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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Chernica, I. M., M. K. Bologa, O. V. Motorin, and I. V. Kozhevnikov. "Enhancement of heat transfer at boiling in electrohydrodynamic flow." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2088, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2088/1/012005.

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Abstract The influence of the electric field strength and interelectrode spacing on the heat transfer intensity at boiling in an electrohydrodynamic flow was studied. It was stated that the heat transfer coefficient increases with the increasing of the field strength. The influence of the interelectrode spacing is ambiguous. The efficiency of the action of a electrohydrodynamic flow on the heat transfer intensity at boiling was evaluated using the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient at boiling in the field to the heat transfer coefficient at boiling without the field. The relationships for calculation were obtained that satisfactorily agree with the experimental data.

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2

Liu, Dong, and Suresh V. Garimella. "Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 10 (December 14, 2006): 1321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2754944.

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Flow boiling heat transfer to water in microchannels is experimentally investigated. The dimensions of the microchannels considered are 275×636 and 406×1063μm2. The experiments are conducted at inlet water temperatures in the range of 67–95°C and mass fluxes of 221–1283kg∕m2s. The maximum heat flux investigated in the tests is 129W∕cm2 and the maximum exit quality is 0.2. Convective boiling heat transfer coefficients are measured and compared to predictions from existing correlations for larger channels. While an existing correlation was found to provide satisfactory prediction of the heat transfer coefficient in subcooled boiling in microchannels, saturated boiling was not well predicted by the correlations for macrochannels. A new superposition model is developed to correlate the heat transfer data in the saturated boiling regime in microchannel flows. In this model, specific features of flow boiling in microchannels are incorporated while deriving analytical solutions for the convection enhancement factor and nucleate boiling suppression factor. Good agreement with the experimental measurements indicates that this model is suitable for use in analyzing boiling heat transfer in microchannel flows.

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3

Pranoto, I., C. Yang, L. X. Zheng, K. C. Leong, and P. K. Chan. "Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement from Carbon Nanotube-Enhanced Surfaces." Defect and Diffusion Forum 348 (January 2014): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.348.20.

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This paper presents an experimental study of flow boiling heat transfer from carbon nanotube (CNT) structures in a two-phase cooling facility. Multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) structures of dimensions 80 mm × 60 mm were applied to a horizontal flow boiling channel. Two CNT structures with different properties viz. NC-3100 and MERCSD were tested with a dielectric liquid FC-72. The height of the CNT structures was fixed at 37.5 μm and tests were conducted at coolant mass fluxes of 35, 50, and 65 kg/m2·s under saturated flow boiling conditions. The experimental results show that the CNT structures enhance the boiling heat transfer coefficients by up to 1.6 times compared to the smooth aluminum surface. The results also show that the CNT structures increase significantly the Critical Heat Flux (CHF) of the smooth aluminum surface from 66.7 W/cm2 to 100 W/cm2.

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4

Bryan, J. E., and J. Seyed-Yagoobi. "Influence of Flow Regime, Heat Flux, and Mass Flux on Electrohydrodynamically Enhanced Convective Boiling." Journal of Heat Transfer 123, no. 2 (May 15, 2000): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1316782.

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The influence of quality, flow regime, heat flux, and mass flux on the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) enhancement of convective boiling of R-134a in a horizontal smooth tube was investigated in detail. The EHD forces generated significant enhancements in the heat transfer coefficient, but the enhancements were highly dependent on the quality, flow regime, heat flux, and mass flux. The experimental data provided evidence that an optimum EHD enhancement exists for a given set of these variables with a specific electrode design. However, experimental data also provided evidence that the EHD forces can drastically reduce the rate of heat transfer at certain conditions

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5

Qiu, Yun-ren, Wei-ping Chen, and Qin Si. "Enhancement of flow boiling heat transfer with surfactant." Journal of Central South University of Technology 7, no. 4 (December 2000): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-000-0058-0.

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6

Ali, Md Osman, Mohammad Zoynal Abedin, Md Dulal Ali, and Mohammad Rasel Rasel. "Effect of Nanofluids on the Enhancement of Boiling Heat Transfer: A Review." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.06.04.2021.03.

