Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flow lip

Academic literature on the topic 'Flow lip'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Flow lip"

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Srinivasarao, T., P. Lovaraju, and E. Rathakrishnan. "Characteristics of Underexpanded Co-Flow Jets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 507–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.507.

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The effect of inner nozzle lip thickness on the co-flow jet characteristics has been studied experimentally. Co-flow nozzles with inner nozzle lip thicknesses of 3 mm and 15 mm have been investigated. The thick-lip nozzle promotes mixing better than the thin-lip nozzle, for all the underexpanded operating conditions. The co-flow nozzle with thin-lip is effective in preserving the shock-cells nature, bringing down the longer shock-cell into shorter one and increasing the number of shock-cells compared to that of the co-flow nozzle with thick-lip.
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Kondo, Yuko, Takumi Takahashi, Yasuo Oba, Shingo Kuroda, Eiji Tanaka, and Keiji Moriyama. "Blood Flow Distribution of Repaired Lip in Cleft Lip Patients." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/102908-549r.1.

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Abstract Objective: To investigate the blood flow distribution in the repaired lip of cleft patients using a laser Doppler imager and to evaluate the difference in blood flow of the scar tissue between unilateral cleft lip patients with and without cleft palate. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with either unilateral cleft lip only (CL group, n = 8) or cleft lip and palate (CLP group, n = 12) were used as subjects. The blood flow of the upper lip was two-dimensionally visualized by a color scale alongside the corresponding photo image of the tissue surface with laser Doppler imaging. The upper lip photo image was divided into five regions: scar, white lip on the cleft side, white lip on the noncleft side, red lip on the cleft side, and red lip on the noncleft side. The average flux score (AFS), which is proportional to blood flow, was analyzed in each region. Results: The AFS for the scar region was significantly (P < .05) lower than in the other four regions. The AFS for the red lip on the cleft side was not significantly different from that for the noncleft side. The white lip revealed a significantly (P < .05) higher score on the cleft side than on the noncleft side. The AFS ratio (AFS in the scar region/AFS in the white lip region) was significantly (P < .01) lower in the CLP group than in the CL group. Conclusions: These results suggest that blood flow distribution in the repaired lip might be affected by the anatomic features of the cleft.
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Zhao, Shen, Xue Yi You, Sheng Jun Liu, Yu Huang, Feng Shi, and Hong Bo Lu. "On the Rigid-Lid Hypothesis Application to the Flow Simulation of Step-Feed A/O Process." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.319.

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The feasibility of the rigid-lip hypothesis was studied in the flow field simulation of the reaction tank in the step-feed A/O process. Two models were built. One model applied the rigid-lip hypothesis was called as rigid-lid model and the other was called free surface model. The results showed that the velocity distribution of the rigid-lid model is basically consistent with that of the free-surface model. On the vertical monitor sections, the error of the mean velocity between the two models is less than 8%. The results showed that the much less expensive rigid-lid model is applicable to simulate the flow field of reaction tank.
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Hariyono, Rudi, Soedarsono Soedarsono, and Makhfudli Makhfudli. "EFFECT OF COMBINATION PURSED LIP BREATHING AND GUIDED IMAGERY MUSIC ON PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE." Jurnal Keperawatan 10, no. 1 (March 24, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jk.v10i1.6353.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Peak expiratory flow influenced by several things, such as anxiety, a psychological factor that is becoming a major comorbidities of COPD and affect the occurrence of exacerbations, increase respiration rate, duration expiratory time, and hyperinflation. This study aimed to determine the effect of combination pursed lip breathing and guided imagery music to increase value of peak expiratory flow in patients with COPD. Methods: The study was quasi-experimental design with pretest posttest with control group approach, respondents of this study is 46 patients with COPD with sampling technique, simple random sampling. Results: Pursed lip breathing increase peak expiratory flow values by the significant of p value = 0.000 (p <0.05). The combination of pursed lip breathing and guided imagery music increase peak expiratory flow values by the significant of p value = 0.000 (p <0.05). COPD patients who received a combination of pursed lip breathing and guided imagery music increased peak expiratory flow value higher than the pursed lip breathing without combination with significant of p value = 0.000 (p <0.05).Conclusion:The combination of pursed lip breathing and guided imagery music proved to have an effect on increasing the value of peak expiratory flow higher than pursed lip breathing without combination.
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Huang, An, and Xueyi Zhang. "Dual-flow Spatio-temporal Separation Network for Lip Reading." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2400, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2400/1/012028.

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Abstract Lip reading is a task of predicting the corresponding language information in a silent video, which has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Its key is to capture temporal and spatial features from lip motion videos and decode them. In the past, lip reading methods based on deep learning mostly adopt the form of spatio-temporal series connection, which first extracts spatial features, and then carries out global time-domain modeling on this basis. The spatial information extracted by the current approach is insufficient. To get more abundant spatio-temporal video representation and fully integrate the features from different viewpoints, this paper proposes a novel lip motion feature extraction framework, Dual-flow Spatio-temporal Separation Network (DSSN). Specifically, we adopt an end-to-end double tower structure to model the temporal information and spatial information respectively, and carry out feature fusion through collaborative learning. Finally, we evaluate our proposed model on the OuluVS2 lip reading dataset. Experiments show that our method outperforms baseline models.
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Brandner, P. A., and G. J. Walker. "An Experimental Investigation Into the Performance of a Flush Water-Jet Inlet." Journal of Ship Research 51, no. 01 (March 1, 2007): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.2007.51.1.1.

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An experimental investigation of the flow within a generic flush type water-jet inlet has been carried out to identify the principal flow features and provide a basis for development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Tests were performed in a cavitation tunnel with the model inlet fitted to the test section ceiling, and effects of thickening the ingested tunnel wall boundary layer were investigated. The model was fitted with a range of instrumentation to investigate the ramp pressure distribution and boundary layer development, lip incidence, and pump face flow properties. Observations of lip and duct cavitation inception and behavior were also made. The results showed the inlet performance to be generally improved with the ingestion of a thicker boundary layer. The thickened boundary layer significantly reduced ramp boundary layer separation and distortion of flow at the notional pump face. However, a greater range of lip incidence occurred with the thickened boundary layer with consequent greater likelihood of lip separation and cavitation occurrence. Ideal lip incidence and pump face flow uniformity occurred at flow parameters significantly different from those for ideal pump face pressure recovery. Large developed cavities on the inlet lip were observed for a range of conditions typical of conventional high-speed vessel operation.
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Teng, Jian, and Hua Cheng Yuan. "Design Methodology and Unsteady Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Rectangular Variable Geometry Hypersonic Inlet." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.433.

