Journal articles: 'Flow-like landslides'

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Mazzanti, P., and F. Bozzano. "An equivalent fluid/equivalent medium approach for the numerical simulation of coastal landslides propagation: theory and case studies." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 6 (November 25, 2009): 1941–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1941-2009.

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Abstract. Coastal and subaqueous landslides can be very dangerous phenomena since they are characterised by the additional risk of induced tsunamis, unlike their completely-subaerial counterparts. Numerical modelling of landslides propagation is a key step in forecasting the consequences of landslides. In this paper, a novel approach named Equivalent Fluid/Equivalent Medium (EFEM) has been developed. It adapts common numerical models and software that were originally designed for subaerial landslides in order to simulate the propagation of combined subaerial-subaqueous and completely-subaqueous landslides. Drag and buoyancy forces, the loss of energy at the landslide-water impact and peculiar mechanisms like hydroplaning can be suitably simulated by this approach; furthermore, the change in properties of the landslide's mass, which is encountered at the transition from the subaerial to the submerged environment, can be taken into account. The approach has been tested by modelling two documented coastal landslides (a debris flow and a rock slide at Lake Albano) using the DAN-W code. The results, which were achieved from the back-analyses, demonstrate the efficacy of the approach to simulate the propagation of different types of coastal landslides.

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Niculiţǎ, Mihai. "Automatic landslide length and width estimation based on the geometric processing of the bounding box and the geomorphometric analysis of DEMs." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 8 (August 30, 2016): 2021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2021-2016.

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Abstract. The morphology of landslides is influenced by the slide/flow of the material downslope. Usually, the distance of the movement of the material is greater than the width of the displaced material (especially for flows, but also the majority of slides); the resulting landslides have a greater length than width. In some specific geomorphologic environments (monoclinic regions, with cuesta landforms type) or as is the case for some types of landslides (translational slides, bank failures, complex landslides), for the majority of landslides, the distance of the movement of the displaced material can be smaller than its width; thus the landslides have a smaller length than width. When working with landslide inventories containing both types of landslides presented above, the analysis of the length and width of the landslides computed using usual geographic information system techniques (like bounding boxes) can be flawed. To overcome this flaw, I present an algorithm which uses both the geometry of the landslide polygon minimum oriented bounding box and a digital elevation model of the landslide topography for identifying the long vs. wide landslides. I tested the proposed algorithm for a landslide inventory which covers 131.1 km2 of the Moldavian Plateau, eastern Romania. This inventory contains 1327 landslides, of which 518 were manually classified as long and 809 as wide. In a first step, the difference in elevation of the length and width of the minimum oriented bounding box is used to separate long landslides from wide landslides (long landslides having the greatest elevation difference along the length of the bounding box). In a second step, the long landslides are checked as to whether their length is greater than the length of flow downslope (estimated with a flow-routing algorithm), in which case the landslide is classified as wide. By using this approach, the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve value for the classification of the long vs. wide landslides is 87.8 %. An intensive review of the misclassified cases and the challenges of the proposed algorithm is made, and discussions are included about the prospects of improving the approach with further steps, to reduce the number of misclassifications.

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K.C., Jharendra, Deepak Gautam, Purushottam Neupane, and Kabi Raj Paudyal. "Landslide inventory mapping and assessment along the Ramche-Jharlang area in Dhading, Rasuwa and Nuwakot districts, Lesser Himalaya Central Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 55, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v55i1.22798.

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Landslides that are the major hazards, are concentrated along the river valley, road cut sections, cultivated lands and geologically adverse areas like fault zones, incompetent lithology, steep slopes and overhanging cliffs. Present study represents a small part of the Mahabharat Range within the Lesser Himalaya, where landslide inventory mapping was carried out in the Ramche-Jharlang area because it consists of numerous small to large landslides affecting ecology and society. The main objectives were to delineate both present and past landslides with their characters (geometry, geology, hydrogeology, slope geometry, triggering causes of landslides and their impacts) focusing on the present propagating trends in terms of its cause. The field investigation was carried out by field work in the landslide occurring areas, visual inspection, satellite image analysis, photographical analysis, interaction and interview with the locals and the affected groups. The study reveals nail scratching outlook in most of the hills. The slope failures were debris flow, debris slide, mud flow and deep-seated creeps. The Ramche landslide in the eastern part to the Jharlan-Chhyamthali in the western part, have been devastating and active now and then causing huge casualties. The utmost reasons for occurring small to large scale landslides are inherently weak geological setting along with some adverse geological structures in addition to the triggering factors like concentrated precipitation and earthquakes. Systematic landslide hazard mapping and mitigation measures based on the cause and consequences during the planning and construction stages of infrastructures are fundamental steps to reduce loss from landslide disaster in the region.

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Pánek, Tomáš, Veronika Smolková, Jan Hradecký, Ivo Baroň, and Karel Šilhán. "Holocene reactivations of catastrophic complex flow-like landslides in the Flysch Carpathians (Czech Republic/Slovakia)." Quaternary Research 80, no. 1 (July 2013): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.03.009.

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Complex flow-like landslides (CFLLs) are important geomorphic agents of Late Quaternary mountain evolution in the Flysch Belt of the Outer Western Carpathians. The CFLLs are characterised by the upper section of deep-seated, retrogressive landslide of structurally unfavourably oriented rocks and lower sections composed of earthflows originated due to liquefaction of material accumulated from the upper slopes. Radiocarbon dating of organic matter incorporated into landslide debris or related deposits suggests that most of the CFLLs collapsed repeatedly throughout the Holocene with typical recurrence intervals of approximately 1–2 ka. Catastrophic landslides that occurred during extreme hydrometeorological events in recent decades displayed evidence of Holocene activity. Most of the CFLLs dammed and steepened adjacent valleys. Our chronological dataset is biased by erosion of older landforms, but most of the dated reactivations correlate to regional increases in humidity identified by previous paleoenvironmetal studies.

