal and axillary. Three different shapes of flower bud was recorded among the genotypes, viz. pointed and long, pointed and short, rounded and short. Flower bud colour and colour on flower bud opening was white (155 B or 155 C) and pink tinge on flower bud was recorded in IIHR JS - 5. Star and round shaped flower was observed among different genotypes. Three different types of flowers were recorded, viz., single, double and multi-whorled (3 to 6). Among 22 genotypes, Arka Aradhana recorded longest bud (3.85 cm) and corolla (2.11 cm). The genotype IIHR JS - 5 recorded the longest corolla tube (2.29 cm) and Iruvatchi recorded maximum number of forks per cyme (14). Maximum number of calyx lobe was recorded in Gundumallige (8.79 cm), whereas longest calyx lobe was recorded in Soojimalli (1.49 cm). Bigger size of flower was recorded in Soojimalli (4.64 cm) and maximum number of petals was observed in IIHR JS - 1 (40). The information generated on floral morphological traits in different genotypes will facilitate the planned crop improvement programmes in jasmine.
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Chen, Zhe, Chang-Qiu Liu, Hang Sun, and Yang Niu. "The ultraviolet colour component enhances the attractiveness of red flowers of a bee-pollinated plant." Journal of Plant Ecology 13, no. 3 (May 25, 2020): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtaa023.
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Abstract Aims Bee-pollinated flowers are rarely red, presumably because bees (which lack red receptors) have difficulty detecting red targets. Although the response of bees to red colour has been investigated in lab experiments, most stimuli have been pure red, while the subtle diversity of red as perceived by humans (human-red) has received very limited attention. Here we test the hypothesis that ultraviolet (UV) reflected from human-red flowers enhances their attractiveness to bees, through increased chromatic contrast. Methods Using Onosma confertum (Boraginaceae), a plant with UV-reflecting red flowers that are pollinated by bumblebees, we investigated the effects of UV reflection on pollinator responses by conducting phenotypic manipulation experiments in the field. Colour preferences of flower-naïve bumblebees were also examined. Colour perception by bumblebees was estimated in terms of chromatic and achromatic contrast, based on two different colour perception models. Important Findings We found that both natural and flower-naïve bumblebees strongly preferred visiting UV-reflecting targets compared with UV-absorbing ones. Colour models show that the UV-reflecting flowers exhibit higher spectral purity and higher chromatic contrast against the foliage background, whereas they have similar achromatic contrast in terms of green receptor contrast. These results indicate that the component of UV reflection increases chromatic contrast in O. confertum, enhancing the visual attractiveness of these red flowers to bumblebees. We further infer that the secondary reflectance might be a necessary component in human-red flowers that are primarily pollinated by animals without red receptors, such as bees.
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C, Aswath, and Rajiv Kumar. "Evaluation of Novel Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hooker F.) Hybrids for Flower Quality Traits under Polyhouse Condition." Journal of Horticultural Sciences 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.2020.v15i01.012.
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The present study was carried out to evaluate the performance of two gerbera hybrids IIHR15-7 and IIHR16-8 along with their parents and a commercial check, for flower quality traits under polyhouse condition in completely randomized block design, during 2016-17 to 2018-19. The hybrids IIHR15-7 and IIHR16-8 had been developed through the half-sib method of breeding with IIHR9 and Arka Ashwa, respectively, as parents. Data for three years were pooled and analyzed statistically. In both hybrids IIHR15-7 and IIHR16-8, all the quantitative traits were found to be on par with the respective commercial checks. They had novel flower colour (as per RHS Colour Chart) i.e. NN155A, White Group for IIHR 15-7 and 65A Red Purple Group for IIHR16-8, with semi-double and double forms of flowers, respectively. These hybrids are suitable for cut-flower and flower arrangement purposes. Further, these hybrids will be useful for developing new gerbera hybrids with novel traits.
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van der Kooi, Casper J., J. Theo M. Elzenga, Marten Staal, and Doekele G. Stavenga. "How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1830 (May 11, 2016): 20160429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0429.
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The coloration of flowers is due to the wavelength-selective absorption by pigments of light backscattered by structures inside the petals. We investigated the optical properties of flowers using (micro)spectrophotometry and anatomical methods. To assess the contribution of different structures to the overall visual signal of flowers, we used an optical model, where a petal is considered as a stack of differently pigmented and structured layers and we interpreted the visual signals of the model petals with insect vision models. We show that the reflectance depends, in addition to the pigmentation, on the petal's thickness and the inhomogeneity of its interior. We find large between-species differences in floral pigments, pigment concentration and localization, as well as floral interior structure. The fractions of reflected and transmitted light are remarkably similar between the studied species, suggesting common selective pressures of pollinator visual systems. Our optical model highlights that pigment localization crucially determines the efficiency of pigmentary filtering and thereby the chromatic contrast and saturation of the visual signal. The strongest visual signal occurs with deposition of pigments only on the side of viewing. Our systematic approach and optical modelling open new perspectives on the virtues of flower colour.