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Design methodology of a rectangular variable geometry hypersonic inlet whose cowl lip is translatable along flow direction is clarified in current study and recommendation of key design parameters are given. Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (uRANS) calculation were carried out to investigate the feasibility and unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of this inlet. Results indicate that by stretching the movable lip of a model inlet upstream, mass flow rate will increases apparently due to the increases of inlet internal duct entrance area. Stretching the movable lip upstream will decrease CR of the model inlet which is favorable for the start or restart of the inlet from an unstarted status. The lip translating process is smooth and will not induce large amplitude flow disturbance within inlet duct. The movable lip is conducive to improve the aeropropulsive performance of the hypersonic inlet in wide flight range
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Marangom, Cristiane, Viviani Souza Peruchi, Marta Assumpção de Andrada e. Silva, Irene Queiroz Marchesan, and Léslie Piccolotto Ferreira. "Association between voice disorder and breathing alteration in children." Revista CEFAC 20, no. 2 (April 2018): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216201820217416.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the association between voice disorder and aspects related to breathing mode in children, according to sex. Methods: 250 children, aged six to nine years, attending a public school in São Paulo city, were selected. The collection consisted of spontaneously audio recorded speech samples. The breathing mode was evaluated for lip resting posture and nasal flow. Three audiologists performed the perceptual evaluation of the voice quality, with the help of GIRBAS scale. The results were associated using the chi-square test (p = 0.05). Results: 50.4% females and 49.6% males. As for the overall grade (G), 12.8% had voice disorder with respect to voice quality. In the breathing mode, 36.8% presented alterations in lip posture and 71.2%, in nasal flow. The associations between voice disorder and gender (p = 0.96), lip posture (p = 0.38) and nasal flow (p = 0.18) and between alterations in the nasal flow and sex (p = 0.449) were not confirmed. The association between lip posture and sex revealed significant differences in favor of males (p = 0.003). Conclusion: there was no statistically significant difference associating voice disorders with breathing mode (lip posture and nasal flow) and gender.
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Salant, Richard F., and Ann H. Rocke. "Hydrodynamic Analysis of the Flow in a Rotary Lip Seal Using Flow Factors." Journal of Tribology 126, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1609486.

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The flow field in the lubricating film of a rotary lip seal is analyzed numerically by solving the Reynolds equation with flow factors. The behavior of such a flow field is dominated by the asperities on the lip surface. Since previous analyses treated those asperities deterministically, they required very large computation times. The present approach is much less computationally intensive because the asperities are treated statistically. Since cavitation and asperity orientation play important roles, these are taken into account in the computation of the flow factors. Results of the analysis show how the operating parameters of the seal and the characteristics of the asperities affect such seal characteristics as the pressure distribution in the film, the pumping rate and the load support.
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He, Jinzheng, Zhou Zhao, Yi Ren, Jinglin Liu, Baoxing Huai, and Nicholas Yuan. "Flow-Based Unconstrained Lip to Speech Generation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 1 (June 28, 2022): 843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i1.19966.

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Unconstrained lip-to-speech aims to generate corresponding speeches based on silent facial videos with no restriction to head pose or vocabulary. It is desirable to generate intelligible and natural speech with a fast speed in unconstrained settings. Currently, to handle the more complicated scenarios, most existing methods adopt the autoregressive architecture, which is optimized with the MSE loss. Although these methods have achieved promising performance, they are prone to bring issues including high inference latency and mel-spectrogram over-smoothness. To tackle these problems, we propose a novel flow-based non-autoregressive lip-to-speech model (GlowLTS) to break autoregressive constraints and achieve faster inference. Concretely, we adopt a flow-based decoder which is optimized by maximizing the likelihood of the training data and is capable of more natural and fast speech generation. Moreover, we devise a condition module to improve the intelligibility of generated speech. We demonstrate the superiority of our proposed method through objective and subjective evaluation on Lip2Wav-Chemistry-Lectures and Lip2Wav-Chess-Analysis datasets. Our demo video can be found at https://glowlts.github.io/.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flow lip"

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Rocke, Ann H. "Elastohydrodynamic Analysis of a Rotary Lip Seal Using Flow Factors." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/4771.

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An elastohydrodynamic analysis of a rotary lip seal is performed numerically, incorporating both the fluid mechanics of the lubricating film and the elastic deformation of the lip, by solving the Reynolds equation with flow factors. Asperities on the lip surface dominate the behavior of the flow field in the lubricating film and the elastic deformation of the lip. Since previous analyses treated those asperities deterministically, they required very large computation times. The present approach is much less computationally intensive because the asperities are treated statistically. Since cavitation and asperity orientation play important roles, these are taken into account in the computation of the flow factors. An asperity distortion analysis is introduced to obtain a more realistic model of the complex variations in the asperity distribution on the surface of the seal. Results of the analysis show how the operating parameters of the seal and the characteristics of the asperities affect such seal characteristics as the thickness of the lubricating film, reverse pumping rate, power dissipation and load carrying capacity.
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Baudrit, Daniel 1957. "FLOW MEASUREMENT USING A SENSING DEVICE NEAR THE LIP OF A GATE (CANALS, OPEN CHANNEL FLOW)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275569.

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Neal, Mark. "A study of the brass instrument lip reed mechanism using artificial lips and lattice Boltzmann flow simulations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12707.

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The lips of a brass player form a complex mechanical oscillator which has a non-harmonic set of resonance frequencies. In order for the lips to create a note when a player starts to play a brass instrument there must be interactions between the mechanical resonances of the lips, the fluid dynamics of the air passing between the lips, and the acoustic pressures which surrounding the lips. In this thesis studies are made of these interactions utilising an artificial lip and mouth to perform experimental measurements and Lattice Boltzmann fluids simulations to study the flow of air between the lips. By taking mechanical response measurements of the artificial lips, the mechanical resonances of the lips has been examined. The effects of both air flow between the lips and the presence of acoustic resonators, both in the form of an instrument on the downstream side of the lips and the mouth cavity on the up-stream side of the lips have been studied. Results of these measurements have shown that the lips of a brass player can behave in either of two lip reed operating regimes (inward or outward striking), depending on the relationship between the resonance frequency of the lips and that of the resonator. The behaviour of the lips during the transition between inward and outward striking regimes has been studied in order that improved models of the lip reed can be constructed. Numerical simulations of the flow in a pipe with a constriction which is based on the shape of a players lips both with and without a mouthpiece downstream of the lips have provided information on how the jet formation by the lips occurs. By using the data from these simulations the size of the forces which lead to the inward and outward striking behaviour of the lips have been estimated and a clearer picture of the physics behind the operation of a brass players lips obtained.
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Jafari, Moghadamfard Ramtin, and Saeid Payvar. "The Potential of Visual Features : to Improve Voice Recognition Systems in Vehicles Noisy Environment." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för Informationsvetenskap, Data– och Elektroteknik (IDE), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-27273.

