Relevant bibliographies by topics / Florence (Italy) – Commerce – History

Academic literature on the topic 'Florence (Italy) – Commerce – History'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Florence (Italy) – Commerce – History"

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Nevola, Fabrizio. "Home Shopping." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 70, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2011.70.2.153.

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Fabrizio Nevola considers the form, function, and significance of shops and the other commercial spaces contained in the ground floors of the Renaissance palaces of Siena, Florence, and Rome. Home Shopping: Urbanism, Commerce, and Palace Design in Renaissance Italy also investigates the social interaction between the private environment of the home and the public space of the street. Contrary to much that has been written about the palaces of the fifteenth century, their designers did not abandon botteghe (shops), nor more broadly construed commercial functions. The resulting buildings are hybrid structures in which the proud individual façades of private patrons' palaces were configured to serve the needs of trade. Today, urban space is largely experienced as a succession of shop fronts, and commercial activities overwhelm all other functions. Early modern Italy was not much different.
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Yusim, Mark. "Francesco Guicciardini — from the «History of Florence» to «The History of Italy»." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2018): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s000523100000105-9.

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Sperling, Jutta. "Dowry or Inheritance? Kinship, Property, And Women's Agency in Lisbon, Venice, and Florence (1572)." Journal of Early Modern History 11, no. 3 (2007): 197–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006507781147470.

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AbstractThe marital property regimes, inheritance practices, and kinship structures of Renaissance Italy and early modern Portugal were at opposite ends of a spectrum. In Italy, the legitimacy of marriage was defined as the outcome of dowry exchange governed by exclusio propter dotem, thus conceptually linked to the disinheritance of daughters and wives. In Portugal, where the Roman principle of equal inheritance was never abolished, domestic unions qualified as marriages insofar as joint ownership was established. Kinship structures were rigidly agnatic in Italy, but cognatic, even residually matrilineal, in Portugal. An investigation of notarial records from Lisbon, Venice, and Florence shows how women's capacity for full legal agency as property owners in both societies differed. Female legal agency, however, whether measured by women's capacity to engage in property transactions independently of their marital status (Portugal), or as the manipulation of limited legal resources, even resistance against a system of dispossession (Italy), always unfolded within the context of larger agendas that were beyond women's control, such as the processes of state formation in medieval Italy and empire-building in Portugal.
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Dean, Trevor. "Review: Beyond Florence: The Contours of Medieval and Early Modern Italy." English Historical Review 120, no. 485 (February 1, 2005): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei019.

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Horodowich, Elizabeth, Paula Findlen, Michelle M. Fontaine, and Duane J. Osheim. "Beyond Florence: The Contours of Medieval and Early Modern Italy." Sixteenth Century Journal 35, no. 3 (October 1, 2004): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20477113.

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Stapelbroek, Koen. "Commerce and morality in eighteenth-century Italy." History of European Ideas 32, no. 4 (December 2006): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.histeuroideas.2006.08.004.

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SWEET, ROSEMARY. "BRITISH PERCEPTIONS OF FLORENCE IN THE LONG EIGHTEENTH CENTURY." Historical Journal 50, no. 4 (November 8, 2007): 837–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006401.

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ABSTRACTStudies of the Grand Tour conventionally focus upon the art and antiquities of Italy rather than the urban environment in which the tourists found themselves, and they generally stop short in the 1790s. This article examines the perceptions and representations of Florence amongst British visitors over the course of the long eighteenth century up to c. 1820 in order to establish continuity between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It considers why it was that British travellers appeared to be particularly attracted to Florence: initially they responded to congenial and pleasant surroundings, the availability of home comforts, and a sparkling social life. In the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Florence acquired new meanings for the British, who began to identify and admire a civilization which had been based upon mercantile wealth and liberty: the foundations for the Victorian celebration of Florence were laid. But the experience of Florence as a city had also changed: it was no longer simply the showcase of the Medici dukes. As a consequence the buildings, monuments, and paintings of the republican period, as well as the history which they embodied, came into focus for the first time.
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Colacicco, Tamara. "The British Institute of Florence and the British Council in Fascist Italy: from Harold E. Goad to Ian G. Greenlees, 1922–1940." Modern Italy 23, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mit.2018.19.

