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Journal articles on the topic 'Floral visitors'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Silva, Matheus R. e., Bruno C. Barbosa, and Ana Paula G. de Faria. "Reproductive biology and flower-visitor interactions of two bromeliad species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Plant Ecology and Evolution 155, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.84464.

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Background and aims – The Bromeliaceae family has great importance in the maintenance of neotropical communities. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, bromeliads are among the major groups responsible for maintaining the local flora and fauna and participate in important ecological interactions with insects, anurans, and hummingbirds. This work reports on aspects of the reproductive biology and the interactions between two endemic bromeliad species from the Atlantic Forest (Aechmea bruggeri and Quesnelia indecora) and their floral visitors to assess the impact of these relationships on the reproductive success and conservation of these plants.Material and methods – Reproductive phenology, floral biology, pollination experiments, and the reproductive success of both species were investigated. To determine the floral visitors, we made direct observations on flowers and collected floral visitors that could not be identified in the field.Key results – Aechmea bruggeri and Quesnelia indecora presented the individual and population flowering phenological pattern classified as annual with intermediate duration. The species are partially and totally self-incompatible, respectively. Both species presented a varied visitation guild, and although Q. indecora presented flowers with ornitofilous characteristics, no hummingbirds were recorded for this species. The hummingbird Thalurania glaucopis was the main visitor for Aechmea bruggeri and the bee Trigona cf. braueri was the main visitor for Quesnelia indecora. Nectar thieving by lepidopterans was observed for both species. Pollen robbing by beetles and nectar robbing by bees were registered for Aechmea bruggeri and Quesnelia indecora, respectively. Fruit and seed set of both species were highly affected by herbivory, which may negatively affect their reproductive success.Conclusion – Our work highlights the important role of bromeliads in neotropical communities, showing how floral visitors and plants interact by participating in maintaining biological diversity in the studied forest remnant.
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2

Louthan, Allison, Emily Valencia, Dino J. Martins, Travis Guy, Jacob Goheen, Todd Palmer, and Daniel Doak. "Large mammals generate both top-down effects and extended trophic cascades on floral-visitor assemblages." Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, no. 4 (June 11, 2019): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000142.

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AbstractCascading effects of high trophic levels onto lower trophic levels have been documented in many ecosystems. Some studies also show evidence of extended trophic cascades, in which guilds dependent on lower trophic levels, but uninvolved in the trophic cascade themselves, are affected by the trophic cascade due to their dependence on lower trophic levels. Top-down effects of large mammals on plants could lead to a variety of extended trophic cascades on the many guilds dependent on plants, such as pollinators. In this study, floral-visitor and floral abundances and assemblages were quantified within a series of 1-ha manipulations of large-mammalian herbivore density in an African savanna. Top-down effects of large mammals on the composition of flowers available for floral visitors are first shown, using regressions of herbivore activity on metrics of floral and floral-visitor assemblages. An extended trophic cascade is also shown: the floral assemblage further altered the assemblage of floral visitors, according to a variety of approaches, including a structural equation modelling approach (model with an extended trophic cascade was supported over a model without, AICc weight = 0.984). Our study provides support for extended trophic cascades affecting floral visitors, suggesting that trophic cascades can have impacts throughout entire communities.
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3

Nathan, Mayda. "Ten‐legged floral visitors." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 17, no. 5 (June 2019): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.2055.

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4

Junqueira, Camila Nonato, Jennifer Muir, and Alana Pindar. "Floral biology and visitors of Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott (Araceae) in Caxiuanã National Forest, Amazon Region, Brazil." Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi - Ciências Naturais 9, no. 3 (February 11, 2021): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46357/bcnaturais.v9i3.506.

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The genus Montrichardia is widely distributed across the Brazilian Amazon, however very little is known about its floral biology and floral visitors. This study, carried out over four days in September 2011 in the Caxiuanã National Forest aimed to investigate aspects of floral biology such as inflorescence growth, reproductive function, fruit size and principal visitors of Montrichardia arborescens in eastern Amazonia. It was estimated that the inflorescences monitored over the four day period were open for between 48-72 hours. Open inflorescences emitted more heat during morning visits compared to evening visits. Floral visitor numbers were dramatically lower than those reported in other studies. Out of the 75 individuals of Montrichardia arborescens observed, only seven received visitors. Results also showed no significant difference in pollen viability across measured spadix sections. Lastly, the number of carpels per fruit showed no significant effect on fruit size and shape.
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5

Valois-Cuesta, Hamleth, Pascual J. Soriano, and Juan Francisco Ornelas. "Asymmetrical legitimate pollination in distylous Palicourea demissa (Rubiaceae): the role of nectar production and pollinator visitation." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 4 (May 31, 2011): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000150.