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Multimodal biometric systems have been subject of study in recent decades, theirunique characteristic of Anti spoofing and liveness detection plus ability to deal withaudio noise made them technology candidates for improving current systems such asvoice recognition, verification and identification systems.In this work we studied feasibility of incorporating audio-visual voice recognitionsystem for dealing with audio noise in the truck cab environment. Speech recognitionsystems suffer from excessive noise from the engine and road traffic and cars stereosystem. To deal with this noise different techniques including active and passive noisecancelling have been studied.Our results showed that although audio-only systems are performing better in noisefree environment their performance drops significantly by increase in the level of noisein truck cabins, which by contrast does not affect the performance of visual features.Final fused system comprising both visual and audio cues, proved to be superior toboth audio-only and video-only systems.
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Gürcan, Fuat. "Flow bifurcations in rectangular, lid-driven, cavity flows." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425523.

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Netto, Cristianne Chiquto. "Área velofaríngea e escape de ar nasal nas condições com e sem prótese de palato." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25143/tde-26042016-102947/.

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Introdução: Embora a avaliação perceptivo-auditiva seja reconhecida como padrão ouro na avaliação clínica da fala de pacientes com fissura palatina e/ou disfunção velofaríngea (DVF), ela pode ser influenciada por inúmeros fatores, dada a sua subjetividade. A avaliação instrumental, como a técnica fluxo-pressão, pode complementar os achados de fala e da função velofaríngea em indivíduos que utilizam prótese de palato com obturador faríngeo para o tratamento da DVF. Objetivos: Descrever e comparar os resultados das medidas da área velofaríngea, por meio da técnica fluxo-pressão, e do julgamento da ocorrência do EAN durante a repetição de palavras com a consoante p e da emissão da palavra papai, durante a realização do Teste de Emissão de Ar Nasal (TEAN), nas condições com e sem prótese de palato e verificar a relação entre a ocorrência do EAN e a classificação da função velofaríngea, nas condições com (CP) e sem (SP) prótese de palato. Material e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal de uma amostra de conveniência de 94 pacientes com diagnóstico de insuficiência velofaríngea que utilizavam prótese de palato com obturador faríngeo. A classificação do tipo de função velofaríngea (adequada, adequada-marginal, marginal-inadequada e inadequada) foi realizada a partir da medida da área velofaríngea obtida pela técnica fluxo-pressão, durante a produção da consoante p inserida na sílaba pa. Foram coletados dos prontuários dos pacientes os resultados do julgamento da ocorrência (presença/ausência) do EAN durante a repetição de palavras com p e da emissão da palavra papai do TEAN, nas condições sem e com prótese de palato. Resultados: A medida da área velofaríngea e o julgamento da ocorrência do EAN mostraram-se significativamente menores na condição CP. Entretanto, a prótese conseguiu eliminar o EAN em 63,9% dos pacientes, quando se toma a emissão de palavras com a consoante p na avaliação articulatória para comparação, e eliminá-lo em 50% deles quando se toma a emissão da palavra papai do TEAN. Com a prótese, 56,4% pacientes apresentaram função velofaríngea adequada e 43,6% função velofaríngea diferente da adequada (adequada-marginal = 5,3%, marginal-inadequada = 5,3%, inadequada = 33%). Conclusões: As medidas da área velofaríngea obtidas por meio da técnica fluxopressão diminuem significativamente quando o paciente faz uso da prótese (condição com prótese), revelando que a prótese pode melhorar a função velofaríngea para a fala; embora a ocorrência do escape de ar nasal (EAN) na produção da consoante p demonstre ser menor com a prótese, tanto no julgamento pela modalidade auditiva quanto pela visual, a modalidade visual parece ser mais sensível para identificar a ocorrência do escape;o EAN demonstrou ter relação direta com a função velofaríngea, uma vez que apresentou-se ausente em uma função velofaríngea adequada (condição com prótese) e presente em uma função velofaríngea inadequada (condição sem prótese). Contudo, esta relação pode estar susceptível à interferência de muitos fatores que podem influenciar positivamente ou negativamente a ocorrência do EAN na função velofaríngea.
Introduction: Although perceptual judgement is recognized to be the gold standard for clinical speech evaluation of cleft palate and/or velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) patients, it can be influenced by a number of factors due to its subjectivity. Instrumental assessment such as pressure-flow technique can provide additional information related to speech and velopharyngeal dysfunction findings in individuals adapted to palatal speech device with obturator pharyngeal bulb for treatment of VPD Objectives: Describe and compare the results of velopharyngeal area measurements by using pressure-flow technique and the judgment of the occurrence of air nasal emission (NAE) during repetition of words containing the p consonant and utterance of the word papai in the Test of Nasal Air Emission (TNAE), in conditions with and without palatal speech device as well as to analyze the relation between NAE and velopharyngeal dysfunction ratings in conditions with and without palatal speech device.Method: A retrospective study of samples including 94 patients with diagnosis of velopharyngeal insufficiency wearing palatal prostheses with pharyngeal bulb was performed. Velopharyngeal function was rated (adequate, marginal-adequate, marginal-inadequate and inadequate) in according to velopharyngeal measurements obtained from aerodynamic evaluation during the production of p consonant in the segment pa. The results of NAE occurrence judgement (present/absent) during the repetition of words with p and utterance of papai in the TNAE were collected from the patients´s recordings, in the conditions with and without prosthesis. Results: Velopharyngeal area measurements and NAE occurrence judgement were significantly lower in the with-prosthesis condition. However, speech prosthesis was able to eliminate NAE in 63.9% of the patients, when considering utterances of words with p in articulatory evaluation as comparison, and managed to eliminate it by 50% of them with regard to the word papai in the TEAN. With the speech device, 56.4% of patients demonstrated adequate velopharyngeal function and 43.6% showed velopharyngeal ratings different of the adequate one (marginal adequate = 5.3%, marginal inadequate = 5.3% and inadequate = 33%).Conclusions: The measures of velopharyngeal area obtained byusing pressure-flow technique decreased significantly when the patient uses prosthesis (condition with prosthesis), revealing that the prosthetic device can improve velopharyngeal function for the speech. Although the occurrence of nasal air flow (EAN) in the production of the consonant p presents to be lower with prosthesis, either in the hearing judgement as in the visual one, the latter seems to be more sensible to identify the occurrence of flow. Nasal air flow (EAN) demonstrated to have a direct relation with the velopharyngeal function for it was absent in an adequate velopharyngeal function (condition with prosthesis) and present in an inadequate velopharyngeal function (condition without prosthesis). Nevertheless, this relation may be susceptible to the interference of many factors that may positively or negatively influence the occurrence of EAN in the velopharyngeal function.
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Borges, Rodrigo Lopes. "A fam?lia Rubiaceae na Serra Geral de Lic?nio de Almeida." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2016. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/413.