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The first British cultural institute on foreign soil was founded in Florence in 1917. However, it was the creation of the British Council in London in 1935 that marked the beginning of the strengthening of the British cultural presence abroad. The aim of this drive was to promote knowledge of British culture and civic and political life overseas, to defend national prestige and, given the escalating expansionist policies of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, to encourage the preservation of dialogue between the major European powers, underpinned by democratic principles. Bridging a gap in research into the relationship between Italy and Great Britain in the interwar period, this article reconstructs the case study of British cultural diplomacy in Florence between 1922 and Mussolini’s declaration of war, analysing how British culture was used in politics and propaganda and investigating the relationship of the management of both the British Institute of Florence and the British Council with Fascism. In doing so, it offers original insight into British history and the country’s cultural institutions in Fascist Italy, and into the wider field of Anglo-Italian political and cultural relations during the period of dictatorship in Italy.
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Toomaspoeg, Kristjan. "The nunneries of the Order of St. John in medieval Italy." Ordines Militares Colloquia Torunensia Historica 27 (December 30, 2022): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/om.2022.004.

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This paper’s focus is women as professed members of the Order of St John in Italy, as documented in cities such as Milan, Florence, Venice, Genova, Monteleone di Spoleto, Perugia, Penne and Sovereto. The adherence of women to the Order came under several institutional forms. Some women were laypeople, associated consorores who carried out the Order’s activities, sometimes working in its hospitals. Others lived in the houses of the Order of St John, where they could also take the vows, with consequent formation of “mixed” convents or monasteries. But in some cases, separate nunneries were created or assimilated from other communities. Some historians have seen a different evolution from the initial vocation of women, which consisted of field activities in support of the poor and the sick, and would later become a strictly cloistered life. This change can be observed by examining the biographies of the two Italian female Hospitaller saints, Ubaldesca and Toscana. Yet, local development varied, and the situation in an important city like Florence differed from nunneries in smaller localities like Sovereto or Penne. Finally, several interesting sources allow us a glimpse of the spirituality and norms in those women’s daily lives compared to male religiosity. The medieval Italian nunneries of St John never became an autonomous branch of the Order, but at the same time, they were not a rare or exceptional phenomenon.
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Mieli, Anna, and Margaret D’Ambrosio. "IRIS: Consortium of Art History and Humanities Libraries in Florence." Art Libraries Journal 30, no. 4 (2005): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200014218.

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Florence in Italy, a renowned centre for art and culture, has been called a ‘living museum’ of the Italian Renaissance. Today it is also the site of a co-operative international project bringing the world’s scholarly community access to the bibliographic patrimonies of a group of special art and humanities libraries. The IRIS consortium is a unique resource for art historians, but it is also of value and use for anyone interested in the many aspects of this rich artistic period.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Florence (Italy) – Commerce – History"

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Hamilton, Desirae. "The Captain of the People in Renaissance Florence." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804880/.

