Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flow synthesis, Precipitation, Microwave, Reactors

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Flow synthesis, Precipitation, Microwave, Reactors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Flow synthesis, Precipitation, Microwave, Reactors"

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Aimable, Anne, Tomasz Strachowski, Ewelina Wolska, Witold Lojkowski, and Paul Bowen. "Comparison of two innovative precipitation systems for ZnO and Al-doped ZnO nanoparticle synthesis." Processing and Application of Ceramics 4, no. 3 (2010): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac1003107a.

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This study presents a comparative approach to investigate the potentials of two innovative methods for the synthesis of ZnO and Al-doped ZnO. The first method is a precipitation system working in mild hydrothermal conditions (90?C) using a tubular reactor (Segmented Flow Tubular Reactor, SFTR). The second method is a microwave-assisted hydrothermal process working at 250?C - 38 atmospheres. Nanocrystalline ZnO with a high specific surface area (49-68 m2/g) was obtained with both systems. Smaller equiaxed particles (50-70 nm) were obtained with the SFTR, with an excellent homogeneity in size and morphology, which was attributed to an excellent control of the process parameters (mixing, temperature, volume of reaction). A higher luminescence signal was measured on these samples. The microwave method leads to particles with a higher crystallinity due to the temperature of the reaction. A significant effect of the aluminum was observed, which reduces the crystal growth to produce equiaxed morphologies. This effect was enhanced by adding poly(acrylic) acid (PAA).
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Dvoeglazov, Konstantin, Yury Kulyako, Sergey Vinokurov, Boris Myasoedov, Mikhail Dmitriev, Oleg Ushakov, Yuri Mochalov, Andrei Shadrin, and Pavel Smolkin. "Synthesis of Mixed Actinide Oxides Using Microwave Radiation." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 6618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186618.

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A method has been developed for producing mixed actinide oxides suitable for fabricating mixed nitride uranium plutonium fuel for fast neutron reactors. The method is based on the use of microwave radiation for the direct denitration of actinide nitrate solutions. The possibility of producing uranium, plutonium, and neptunium-mixed oxides was shown. A pilot installation for preparing actinide oxides by microwave denitration was designed and tested. Mixed oxides of uranium and cerium (for plutonium imitation) were successfully used to synthesize uranium cerium nitrides and produce fuel pellets. Compared with the precipitation (ammonia) method of producing mixed oxides, microwave denitration reduces the generation of secondary liquid radioactive waste by more than six times.
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Sharma, Gaurav, and Guennadi A. Kouzaev. "Miniature glass-metal coaxial waveguide reactors for microwave-assisted liquid heating." AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering 7, no. 1 (2023): 100–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/electreng.2023006.

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<abstract> <p>Microwave (MW) irradiation is recognized as an effective tool in industries related to pharmaceuticals, chemistry, nanoparticle synthesis, food, etc. In the hardware field, some research efforts are concentrated on creating miniature reactors using low-cost technologies aimed at on-demand chemistry or parallel synthesis of many drugs.</p> <p>This paper reports on the development and characterization of novel miniature chemical-resistant glass-metal coaxial reactors based on a modified Liebig condenser. It is composed of two concentric glass tubes, one for the central conductor carrying MW current, and the other for the copper-foiled cylinder surrounding the first pipe. The gap between them is filled with a liquid that is pumped and evacuated by using shielded thin inlet/outlet glass tubes, which are melted and opened into this cylindrical cavity. The reactor's geometry allows for the direct soldering of miniature MW SMA coaxial connectors of 50-Ω impedance.</p> <p>The developed components are studied analytically, numerically and experimentally. The frequency properties of reactors are measured with a network analyzer. The temperature trends are explored by using a variable high-power MW generator, power meters and temperature sensors.</p> <p>These reactors demonstrate their relative insensitivity toward variations in the permittivity of filling liquids in the range of $3.75 &lt; \varepsilon &lt; 30$, as shown in simulations and measurements. They demonstrate the increase by two orders in the longitudinal modal penetration depth and a more homogeneous heating along reactors as compared to their hollow coaxial prototypes.</p> <p>These glass-metal miniature reactors can be used in on-demand continuous-flow accelerated liquid heating, chemistry and pharmacy.</p> </abstract>
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Erdmenger, Tina, Renzo M. Paulus, Richard Hoogenboom, and Ulrich S. Schubert. "Scaling-up the Synthesis of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride under Microwave Irradiation." Australian Journal of Chemistry 61, no. 3 (2008): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch07345.

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Ionic liquids are considered to be ‘green’ solvents on account of their non-volatility and non-flammability – which are results of their negligible vapour pressures – as well as reusability. On the basis of ecological concerns, ionic liquids seem to be an attractive alternative to conventional volatile organic solvents. In the present work, the reaction conditions for the synthesis of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride were optimized on a small scale (~2 mL, 10 mmol) using a single-mode microwave system. The conditions obtained were subsequently transferred to various microwave reactors, both batch and continuous flow, as well as mono-mode and multi-mode, for the direct scale-up of the synthesis from 0.01 to 1.15 mol.
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Wojnarowicz, Jacek, Sylwia Kusnieruk, Tadeusz Chudoba, Stanislaw Gierlotka, Witold Lojkowski, Wojciech Knoff, Malgorzata I. Lukasiewicz, et al. "Paramagnetism of cobalt-doped ZnO nanoparticles obtained by microwave solvothermal synthesis." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (September 30, 2015): 1957–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.200.