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In Brazil, Rubiaceae is the fourth family with greater diversity of species and is represented by 125 genera and 1392 species, mostly distributed in the Amazon and Atlantic forests. Due to the heterogeneity of habitat and vegetation types, Bahia stands out for the richness of species in the family (ca. 368 spp.) and by the record of many endemic species. Among the areas that are recognized by the lack of floristic inventories in the state, there is the southwest region, more precisely the areas that comprise the Espinha?o Septentrional. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a floristic and taxonomic survey of Rubiaceae to the Serra Geral of Lic?nio de Almeida (SGLA), Bahia. Ten field trips were conducted between July 2012 and May 2015, covering all existing vegetation types in the area. The collected materials were processed and deposited in the HUEFS and ALCB herbaria. Reference materials were also analyzed in visits to herbaria ALCB, CEPEC, HRB, HUEFS, RB and SPF. A number of 43 species distributed in 28 genera were recognized and collected, being Declieuxia (5 spp.), Borreria (3 spp.), Cordiera (3 spp.) and Psychotria (3 spp.) the most diverse genera. Following the previous floristic studies in Espinha?o Range, there are large number of genera (19) with only a single species. Psyllocarpus asparagoides, Psyllocarpus laricoides and Stachyarrhena reflexa are endemic to Minas Gerais and Bahia; Declieuxia passerina and Galianthe peruviana are new records for Bahia, and two species are considered new for science (Randia sp. and Staelia sp.). Keys to generic and specific identification, descriptions, taxonomic and biologic comments for all species are presented, as well as photos and illustrations.
Rubiaceae ? a quarta fam?lia com maior riqueza de esp?cies no Brasil e est? representada por 125 g?neros e 1392 esp?cies, distribu?das predominantemente nos dom?nios Amaz?nico e Atl?ntico. Devido ? heterogeneidade de habitats e fitofisionomias, a Bahia destaca-se pela riqueza de esp?cies para a fam?lia (ca. 368 spp.) e pelo registro de muitas esp?cies end?micas. Dentre as ?reas que s?o reconhecidas pela car?ncia de invent?rios flor?sticos no estado, destaca-se a regi?o sudoeste, mais precisamente as ?reas que compreendem o Espinha?o Setentrional. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar o levantamento flor?stico e taxon?mico de Rubiaceae para a Serra Geral de Lic?nio de Almeida (SGLA), Bahia. Foram realizadas dez viagens de coleta entre julho de 2012 e maio de 2015, abrangendo todas as fitofisionomias existentes na ?rea. Os materiais coletados foram processados e depositados nos Herb?rios HUEFS e ALCB. Materiais de refer?ncia foram tamb?m analisados em visita aos herb?rios ALCB, CEPEC, HRB, HUEFS, RB, SPF. Foram reconhecidas e coletadas 43 esp?cies, distribu?das em 28 g?neros, sendo Declieuxia (5 spp.), Borreria (3 spp.), Cordiera (3 spp.) e Psychotria (3 spp.) os g?neros mais diversos e, seguindo os estudos flor?sticos pr?vios na Cadeia do Espinha?o, houve um grande n?mero de g?neros (19) com apenas uma ?nica esp?cie. Psyllocarpus asparagoides, Psyllocarpus laricoides, Stachyarrhena reflexa s?o end?micas de Minas Gerais e Bahia; Declieuxia passerina e Galianthe peruviana s?o novas ocorr?ncias para a Bahia, e duas esp?cies s?o consideradas in?ditas para a ci?ncia (Randia sp. e Staelia sp.). S?o apresentados chaves de identifica??o gen?rica e espec?fica, descri??es, coment?rios taxon?micos para as esp?cies, al?m de fotos e ilustra??es.
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Santana, Fernanda Afonso. "A fam?lia Asteraceae na Serra Geral de Lic?nio de Almeida, Bahia, Brasil." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2013. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/285.