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Boiling heat transfer can play a vital role in the two-phase flow applications. The analysis of the boiling hat transfer enhancement is of importance in such applications and the enhancement can be mostly conducted by using various active and passive techniques. One type of passive techniques is the enhancement of heat transfer by nanofluids. This article presents an extensive review on the effect of different nanofluids on the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and critical heat flux (CHF) for both pool as well as flow boiling. Nanoparticles addition to a working fluid is done arbitrarily to improve the thermophysical properties which in turn improves heat transfer rate. Numerous works have been done in the studies on nanofluid boiling. Among various nanoparticles, the most frequently used nanoparticles are Al2O3 and TiO2. In the case of binary nanoparticles, the most commonly used combination is Al2O3 and TiO2. After reviewing the relevant literatures, it is found that for pool boiling, the maximum HTC is increased to 138% for TiO2 nanoparticles and the maximum CHF is increased to 274.2% for MWCNTs. Conversely, in flow boiling the maximum HTC is increased to 126% for ZnO nanoparticles and the maximum CHF increased to as 100% for GO nanoparticles. In addition, when two or more nanoparticles in succession or binary nanofluids are used the CHF in pool boiling increased up to 100% for Al2O3 and TiO2 as well as the CHF in flow boiling increased up to 100% for Al2O3, ZnO, and Diamond. Though the information of the coefficient of heat transfer and the critical heat flux varied for different nanofluids and vary from experiment to experiment for each of the nanofluids. This variation happens because the coefficient of heat transfer and the critical heat flux in boiling is dependent upon several factors.

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7

Fu, Ben-Ran, Shan-Yu Chung, Wei-Jen Lin, Lei Wang, and Chin Pan. "Critical heat flux enhancement of HFE-7100 flow boiling in a minichannel heat sink with saw-tooth structures." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 2017): 168781401668902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814016689022.

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A heat sink with convective boiling in micro- or mini-channels is with great potential to meet the requirement of the high heat dissipation of the electronic devices. This study investigates the flow boiling of HFE-7100, having a suitable boiling temperature at atmospheric pressure and dielectric property, in the minichannel heat sink with the modified surface (namely, the saw-tooth structure). The effect of the system pressure on the boiling characteristics was also studied. The results reveal that the critical heat flux can be significantly improved by introducing the saw-tooth structures on the channel surface or boosting the system pressure as well as by increasing the mass flux. Compared to the non-modified channel, the enhancements of the critical heat flux for the parallel and counter saw-tooth channels are 44% and 36%, respectively, at the small mass flux. The boiling visualization further indicates that the minichannels with the saw-tooth structures interrupt the boundary layer and restrain the coalescence of the bubble, which may be the reason for the critical heat flux enhancement. Moreover, the degree of the critical heat flux enhancement, contributed by the saw-tooth modification of the channel, decreases with an increase in the mass flux.

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8

Azadbakhti, Reza, Farzad Pourfattah, Abolfazl Ahmadi, Omid Ali Akbari, and Davood Toghraie. "Eulerian–Eulerian multi-phase RPI modeling of turbulent forced convective of boiling flow inside the tube with porous medium." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 5 (July 17, 2019): 2739–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-03-2019-0194.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is simulation the flow boiling inside a tube in the turbulent flow regime for investigating the effect of using a porous medium in the boiling procedure. Design/methodology/approach To ensure the accuracy of the obtained numerical results, the presented results have been compared with the experimental results, and proper coincidence has been achieved. In this study, the phase change phenomenon of boiling has been modeled by using the Eulerian–Eulerian multi-phase Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) wall boiling model. Findings The obtained results indicate using a porous medium in boiling process is very effective in a way that by using a porous medium inside the tub, the location of changing the liquid to the vapor and the creation of bubbles, changes. By increasing the thermal conductivity of porous medium, the onset of phase changing postpones, which causes the enhancement of heat transfer from the wall to the fluid. Generally, it can be said that using a porous medium in boiling flows, especially in flow with high Reynolds numbers, has a positive effect on heat transfer enhancement. Also, the obtained results revealed that by increasing Reynolds number, the created vapor phase along the tube decreases and by increasing Reynolds number, the Nusselt number enhances. Originality/value In present research, by using the computational fluid dynamics, the effect of using a porous medium in the forced boiling of water flow inside a tube has been investigated. The fluid boiling inside the tube has been simulated by using the multi-phase Eulerian RPI wall boiling model, and the effect of thermal conductivity of a porous medium and the Reynolds number on the flow properties, heat transfer and boiling procedure have been investigated.