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Jia, Wei-Jie, Meng-Fei Wang, Cheng-Hu Zhou, and Qing-Hua Yang. "Analysis of the spatial association of geographical detector-based landslides and environmental factors in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, China." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): e0251776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251776.

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Steep canyons surrounded by high mountains resulting from large-scale landslides characterize the study area located in the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. A total of 1766 large landslides were identified based on integrated remote sensing interpretations utilizing multisource satellite images and topographic data that were dominated by 3 major regional categories, namely, rockslides, rock falls, and flow-like landslides. The geographical detector method was applied to quantitatively unveil the spatial association between the landslides and 12 environmental factors through computation of the q values based on spatially stratified heterogeneity. Meanwhile, a certainty factor (CF) model was used for comparison. The results indicate that the q values of the 12 influencing factors vary obviously, and the dominant factors are also different for the 3 types of landslides, with annual mean precipitation (AMP) being the dominant factor for rockslide distribution, elevation being the dominant factor for rock fall distribution and lithology being the dominant factor for flow-like distribution. Integrating the results of the factor detector and ecological detector, the AMP, annual mean temperature (AMT), elevation, river density, fault distance and lithology have a stronger influence on the spatial distribution of landslides than other factors. Furthermore, the factor interactions can significantly enhance their interpretability of landslides, and the top 3 dominant interactions were revealed. Based on statistics of landslide discrepancies with respect to diverse stratification of each factor, the high-risk zones were identified for 3 types of landslides, and the results were contrasted with the CF model. In conclusion, our method provides an objective framework for landslide prevention and mitigation through quantitative, spatial and statistical analyses in regions with complex terrain.

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Zhao, Hu, and Julia Kowalski. "Topographic uncertainty quantification for flow-like landslide models via stochastic simulations." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 5 (May 26, 2020): 1441–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1441-2020.

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Abstract. Digital elevation models (DEMs) representing topography are an essential input for computational models capable of simulating the run-out of flow-like landslides. Yet, DEMs are often subject to error, a fact that is mostly overlooked in landslide modeling. We address this research gap and investigate the impact of topographic uncertainty on landslide run-out models. In particular, we will describe two different approaches to account for DEM uncertainty, namely unconditional and conditional stochastic simulation methods. We investigate and discuss their feasibility, as well as whether DEM uncertainty represented by stochastic simulations critically affects landslide run-out simulations. Based upon a historic flow-like landslide event in Hong Kong, we present a series of computational scenarios to compare both methods using our modular Python-based workflow. Our results show that DEM uncertainty can significantly affect simulation-based landslide run-out analyses, depending on how well the underlying flow path is captured by the DEM, as well as on further topographic characteristics and the DEM error's variability. We further find that, in the absence of systematic bias in the DEM, a performant root-mean-square-error-based unconditional stochastic simulation yields similar results to a computationally intensive conditional stochastic simulation that takes actual DEM error values at reference locations into account. In all other cases the unconditional stochastic simulation overestimates the variability in the DEM error, which leads to an increase in the potential hazard area as well as extreme values of dynamic flow properties.

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Crosta, G. B., and P. Frattini. "Distributed modelling of shallow landslides triggered by intense rainfall." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 1/2 (April 30, 2003): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-81-2003.

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Abstract. Hazard assessment of shallow landslides represents an important aspect of land management in mountainous areas. Among all the methods proposed in the literature, physically based methods are the only ones that explicitly includes the dynamic factors that control landslide triggering (rainfall pattern, land-use). For this reason, they allow forecasting both the temporal and the spatial distribution of shallow landslides. Physically based methods for shallow landslides are based on the coupling of the infinite slope stability analysis with hydrological models. Three different grid-based distributed hydrological models are presented in this paper: a steady state model, a transient "piston-flow" wetting front model, and a transient diffusive model. A comparative test of these models was performed to simulate landslide occurred during a rainfall event (27–28 June 1997) that triggered hundreds of shallow landslides within Lecco province (central Southern Alps, Italy). In order to test the potential for a completely distributed model for rainfall-triggered landslides, radar detected rainfall intensity has been used. A new procedure for quantitative evaluation of distributed model performance is presented and used in this paper. The diffusive model results in the best model for the simulation of shallow landslide triggering after a rainfall event like the one that we have analysed. Finally, radar data available for the June 1997 event permitted greatly improving the simulation. In particular, radar data allowed to explain the non-uniform distribution of landslides within the study area.

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Crosta, G. B., S. Imposimato, and D. G. Roddeman. "Numerical modelling of large landslides stability and runout." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 31, 2003): 523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-523-2003.

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Abstract. Modelling of flow-like landslides is one of the possible approaches that can be used to simulate landslide instability and flow development. Models based on continuum mechanics and associated with a versatile rheological model are usually preferred to predict landslide runout and relevant parameters. A different approach has been used in this research. We have developed a 2-D/3-D finite element code to analyse slope stability and to model runout of mass movements characterised by very large displacements. The idea was to be able to use different material laws already known, tested and verified for granular materials. The implemented materials laws include classical elasto-plasticity, with a linear elastic part and different applicable yield surfaces with associated and non-associated flow rules. The application of Finite Element methods to model landslide run-out, contrasts previous research where typically depth-averaged equivalent-fluid approaches were adopted. The code has been applied to the simulation of large rock avalanches and rapid dry flows in different materials and under different geological and geomorphological conditions.