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Serra Geral de Lic?nio de Almeida (SGLA) is located in the central portion of the Espinha?o range, a region with no floristic studies. This paper presents the inventory of Asteraceae for the SGLA. Samples were collected in six bimonthly field trips (2011-2012) and the collected materials are inserted at HUEFS Herbarium. The results are presented in the checklist of the species, keys to tribes and species, followed by comments, aspects of reproductive phenology and geographical distribution of each species. Eighty-three species and 38 genera were found, represented in 12 tribes of Asteraceae. Of these, 13 are new records for Bahia state (Aldama oblongifolia, Aldama bracteata, Aspilia eglerii, Aspilia floribunda, Dasyphyllum vagans, Eremanthus polycephalus, Gochnatia discolor, Lychnophora ramosissima, Lepidaploa barbata, Lessingianthus laevigatus, Lessingianthus psilophyllus, Mikania obtusata e Proteopsis argentea) and two are new species to science (Lychnophora sp. 1 and Anteremanthus sp. nov.). The most representative tribe was Vernonieae (36 spp.), followed by Eupatorieae (17 spp.) and Heliantheae (8 spp.). The genera with the largest number of species were Lessingianthus (eight spp.), followed by Lepidaploa, Vernonanthura and Gochnatia, with five species each. A map of the study area with the respective collection sites and unpublished illustrations of Agrianthus myrtoides, Aspilia floribunda, Anteremanthus sp. nov., Chresta harleyi, Gochnatia densicephala, Lychnophora sp. 1 and Stomatanthes polycephalus are included as part of the results.
A Serra Geral de Lic?nio de Almeida (SGLA) est? localizada na por??o central da Cadeia do Espinha?o, regi?o carente em pesquisas bot?nicas. Neste trabalho ? apresentado um levantamento flor?stico da flora de Asteraceae para a SGLA. As coletas foram realizadas atrav?s de seis viagens bimestrais (2011-2012) ao campo e o material coletado encontra-se inserido no Herb?rio HUEFS. Os resultados s?o apresentados atrav?s do checklist das esp?cies, chaves de tribos e de esp?cies, seguido de coment?rios diagn?sticos, aspectos da fenologia reprodutiva e distribui??o geogr?fica de cada t?xon. Foram encontrados 12 tribos, 38 g?neros e 82 esp?cies. Destas, 13 s?o novas ocorr?ncias para o estado da Bahia (Aldama oblongifolia, Aldama bracteata, Aspilia eglerii, Aspilia floribunda, Dasyphyllum vagans, Eremanthus polycephalus, Gochnatia discolor, Lychnophora ramosissima, Lepidaploa barbata, Lessingianthus laevigatus, Lessingianthus psilophyllus, Mikania obtusata e Proteopsis argentea) e duas s?o esp?cies novas para a ci?ncia (Lychnophora sp. 1 e Anteremanthus sp. nov.). A tribo mais representativa foi Vernonieae (36 spp.), seguida de Eupatorieae (17 spp.) e Heliantheae (oito spp.). O g?nero com maior n?mero de esp?cies foi Lessingianthus (oito spp.), seguido de Lepidaploa, Vernonanthura e Gochnatia, com cinco esp?cies cada. Como parte dos dados ? inclu?do o mapa da ?rea de estudo e as respectivas localidades de coleta, al?m das ilustra??es in?ditas de Agrianthus myrtoides, Aspilia floribunda, Anteremanthus sp. nov., Chresta harleyi, Gochnatia densicephala, Lychnophora sp. 1. e Stomatanthes polycephalus.
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Vionnet, Carlos Alberto. "Analysis of lubricant flows within the microgap of rotary lip seals." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186465.

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The study of a thin, incompressible Newtonian fluid layer trapped between two almost parallel, sliding surfaces has been actively pursued in the last decades. This subject includes lubrication applications such as slider bearings or the sealing of non-pressurized fluids with rotary lip seals. When a viscous lubricant flows between an elastic body and a rigid surface, the contact geometry may undergo substantial deformation affecting the flow field of the lubricant. Therefore, a coupled model between an elastic ring and the fluid film underneath it is proposed. Initially, a linear stability analysis is performed. Then, non-linear calculations are presented showing that the system deformations are able to induce mixing of lubricant throughout the sealed region. In the second part of this work, the flow of lubricant fluid through the micro-gap of rotary lip seals is analyzed theoretically and numerically from a different perspective. The study is carried out assuming that a 'small-gap' parameter δ attains an extreme value in the Navier-Stokes equations. The precise meaning of small-gap is achieved by the limit δ = 0, and the numerical solution of the resulting set of equations predicts transport of lubricant through the contact region due to centrifugal instabilities. Numerical results obtained with the finite element method are presented. In particular, the influence of inflow and outflow boundary conditions, and their importance in the simulated flow are discussed. To this aim, the penalty method for incompressible flows in presence of variable body forces is re-examined with the help of well-known examples, yielding a corrected formulation that is more accurate and faster than standard finite element methods found in the literature.
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Benson, John D. "Transition to a time periodic flow in a through-flow lid-driven cavity." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18179.

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Books on the topic "Flow lip"

1

J, Sedeño Francisco, ed. Flor de Apolo. Kassel: Edition Reichenberger, 2005.

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Genechten, Guido van. Flop-Ear. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 2002.

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Genechten, Guido van. Flop-Ear. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 2001.

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Tamagnini, Maria Anna Acciaioli. Lin tchi fá =: Flor de lótus. [Macau]: Instituto Cultural de Macau, 1991.

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Geometrical theory of dynamical systems and fluid flows. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2010.

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Geometrical theory of dynamical systems and fluid flows. Singapore: World Scientific, 2005.

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Tulane University. Dept. of Mathematics, ed. Mathematical foundations of information flow: Clifford lectures on information flow in physics, geometry and logic and computation, March 12-15, 2008, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2012.

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Lie sha Hong se shi yue hao. Taibei Shi: Xing guang chu ban she, 1991.

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Lie xi yan ti fei bao he shen liu fen xi ji qi gong cheng ying yong: Analysis of unsaturated flow in fractured rock mass and engineering application. Hangzhou: Zhejiang da xue chu ban she, 2009.

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Elliptic genera and vertex operator super-algebras. Berlin: Springer, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flow lip"

1

Bolgar, Istvan, Sven Scharnowski, and Christian J. Kähler. "Effects of a Launcher’s External Flow on a Dual-Bell Nozzle Flow." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 115–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_7.

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Abstract Previous research on Dual-Bell nozzle flow always neglected the influence of the outer flow on the nozzle flow and its transition from sea level to altitude mode. Therefore, experimental measurements on a Dual-Bell nozzle with trans- and supersonic external flows about a launcher-like forebody were carried out in the Trisonic Wind Tunnel Munich with particle image velocimetry, static pressure measurements and the schlieren technique. A strongly correlated interaction exists between a transonic external flow with the nozzle flow in its sea level mode. At supersonic external flow conditions, a Prandtl–Meyer expansion about the nozzle’s lip decreases the pressure in the vicinity of the nozzle exit by about 55%. Therefore a new definition for the important design criterion of the nozzle pressure ratio was suggested, which considers this drastic pressure drop. Experiments during transitioning of the nozzle from sea level to altitude mode show that an interaction about the nozzle’s lip causes an inherently unstable nozzle state at supersonic free-stream conditions. This instability causes the nozzle to transition and retransition, or flip-flop, between its two modes. This instability can be eliminated by designing a Dual-Bell nozzle to transition during sub-/transonic external flow conditions.
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Tamura, Satoshi, Koji Iwano, and Sadaoki Furui. "Multi-Modal Speech Recognition Using Optical-Flow Analysis for Lip Images." In Real World Speech Processing, 43–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6363-8_4.