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9

Fujita, Yasunobu, and Satoru Uchida. "Enhancement of nucleate boiling on composite surfaces." Heat Transfer - Japanese Research 27, no. 3 (1998): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6556(1998)27:3<216::aid-htj4>3.0.co;2-y.

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10

Ammerman, C. N., and S. M. You. "Determination of the Boiling Enhancement Mechanism Caused by Surfactant Addition to Water." Journal of Heat Transfer 118, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2825862.

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In the present investigation, boiling heat transfer coefficients are measured for an electrically heated 390-μm-dia, platinum wire immersed in saturated water, and in water mixed with three different concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (an anionic surfactant). The addition of a surfactant to water is known to enhance boiling heat transfer. A recently developed photographic/laser-Doppler anemometry measurement technique is used to quantify the vapor volumetric flow rate departing from the wire during the boiling process. The volumetric flow rate data are used to calculate the latent heat and, indirectly, the convection heat transfer mechanisms that constitute the nucleate boiling heat flux. Comparisons are made to determine how the heat transfer mechanisms are affected by the surfactant addition, and thus, which mechanism promotes boiling enhancement. The present data are also compared with similar data taken for a 75-μm-dia wire immersed in saturated FC-72 (a highly wetting liquid) to provide increased insight into the nature of the boiling heat transfer mechanisms.

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11

Cui, Wen Bin, Zhi Quan Zhang, Chang Jian Song, Feng Min Su, and Hong Bin Ma. "Flow Boiling Enhancement by the Surface Quenched in Nanofluid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 1449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1449.

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A quenched surface was applied in flow boiling, which is fabricated by quenching a piece of copper in carbon nanotube (CNT) fluid.Its performance was compared with bare copper, and the results showed that the quenched surface can enhance the heat flux by 15–20%. Quenched surface was less effective in enhancing heat flux as the flow rate and liquid subcooling was increased.

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12

Shariff, Yasir M. "Impulse Acousitic Enhancement of Flow Boiling in Micro Channels." International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.04.01.008.

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13

Mali, Suraj, Ashok Pise, and Anil Acharya. "Review on flow boiling heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 2 (2014): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11264348.

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14

Deng, Daxiang, Yanlin Xie, Qingsong Huang, and Wei Wan. "On the flow boiling enhancement in interconnected reentrant microchannels." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 108 (May 2017): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.12.030.

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15

Sujith Kumar, C. S., S. Suresh, Lezhi Yang, Qiaqin Yang, and S. Aravind. "Flow boiling heat transfer enhancement using carbon nanotube coatings." Applied Thermal Engineering 65, no. 1-2 (April 2014): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.12.053.

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16

Sarwar, Mohammad Sohail, Yong Hoon Jeong, and Soon Heung Chang. "Subcooled flow boiling CHF enhancement with porous surface coatings." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 50, no. 17-18 (August 2007): 3649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.09.011.

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17

Hegde, Ramakrishna, Shrikantha Rao, and Ranapratap Reddy. "Flow visualization and study of CHF enhancement in pool boiling with Al2O3 - Water nano-fluids." Thermal Science 16, no. 2 (2012): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci100511095h.

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Pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3-Water nanofluids is studied experimentally using a NiCr test wire of 36 SWG diameter. The experimental work mainly concentrated on i) change of Critical Heat Flux(CHF) with different volume concentrations of nanofluid ii) flow visualization of pool boiling using a fixed concentration of nanofluid at different heat flux values. The experimental work revealed an increase in CHF value of around 48% and flow visualization helped in studying the pool boiling behaviour of nanofluid. Out of the various reasons which could affect the CHF enhancement, surface roughness plays a major role in pool boiling heat transfer.