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Bao, Yangjuan, Yu Huang, G. R. Liu, and Wei Zeng. "SPH Simulation of High-Volume Rapid Landslides Triggered by Earthquakes Based on a Unified Constitutive Model. Part II: Solid–Liquid-Like Phase Transition and Flow-Like Landslides." International Journal of Computational Methods 17, no. 04 (November 29, 2019): 1850149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876218501499.

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High-volume fast-moving landslides undergo a solid–liquid-like phase transition. In this study we apply the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to simulate the solid–liquid-like phase transition in earthquake-induced landslides based on a unified constitutive model. The feasibility analysis is carried out from two aspects: the governing equations in SPH and the unified constitutive model. A sand-collapse experiment simulating the fluidization motion is performed to verify the SPH model. Strong similarities between the SPH results and the experimental results are observed, confirming that the motion of geo-materials in different states can be simulated by the unified constitutive model. The entire process of the Tangjiashan landslide is reproduced. The SPH simulation shows that during the initiation process, the sliding-mass velocity was low as the geo-materials were in solid state. As shown in Part I of this study, a continuous slip surface formed at about 15[Formula: see text]s. The sliding body gains speed as it enters the fluid state. About 50[Formula: see text]s later, the mass gradually stops moving, reaches a steady state and returns to a solid phase. Besides, the SPH simulation based on elastic–plastic model clearly shows the advantage of the proposed model.

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10

Carrière, S. R., D. Jongmans, G. Chambon, G. Bièvre, B. Lanson, L. Bertello, M. Berti, M. Jaboyedoff, J. P. Malet, and J. E. Chambers. "Rheological properties of clayey soils originating from flow-like landslides." Landslides 15, no. 8 (March 12, 2018): 1615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0972-6.

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11

Kushal, M., and Sangita Deb Barman. "Kodagu disaster (Floods - Emphasis on Catchment Fragmentation Index and unscientific land usage) analysis using GIS." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1032, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1032/1/012036.

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Abstract India is a densely populated country, natural hazards like floods and landslides cause a great impact on peoples’ life and property as well. The floods and landslides in Kodagu, Karnataka was not only because of unexpected heavy rain but has various man-made causes like unscientific land-usage modifications. This unscientific land usage and linear constructions like roads railways, etc. have caused catchment fragmentation, hindered or blocked the natural streamflow, and resulted in localized water stagnation, resulting in floods and landslides. This paper defines an index-catchment fragmentation index to generalize the causes of both unscientific land usage and linear constructions (mainly roads). Catchment fragmentation causes variations in soil moisture content, flow path, flow velocity, flow connectivity, as well as on concentration time. This paperuses the Multi-Criteria Decision Making-Analytical hierarchy process (MCDM-AHP) to create a flood hazard zonation map and also aims at predicting the hazard and vulnerability zones and hence triesto guide on correcting the unscientific land usages.

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Uzielli, Marco, Guido Rianna, Fabio Ciervo, Paola Mercogliano, and Unni K. Eidsvig. "Temporal evolution of flow-like landslide hazard for a road infrastructure in the municipality of Nocera Inferiore (southern Italy) under the effect of climate change." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 3019–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-3019-2018.

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Abstract. In recent years, flow-like landslides have extensively affected pyroclastic covers in the Campania region in southern Italy, causing human suffering and conspicuous economic damages. Due to the high criticality of the area, a proper assessment of future variations in event occurrences due to expected climate changes is crucial. The study assesses the temporal variation in flow-like landslide hazard for a section of the A3 “Salerno–Napoli” motorway, which runs across the toe of the Monte Albino relief in the Nocera Inferiore municipality. Hazard is estimated spatially depending on (1) the likelihood of rainfall-induced event occurrence within the study area and (2) the probability that the any specific location in the study area will be affected during the runout. The probability of occurrence of an event is calculated through the application of Bayesian theory. Temporal variations due to climate change are estimated up to the year 2100 through an ensemble of high-resolution climate projections, accounting for current uncertainties in the characterization of variations in rainfall patterns. Reach probability, or defining the probability that a given spatial location is affected by flow-like landslides, is calculated spatially based on a distributed empirical model. The outputs of the study predict substantial increases in occurrence probability over time for two different scenarios of future socioeconomic growth and atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases.

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Picarelli, Luciano, Lucio Olivares, Salvatore Lampitiello, Reza Darban, and Emilia Damiano. "The Undrained Behaviour of an Air-Fall Volcanic Ash." Geosciences 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020060.

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Pyroclastic soils are widespread in the world. In particular, they cover a great part of Campania, a densely populated country of Southern Italy, where some distinct volcanic centers are present. In these soils, precipitations can trigger fast flow-like landslides causing destruction and loss of human lives. The movement style, the high velocity and the long run-out of these landslides are an indication of the occurrence, in the saturated soil mass, of mechanisms of undrained instability due to the inability of soil to sustain the deviator stress related to the slope condition. This paper reports the results of a wide experimental laboratory program carried out on a volcanic ash, which recently has been the seat of a killer landslide, stressing the factors that govern the undrained response of these materials.

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Crosta, G. B., S. Imposimato, D. Roddeman, S. Chiesa, and F. Moia. "Small fast-moving flow-like landslides in volcanic deposits: The 2001 Las Colinas Landslide (El Salvador)." Engineering Geology 79, no. 3-4 (July 2005): 185–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.01.014.

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Wang, Liang, Filippo Zaniboni, Stefano Tinti, and Xue Zhang. "Reconstruction of the 1783 Scilla landslide, Italy: numerical investigations on the flow-like behaviour of landslides." Landslides 16, no. 6 (March 1, 2019): 1065–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01151-5.