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The Renaissance Florentine Captain of the People began as a court, which defended the common people or popolo from the magnates and tried crimes such as assault, murder and fraud. This study reveals how factionalism, economic stress and the rise of citizen magistrate courts eroded the jurisdiction and ended the Court of the Captain. The creation of the Captain in 1250 occurred during the external fight for dominance between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope and the struggle between the Guelfs and Ghibellines within the city of Florence. The rise of the Ciompi in 1379, worried the Florentine aristocracy who believed the Ciompi was a threat to their power and they created the Otto di Guardia, a citizen magistrate court. This court began as a way to manage gaps in jurisdiction not covered by the Captain and his fellow rectors. However, by 1433 the Otto eroded the power of the Captain and his fellow rectors. Historians have argued that the Roman law jurists in this period became the tool for the aristocracy but in fact, the citizen magistrate courts acted as a source of power for the aristocracy. In the 1430s, the Albizzi and Medici fought for power. The Albizzi utilized a government mandate, which had the case already carried out or a bullectini to exile Medici adherents. However, by 1433, the Medici triumphed and Cosimo de Medici returned to the city of Florence. He expanded the power of the Otto in order to utilize the bullectini to exile his enemies. The expansion of jurisdiction of the Otto further eroded the power of the Captain. Factionalism, economic stress and the rise of the citizen magistrate courts eroded the power of the Captain of the people.
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Virgilio, Carlo. "Florence, Byzantium and the Ottomans (1439-1481) : politics and economics." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5738/.

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This dissertation studies the diplomatic and political communication between Florence, the Byzantine and the Ottoman empires in the fifteenth century (1439-1481). The first chapter is introductory to the thesis and reconstructs the contacts between Florence and Byzantium. The second chapter and the third chapter examine the privileges granted by John VIII to Florence; the chapters present the contents and contextualise the privileges within the humanist environment. The fourth chapter studies the Florentine-Byzantine contacts after the Council (1439-1453), focusing on why Florence abandoned Byzantium. The fifth chapter analyses the beginning of Florentine-Ottoman relations and reconstructs the commercial privileges given by the sultan to Florence. The sixth and seventh chapters investigate Florence’s diplomacy during the Ottoman-Venetian war (1463-1479) and Otranto (1480-1481) until Mehmet II’s death. The thesis is accompanied by three appendices including a number of unpublished documents, a prosopography of the Florentines involved in the Levant, and selected Byzantine charters used for the analysis in chapter two. I aim to demonstrate that the relations between the eastern and the western part of the Mediterranean in the fifteenth century were determined by political and economic considerations rather than faith. These considerations guided Florence’s diplomacy to achieve commercial superiority in Constantinople.
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Mariani, Irene. "Vespucci family in context : art patrons in late fifteenth-century Florence." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15740.

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The study of Florentine artistic patronage has attracted several approaches over the last three decades, including the exploration of patron-­‐client structures and how the use of art in private and public spheres contributed to shape families’s identity. Building on past research, this work focuses on the art patronage of a prominent, yet overlooked, family, the Vespucci, to whom Amerigo, the navigator who reached the coasts of America in the late fifteenth century, belonged. Although the family’s importance was achieved through a synergy of political, religious and intellectual forces, attention is given to the Vespucci’s engagement with the arts and their key contribution to Florence’s humanistic culture between the years 1470-­1500. The family’s houses and private chapels are analysed, and three artists, Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Piero di Cosimo, considered. Combining history, art history, and archival resources, new evidence and interpretations are advanced to ascribe selected artworks -­ controversially believed to be Vespucci commissions - to the private patronage of this Florentine family. Examining the Vespucci’s artistic taste in private and public settings, whilst attempting a reconstruction of partially lost painted commissions, deepens comprehension on the role that domestic and social life played in the creation of art and culture; the family’s force in shaping spaces; and the practice of buying, commissioning, and displaying as a means of signifying wealth, increasing status, and establishing identity. Power seekers, the Vespucci entered the Medici intellectual circles through which they created chains of friendship with prominent families inside and outside of Florence. As questions about shared artistic tastes and the paradigmatic role of the Medici artistic patronage have been the focus of scholarly enquiry, this study of the Vespucci provides an insight into the family’s spreading of new ideas and its interaction with the development of the visual arts. Investigation into the Vespucci’s breadth of interests helps to reframe the current knowledge of Florentine cultural exchanges and to contextualise the family’s influence beyond the geographical discoveries it has been exclusively associated with.
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Kim, Hae-Jeong. "Liturgy, Music, and Patronage at the Cappella di Medici in the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence, 1550-1609." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278255/.