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18

Hetsroni, G., M. Gurevich, A. Mosyak, R. Rozenblit, and Z. Segal. "Boiling enhancement with environmentally acceptable surfactants." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 25, no. 5 (October 2004): 841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2004.05.005.

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19

Kim, Yoon-Ho, Kyu-Jung Lee, and Donghyouck Han. "Pool boiling enhancement with surface treatments." Heat and Mass Transfer 45, no. 1 (April 24, 2008): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00231-008-0402-8.

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20

Omisanya, Mayowa I., Zhihao Chen, and Yoshio Utaka. "Flow boiling critical heat flux enhancement via different-mode-interacting boiling in narrow gaps." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 182 (January 2022): 121982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121982.

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21

Mahmoud, M. M., and T. G. Karayiannis. "Pool boiling review: Part II – Heat transfer enhancement." Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 25 (October 2021): 101023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2021.101023.

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22

Rainey, K. N., and S. M. You. "Pool Boiling Heat Transfer From Plain and Microporous, Square Pin-Finned Surfaces in Saturated FC-72." Journal of Heat Transfer 122, no. 3 (April 17, 2000): 509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1288708.

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The present research is an experimental study of “double enhancement” behavior in pool boiling from heater surfaces simulating microelectronic devices immersed in saturated FC-72 at atmospheric pressure. The term “double enhancement” refers to the combination of two different enhancement techniques: a large-scale area enhancement (square pin fin array) and a small-scale surface enhancement (microporous coating). Fin lengths were varied from 0 (flat surface) to 8 mm. Effects of this double enhancement technique on critical heat flux (CHF) and nucleate boiling heat transfer in the horizontal orientation (fins are vertical) are investigated. Results showed significant increases in nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients with the application of the microporous coating to the heater surfaces. CHF was found to be relatively insensitive to surface microstructure for the finned surfaces except in the case of the surface with 8-mm-long fins. The nucleate boiling and CHF behavior has been found to be the result of multiple, counteracting mechanisms: surface area enhancement, fin efficiency, surface microstructure (active nucleation site density), vapor bubble departure resistance, and re-wetting liquid flow resistance. [S0022-1481(00)02603-7]

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23

Barbosa,, Jader R., and Geoffrey F. Hewitt. "A Thermodynamic Nonequilibrium Slug Flow Model." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1857945.

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This paper presents a calculation methodology to predict the peaks in heat transfer coefficient at near zero equilibrium quality observed in forced convective boiling in vertical conduits. The occurrence of such peaks is typical of low latent heat, low thermal conductivity systems (such as refrigerants and hydrocarbons), and of systems in which the vapor volume formation rate for a given heat flux is large (low-pressure water). The methodology is based on a model that postulates that the mechanism behind the heat transfer coefficient enhancement is the existence of thermodynamic nonequilibrium slug flow, i.e., a type of slug flow in which rapid bubble growth in subcooled boiling leads to the formation of Taylor bubbles separated by slugs of subcooled liquid. Results are compared with experimental data for forced convective boiling of pure hydrocarbons and show considerable improvement over existing correlations.

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24

Raj, Sumit, Anurag Shukla, Manabendra Pathak, and Mohd Kaleem Khan. "A novel stepped microchannel for performance enhancement in flow boiling." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 144 (December 2019): 118611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.118611.

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25

Prajapati, Om Shankar, and Nirupam Rohatgi. "Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using ZnO-Water Nanofluids." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/890316.

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Nanofluids are liquid suspensions containing nanoparticles that are smaller than 100 nm. There is an increased interest in nanofluids as thermal conductivity of nanofluids is significantly higher than that of the base liquids. ZnO-water nanofluids with volume concentration of ZnO particles varying from 0.0001 to 0.1% were prepared using ultrasonic vibration mixer. Thermal conductivity of the ZnO-water fluids was investigated for different sonication time using thermal property analyzer (KD2 Pro). Thermal conductivity of nanofluids for a given concentration of nanoparticle varies with sonication time. Heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in an annular test section with variable pressure (1–2.5 bar) and heat flux (0–400 kW/m2) at constant mass flux of 400 kg/m2s were studied for samples having maximum thermal conductivity. Surface roughness of the heating rod was also measured before and after the experimentation. The study shows that heat transfer coefficient increases beyond the base fluid with pressure and concentration of ZnO.