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Aksan, Emre, Shugao Ma, Akin Caliskan, Stanislav Pidhorskyi, Alexander Richard, Shih-En Wei, Jason Saragih, and Otmar Hilliges. "LiP-Flow: Learning Inference-Time Priors for Codec Avatars via Normalizing Flows in Latent Space." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 92–110. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19809-0_6.

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Peter, Johannes M. F., and Markus J. Kloker. "Numerical Simulation of Film Cooling in Supersonic Flow." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 79–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_5.

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Abstract High-order direct numerical simulations of film cooling by tangentially blowing cool helium at supersonic speeds into a hot turbulent boundary-layer flow of steam (gaseous H2O) at a free stream Mach number of 3.3 are presented. The stagnation temperature of the hot gas is much larger than that of the coolant flow, which is injected from a vertical slot of height s in a backward-facing step. The influence of the coolant mass flow rate is investigated by varying the blowing ratio F or the injection height s at kept cooling-gas temperature and Mach number. A variation of the coolant Mach number shows no significant influence. In the canonical baseline cases all walls are treated as adiabatic, and the investigation of a strongly cooled wall up to the blowing position, resembling regenerative wall cooling present in a rocket engine, shows a strong influence on the flow field. No significant influence of the lip thickness on the cooling performance is found. Cooling correlations are examined, and a cooling-effectiveness comparison between tangential and wall-normal blowing is performed.
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Silnikov, M. V., M. V. Chernyshov, and V. N. Uskov. "Overexpanded Jet Flow Theoretical Analysis in the Vicinity of the Nozzle Lip." In 30th International Symposium on Shock Waves 1, 293–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46213-4_48.

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Nagendra, S. V. H., D. V. S. Bhagavanulu, and Prasant Nanda. "Effect of Orifice Lip Geometry on the Mean Flow Properties of a Plane Wall Jet." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 353–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0698-4_38.

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Loosen, Simon, Matthias Meinke, and Wolfgang Schröder. "Numerical Analysis of the Turbulent Wake for a Generic Space Launcher with a Dual-Bell Nozzle." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 163–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_10.

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Abstract The turbulent wake of an axisymmetric generic space launcher equipped with a dual-bell nozzle is simulated at transonic ($$Ma_\infty = 0.8$$ and $$Re_D = 4.3\cdot 10^5$$) and supersonic ($$Ma_\infty = 3$$ and $$Re_D = 1.2\cdot 10^6$$) freestream conditions, to investigate the influence of the dual-bell nozzle jet onto the wake flow and vice versa. In addition, flow control by means of four in circumferential direction equally distributed jets injecting air encountering the backflow in the recirculation region is utilized to determine if the coherence of the wake and consequently, the buffet loads can be reduced by flow control. The simulations are performed using a zonal RANS/LES approach. The time-resolved flow field data are analyzed by classical spectral analysis, two-point correlation analysis, and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD). At supersonic freestream conditions, the nozzle counter pressure is reduced by the expansion of the outer flow around the nozzle lip leading to a decreased transition nozzle pressure ratio. In the transonic configuration a spatio-temporal mode with an eigenvalue matching the characteristic buffet frequency of $$Sr_D=0.2$$ is extracted by the spectral and DMD analysis. The spatial shape of the detected mode describes an antisymmetric wave-like undulating motion of the shear layer inducing the low frequency dynamic buffet loads. By flow control this antisymmetric coherent motion is weakened leading to a reduction of the buffet loads on the nozzle fairing.
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Greenhalgh, Douglas A. "Inelastic Scattering Laser Diagnostics; Cars, Planar LIF and Planar LII." In Optical Diagnostics for Flow Processes, 357–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1271-8_18.

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Bromley, Hank, and Richard Lamson. "Flow of Control." In LISP Lore: A Guide to Programming the LISP Machine, 37–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1991-7_3.

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Bromley, Hank. "Flow of Control." In Lisp Lore: A Guide to Programming the Lisp Machine, 61–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5668-5_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flow lip"

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Karlsson, Stefan M., and Josef Bigun. "Lip-motion events analysis and lip segmentation using optical flow." In 2012 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPR Workshops). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvprw.2012.6239228.

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Kim, Yong Seok, and Yoshiaki Nakamura. "Effect of Nozzle Lip Shape on Screech Tone in Supersonic Jet." In 3rd AIAA Flow Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-3706.

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Feng, Dalu, Shuang Yang, Shiguang Shan, and Xilin Chen. "Audio-Driven Deformation Flow for Effective Lip Reading." In 2022 26th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr56361.2022.9956316.

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Shaikh, Ayaz A., Dinesh K. Kumar, Wai C. Yau, M. Z. Che Azemin, and Jayavardhana Gubbi. "Lip reading using optical flow and support vector machines." In 2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisp.2010.5646264.

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Xiao, Jingyun, Shuang Yang, Yuanhang Zhang, Shiguang Shan, and Xilin Chen. "Deformation Flow Based Two-Stream Network for Lip Reading." In 2020 15th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG 2020). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fg47880.2020.00132.

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Bohn, Dieter, and Michael Wolff. "Improved Formulation to Determine Minimum Sealing Flow – Cw, min – for Different Sealing Configurations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38465.

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Steadily increasing HP turbine inlet temperatures underline the need for effective sealing and cooling technologies. This paper presents a new approximation to determine the minimum sealing air flow Cw,min for sealing efficiencies of different rim seal geometries in the upstream cavity of an axial turbine stage. In contrast to the iteration method of Phadke and Owen the approximation does not require the knowledge of Cw,min. Only with information about the main stream and the geometry of the sealing configuration the minimum sealing air can be estimated. The approximation is based on experimental results performed in a 1.5 stage axial turbine at rotating speeds up to 9000 rpm with different Reynolds numbers 8·105 &lt; Rec1 &lt; 1.5·106 and 4.5·105 &lt; Reu &lt; 8·105 as well as different cooling gas mass flows. In order to get results, regarding the physical phenomena connected to hot gas ingestion, different measurement techniques were applied. Results of CO2 concentration measurements as well as steady pressure measurements are used for the approximation. Different sealing geometries were investigated: 1st a simple axial gap between a flat rotor disk and a flat stator disk, commonly used for industrial gas turbines, 2nd an axial lip of the rim seal on the stator combined with flat rotor disk, often found in aero engine applications, 3rd an axial lip of the rim seal on each stator and rotor and 4th a double lip on stator and single lip on rotor side. The results of Cw,min show very well the linear behavior as in the equation given by Phadke and Owen. Nevertheless the results of the approximation show a strong dependency of the gradient of the Cw,min due to the seal geometry. The gradient of Cw,min of the first geometrical configuration without any sealing lips is about 10 times higher than the gradient of configuration four with altogether 3 sealing lips. The other two configurations are in between these extremes. The result of the 2D–3D approximation with a polynomial equation η=exp∑i=02∑j=02∑k=01(Pi,j,k·(1/Cw)i·Cp1j·Gck) extend the rule of Phadke and Owen. This formulation gives the capability to optimize the sealing mass flow for different sealing configurations.
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Zhongwei, He, and Zhang Shiying. "Lip Separate Flow Blowing and Analysis of Coherence of Inlet." In ASME 1985 Beijing International Gas Turbine Symposium and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-igt-68.