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Pajalić, Sara, Josip Peranić, Sandra Maksimović, Nina Čeh, Vedran Jagodnik, and Željko Arbanas. "Monitoring and Data Analysis in Small-Scale Landslide Physical Model." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 29, 2021): 5040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115040.

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Physical modeling of landslides using scaled landslide models began in the 1970s in Japan at scaled natural slope physical models. Laboratory experiments of landslide behavior in scaled physical models (also known as flume or flume test) started in the 1980s and 1990s in Canada, Japan, and Australia under 1 g conditions. The main purpose of the landslide physical modeling in the last 25 years was research of initiation, motion, and accumulation of fast flow-like landslides caused by infiltration of water in a slope. In October 2018, at the Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Rijeka, started a four-year research project “Physical modeling of landslide remediation constructions’ behavior under static and seismic actions” funded by the Croatian Science Foundation. This paper presents an overview of the methods and monitoring equipment used in the physical models of a sandy slope exposed to artificial rainfall. Landslide development was monitored by observation of volumetric water content and acceleration as well as by observations of surface displacement by means of high-speed stereo cameras, terrestrial laser scanning, and structure-from-motion photogrammetry. Some of the preliminary results of the initial series of experiments are presented, and advantages and disadvantages of the used equipment are discussed.

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Xia, Xilin, Runqiu Huang, Qiuhua Liang, and Bin Yu. "A New Physically-Based Simulation Framework for Modelling Flow-Like Landslides." International Journal of Geohazards and Environment 1, no. 3 (2015): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/ijge.2015.03.012.

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Liang, Dongfang, Xuzhen He, and Jing-xin Zhang. "An ISPH model for flow-like landslides and interaction with structures." Journal of Hydrodynamics 29, no. 5 (October 2017): 894–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6058(16)60802-8.

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Scognamiglio, Solange, Angelo Basile, Domenico Calcaterra, Michela Iamarino, Giuliano Langella, Pierpaolo Moretti, Simona Vingiani, and Fabio Terribile. "Andic soils and flow-like landslides: Cause-effect evidence from Italy." Land Degradation & Development 30, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3199.

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Chen, Y. K., Y. T. Lin, H. Y. Yen, N. H. Chang, H. M. Lin, K. H. Yang, C. S. Chen, et al. "INTEGRATING INSAR INFORMATION AND SPATIAL-TEMPORAL FACTORS IN MACHINE LEARNING ANALYSIS FOR LANDSLIDE PREDICTION – A CASE STUDY FOR PROVINCIAL HIGHWAY 18 AREA IN TAIWAN." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2022 (May 30, 2022): 1091–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2022-1091-2022.

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Abstract. Taiwan is located in subtropical monsoon area and Pacific Ring of Fire. Both the rate of crustal uplift and annual rainfall are among the highest in the world. Earthquakes and heavy rainfall have led to massive landslides and debris flow. Frequent disasters and the high rate of surface erosion have caused drastic changes in river topography and catchment areas, and, consequently, have impacted the safety of human lives. To mitigate the losses, better simulation and prediction of landslides are critical. Existing landslide prediction research works employed terrain, geology, rainfall, earthquakes and human activities as landslide triggering factors in the predicting model. In addition to aforementioned environmental conditions, this study would like to explore the use of SAR differential interferometry (InSAR) information to help observe characteristics of the slope movement behavior, which is also an important factor. Factors are analyzed and quantified on the basis of slope units. To confirm the applicability of selected factors to landslide, factors are firstly analyzed with Spearman correlation, and then those with higher correlations are incorporated into the prediction model. Machine learning based techniques are then employed to establish the prediction model. The experiment result demonstrates that InSAR information can improve the accuracy by more than 5% in landslide prediction.

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Janin, Alexandre, Mathieu Rodriguez, Dimitris Sakellariou, Vasilis Lykousis, and Christian Gorini. "Tsunamigenic potential of a Holocene submarine landslide along the North Anatolian Fault (northern Aegean Sea, off Thasos island): insights from numerical modelling." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-121-2019.

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Abstract. The North Anatolian Fault in the northern Aegean Sea triggers frequent earthquakes of magnitudes up to Mw∼7. This seismicity can be a source of modest tsunamis for the surrounding coastlines with less than 50 cm height according to numerical modelling and analysis of tsunami deposits. However, other tsunami sources may be involved, like submarine landslides. We assess the severity of this potential hazard by performing numerical simulations of tsunami generation and propagation from a Holocene landslide (1.85 km3 in volume) identified off Thasos. We use a model coupling the simulation of the submarine landslide, assimilated to a granular flow, to the propagation of the tsunami wave. The results of these simulations show that a tsunami wave of water height between 1.10 and 1.65 m reaches the coastline at Alexandroupoli (58 000 inhabitants) 1 h after the triggering of the landslide. In the same way, tsunami waves of water height between 0.80 and 2.00 m reach the coastline of the Athos peninsula 9 min after the triggering of the landslide. Despite numerous earthquakes of Mw>7 and strong detrital input (on the order of 30 cm ka−1), only a few Holocene landslides have been recognized so far, asking for tsunami recurrence in this area.

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Morino, Costanza, Susan J. Conway, Matthew R. Balme, Jón Kristinn Helgason, Þorsteinn Sæmundsson, Colm Jordan, John Hillier, and Tom Argles. "The impact of ground-ice thaw on landslide geomorphology and dynamics: two case studies in northern Iceland." Landslides 18, no. 8 (May 4, 2021): 2785–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01661-1.