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26

Deng, Daxiang, Wei Wan, Yu Qin, Jingrui Zhang, and Xuyang Chu. "Flow boiling enhancement of structured microchannels with micro pin fins." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 105 (February 2017): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.09.086.

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27

Jeong, Yong Hoon, Mohammad Sohail Sarwar, and Soon Heung Chang. "Flow boiling CHF enhancement with surfactant solutions under atmospheric pressure." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 51, no. 7-8 (April 2008): 1913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.06.044.

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28

Maciejewska, Beata, Kinga Strak, and Magdalena Piasecka. "The solution of a two-dimensional inverse heat transfer problem using two methods." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 28, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-10-2016-0414.

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Purpose This paper aims to focus on flow boiling heat transfer in an asymmetrically heated minichannel. Two-dimensional inverse heat transfer problem was solved using the Trefftz and Beck methods. The primary purpose was to find an enhanced surface that could help intensify heat transfer. Design/methodology/approach The experimental set-up and methodology for FC-72 boiling heat transfer in two parallel vertical rectangular minichannels with smooth or enhanced heated surfaces was presented. The heat transfer coefficient was calculated using the Trefftz and Beck methods. Findings The results confirm that considerable heat transfer enhancement takes place when selected enhanced heated surface is used in the minichannel flow boiling and that it depends on the type of surface enhancement. The analysis of the experimental data revealed that the values and distributions of the heat transfer coefficient obtained using the Beck and Trefftz methods were similar. Practical/implications Many studies have been recently devoted to flow boiling heat transfer in minichannels because of the rapid development of high-performance integrated systems generating large amounts of heat. Highly efficient small-size cooling systems for new-generation compact devices are thus in great demand. Originality/value The present results are original and new in the study of cooling liquid boiling in minichannels with enhanced heated surfaces that contribute to heat transfer enhancement. The paper allows the verification of state-of-the-art methods of solving the inverse problem by using empirical data from the experiment. The application of the Trefftz and Beck methods for finding a solution of the inverse heat transfer problem is promising.

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29

Mukherjee, Sayantan, Shikha Ebrahim, Purna Chandra Mishra, Naser Ali, and Paritosh Chaudhuri. "A Review on Pool and Flow Boiling Enhancement Using Nanofluids: Nuclear Reactor Application." Processes 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010177.

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Plasma-facing components (PFCs) are used as the barrier to the beam of high heat flux generated due to nuclear fusion. Therefore, efficient cooling of PFCs is required for safety and smooth operation of a fusion reactor. The Hyper Vapotron (HV) is generally used as the heat exchanger to cool down the PFCs during operation. These heat exchangers use pool and flow boiling mechanisms, and hence, their ability is inherently constrained by critical heat flux (CHF). The boiling of nanofluid is very promising as the working fluid in the HV. The efficiency of the HV increases due to the increase in CHF by applying nanofluids. However, the feasibility of nanofluid cooling in fusion reactors needs proper understanding. This paper reviews the recent developments in the utilization of boiling phenomena in nanofluid as a coolant in the HV. Experiments, theoretical studies, significant achievements, and challenges are analyzed and discussed. Finally, important points are indicated for future research.

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30

Fedorovich, E. D. "Heat Transfer Enhancement in Twisted Boiling Flows." Heat Transfer Research 40, no. 7 (2009): 643–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heattransres.v40.i7.20.

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31

Sur, Aritra, Yi Lu, Carmen Pascente, Paul Ruchhoeft, and Dong Liu. "Pool boiling heat transfer enhancement with electrowetting." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 120 (May 2018): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.12.029.

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32

Qi, Zhuolin, Chao Dang, Li Jia, and Qi Peng. "Flow and heat transfer characteristics of microchannel flow boiling enhancement with channel configurations." Chinese Science Bulletin 64, no. 23 (August 1, 2019): 2450–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n972019-00083.