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Abstract:We investigated morph differences in attributes that contribute to rewarding floral visitors of the distylous shrub Palicourea demissa at La Mucuy cloud forest in Venezuela. In both morphs, we measured nectar production from flowers subjected to repeated removals at 2-h intervals (10 plants per morph) and flowers that accumulated nectar for 24 h (10 plants per morph). In both cases, floral visitors were excluded. In addition, we quantified nectar availability (30 plants per morph), floral visitation (10–12 plants per morph) and legitimate pollination (30 plants per morph) throughout the day. We explored morph differences in the variables mentioned above using analyses of variance, and the effects of nectar variation on floral visitation and legitimate pollination using regression models. We observed 1205 floral visits, grouped into six hummingbird (94.7%) and three insect species (5.3%), across observations (264 h). Coeligena torquata was the most frequent floral visitor (34%) in both morphs (1.4–1.7 visits per plant h−1). Nectar production and availability, and visitation rate were similar between morphs. Visitation rate and legitimate pollen deposition increased with the nectar production in both morphs, but levels of legitimate pollination were higher on short-styled flowers than long-styled flowers. These results show that short-styled and long-styled flowers reward floral visitors equally, but frequency and foraging behaviour of long-billed pollinators can promote asymmetrical legitimate pollination.
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6

Alanís Méndez, José Luis, Luz del Carmen Ortiz Santos, Ivette Alicia Chamorro Florescano, Juan Manuel Pech Canché, and Francisco Limón. "Pollinators and floral visitors of two orchids in a protected natural area in Tuxpan, Veracruz." Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios 6, no. 17 (May 3, 2019): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.19136/era.a6n17.1922.

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Floral visitors, particularly pollinators, are important during the life cycle of many orchids. However, despite their biological importance, this information is still unknown in many species, particularly those in mangrove forests. The aim of this research was to study the floral visitors, as well as the pollinators, of the two orchid species Myrmecophila grandifloraand Brassavola nodosa, in a protected natural area with mangrove (RAMSAR), in Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico. Ants of different genera were the floral visitors of M. grandiflora, its pollinator is the carpenter bee, Xylocopa nautlana. In B. nodosa, were observed mosquitoes and ladybugs as floral visitors, the pollinator could not be registered, but it is possible that it is a species of moth (Scopula sp.). Finally, this study provides field information about floral visitors and pollinators in two orchid species in mangrove ecosystems and the evidence for pollination.
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7

Aguirre, Armando, Roger Guevara, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Effects of forest fragmentation on assemblages of pollinators and floral visitors to male- and female-phase inflorescences of Astrocaryum mexicanum (Arecaceae) in a Mexican rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 1 (December 17, 2010): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000556.

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Abstract:We examined the consequences of habitat fragmentation on the assemblage of floral visitors and pollinators to male- and female-phase inflorescences of the understorey dominant palm Astrocaryum mexicanum at the Los Tuxtlas tropical rain forest. In six forest fragments ranging from 2 to 700 ha, we collected all floral visitors, pollinators and non-pollinators, to male- and female-phase inflorescences at the time of their greatest activity. We used multivariate and mixed-effects models to explore differences in guild composition between sexual phases of inflorescences and the effects of forest fragment size on several metrics of the assemblages of floral visitors. We detected 228 786 floral visitors, grouped into 57 species, across the six forest fragments. On average, abundance and species richness of floral visitors to female-phase inflorescences were higher than to male-phase ones. Forest fragmentation had no effect on species richness but negatively affected Shannon's diversity index. Overall, the most abundant species of floral visitors were predominantly found in inflorescences of plants from the large fragments. In contrast, most of the less common species were more abundant in the smallest fragments. The abundance of pollinators (those found on inflorescences of both phases and dusted with pollen that was carried to flower stigmas), and the ratio of pollinators to other floral visitors, increased with fragment size in both sexual phases of the inflorescences but these effects were significantly stronger on male-phase inflorescences than on female-phase inflorescences. These results show that tropical forest fragmentation correlates with changes in the composition of flower visitors to a dominant palm, with a reduction in the abundance of pollinators, but that such changes co-vary with the sexual phase of the plants.
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8

Gimenes, Miriam, Laene Silva Araujo, and Anderson Matos Medina. "The light intensity mediates the pollination efficacy of a Caatinga morning glory Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae)." Sociobiology 68, no. 4 (November 19, 2021): e5906. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v68i4.5906.