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AbstractAs consequence of ongoing climate change, permafrost degradation is thought to be increasingly affecting slope stability in periglacial environments. This is of growing concern in Iceland, where in the last decade, permafrost degradation has been identified among the triggering factors of landslides. The role of ground ice in conditioning the morphology and dynamics of landslides involving loose deposits is poorly understood. We show the geomorphological impact of the Móafellshyrna and Árnesfjall landslides that recently occurred in ice-cemented talus deposits in northern Iceland. Using field and aerial remote-sensing measurements of the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the landslides, we assess the influence of thawing ground ice on their propagation style and dynamics. The two mass movements are complex and are similar to rock- and debris-ice avalanches, changing trajectory and exhibiting evidence of transitioning their style of motion from a dry granular mass to a debris flow-like movement via multiple pulses. We infer that the thawing of ground ice together with the entrainment of saturated material provided the extra fluid causing this change in dynamics. The hazardous consequences of permafrost degradation will increasingly affect mountain regions in the future, and ground-ice thaw in steep terrain is a particularly hazardous phenomenon, as it may induce unexpected long-runout failures and can cause slope instability to continue even after the landslide event. Our study expands our knowledge of how landslides develop in unstable ice-cemented deposits and will aid assessment and mitigation of the hazard that they pose in Iceland and other mountainous periglacial areas.

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Cuomo, Sabatino, Manuel Pastor, Vittoria Capobianco, and Leonardo Cascini. "Modelling the space–time evolution of bed entrainment for flow-like landslides." Engineering Geology 212 (September 2016): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.07.011.

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Basnet, Keshav, Dhruba Wagle, Sagar Bhattarai, and Biwas Babu Sadadev. "Analysis of Slope Stability for Kaande Landslide of Phewa Watershed, Pokhara, Nepal." Technical Journal 2, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tj.v2i1.32823.

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Phewa watershed of Kaski, Nepal is constantly facing landslides and soil erosion problems. Andheri Khola sub-basin of Phewa watershed accounts the maximum amount of sediment inflow into Phewa Lake. Therefore Kaande Landslide of Andheri Khola sub-basin, located between Deurali and Paundur villages at the source zone of Andheri Khola is chosen for the slope stabilization to control the sediment flow. The main objective of the study was to analyze the slope stability condition of the landslide area for which the whole landslide area was divided into eight zones starting from the crown to the toe based on the major parameters like soil/rock type, slope inclination, spring source and surface water on the basis of field observation. The factor of safety of each zone was calculated based on stability analysis of an infinite slope of cohesive soils. Sieve analysis result shows the landslide area has coarse grained structure (gravel and sand) dominant. The factor of safety of the landslide was found to be from 0.281 to 0.710. The field assessment and factor of safety reveals the Kaande landslide to be unstable and further possibilities of landslides and soil erosion in the future. For mitigating the hazard, eco-friendly soil bio-engineering measures such as direct seeding of grasses/shrubs, grasses/shrubs/trees plantation, brush layering, and gabion wire bolster cylinders are recommended for slope stabilization based on the optimal techniques guidelines of Mercy Corps Nepal, 2014. It is recommended to apply the proposed mitigation measures as early as possible to prevent the further landslide hazard.

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Yu, Miao, Yu Huang, Wenbin Deng, and Hualin Cheng. "Forecasting landslide mobility using an SPH model and ring shear strength tests: a case study." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 3343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-3343-2018.

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Abstract. Flow-like landslides, such as flow slides and debris avalanches, have caused serious infrastructure damage and casualties for centuries. Effective numerical simulation incorporating accurate soil mechanical parameters is essential for predicting post-failure landslide mobility. In this study, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) incorporating soil ring shear test results were used to forecast the long-runout mobility for a landslide on an unstable slope in China. First, a series of ring shear tests under different axial stresses and shear velocities were conducted to evaluate the residual shear strength of slip zones after extensive shear deformation. Based on the ring shear test results, SPH modeling was conducted to predict the post-failure mobility of a previously identified unstable slope. The results indicate that the landslide would cut a fire service road on the slope after 12 s and cover an expressway at the foot of that slope after 36 s. In the model, the landslide would finally stop sliding about 38 m beyond the foot of the slope after 200 s. This study extends the application of the SPH model from disaster simulations to predictive analysis of unstable landslide. In addition, two sets of comparative calculations were carried out which demonstrate the robustness of the SPH method.

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Hungr, Oldrich. "Numerical modelling of the motion of rapid, flow-like landslides for hazard assessment." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 4 (June 24, 2009): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-009-0281-7.

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Pastor, M., B. Haddad, G. Sorbino, S. Cuomo, and V. Drempetic. "A depth-integrated, coupled SPH model for flow-like landslides and related phenomena." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 33, no. 2 (June 4, 2008): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.705.

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Yang, H. Q., S. G. Xing, Q. Wang, and Z. Li. "Model test on the entrainment phenomenon and energy conversion mechanism of flow-like landslides." Engineering Geology 239 (May 2018): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.03.023.

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Lupiano, Valeria, Guillermo E. Machado, Lorena P. Molina, Gino M. Crisci, and Salvatore Di Gregorio. "Simulations of flow-like landslides invading urban areas: a cellular automata approach with SCIDDICA." Natural Computing 17, no. 3 (July 21, 2017): 553–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11047-017-9632-3.

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Shen, Wei, Tong-lu Li, Matteo Berti, Ping Li, Yu-lu Lei, and Yue-qiang Shen. "Numerical modeling of bed deposition in rapid flow-like landslides: a case study of the Gaolou landslide in Shaanxi Province, China." Journal of Mountain Science 18, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6164-6.

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Manenti, Sauro, Andrea Amicarelli, Nunziarita Palazzolo, Massimiliano Bordoni, Enrico Creaco, and Claudia Meisina. "Post-Failure Dynamics of Rainfall-Induced Landslide in Oltrepò Pavese." Water 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2020): 2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092555.