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33

Carrica, P. M., and V. Masson. "ELETRIC FIELD ENHANCEMENT AND DETERIORATION OF BOILING HEAT TRANSFER AND CRITICAL HEAT FLUX IN DIELECTRIC FLUIDS." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2001): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v1i1.3498.

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We present the results of an experimental study of the effects of externally imposed electric fields on boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux (CHF) in dielectric fluids. The study comprises the analysis of geometries that, under the effects of electric fields, cause the bubbles either to be pushed toward the heater or away from it. A local phase detection probe was used to measure the void fraction and the interfacial impact rate near the heater. It was found that the critical heat flux can be either augmented or reduced with the application of an electric field, depending on the direction of . In addition, the heat transfer can be slightly enhanced or degraded depending on the heat flux. The study of the two-phase flow in nucleate boiling, only for the case of favorable dielectrophoretic forces, reveals that the application of an electric field reduces the bubble detection time and increases the detachment frequency. It also shows that the two-phase flow characteristics of the second film boiling regime resemble more a nucleate boiling regime than a film boiling regime.

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34

Galicia, Edgar Santiago, Yusuke Otomo, Toshihiko Saiwai, Kenji Takita, Kenji Orito, and Koji Enoki. "Subcooled Flow Boiling Heat Flux Enhancement Using High Porosity Sintered Fiber." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 5883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135883.

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Passive methods to increase the heat flux on the subcooled flow boiling are extremely needed on modern cooling systems. Many methods, including treated surfaces and extended surfaces, have been investigated. Experimental research to enhance the subcooled flow boiling using high sintered fiber attached to the surface was conducted. One bare surface (0 mm) and four porous thickness (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mm) were compared under three different mass fluxes (200, 400, and 600 kg·m−2·s−1) and three different inlet subcooling temperature (70, 50, 30). Deionized water under atmospheric pressure was used as the working fluid. The results confirmed that the porous body can enhance the heat flux and reduce the wall superheat temperature. However, higher porous thickness presented a reduction in the heat flux in comparison with the bare surface. Bubble formation and pattern flow were recorded using a high-speed camera. The bubble size and formation are generally smaller at higher inlet subcooling temperatures. The enhancement in the heat flux and the reduction on the wall superheat is attributed to the increment on the nucleation sites, the increment on the heating surface area, water supply ability through the porous body, and the vapor trap ability.

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35

Cotton, J. S., A. J. Robinson, J. S. Chang, and Mamdouh Shoukri. "Electrohydrodynamic Enhancement of Flow Boiling in an Eccentric Horizontal Cylindrical Channel." Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 15, no. 3 (2008): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jenhheattransf.v15.i3.10.

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36

Abdel Azim, Ahmed Y., Abdalla S. Hanafy, and Essam E. Khalil. "Subcooled Flow Boiling of Water enhancement by Using Internal Surface Coating." International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering 2, no. 2 (December 15, 2010): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.02.02.004.

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37

Nasr, M., M. A. Akhavan-Behabadi, and S. E. Marashi. "The Effect of Tube Flattening on Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement." Heat Transfer Engineering 32, no. 6 (May 2011): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2010.506169.

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38

Ghosh, Durga Prasad, Deepak Sharma, Diptimoy Mohanty, Sandip K. Saha, and Rishi Raj. "Facile Fabrication of Nanostructured Microchannels for Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement." Heat Transfer Engineering 40, no. 7 (February 23, 2018): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2018.1436399.

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39

Yuyuan, Wu, Lu Yu, Chen Liufang, and Sun Changhai. "Boiling heat transfer enhancement of two phase flow in lunate channel." Cryogenics 34 (January 1994): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(05)80079-7.

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40

Singh, N., V. Sathyamurthy, W. Peterson, J. Arendt, and D. Banerjee. "Flow boiling enhancement on a horizontal heater using carbon nanotube coatings." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 31, no. 2 (April 2010): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2009.11.002.