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Zinc oxide nanopowders doped with 1–15 mol % cobalt were produced by the microwave solvothermal synthesis (MSS) technique. The obtained nanoparticles were annealed at 800 °C in nitrogen (99.999%) and in synthetic air. The material nanostructure was investigated by means of the following techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), helium pycnometry density, specific surface area (SSA), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and with magnetometry using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Irrespective of the Co content, nanoparticles in their initial state present a similar morphology. They are composed of loosely agglomerated spherical particles with wurtzite-type crystal structure with crystallites of a mean size of 30 nm. Annealing to temperatures of up to 800 °C induced the growth of crystallites up to a maximum of 2 μm in diameter. For samples annealed in high purity nitrogen, the precipitation of metallic α-Co was detected for a Co content of 5 mol % or more. For samples annealed in synthetic air, no change of phase structure was detected, except for precipitation of Co3O4 for a Co content of 15 mol %. The results of the magentometry investigation indicated that all as-synthesized samples displayed paramagnetic properties with a contribution of anti-ferromagnetic coupling of Co–Co pairs. After annealing in synthetic air, the samples remained paramagnetic and samples annealed under nitrogen flow showed a magnetic response under the influences of a magnetic field, likely related to the precipitation of metallic Co in nanoparticles.
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Laybourn, Andrea, Ana María López-Fernández, Ieuan Thomas-Hillman, Juliano Katrib, William Lewis, Chris Dodds, Adam P. Harvey, and Samuel W. Kingman. "Combining continuous flow oscillatory baffled reactors and microwave heating: Process intensification and accelerated synthesis of metal-organic frameworks." Chemical Engineering Journal 356 (January 2019): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.011.

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Kamaruddin, Mohd Johari, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, Anwar Johari, and Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah. "Dielectric Properties for the Ring Opening Polymerisation of ε-Caprolactone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.621.

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A dielectric property study was performed across a wide range of frequencies and temperatures onring opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone system in order to relate quantitatively their dielectric properties to microwave heating mechanisms. An analysis of the results concluded that heating mechanism of the polymerisation mixtures in a microwave field was controlled by the dielectric properties of monomer, where the monomer was the major component (>90 % volume/volume) as well as the component with highest dielectric loss and dissipation factor. The penetration depth of mixtures at 2.45 GHz was noted to increase from ~0.58 cm (at 20 C) to ~3.3 cm (at 150 °C). This small penetration depth limits the potential to achieve the successful scale up of a microwave-assisted polymerisation of ε-caprolactone in batch mode at 2.45 GHz. As a result, this will lead to inhomogeneous bulk temperature distribution within the polymerisation mixture and irreproducible chemistry. However, a fast heating rate based on a high value of dissipation factor and dielectric loss of the polymerisation mixtures shows potential to enable the reaction to be completed in a few seconds that may allow the polymerisation to be transferred to a continuous flow process. In so doing, small diameter tubular reactors can be employed hence removing this penetration depth issue. Thus, the polymerisation mixtures dielectric properties are worth to be considered to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the microwave assisted synthesis of poly-ε-caprolactone at large scale production.
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Horikoshi, Satoshi, Hideki Abe, Kanjiro Torigoe, Masahiko Abe, and Nick Serpone. "Access to small size distributions of nanoparticles by microwave-assisted synthesis. Formation of Ag nanoparticles in aqueous carboxymethylcellulose solutions in batch and continuous-flow reactors." Nanoscale 2, no. 8 (2010): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00141d.

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Török, Béla, Tara Mooney, and Maysa Ilamanova. "Microwave-Assisted Flow Chemistry for Green Synthesis and Other Applications." Current Microwave Chemistry 10 (December 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213335610666221208163107.

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Abstract: Using combined microwave-assisted flow chemistry approaches is one of the most active areas of microwave chemistry and green synthesis. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) has contributed significantly to developing green synthetic methods, while flow chemistry applications are quite popular in industrial chemistry. The combination of the two has far-reaching advantages. In early studies, the flow chemistry concept was applied in domestic microwave ovens already indicating strong potential for future applications. The relatively small diameter of the flow reactors can address the limited penetration depth of microwaves, which is a major impediment in large-scale batch reactors. With the commercial availability of dedicated microwave synthesizers with tunable frequencies and better temperature control, the possibilities to apply flow synthesis grew even broader. The developments focus on several issues; the two major ones are the design and application of reactors and catalysts. Common reactor types include microwave-absorbing, such as silicon carbide, and microwave-transparent materials, such as borosilicate glass, quartz, or Teflon, with the catalyst or solvent adjusted accordingly. Several heterogeneous catalysts are considered strong microwave absorbers that can heat the reaction from inside the reactor. Such materials include clays, zeolites, or supported metal catalysts. Here, the major advances in design and applications and the benefits gained will be illustrated by synthesizing fine chemicals, from organic compounds to nanoparticles and new materials.
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Kunz, Ulrich, and Thomas Turek. "Flow through reactors for organic chemistry: directly electrically heated tubular mini reactors as an enabling technology for organic synthesis." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 5 (November 30, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.5.70.