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Prediction of landslide hazard risk at hill slope induced by intense rainfall requires the appropriate modeling of the interactions between soil and weather phenomena, leading to failure as well as a reliable prediction of post-failure dynamics. In the peculiar case of fast shallow landslides behaving like dense granular flows, a suitable modeling approach for large and rapid deformations is necessary to estimate potential related damage. The impact force exerted by the leading edge of the earth-flow on the downstream structure should be estimated for both damage prediction and design of effective protection measures. In this paper, a free open source 3D research code based on standard weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method is validated by modeling a full-scale rainfall-induced shallow landslide which occurred in Oltrepò Pavese (Northern Italy). The code allows resolving the vertical velocity gradients, potentially providing a more reliable representation of the landslide dynamics and impact force. Mechanical parameters are consistent with average soil characteristics, avoiding calibration analysis. The final landslide profile is compared with an experimental survey for model validation, showing good fit. Influence of uncertainties of geotechnical parameters on the landslide front velocity and impact force on the downstream wall is evaluated.

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Hungr, Oldrich, S. G. Evans, M. J. Bovis, and J. N. Hutchinson. "A review of the classification of landslides of the flow type." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.7.3.221.

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Abstract As a result of the widespread use of the landslide classifications of Varnes (1978), and Hutchinson (1988), certain terms describing common types of flow-like mass movements have become entrenched in the language of engineering geology. Example terms include debris flow, debris avalanche and mudslide. Here, more precise definitions of the terms are proposed, which would allow the terms to be retained with their original meanings while making their application less ambiguous. A new division of landslide materials is proposed, based on genetic and morphological aspects rather than arbitrary grain-size limits. The basic material groups include sorted materials: gravel, sand, silt, and clay, unsorted materials: debris, earth and mud, peat and rock. Definitions are proposed for relatively slow non-liquefied sand or gravel flows, extremely rapid sand, silt or debris flow slides accompanied by liquefaction, clay flow slides involving extra-sensitive clays, peat flows, slow to rapid earth flows in nonsensitive plastic clays, debris flows which occur in steep established channels or gullies, mud flows considered as cohesive debris flows, debris floods involving massive sediment transport at limited discharges, debris avalanches which occur on open hill slopes and rock avalanches formed by large scale failures of bedrock.

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Santangelo, Nicoletta, Giovanni Forte, Melania De Falco, Giovanni Battista Chirico, and Antonio Santo. "New insights on rainfall triggering flow-like landslides and flash floods in Campania (Southern Italy)." Landslides 18, no. 8 (April 24, 2021): 2923–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01667-9.

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Su, Xiaoli, Xilin Xia, Qiuhua Liang, and Jingming Hou. "A coupled discrete element and depth-averaged model for dynamic simulation of flow-like landslides." Computers and Geotechnics 141 (January 2022): 104537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104537.

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Shen, Wei, Tonglu Li, Ping Li, Matteo Berti, Yueqiang Shen, and Jian Guo. "A two-layer numerical model for simulating the frontal plowing phenomenon of flow-like landslides." Engineering Geology 259 (September 2019): 105168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105168.

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Hu, Man, M. B. Liu, M. W. Xie, and G. R. Liu. "Three-dimensional run-out analysis and prediction of flow-like landslides using smoothed particle hydrodynamics." Environmental Earth Sciences 73, no. 4 (August 3, 2014): 1629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3513-1.

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Di Napoli, Mariano, Palmira Marsiglia, Diego Di Martire, Massimo Ramondini, Silvia Liberata Ullo, and Domenico Calcaterra. "Landslide Susceptibility Assessment of Wildfire Burnt Areas through Earth-Observation Techniques and a Machine Learning-Based Approach." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152505.

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Climate change has increased the likelihood of the occurrence of disasters like wildfires, floods, storms, and landslides worldwide in the last years. Weather conditions change continuously and rapidly, and wildfires are occurring repeatedly and diffusing with higher intensity. The burnt catchments are known, in many parts of the world, as one of the main sensitive areas to debris flows characterized by different trigger mechanisms (runoff-initiated and debris slide-initiated debris flow). The large number of studies produced in recent decades has shown how the response of a watershed to precipitation can be extremely variable, depending on several on-site conditions, as well as the characteristics of precipitation duration and intensity. Moreover, the availability of satellite data has significantly improved the ability to identify the areas affected by wildfires, and, even more importantly, to carry out post-fire assessment of burnt areas. Many difficulties have to be faced in attempting to assess landslide risk in burnt areas, which present a higher likelihood of occurrence; in densely populated neighbourhoods, human activities can be the cause of the origin of the fires. The latter is, in fact, one of the main operations used by man to remove vegetation along slopes in an attempt to claim new land for pastures or construction purposes. Regarding the study area, the Camaldoli and Agnano hill (Naples, Italy) fires seem to act as a predisposing factor, while the triggering factor is usually represented by precipitation. Eleven predisposing factors were chosen and estimated according to previous knowledge of the territory and a database consisting of 400 landslides was adopted. The present work aimed to expand the knowledge of the relationship existing between the triggering of landslides and burnt areas through the following phases: (1) Processing of the thematic maps of the burnt areas through band compositions of satellite images; and (2) landslide susceptibility assessment through the application of a new statistical approach (machine learning techniques). The analysis has the scope to support decision makers and local agencies in urban planning and safety monitoring of the environment.

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McDougall, Scott. "2014 Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Landslide runout analysis — current practice and challenges." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 5 (May 2017): 605–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0104.