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Suzuki, Koichi, Toshiyuki Kokubu, Masaki Nakano, Hiroshi Kawamura, Ichiro Ueno, Hiroya Shida, and Osamu Ogawa. "Enhancement of heat transfer in subcooled flow boiling with microbubble emission." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 29, no. 7 (August 2005): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2005.03.009.

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Sun, Yan, Li Zhang, Hong Xu, and Xiaocheng Zhong. "Flow boiling enhancement of FC-72 from microporous surfaces in minichannels." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35, no. 7 (October 2011): 1418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2011.05.010.

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FUJII, Shodai, Shota MINAMI, Koji MIYAZAKI, and Tomohide YABUKI. "Enhancement of flow boiling in minichannel with micro- and nano-structure." Proceedings of the Symposium on Micro-Nano Science and Technology 2017.8 (2017): PN—117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemnm.2017.8.pn-117.

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Shariff, Yasir M. "Enhancement of flow boiling in meso scale channels with subsonic vibrations." Journal of Micro-Nano Mechatronics 5, no. 3-4 (December 2009): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12213-010-0027-0.

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Rainey, K. N., G. Li, and S. M. You. "Flow Boiling Heat Transfer From Plain and Microporous Coated Surfaces in Subcooled FC-72." Journal of Heat Transfer 123, no. 5 (March 23, 2001): 918–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1389465.

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The present research is an experimental study of subcooled flow boiling behavior using flat, microporous-enhanced square heater surfaces in pure FC-72. Two 1-cm2 copper surfaces, one highly polished (plain) and one microporous coated, were flush-mounted into a 12.7 mm square, horizontal flow channel. Testing was performed for fluid velocities ranging from 0.5 to 4 m/s (Reynolds numbers from 18,700 to 174,500) and pure subcooling levels from 4 to 20 K. Results showed both surfaces’ nucleate flow boiling curves collapsed to one line showing insensitivity to fluid velocity and subcooling. The log-log slope of the microporous surface nucleate boiling curves was lower than the plain surface due to the conductive thermal resistance of the microporous coating layer. Both, increased fluid velocity and subcooling, increase the CHF values for both surfaces, however, the already enhanced boiling characteristics of the microporous coating appear dominant and require higher fluid velocities to provide additional enhancement of CHF to the microporous surface.

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Yu, Hong-Ling, Rui-Yang Li, Xuan Huang, and Zhi-Hang Chen. "EHD Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement Outside Horizontal Tubes." Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 11, no. 4 (2004): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jenhheattransf.v11.i4.60.

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Bergles, Dr Arthur E., and Yu A. Kuzma-Kichta. "Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Swirled Boiling Flows." Heat Transfer Research 40, no. 7 (2009): 613–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heattransres.v40.i7.10.

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Unno, Noriyuki, Kazuhisa Yuki, Jun Taniguchi, and Shin-ichi Satake. "Boiling heat transfer enhancement by self-excited vibration." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 153 (June 2020): 119588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119588.

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Park, K. A., and A. E. Bergles. "Ultrasonic enhancement of saturated and subcooled pool boiling." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 31, no. 3 (March 1988): 664–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(88)90049-x.

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Kamel, Mohammed, and Ferenc Lezsovits. "Boiling heat transfer of nanofluids: A review of recent studies." Thermal Science 23, no. 1 (2019): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170419216k.

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Adding solid particles of nanometer scale to fluids is one of the most important passive methods of enhancing heat transfer performance. However, this gives numerous chances to investigate new frontiers, but also raises remarkable difficulties. Nanofluids act as suspension that can be obtained by dispersing nanometer-sized nanoparticles (1-100nm) in host fluids with the aim of enhancing thermal properties. This paper is a review of recent studies on boiling heat transfer of nanofluids for pool and convective flow boiling of nanofluids. The research results, collected since 2012 to present of the recent survey are reviewed and briefly outlined. An emphasis is put on the enhancement and the deterioration of the boiling heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux of pool and convective flow boiling of nanofluids. Other important parameters affecting the boiling of nanofluids are identified and discussed in this review. While preparing future studies is greatly encouraged in order make this phenomenon well understood.

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