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Pollination is an ecological process that relies on the matching traits of flower visitors and flowers. Morphology, behavior, and temporal patterns play essential roles in mediating the interactions between plants and floral visitors. This study analyzed the temporal aspects of visitors and flowers interaction and the possible adjustment between both organisms. We used Ipomoea bahiensis and its flower visitors as a model system. We evaluated the visitor frequency on the flowers throughout the day, flower opening and closing times, pollen availability and stigma receptivity. We also evaluated the highest fruit production time during the flower longevity was analyzed, and the time of highest pollinator activity, related to climatic factors. Among the floral visitors, bees, especially Melitoma spp., Apis mellifera, and Pseudaugochlora pandora were the most frequent visitors, presenting regular visits synchronized with the flower opening and closing times, which were also regular. This system was influenced mainly by light intensity. Besides, these bees were very active during the times of the highest fruit production. These data indicate the presence of temporal patterns for both the bees and the visited plants, and synchronization between them, being the light intensity as a modulator of the rhythms of bees and plant, confirming the importance of the temporal adjustments for pollination efficiency.
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9

Sousa Filho, Leonardo Norberto de, Jean Bressan Albarello, Mayara Martins Cardozo, Márcia Regina Faita, and Cristina Magalhães Ribas dos Santos. "Reproductive biology of Kalanchoe laetivirens (Crassulaceae) in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Santa Catarina, Brazil." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): e27010111567. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11567.

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Crassulaceae of the Kalanchoe laetivirens species have ornamental potential, but are poorly studied, especially their reproductive biology and trophic resources made available to visitors. The aim of this study, therefore, was to characterize the reproductive system of K. laetivirens through analyses of floral morphology, trophic resources and floral visitors. Floral structures, pollen / egg ratio, in vitro pollen germination, pollen grain structure in scanning microscopy and the availability of trophic resources by the evaluation of potential and instant nectar were described. The survey of floral visitors was carried out, and the pollen and nectar collection frequencies were recorded. The results show that the species has tubular flowers, complete with tetramer calyx and corolla, eight epipetalous stamens and four pistils with pluriovulated ovaries. Based on pollen / ovule ratio, this species is optionally autogamous. Morphologically, the pollen grain is small, tricolporate and has radial symmetrywith in vitro germination facilitated in the presence of sucrose (20%). Visitors mostly collected pollen with the highest frequency of visits at 9:30 am. The production of instant nectar had little variation between the evaluated times. The results are relevant to the understanding of the reproductive biology of Kalanchoe laetivirens and its relationship with floral visitors.
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10

Taylor, Sunni J., Kendall J. AuBuchon, and Noland H. Martin. "Identification of Floral Visitors ofIris nelsonii." Southeastern Naturalist 11, no. 1 (April 2012): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.011.0114.

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11

Maimoni-Rodella, R. C. S., and Y. A. N. P. Yanagizawa. "Floral biology and breeding system of three Ipomoea weeds." Planta Daninha 25, no. 1 (March 2007): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582007000100004.

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The floral biology of three weeds, Ipomoea cairica, I. grandifolia and I. nil (Convolvulaceae), was studied in Botucatu and Jaboticabal, São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil. The three species are melittophilous, with a varied set of floral visitors, but with some overlapping. Cluster analysis using Jacquard similarity index indicated a greater similarity among different plant species in the same locality than among the populations at different places, in relation to floral visitor sets. The promiscuous and opportunistic features of the flowers were shown, with such type of adaptation to pollination being advantageous to weeds since pollinator availability is unpredictable at ruderal environments.
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12

Jejesky de Oliveira, Ana Paula, Juliétty Angioletti Tesch, Giuliano de Matin, Fernanda Pavesi Tanure, João Luiz Rossi Junior, and Ary Gomes da Silva. "Risk-sensitive foraging strategy of flower visitors in Serjania caracasana." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 42.2 (November 29, 2019): 7245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v42-2.6.

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Production of nectar can play a fundamental role in the foraging behaviour of floral visitors through its availability and distribution. The aim of this study was to understand the foraging pattern of floral visitors in Serjania caracasana. The field study observed the strategy of nectar production and the foraging behaviour of the floral visitors of Serjania caracasana, carried out through an experiment that evaluated the amount of nectar produced by flowers, species richness and frequency of visits. The data analysis showed that there is no significant correlation between any of the variables analysed. The unstable nectar between the flowers and the unpredictability during the hours of the day suggest a risk-foraging strategy of risk-prone type of the species of floral visitors. The data from this study suggests that Serjania caracasana has potential to understand the theory of risk-sensitive foraging in relation to its reproductive success.
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13

Martins, J., A. Carneiro, L. Souza, and J. Almeida-Cortez. "How pollinator visits are affected by flower damage and ants presence in Ipomoea carnea subs. fistulosa (Martius and Choise) (Convolvulaceae)?" Brazilian Journal of Biology 80, no. 1 (February 2020): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.189025.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of florivory and of the patrolling ants associated to EFNs-extrafloral nectaries, on the frequency of floral visitors, using the specie Ipomoea carnea subs. fistulosa (Martius and Choise) in Caatinga area. The floral attributes of the species were characterized. The effect of florivoria on the frequency of visitors and the influence of the presence of ants associated with the NEFs on the pollinator visit rate were evaluated. The rate of natural florivoria was recorded and collected floral visitors and ants over eight months. The damage on floral structure and the presence of ants foraging in the flowers causes a decrease in the number of total visits. The results may be justified by the fact that the floral damage consisted in the loss of important floral attributes. These effects for Ipomoea carnea subs. fistulosa can affect reproductive success, since it is a self-incompatible species and depends on the activity of the pollinators for their fertilization to occur.
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14