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Flow-like landslides, such as debris flows and rock avalanches, travel at extremely rapid velocities and can impact large areas far from their source. When hazards like these are identified, runout analyses are often needed to delineate potential inundation areas, estimate risks, and design mitigation structures. A variety of tools and methods have been developed for these purposes, ranging from simple empirical–statistical correlations to advanced three-dimensional computer models. This paper provides an overview of the tools and methods that are currently available and discusses some of the main challenges that are currently being addressed by researchers, including the need for better guidance in the selection of model input parameter values, the challenge of translating model results into vulnerability estimates, the problem with too much initial spreading in the simulation of certain types of landslides, the challenge of accounting for sudden channel obstructions in the simulation of debris flows, and the sensitivity of models to topographic resolution and filtering methods.

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Cui, Binghui, and Liaojun Zhang. "Application of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) for the Simulation of Flow-Like Landslides on 3D Terrains." Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 135, no. 1 (2023): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2022.022309.

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Baker, James. "Scanning geophysical hazards." Europhysics News 51, no. 2 (March 2020): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2020201.

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Granular physics, the study of how collections of macroscopic particles behave en masse, helps us to model geophysical hazards like snow avalanches and landslides. Before placing trust in any predictions, we need a complete picture of how opaque grains flow. X-ray technologies provide an unobtrusive means to see beyond the surface. Whereas classical tomography does not work for moving samples, new dynamic X-ray approaches can handle genuinely flowing regimes, offering fresh insight.

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Sano, Osamu. "Viscous flow and collapse of macroscopic cavities in a granular material in terms of a Darcylet." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2174 (June 8, 2020): 20190527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0527.

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Viscous flow through a granular material that has a macroscopic cavity is obtained on the basis of the Stokes and the generalized Darcy’s equation. A new singularity termed ‘Darcylet’, a fundamental flow in the granular material that acts like a point force with negative direction, is proposed, which is applied to elucidate the interaction of two cavities. Depending on the configuration of the latter, the volume flux into the cavity increases, which enhances the local stresses on the boundary, causes the collapse of cavities and triggers landslides. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (Part 1)’.

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Ramos Scharron, Carlos E., Efrain E. Alicea, Yasiel Figueroa Sanchez, Matthew C. LaFevor, Preston McLaughlin, Lee H. MacDonald, Kynoch Reale-Munroe, Edivaldo L. Thomaz, and Roberto Viqueira Rios. "Three Decades of Road and Trail Runoff andErosion Work in the Northeastern Caribbean –a Research Program Perspective." Journal of the ASABE 66, no. 1 (2023): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ja.15078.

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Highlights The infiltration capacities of unsurfaced roadways are frequently exceeded by rain intensity, promoting overland flow. Erosion rates from unsurfaced roadways and cut slopes are 101 to 104 times greater than on undisturbed hillslopes. Roads in steep, subtropical wet terranes may increase landslide erosion by a factor of 5 relative to areas without roads. The hydro-geomorphic impact of roads is so prominent that they must be explicitly considered in watershed assessments. ABSTRACT. Erosion is a key environmental concern in the northeastern Caribbean because it can diminish soil productivity, damage infrastructure, and threaten human life. Additionally, sediment released by erosion can be delivered to streams where it can degrade water quality and aquatic habitat, reduce reservoir storage capacity, and threaten critical marine resources such as sea grass beds and coral reefs. Road erosion has been a concern in the region since the 1990s, and a considerable body of research has been conducted over the last ~30 years. This article reviews the key findings and identifies additional research needs. In some tropical dry coastal watersheds of the US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, unpaved roads and foot or off-road vehicle trails are the primary sediment sources. Watershed scale sediment production rates in these tropical dry settings are 0.3 to 3.7 Mg ha-1 yr-1, depending on unpaved road density, and these are 3 to 40 times greater than under undisturbed conditions. In wetter settings, like the forested and actively cultivated landscapes of highland Puerto Rico, sediment contributions include those from unpaved farm roads but also those from croplands, streambanks, and landslides. Watershed scale sediment production rates in actively cultivated tropical wet settings are 15 to 60 Mg ha-1 yr-1, with road-induced surface erosion and landslides accounting for 50% to 95% of total sediment production. Designing management alternatives will require additional research to improve our understanding of road-to-stream and road-to-coast connectivity, develop effectiveness metrics of applied management practices, and establish the specific causes of road-induced landslides. Keywords: Connectivity, Coral reefs, Landslides, Puerto Rico, Sedimentation, Surface erosion, Virgin Islands.

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Wu, Yuming, Aohua Tian, and Hengxing Lan. "Comparisons of Dynamic Landslide Models on GIS Platforms." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 3093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12063093.

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Numerical simulation is one of the methods to assess landslide movement processes, which is beneficial for engineering design and urban planning. With the development of computer technology, GIS has gradually become the mainstream platform for landslide simulation due to data availability and algorithm integrability. However, the dynamic processes of landslides are complicated, which makes integration difficult on GIS platforms. Some assumptions are applied to simplify these dynamic processes and solve this problem. Generally, there are two main types of numerical models on GIS platforms: models based on the Eulerian description and models based on the Lagrangian description. Case studies show that Eulerian models are suitable for flow-like movement, and Lagrangian models are suitable for discrete rigid bodies movement. Different models face different problems: the Eulerian-based models show numerical diffusion and oscillation, and the Lagrangian-based model needs to consider complicated shear and collision processes. In addition, the 3-D model can describe more details in the z-direction, while the depth-averaged model can obtain a reasonable range of motion, depth, and speed quickly. From the view of numerical simulation, inappropriate models, assumptions, and numerical schemes will produce errors. The landslide type refers to several forms of mass wasting associated with a wide range of ground movements, which guides establishing dynamic models and numerical schemes on GIS platforms and helps us obtain results accurately.