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Reverté, Sara, Javier Retana, José M. Gómez, and Jordi Bosch. "Pollinators show flower colour preferences but flowers with similar colours do not attract similar pollinators." Annals of Botany 118, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw103.
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Lunau, Klaus. "Flower Colour: How Bumblebees Handle Colours with Perceptually Changing Hues." Current Biology 26, no. 6 (March 2016): R229—R231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.004.
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Zhang, Hang, Meifeng Chen, Xinglin Wang, Jin Dai, Xu Zhang, Zhengdong Zhang, Ximin Zhang, et al. "Transcriptome Analysis of Rhododendron liliiflorum H. Lév. Flower Colour Differences." Horticulturae 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010082.
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Rhododendron liliiflorum H. Lév., with white outer edges and yellow inner edges of petals, is an ornamental flower that originated in China. In this study, we analysed the white (W) and yellow (Y) parts of R. liliiflorum flowers by RNA sequencing. Then, unigene assembly, unigene annotation, and classification of Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOGs) were performed. Gene ontology (GO) classification and pathway enrichment analysis for unigenes were also conducted. A total of 219,221 transcripts and 180,677 unigenes of R. liliiflorum were obtained from 48.52 Gb of clean reads. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis indicated that 2310 unigenes were upregulated and 3062 were downregulated in W vs. Y. Thirty-six of these DEGs were involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and isoflavone biosynthesis. The expression of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) and chalcone synthase (CHS) may affect differences in R. liliiflorum flower colour. The findings on flavonoid biosynthesis and other related genes in this study will provide guidance for exploring the mechanism of flower colour formation in Rhododendron.
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Plaschil, S., K. Olbricht, and F. Pohlheim. "FLOWER COLOUR PATTERNS FOR ORNAMENTAL PURPOSES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 612 (July 2003): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.612.7.
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Mol, Jos. "Flower colour manipulation: a floral facelift." Endeavour 15, no. 2 (January 1991): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(05)80004-3.
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Ando, Toshio, Yasuo Akiyama, and Masato Yokoi. "Flower colour sports in saintpaulia cultivars." Scientia Horticulturae 29, no. 1-2 (June 1986): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(86)90046-4.
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Heystek, A., S. Geerts, P. Barnard, and A. Pauw. "Flower colour preference of sunbird pollinators." South African Journal of Botany 86 (May 2013): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.02.083.
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Casci, Tanita. "Putting flower colour on the landscape." Nature Reviews Genetics 7, no. 10 (September 5, 2006): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg1971.
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Haratym, Weronika, and Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska. "The ecological features of flowers and inflorescences of two species of the genus Petasites Miller (Asteraceae)." Acta Agrobotanica 65, no. 2 (2012): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2012.056.
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The structural features of flowers and inflorescences of <i>Petasites hybridus</i> and <i>P. albus</i> were compared. Only individuals producing flower heads with male flowers and few female flowers were found in the studied populations. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for examination. The present study shows that the stems of the above- -mentioned species differed in height and number of flower heads, but the number of flowers per head was similar. Larger flowers were found on the stems of <i>P. albus</i>. The following features has been found to play an important role in pollination ecology: the strongly contrasting colours of the floral parts; on the petals, the occurrence of several types of cells which can increase the attractiveness of the flowers by refracting sunlight in a different way; production of odorous oils by the petal cells; production of significant amounts of pollen offered to insects by the well-developed pollen presenters; the development of nectaries and nectar production by the male flowers as well as the development of colour attractants by the corolla, anthers, and bracts.
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Chen, Zhe, Yang Niu, Chang-Qiu Liu, and Hang Sun. "Red flowers differ in shades between pollination systems and across continents." Annals of Botany 126, no. 5 (June 1, 2020): 837–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa103.