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This dissertation describes the musical and religious support of the Medici family to the Medici Chapel in Florence and the historical role of the church of San Lorenzo in the liturgical development of the period. During the later Middle Ages polyphony was allowed in the Office services only at Matins and Lauds during the Tenebrae service, the last three days of Holy Week, and at Vespers anytime. This practice continued until the end of the sixteenth century when more polyphonic motets based on the Antiphon and Responsory began to be included in the various Office hours during feast days. This practice is documented by the increased number of pieces that appear in the manuscripts. Two of the transcriptions from the church of San Lorenzo included in the appendix are selected from this later repertoire.
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Grover, Sean Thomas. "A Tuscan Lawyer, His Farms and His Family: The Ledger of Andrea di Gherardo Casoli, 1387-1412." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11041/.

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This is a study of a ledger written by Andrea di Gherardo Casoli between the years 1387 and 1412. Andrea was a lawyer in the Tuscan city of Arezzo, shortly after the city lost its sovereignty to the expanding Florentine state. While Andrea associated his identity with his legal practice, he engaged in many other, diverse enterprises, such as wine making, livestock commerce, and agricultural management. This thesis systematically examines each major facet of Andrea's life, with a detailed assessment of his involvement in rural commerce. Andrea's actions revolved around a central theme of maintaining and expanding the fortunes, both financial and social, of the Casoli family.
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Bailie, Lindsey Leigh. "Staging Privacy: Art and Architecture of the Palazzo Medici." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11049.

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xii, 112 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
The Palazzo Medici was a site of significant social and political representation for the Medici. Access to much of the interior was limited, ostensibly, to the family. In republican Florence, however, visitors were a crucial component in the maintenance of a political faction. Consequently, the "private" spaces of the Palazzo Medici were designed and decorated with guests in mind. Visitor accounts reveal that the path and destination of each visitor differed according to his status and significance to the family. The common citizen waited, sometimes for great lengths, in the courtyard, taking in the anti-tyrannical message of the space. The privileged guest, who had more to provide the Medici, was given access to the more private spaces of the residence. Surrounded by art and architecture that demonstrated the faith, education, and wealth of the Medici, he was assured that his support of the family was beneficial to his own pursuits.
Committee in charge: James Harper, Chairperson; Jim Tice, Member; Jeff Hurwit, Member
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Wilson, Helen 1924. "A study of the letters of Alessandra Strozzi : illustrating the significant role which could be played by women in Renaissance Florence." Master's thesis, Department of History, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/7260.

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Swanson, Barbara Dianne. "Speaking in Tones: Plainchant, Monody, and the Evocation of Antiquity in Early Modern Italy." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1365170679.

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Lefeuvre, Philippe. "La notabilité rurale dans le contado florentin Valdarno Supérieur et Chianti, aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H015.