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It is found in the experiments that blowing at the lip separation of the inlet obviously reduces the turbulences at the inlet exit, and apparently reduces the intensity of pressure fluctuations caused by the shock-boundary layer interaction down-stream of throat. The coherence between pressure in the interaction region and total pressure at the exit is also reduced. The coherence between the pressure in the lip separation region and total pressure at the exit is 0.32. If, in addition, there is a stronger shock down-stream of the throat the above mentioned coherence is reduced to 0.06.
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8

HUESER, J., F. BROCK, L. MELFI, JR., and G. BIRD. "Rocket nozzle lip flow by direct simulation Monte Carlo method." In 20th Thermophysics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1985-995.

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Carnevale, Mauro, Jeffrey S. Green, and Luca Di Mare. "Numerical Studies Into Intake Flow for Fan Forcing Assessment." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25772.

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Recent trends in design for civil intakes lead towards shorter diffuser sections, unorthodox installations and more loaded lips. All these features increase the risk of lip stall in flight at incidence or in cross wind and increase the level of forcing seen by the fan blades because of the interaction with non-uniform flow from the intake. In this study we analyze the behavior of prediction tools for intake distortion. In particular we compare the performance of popular turbulence models for standard intake flows and we discuss their behavior on the grounds of their behavior for elementary flows. We conclude our study by comparing forcing and distortion figures of merit from different models.
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Savov, Svilen S., Nicholas R. Atkins, and Sumiu Uchida. "Comparison of Single and Double Lip Rim Seal Geometry." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56317.

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The effect of purge flow, engine-like blade pressure field and mainstream flow coefficient are studied experimentally for a single and double lip rim seal. Compared to the single lip, the double lip seal requires less purge flow for similar levels of cavity seal effectiveness. The double lip seal has both a weaker vane pressure field in the rim seal cavity and a smaller difference in seal effectiveness across the lower lip. The smaller gradient across the lower lip of the double lip seal suggests that it is less sensitive to mainstream-cavity interactions across all length scales. Unlike the double lip seal, the single lip seal is sensitive to overall Reynolds number, the addition of a simulated blade pressure field and large-scale non-uniform ingestion. In both seals, the addition of blades is seen to suppress unsteady activity attributed to shear between the rim seal and mainstream flows. The data suggests that in the case of the single lip seal, the blade pressure field has a more dominant effect in promoting ingress than the unsteadiness it suppresses at an engine-matched flow coefficient. At higher flow coefficients, increased shear between the rim seal cavity flow and the mainstream drives more mixing, reducing the seal effectiveness for both configurations.
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Reports on the topic "Flow lip"

1

McHardy, James David, Elias Davis Clark, Joseph H. Schmidt, and Scott D. Ramsey. Lie groups of variable cross-section channel flow. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1523203.

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Marinelarena-Diaz, Asahel, Melissa Meyerson, Adam Maraschky, and Leo Small. Evaluation of bio-inspired flow fields in a mediated Li-S flow battery for grid energy storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1884907.

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Mueller, C., S. J. Piercey, M. G. Babechuk, and D. Copeland. Stratigraphy and lithogeochemistry of the Goldenville horizon and associated rocks, Baie Verte Peninsula, Newfoundland. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328990.

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The Goldenville horizon in the Baie Verte Peninsula is an important stratigraphic horizon that hosts primary (Cambrian to Ordovician) exhalative magnetite and pyrite and was a chemical trap for younger (Silurian to Devonian) orogenic gold mineralization. The horizon is overlain by basaltic flows and volcaniclastic rocks, is intercalated with variably coloured argillites and cherts, and underlain by mafic volcaniclastic rocks; the entire stratigraphy is cut by younger fine-grained mafic dykes and coarser gabbro. Lithogeochemical signatures of the Goldenville horizon allow it to be divided into high-Fe iron formation (HIF; &amp;gt;50% Fe2O3), low-Fe iron formation (LIF; 15-50% Fe2O3), and argillite with iron minerals (AIF; &amp;lt;15% Fe2O3). These variably Fe-rich rocks have Fe-Ti-Mn-Al systematics consistent with element derivation from varying mineral contributions from hydrothermal venting and ambient detrital sedimentation. Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized rare earth element (REE) signatures for the HIF samples have negative Ce anomalies and patterns similar to modern hydrothermal sediment deposited under oxygenated ocean conditions. The PAAS-normalized REE signatures of LIF samples have positive Ce anomalies, similar to hydrothermal sediment deposited under anoxic to sub-oxic conditions. The paradoxical Ce behaviour is potentially explained by the Mn geochemistry of the LIF samples. The LIF have elevated MnO contents (2.0-7.5 weight %), suggesting that Mn from hydrothermal fluids was oxidized in an oxygenated water column during hydrothermal venting, Mn-oxides then scavenged Ce from seawater, and these Mn-oxides were subsequently deposited in the hydrothermal sediment. The Mn-rich LIF samples with positive Ce anomalies are intercalated with HIF with negative Ce anomalies, both regionally and on a metre scale within drill holes. Thus, the LIF positive Ce anomaly signature may record extended and particle-specific scavenging rather than sub-oxic/redox-stratified marine conditions. Collectively, results suggest that the Cambro-Ordovician Taconic seaway along the Laurentian margin may have been completely or near-completely oxygenated at the time of Goldenville horizon deposition.
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Cohen, Shabtai, Melvin Tyree, Amos Naor, Alan N. Lakso, Terence L. Robinson, and Yehezkiel Cohen. Influence of hydraulic properties of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion graft on water use and productivity of apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7587219.bard.