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Xia, Xilin, and Qiuhua Liang. "A new depth-averaged model for flow-like landslides over complex terrains with curvatures and steep slopes." Engineering Geology 234 (February 2018): 174–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.01.011.

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Brezzi, Lorenzo, Edoardo Carraro, Davide Pasa, Giordano Teza, Simonetta Cola, and Antonio Galgaro. "Post-Collapse Evolution of a Rapid Landslide from Sequential Analysis with FE and SPH-Based Models." Geosciences 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11090364.

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Propagation models can study the runout and deposit of potential flow-like landslides only if a reliable estimate of the shape and size of the volumes involved in the phenomenon is available. This aspect becomes critical when a collapse has not yet occurred and the estimation of the unstable volume is not uniquely predictable. This work proposes a strategy to overcome this problem, using two established analysis methods in sequence; first, a Strength Reduction Method (SRM)-based 3D FEM allows the estimate of the instable volume; then, this data becomes an input for a Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)-based model. This strategy is applied to predict the possible evolution of Sant’Andrea landslide (North-Eastern Italian Alps). Such a complex landslide, which affects anhydrite–gypsum rocks and is strongly subject to rainfall triggering, can be considered as a prototype for the use of this procedure. In this case, the FEM–SRM model is adopted, which calibrates using mapping, monitoring, geophysical and geotechnical data to estimate the volume involved in the potential detachment. This volume is subsequently used as the input of the SPH model. In this second phase, a sensitivity analysis is also performed to complete the evaluation of the most reliable final soil deposits. The performed analyses allow a satisfactory prediction of the post-collapse landslide evolution, delivering a reliable estimate of the volumes involved in the collapse and a reliable forecast of the landslide runout.

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Šilhán, Karel. "Tree Ring-Based Estimation of Landslide Areal Reactivation as a Fundament of Magnitude–Frequency Assessment." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040400.

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Magnitude–frequency (M–F) relationships represent important information on slope deformation and are used in hazard assessment or as supporting data for urban planning. Various approaches have been used to extract such relationships in the past, but most of these methods drove at the problem of exact events´ frequency determination. Dendrogeomorphic (tree ring-based) approaches are actually thought to be the most precise method of dating past mass movement events that occurred within the last several centuries. Together with information on the spatial positions of the analysed trees, they represent a potentially very valuable tool for reconstructing M–F relationships, although their use for this purpose has been very rare in the past. In this study, M–F relationships are reconstructed using dendrogeomorphic methods for three landslides of different types (a translational slide, a flow-like slide, and a rotational slide) occurring in different geological materials (thick-bedded flysch, limestone marls, and volcanic breccia). In total, 572 disturbed trees were analysed, and chronologies of mass movement events were built. Landslide magnitudes were expressed in three ways: (i) the value of the standard It index; (ii) the area, as determined using homogenous morphological units; and (iii) the area, as determined using tree buffers. The power-law nature of M–F relationships was confirmed for all the landslides that were studied and using all the approaches that were applied. All of the combinations of results yielded high correlation values; nevertheless, differences were noted. The advantages and limitations of each approach used to reconstruct M–F relationships are also discussed.

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Wang, Jiajia, Steven N. Ward, and Lili Xiao. "Numerical modelling of rapid, flow-like landslides across 3-D terrains: a Tsunami Squares approach to El Picacho landslide, El Salvador, September 19, 1982." Geophysical Journal International 201, no. 3 (April 10, 2015): 1534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv095.

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Huang, Yu, Weijie Zhang, Qiang Xu, Pan Xie, and Liang Hao. "Run-out analysis of flow-like landslides triggered by the Ms 8.0 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using smoothed particle hydrodynamics." Landslides 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2011): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0285-5.

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Cuomo, S., M. Camusso, P. Gambardella, S. Moretti, and L. Frigo. "Modelling the impact of landslides on geosyntethics-reinforced barrier using DEM-FDM analyses." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1260, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1260/1/012035.

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Abstract Geosynthetics-reinforced barriers can be used as protection structures for mitigating the risk posed by fast-moving flow-like landslides such as debris avalanches. In the design of such kind of barriers a crucial role is generally played by the correct analysis of the mutual interaction between the flowing mass and the barrier. This paper is focused on the evaluation of the impact forces and the deformation mechanisms of the barrier. An extensive numerical campaign of dynamic analyses has been performed by means of a coupled 3D Discrete Element Model (DEM) code, namely Particle Flow Code (PFC) and a continuum Finite Difference Method model, named Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC3D code), both provided by Itasca software. The impacting flow with given initial height and velocity is here simply schematised as a dry granular mass, made of a random distribution of rigid spherical particles. The barrier is conceived as multilayered embankment reinforced by geogrids wrapped around the facing. The geometry of the barrier and the combinations of the materials have been varied to take in account a large variety of factors, also including the size of the impacting mass, the inter-particle friction angle and the initial velocity of the flowing mass. From the numerical results it was learned that the height of the flow may change significantly (or not) during the impact process depending on some of the previously mentioned factors. On the other hand, the global response of the deformable barrier depends on the combined behaviour of the granular soil and the geosynthetics reinforcements installed inside the barrier. Other novelty of the paper is that far from the semi-empirical formulations typically used for a safe design of such barriers, here the time-space dependent mutual interactions are accurately computed along the impact front also providing the chance to adequately take into account the mechanical features of the flowing mass and of the impacted barrier.

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Travelletti, J., and J. P. Malet. "Characterization of the 3D geometry of flow-like landslides: A methodology based on the integration of heterogeneous multi-source data." Engineering Geology 128 (March 2012): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.05.003.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flow-like landslides'

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