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Conçue comme une enquête sur les élites rurales, cette thèse vise à restituer les étapes permettant au notable rural, un idéal-type social, de s'imposer dans un territoire donné. Le contado florentin est un cas paradigmatique. Les mobilités sociales et I'inurbamento des ruraux aisés sont vus comme les facteurs d'affaiblissement de communautés rurales livrées aux appétits citadins. La recherche mobilise le fonds de trois abbayes vallombrosaines, Montescalari, la Vallombreuse (Coltibuono, en se concentrant sur le quart Sud-Est du contado florentin (fonds Diplomatico de l'Archivio di Stato d Flo rence). La reconstitution de trajectoires familiale s'oblige à replacer ces trajectoires dans l' évolution plus large de logiques de la distinction sociale . Les éléments qui fondent la sociabilité rurale se transforment radicalement. Une société organisée à l'échelle locale, et très hiérarchisée dans le cadre seigneurial, fonctionne, jusqu'aux premières décennies du XIIIè siècle, sur l' exploitation de la terre et des hommes et sur la redistribution des bénéfices de la rente foncière entre un grand nombre de familles. Ce sont moins les profits du commerce et de l'artisanat rural qui font évoluer cette situation que l' intégration des patrimoines seigneuriaux aux dynamiques économiques de la ville. Le crédit fonctionne alors au dépens des anciennes solidarités pour devenir un facteur de différenciation sociale. Au même moment, on observe un transformation des cercles à l ' intérieur desquels se conservent et se transmettent les capitaux symboliques et matériels : la famille et ses prolongements; les seigneuries rurales ; les communes rurales et les clientèles de la haute aristocratie
This thesis is an investigation into rural elites. It aims to evidence the process by which rural notables, considered here as a social type, establish their ascendency over a given territory. The Florentine contado is a case in point. Social mobility and the move of the wealthiest inhabitants of the country to the city are shown as primarily responsible for undermining the social cohesion of rural communities, increasingly preyed upon by townsmen. This research is based on three monastic archives, Montescalari, Vallombrosa and Coltibuono, and focuses on the Upper Valdarno valley and the Chianti hills (the archives are held by the Archivio di Stato of Florence, in the Diplomatico). Reconstructing the history and careers of the local notability provides a wider understanding of the way in which social distinction works and evolves over time, transforming rural communities and traditional rural sociability. From the early 12th century up to the first decades of the 13th century, rural communities in the contado were organized on a local and feudal basis, around a significant number of landowning families who exploited the land and the men who worked it, and organized the redistribution of the rent. That pattern changed, not so much because of the rise of city merchants and artisans, but because landlords started to use their lands and feudal power as a means to gain ground in the new urban economy. They neglected older rural solidarities to become providers of credit, which soon worked as an important factor of social differenciation. The social structures (the extended family, fiefdoms, rural towns and the nobility's clientele) which had been the traditional framework for keeping and transmitting capital (both economic and symbolic), were radically transformed in the process
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Renard, Thomas. "Architecture et figures identitaires de l’Italie unifiée (1861-1921)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040091.

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Ce travail porte sur la place et le rôle de l’architecture dans le processus de construction de la nation italienne au tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles. Pour cela, nous avons choisi d’isoler un certain nombre de figures identitaires et de les étudier à travers le prisme de commémorations organisées en Italie durant la première période de l’unification (1861-1921). Notre étude est rythmée par l’analyse de trois commémorations liées entre elles par l’activité de l’historien d’art Corrado Ricci.Le huitième centenaire de la création de l’université de Bologne en 1888 et les travaux architecturaux d’Alfonso Rubbiani nous offrent un des premiers exemples d’une fête marquée par la réinvention d’un monument ancien. Les célébrations du cinquantenaire de l’unité italienne en 1911, et plus particulièrement l’exposition régionale et ethnographique organisée à Rome, nous ont permis de définir une nouvelle articulation entre les identités régionales et l’identité nationale ; selon l’idée de l’époque l’unité du génie artistique national émergerait de la diversité des genius loci illustrée par l’architecture des communes de la fin du Moyen Âge et de la première Renaissance. Enfin, les commémorations du 600e anniversaire de la mort de Dante en 1921 constituent le pivot de notre étude. Au cours de ce centenaire, on restaura un grand nombre d’édifices dans toute l’Italie, et plus particulièrement à Florence et à Ravenne. Dans ces deux villes, les travaux s’étendirent à l’échelle urbaine, aboutissant à la création de zones dantesques et à la réinvention de l’image d’une architecture médiévale à vocation identitaire
This dissertation questions the place and role of architecture in the Italian national building process at the turn of the twentieth century. We chose to isolate several paradigmatic figures of identity (such as Dante or some distinctive features of medieval architecture) and to study them through the prism of a number of commemorations held in Italy in the first decades after unification (1861-1921). The analysis of three commemorations bound together by the activity of the art historian Corrado Ricci constitutes the core of our study.The eighth centenary of the creation of the University of Bologna in 1888 and the architectural activity of Alfonso Rubbiani are studied as one of the first examples of a commemoration not marked by the construction of a new monument but by the reinvention of an old one. The careful consideration of the 1911 celebrations for the 50th anniversary of Italian unification and especially the regional and ethnographic exhibition held in Rome on this occasion allowed us to define a new articulation between national and regional identity, defined as a unity of national artistic genius through a multiplicity of genius loci “rediscovered” in the architecture of late Middle Ages and early Renaissance Commune. The third and main object of our analysis are the commemorations for the 600th anniversary of Dante's death in 1921. For this event many buildings were restored throughout Italy, especially in Florence and Ravenna. In both cities, the impact of commemorations reached an urban scale, leading to the creation of whole areas known as zone dantesche: spatial evidences of the powerful myth that the figure of Dante embodied in this historical conjuncture. Supported by the newly acquired value of heritage in the national building process, this commemoration was a crucial step in the invention of a neomedieval city and its mass diffusion through a set of visual stereotypes
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Books on the topic "Florence (Italy) – Commerce – History"