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This one year exploratory project investigated hydraulic architecture of apple dwarfing rootstocks. The hypothesis was that hydraulic conductance is correlated with rootstock vigor. A previous study of trees on three rootstocks in Israel showed that dwarfed trees used less water than un-dwarfed trees. Analysis showed that if the tree maintains leaf water potentials above minimum values, then this implies that the dwarfed trees have lower leaf conductance, which may also be the cause of dwarfing. The current project studied small 2-year old unworked rootstock trees, and full sized trees bearing commercial yields. In both cases hydraulic conductance was determined with two methods - the non-destructive evaporative flux (EF)-leaf water potential (L WP) method, and a destructive method in which water was forced through the plant at known pressure using the "high pressure flow meter" (HPFM). Detailed work allowed measurement of conductance of the rootstock-scion union. This was achieved both with the HPFM and with the EF-LWP methods, the former in the US and the latter in Israel. Direct measurements of leaf conductance were made, and carbon isotope ratios ( d ¹³ C) were determined for leaves sampled at the end of the season. The latter can indicate sustained differences in leaf conductance behavior. HPFM and EF-LWP methods did not give the same results. In the small plants results were similar in magnitude, but not significantly correlated. In large trees, EF- L WP measurements were a fraction of those obtained with the HPFM. The latter indicates that some of the xylem is not normally functional but transports water when pressurized. Additional experimental work targeted this result. Xylem was stained before and after perfusion with water at high pressure. This showed that at least for one rootstock a significant amount of xylem was blocked before perfusion. The "air method" for determining xylem vessel properties was improved and employed. Length, radius and density of xylem vessels of different rootstocks were found to be similar, and significant differences found were not clearly related to rootstock vigor. Measurements in the commercial orchard in Israel showed that the graft union in a dwarfing rootstock was a large obstacle for water transport (i.e. had a high resistance). This apparently led to low leaf conductance to water vapor, as indicated by lower d ¹³ C, which implies low internal CO ₂ concentrations. In the US orchard, d ¹³ C in 2001 was correlated with rootstock vigor, and significant differences were found in leaf conductance. However, the d ¹³ C differences were not observed in 2002, were opposite to those found in the Israeli orchard, and measurements of the graft union with the HPFM did not find large resistances. We speculate that the graft union is not necessarily a large impediment to water transport unless the scion starts to separate from the rootstock. It was concluded that significant differences in hydraulic conductance exist between different dwarfing rootstocks. These differences may be caused by differences in xylem properties and in the degree of cavitation, as well as resistance in the graft union. However, no general relationship to rootstock vigor was found. Therefore, hydraulic conductance alone cannot explain dwarfing, but may be one of two or more factors that lead to dwarfing. Future work should integrate more factors with hydraulic relations, e.g. nutrient and solute transport and production of hormones.
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King, E. L., A. Normandeau, T. Carson, P. Fraser, C. Staniforth, A. Limoges, B. MacDonald, F. J. Murrillo-Perez, and N. Van Nieuwenhove. Pockmarks, a paleo fluid efflux event, glacial meltwater channels, sponge colonies, and trawling impacts in Emerald Basin, Scotian Shelf: autonomous underwater vehicle surveys, William Kennedy 2022011 cruise report. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331174.

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A short but productive cruise aboard RV William Kennedy tested various new field equipment near Halifax (port of departure and return) but also in areas that could also benefit science understanding. The GSC-A Gavia Autonomous Underwater Vehicle equipped with bathymetric, sidescan and sub-bottom profiler was successfully deployed for the first time on Scotian Shelf science targets. It surveyed three small areas: two across known benthic sponge, Vazella (Russian Hat) within a DFO-directed trawling closure area on the SE flank of Sambro Bank, bordering Emerald Basin, and one across known pockmarks, eroded cone-shaped depression in soft mud due to fluid efflux. The sponge study sites (~ 150 170 m water depth) were known to lie in an area of till (subglacial diamict) exposure at the seabed. The AUV data identified gravel and cobble-rich seabed, registering individual clasts at 35 cm gridded resolution. A subtle variation in seabed texture is recognized in sidescan images, from cobble-rich on ridge crests and flanks, to limited mud-rich sediment in intervening troughs. Correlation between seabed topography and texture with the (previously collected) Vazella distribution along two transects is not straightforward. However there may be a preference for the sponge in the depressions, some of which have a thin but possibly ephemeral sediment cover. Both sponge study sites depict a hereto unknown morphology, carved in glacial deposits, consisting of a series of discontinuous ridges interpreted to be generated by erosion in multiple, continuous, meandering and cross-cutting channels. The morphology is identical to glacial Nye, or mp;lt;"N-mp;lt;"channels, cut by sub-glacial meltwater. However their scale (10 to 100 times mp;lt;"typicalmp;gt;" N-channels) and the unique eroded medium, (till rather than bedrock), presents a rare or unknown size and medium and suggests a continuum in sub-glacial meltwater channels between much larger tunnel valleys, common to the eastward, and the bedrock forms. A comparison is made with coastal Nova Scotia forms in bedrock. The Emerald Basin AUV site, targeting pockmarks was in ~260 to 270 m water depth and imaged eight large and one small pockmark. The main aim was to investigate possible recent or continuous fluid flux activity in light of ocean acidification or greenhouse gas contribution; most accounts to date suggested inactivity. While a lack of common attributes marking activity is confirmed, creep or rotational flank failure is recognized, as is a depletion of buried diffuse methane immediately below the seabed features. Discovery of a second, buried, pockmark horizon, with smaller but more numerous erosive cones and no spatial correlation to the buried diffuse gas or the seabed pockmarks, indicates a paleo-event of fluid or gas efflux; general timing and possible mechanisms are suggested. The basinal survey also registered numerous otter board trawl marks cutting the surficial mud from past fishing activity. The AUV data present a unique dataset for follow-up quantification of the disturbance. Recent realization that this may play a significant role in ocean acidification on a global scale can benefit from such disturbance quantification. The new pole-mounted sub-bottom profiler collected high quality data, enabling correlation of recently recognized till ridges exposed at the seabed as they become buried across the flank and base of the basin. These, along with the Nye channels, will help reconstruct glacial behavior and flow patterns which to date are only vaguely documented. Several cores provide the potential for stratigraphic dating of key horizons and will augment Holocene environmental history investigations by a Dalhousie University student. In summary, several unique features have been identified, providing sufficient field data for further compilation, analysis and follow-up publications.
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