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Abstract Background and Aims Floral colour is a primary signal in plant–pollinator interactions. The association between red flowers and bird pollination is well known, explained by the ‘bee avoidance’ and ‘bird attraction’ hypotheses. Nevertheless, the relative importance of these two hypotheses has rarely been investigated on a large scale, even in terms of colour perception per se. Methods We collected reflectance spectra for 130 red flower species from different continents and ascertained their pollination systems. The spectra were analysed using colour vision models for bees and (three types of) birds, to estimate colour perception by these pollinators. The differences in colour conspicuousness (chromatic and achromatic contrast, purity) and in spectral properties between pollination systems and across continents were analysed. Key Results Compared with other floral colours, red flowers are very conspicuous to birds and much less conspicuous to bees. The red flowers pollinated by bees and by birds are more conspicuous to their respective pollinators. Compared with the bird flowers in the Old World, the New World ones are less conspicuous to bees and may be more conspicuous not only to violet-sensitive but also to ultraviolet-sensitive birds. These differences can be explained by the different properties of the secondary reflectance peak (SP). SP intensity is higher in red flowers pollinated by bees than those pollinated by birds (especially New World bird flowers). A transition from high SP to low SP in red flowers can induce chromatic contrast changes, with a greater effect on reducing attraction to bees than enhancing attraction to birds. Conclusions Shades of red flowers differ between pollination systems. Moreover, red bird flowers are more specialized in the New World than in the Old World. The evolution towards colour specialization is more likely to result in higher efficiency of bee avoidance than bird attraction
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Roy, S., MA Islam, A. Sarker, MR Ismail, MY Rafii, MMA Mondal, and MA Malek. "Morphological characterization of lentil accessions: Qualitative characters." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 41, no. 2 (January 22, 2013): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v41i2.13447.
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Wide variability was observed for all the characters among 110 lentil accessions. Stem colour varied from normal green (45%) to purple (55%). Prominent and rudimentary tendrils were found in 60% and 40% of the accessions, respectively. Among the characters, flower colour showed the highest variation. White flower colour was observed in 49%, violet in 28%, white with blue veins in 20% accessions and the rest 3% were with blue flowers. Red cotyledon was shown by 90% while with yellow was shown by 10% of the accessions. Green, grey and brown seed coat was observed in 10, 66 and 24% of the accessions, respectively. Seed coat pattern with dots was found in 70% accessions and marbled seed coat pattern was shown by 15.5% while 14.5% did not show any seed coat pattern. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v41i2.13447 Bangladesh J. Bot. 41(2): 187-190, 2012 (December)
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SUKRI, HAIKAL HAZMI, FELICIA SYUPIE GUNONG, NAZURAH IDINNAZURAH IDIN, and NOR ZALIPAH MOHAMED. "FLORAL TRAITS AND POLLINATION OF SPANISH CHERRY (Mimusops elengi Linn.) IN UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU CAMPUS." Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research 3, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v3i3.216.
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Some plants are self-compatible thus do not require pollinating agents for fertilisation of the ovule. Pollinating agents however are essential to promote cross-fertilisation, thus beneficial for the long-term survival of the plant species. In this study, we investigate the flower characteristics (flower size, colour, breeding system and nectar reward) and flower visitors of the Spanish cherry, Mimusops elengi, one of the most commonly planted ornamental trees in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu campus. Observations of flowers and the flower visitors were conducted between October 2016 and February 2017. The small sized flower, 19.88 + 1.70 mm (mean + SD) in height and 11.38 + 0.87 mm (mean + SD) in width; low volume with 11.90 + 5.55 μl (mean + SD) but with high sugar concentration with 26.57 + 3.72 % (mean + SD) nectar reward indicated insect pollination syndrome in this species. Xenogamy breeding system was determined for this species from the pollen-to-ovule ratio observation, which showed pollinating agents are required for cross-pollination to occur. Notes on the flower visitors revealed that two hymenopteran bee species, Xylocopa confusa and Heterotrigona itama as the pollinating agents of M. elengi. Not only these two species showed high visitation to the flowers, but they also land on the flowers to feed on the flower nectar, which could then potentially transfer the conspecific pollen grains on their bodies to the stigma for fertilisation of the flowers they visited.
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Haidar Hariri Abu Seman and Husni Hayati Mohd Rafdi. "Effects of Salicylic Acid and Sucrose Solution on Vase Life of Cut Antigonon leptopus Inflorescences and Their Potential as Cut Flowers for Flower Arrangement." Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v1i1.54.
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Pink Antigonon leptopus have potential to be commercialized as cut flowers for flower arrangement. In order to determine cut inflorescences' vase life, vase solution treatments containing Artificial Tap Water as control, salicyclic acid (SA) at 100, 200, 300 mg/L and combination of 100, 200, 300 mg/L SA with 2% sucrose were conducted. Parameters observed were vase life, relative fresh weight (RFW), vase solution uptake (VSU), flower drop (FD), flower colour, relative water content (RWC) and pH. The results showed that cut inflorescences in vase treatment containing 200 mg/L SA + 2% sucrose and 300 mg/L + 2% sucrose had 1.6 fold longer vase life than the control, showing higher water uptake and reduced flower drop by 28%.