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The medieval super-companies: A study of the Peruzzi Company of Florence. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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Bruschettini Foundation for Islamic and Asian Art, ed. Vetri islamici a Firenze nel primo Rinascimento. Firenze: S.P.E.S., Studio per edizioni scelte, 2012.

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Le pietre di Livorno: Transito e lavorazione delle pietre dure per la Cappella dei principi di Firenze nel XVII secolo. Livorno: Sillabe, 2009.

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Money and beauty: Bankers, Botticelli and the bonfire of the vanities. Firenze: Giunti, 2011.

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J, Crum Roger, and Paoletti John T, eds. Renaissance Florence: A social history. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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Florence Historical Society. Book Committee., ed. Florence. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2003.

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A history of Florence 1200-1575. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2006.

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Jennifer, Leach, ed. Florence. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2004.

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Brucker, Gene A. Florence: The Golden Age, 1138-1737. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

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Hibbert, Christopher. Florence: The biography of a city. London: Penguin, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Florence (Italy) – Commerce – History"

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McLean, Paul D., and John F. Padgett. "Commerce and credit in Renaissance Florence 1." In The Routledge History of the Renaissance, 337–57. [edited by] William Caferro. Description: New York : Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315226217-22.

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Coli, M., A. L. Ciuffreda, S. Caciagli, and B. Agostini. "Principles and practices for conservation of historical buildings: the case history of the Saint John Baptistery at Florence, Italy." In Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites III, 313–24. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308867-18.

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Campbell, Gordon. "4. Italy." In Garden History: A Very Short Introduction, 50–62. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199689873.003.0004.

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‘Italy’ discusses the essential features of the 16th-century Italian Renaissance garden—terraces, symmetry, statues, water, and a balance between constructed and natural materials—that were to influence gardens all over the world both in layout and in content. The two best-known surviving gardens of 16th-century Italy are Villa d’Este in Tivoli and the Boboli Gardens in Florence. The design of Italian gardens through the 17th and 18th centuries is also considered, when there was a greater French influence. Many gardens became derelict during the political and economic difficulties of a fragmented Italy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, but the past forty years have witnessed the restoration of many Renaissance gardens.
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Flohr, Miko. "Fora and commerce in Roman Italy." In Urban Space and Urban History in the Roman World, 198–220. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367809331-13.

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"2. Jacques Callot, Drawing Dal Vivo in 1620: Commerce in Florence, Piracy on the High Seas." In Representing from Life in Seventeenth-century Italy, 91–144. Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9789048533268-005.

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Coppola, Michele. "Notes for a building history of the temple of Ramesses II at Antinoe. The architectural investigation." In Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Egyptologists, Florence, Italy 23-30 August 2015, 124–30. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tjnf.26.