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Until recently traditional heating in organic chemistry has been done with oil heating baths or using electric heat exchangers. With the advent of microwave equipment, heating by microwaves was rapidly introduced as standard method in organic chemistry laboratories, mainly because of the convenient possibility to operate at high temperature accompanied by accelerated reaction rates. In the present contribution we discuss the method of heating small, continuously operated reactors by passing electric current directly through the reactor wall as an enabling technology in organic chemistry. The benefit of this method is that the heat is generated directly inside the reactor wall. By this means high heating rates comparable to microwave ovens can be reached but at much lower cost for the equipment. A tool for the comparison of microwave heating and traditional heating is provided. As an example kinetic data for the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl formate were measured using this heating concept. The reaction is not only a suitable model but also one of industrial importance since this is the main production process for formic acid.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flow synthesis, Precipitation, Microwave, Reactors"

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Wang, Yantao. "Synthesis and conversion of furfural-batch versus continuous flow." Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2474/document.

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Le furfural, identifié comme l'un des 30 principaux produits chimiques biologiques, est une molécule importante en terme de chimie verte et développement durable. L'objectif de ce travail de doctorat est de réaliser la synthèse et la conversion du furfural en flux continu et par lots. Ici, nous avons développé des méthodes plus éco-efficiente pour la synthèse du furfural, et valorisé le furfural en produits à haute valeur ajoutée, tels que le 2-furonitrile, l'alcool furfurylique, etc... Plusieurs questions clés ont été identifiées afin de concevoir des processus plus écologiques que les processus actuels. En détail, des expériences de synthèse du furfural ont été réalisées dans l'eau pure ou dans un mélange eau-solvants organiques lorsque des co-solvants (verts ou écologiques) sont nécessaires. L'irradiation par micro-ondes a été choisie comme méthode de chauffage pour accélérer le processus de déshydratation, et un réacteur à flux continu à micro-ondes a également été utilisé pour améliorer la productivité du furfural. En partant du furfural pour produire des produits chimiques à haute valeur ajoutée, des réacteurs à flux efficace, tels que Pheonix, H-cube Pro ainsi que des micro-ondes à flux continu avec micro-réacteur, ont également été identifiés comme des alternatives intéressantes pour améliorer la productivité des composés cibles. En conséquence, certains résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus du point de vue de l'industrie
Furfural, which has been identified as one of top 30 bio-based chemicals, is an important green platform molecule, The aim of this PhD work is to realize the synthesis and conversion of furfural in batch and continuous flow. Here, we developed sorne greener methods for furfural synthesis, and valorized furfural into high value-added products, such as 2-furonitrile, furfuryl alcohol etc. Several keys issues were identified in order to design processes greener than the current ones. ln detail, experiments for furfural synthesis were performed in water or in water and organic solvent when co-solvents (green or eco-friendly) are necessary. Microwave irradiation has been chosen as the heating method to accelerate the dehydration process, and microwave continuous flow reactor was also applied to improve furfural productivity. When starting from furfural to produce high value-added chemicals, efficient flow reactors, suc as Pheonix, H-cube Pro as well as microwave continuous flow With micro-reactor, were also identified as interesting alternatives to improve the productivities of target compounds. As a result, some promising results were obtained in the viewpoint of industry
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Conference papers on the topic "Flow synthesis, Precipitation, Microwave, Reactors"

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Barham, Joshua Philip, Yasuo Norikane, Hiromichi Egami, and Yoshitaka Hamashima. "High Efficiency Microwave Flow Chemistry Towards Synthesis of Functional Materials and Pharmaceutical Cores." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9860.

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Microwave (MW) heating benefits organic synthesis by affording higher product yields in shorter time periods than conventional heating, yet it suffers from poor scalability and is limited to polar solvents in typical batch mode reactors. Herein, we report a microwave flow reactor using a solid-state semiconductor MW generator. The tunable, single-mode MW heating allows high efficiency, scalable organic synthesis, rapid reaction optimization and is applicable to non-polar solvents (o-Xylene and CPME can be rapidly heated to ca. 260 oC). Auto-frequency tuning compensates for changes in the microwave absorption properties (permittivity, epsilon) with increasing temperature, affording excellent temperature and process control. This technology unlocked unprecedented g/h productivity of C60/fullerene-indene monoadduct (IC60MA) and facilitated a novel, transition metal-free amide-styrene coupling reaction for synthesis of amide-containing pharmaceutical cores in up to 65 g/h (Figure 1). An ortho-Claisen rearrangement reaction was rapidly optimised.
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