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Lopez-Reyes, Karla, Karen F. Armstrong, David A. J. Teulon, Ruth C. Butler, Coby van Dooremalen, Monika Roher, and Robert W. H. M. van Tol. "Colour Response in Western Flower Thrips Varies Intraspecifically." Insects 13, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13060538.
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Discrepancies in the published research as to the attraction of the economically important pest western flower thrips (WFT) to different colours confounds the optimisation of field traps for pest management purposes. We considered whether the different experimental conditions of independent studies could have contributed to this. Therefore, the behavioural response (i.e., landings) to different colour cues of two WFT laboratory populations from Germany (DE) and The Netherlands (NL), which had previously been independently shown to have different colour preferences, were tested in the same place, and under the same experimental conditions. Single-choice wind tunnel bioassays supported previous independent findings, with more of a NL population landing on the yellow LED lamp (588 nm) than the blue (470 nm) (p = 0.022), and a not-statistically significant trend observed in a DE population landing more on blue compared to yellow (p = 0.104). To account for potential original host rearing influences, both populations were subsequently established on bean for ~20 weeks, then yellow chrysanthemum for 4–8 and 12–14 weeks and tested in wind tunnel choice bioassays. Laboratory of origin, irrespective of the host plant rearing regime, remained a significant effect (p < 0.001), with 65% of the NL WFT landing on yellow compared to blue (35%), while 66% of the DE WFT landed on blue compared to yellow (34%). There was also a significant host plant effect (p < 0.001), with increased response to yellow independent of laboratory of origin after rearing on chrysanthemum for 12–14 weeks. Results suggest that differing responses of WFT populations to colour is, in this case, independent of the experimental situation. Long-term separate isolation from the wild cannot be excluded as a cause, and the implications of this for optimising the trap colour is discussed.
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Naganandhini, K., and Radha Palaniswamyi,. "Synthesis of Natural Food Colour from Carotenoid using Flower Petals." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060630.
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Colour is an important characteristic of food. Since the colours are obtained from synthetic origin, it shows some adverse effect to humans. So it is an alternative way to use natural food colour obtained in the form a carotenoid pigments along with health benefits, In this current study, natural food colours are obtained by means of a carotenoid pigments by using flower petals of Hibiscus rosa- sinesis, senna auriculata, Magnolia champaca and Ixora coccinea by using the solvent extraction method. During the extraction upper phase containing carotenoid pigments are separated. The extracted pigments are then subjected to confirmatory assessment of carotenoid pigments by UV spectrophotometer. Phytochemical analysis was done to each extract to see the bio active compound present in it. Extracted sample was studied for antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity for each extract was performed against Escherichia coli. To identify the mixture of compounds, it was subjected to Thin Layer Chromatography, then analysed and compared with the standard carotenoid. To identify molecular components and structure of the each extract and functional group present in it, FTIR was done. Each sample of extraction was checked for the physical parameters like stability and pH. The obtained natural carotenoid colour pigments were incorporated in food along phytochemical properties too.
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Ren, Chaoxiang, Chao Chen, Shuai Dong, Rui Wang, Bin Xian, Tianlei Liu, Ziqing Xi, Jin Pei, and Jiang Chen. "Integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis on flavonoid biosynthesis in flowers of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) during colour-transition." PeerJ 10 (June 22, 2022): e13591. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13591.
Full textAbstract:
Background Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), well known for its flower, is widely used as a dye and traditional Chinese medicine. Flavonoids, especially flavonoid glycosides, are the main pigments and active components. However, their biosynthesis is largely unknown. Interestingly, the colour of flowers in safflower changed from yellow to red during flower development, while much of the gene and chemical bases during colour transition are unclear. Methods In this research, widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to elucidate the changes in flavonoid biosynthesis from the gene and chemical points of view in flowers of safflower during colour transition. The screening of differential metabolites depended on fold change and variable importance in project (VIP) value. Differential expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by DESeq2 method. RT-PCR was used to analyse relative expressions of DEGs. Results A total of 212 flavonoid metabolites, including hydroxysafflor yellow A, carthamin and anthocyanins, were detected and showed a large difference. The candidate genes of glycosyltransferases and flavonoid hydroxylase that might participate in flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis were screened. Ten candidate genes were screened. Through integrated metabolomics and transcriptome analysis, a uridine diphosphate glucose glycosyltransferase gene, CtUGT9 showed a significant correlation with flavonoid glycosides in safflower. In addition, expression analysis showed that CtUGT9 was mainly expressed in the middle development of flowers and was significantly upregulated under MeJA treatment. Our results indicated that CtUGT9 might play an important role in flavonoid glycoside biosynthesis during colour-transition in safflower.