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Grimaldi, Dulce María, and Patricia Meehan. "The transformation of Theban Tomb 39 (TT39). A contribution from a conservation viewpoint in terms of its history after dynastic occupation." In Proceedings of the XI International Congress of Egyptologists, Florence, Italy 23-30 August 2015, 247–53. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tjnf.48.

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Cooper-Richet, Diana. "The English-Language press in Continental Europe." In The Edinburgh History of the British and Irish Press, Volume 2, 221–39. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424882.003.0014.

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During the nineteenth century, the English-language press thrived in Continental Europe in areas where no English was spoken locally, notably in France, Italy and the Ottoman Empire. Expatriate British, whether residing or visiting Paris, Rome, Florence or Constantinople, were eager to be kept informed on international politics and culture through locally available English language press outputs.They were served with a wide spectrum of periodicals – ranging from general information newspapers, literary reviews, parish bulletins, to specialised publications focusing on fashion, medicine, sports and entertainment. A good example was the well-known Galignani’s Messenger, a Paris based daily, dominant across Europe from 1814 through to 1890. The English-language press, published abroad, formed a somewhat transnational cultural space. Neglected until recently by academic researchers, its study provides valuable insights into the history of the cultural and social habits of the British abroad.
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"represented the gods of [f.68v] the pagans with seven clouds which descended onto the stage, in each of which was a great number of musicians and instrumentalists. They all came out of the said clouds. After having sung and danced, they all went back into their clouds, and gradually re-ascended up to the sky, and so skillfully that one lost sight of them, without anyone at all appearing for any of the ropes or other things necessary for this ascent. In order to make this music, the grand-duke had searched out all the cleverest men of Italy, and so the comedy was completed. And it was staged five times: the first time as a rehearsal, the second, at which I was, for the arrival of the grand-duchess. On this day the done of Florence were very strongly represented there, with an infinity of jewelry. The third time for the Florentine and foreign gentlemen who had come for the wedding, the fourth for the common people and the courtiers of Florence. On that day with the Venetian and Genoese ambassadors who had come to congratulate the grand-duke on his marriage (I went there with them); and the fifth time on the arrival of the ambassador of Spain, who arrived after the wedding for the same reason as the other ambassadors. notes." In Art History as Cultural History, 259–68. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315078571-53.

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Conference papers on the topic "Florence (Italy) – Commerce – History"

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Rinaldi, Simona. "L’architettura militare italiana della Cittadella di Ancona: tecniche costruttive e sistemi difensivi del XVI secolo." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11481.

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The Italian military architecture of Ancona’s Citadel: construction techniques and defensive systems in the sixteenth centuryThe objective of this research is regarding the construction techniques used in the military architecture of Cittadella-Fortezza (Ancona, Marche, Italy). In this case, attention will focus primarily on historical, bibliographic and archive research, then through a comprehensive analysis of building methods used in the sixteenth century and on the strategic function that this fortification covered in the coastal strip of the Middle Adriatic. Together with Rocca Paolina (Perugia) and Fortezza da Basso (Florence), it has in fact a remarkable importance in the military architecture’s history, as it was one of the first experiments of fronte bastionato all’italiana. Built from 1532 by Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane, it rises on the top of Astagno hill in a panoramic and defensive position, overlooking the city and the port. It clearly distinguishes itself from the surrounding building fabric as it is characterized by five mighty bastions in bricks and by the central bulwark with the vaulted ground floor. The study aims to investigate the structural details of Ancona’s fortress such as the modeling of walls, the suppression of protruding volumes, the extension and rounding of the corner towers and the introduction of the central type plan. A great understanding of this research will be analyzed in the drawings and the volumes’ reliefs, which highlighted the general geometric data, the materials used for the realization of the work, the angle of the curtain walls and the technical/constructive strategies. Therefore, the methodical-metric knowledge of the parts will be made more accessible also in relation to the three-dimensional modeling of the fortress, in addition to the critical comparison based on other historical examples of military architecture in the Renaissance period.
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