ROCHA, Leila E., Ana C. SÁNCHEZ, and María I. ZAMAR. "Potential pollinators of Fragaria ananassa (Rosales: Rosaceae) in the Perico valleys of Jujuy (Argentina)." Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina 80, no. 04 (December 30, 2021): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25085/rsea.800406.

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The aims of this study were to identify and estimate the potential pollinators of Fragaria ananassa Duch. “strawberry”, through the analysis of pollen carried out on their bodies. The study was carried out on a commercial farm in Las Pampitas, located in the Perico valleys, Jujuy province (Argentina). Floral visitors and other arthropods were sampled and identified, and their diversity was analyzed. The samples of insects selected to obtain the pollen carried were processed following the acetolysis technique. The potential pollinators of the strawberry crop were estimated by calculating the pollination probability index. The floral visitors corresponded to representatives of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and even Araneae. Apis mellifera L. was the most frequent floral visitor and presented more strawberry pollen than other selected insects. The pollination probability index estimated that this species had a high probability of being a pollinator. Other pollinators such as Allograpta exotica Wiedemann, Halictidae, Meliponini and even Thripidae could complement the action of the honeybee. This is the first contribution to the knowledge of the pollination of F. ananassa in the agroecosystems of Jujuy.
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Strange, Nicolas C., John K. Moulton, Ernest C. Bernard, William E. Klingeman, Blair J. Sampson, and Robert N. Trigiano. "Floral Visitors to Helianthus verticillatus, a Rare Sunflower Species in the Southern United States." HortScience 55, no. 12 (December 2020): 1980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15394-20.

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Helianthus verticillatus Small (whorled sunflower) is a federally endangered plant species found only in the southeastern United States that has potential horticultural value. Evidence suggests that H. verticillatus is self-incompatible and reliant on insect pollination for seed production. However, the identity of probable pollinators is unknown. Floral visitors were collected and identified during Sept. 2017 and Sept. 2018. Thirty-six species of visitors, including 25 hymenopterans, 7 dipterans, 2 lepidopterans, and 2 other insect species, were captured during 7 collection days at a site in Georgia (1 day) and 2 locations in Tennessee (6 days). Within a collection day (0745–1815 hr), there were either five or six discrete half-hour collection periods when insects were captured. Insect visitor activity peaked during the 1145–1215 and 1345–1415 hr periods, and activity was least during the 0745–0845 and 0945–1015 hr periods at all three locations. Visitors were identified by genus and/or species with morphological keys and sequences of the cox-1 mitochondrial gene. The most frequent visitors at all sites were Bombus spp. (bumblebees); Ceratina calcarata (a small carpenter bee species) and members of the halictid bee tribe Augochlorini were the second and third most common visitors at the two Tennessee locations. Helianthus pollen on visitors was identified by microscopic observations and via direct polymerase chain reaction of DNA using Helianthus-specific microsatellites primers. Pollen grains were collected from the most frequent visitors and Apis mellifera (honeybee) and counted using a hemocytometer. Based on the frequency of the insects collected across the three sites and on the mean number of pollen grains carried on the body of the insects, Bombus spp., Halictus ligatus (sweat bee), Agapostemon spp., and Lasioglossum/Dialictus spp., collectively, are the most probable primary pollinators of H. verticillatus.
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Barbola, Ivana de Freitas, Sebastião Laroca, Maria Christina de Almeida, and Elynton Alves do Nascimento. "Floral biology of Stachytarpheta maximiliani Scham. (Verbenaceae) and its floral visitors." Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 50, no. 4 (December 2006): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0085-56262006000400010.

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17

Weber, Urs K., Scott L. Nuismer, and Anahí Espíndola. "Patterns of floral morphology in relation to climate and floral visitors." Annals of Botany 125, no. 3 (October 25, 2019): 433–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz172.

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Abstract Background and Aims The diversity of floral morphology among plant species has long captured the interest of biologists and led to the development of a number of explanatory theories. Floral morphology varies substantially within species, and the mechanisms maintaining this diversity are diverse. One possibility is that spatial variation in the pollinator fauna drives the evolution of spatially divergent floral ecotypes adapted to the local suite of pollinators. Another possibility is that geographic variation in the abiotic environment and local climatic conditions favours different floral morphologies in different regions. Although both possibilities have been shown to explain floral variation in some cases, they have rarely been competed against one another using data collected from large spatial scales. In this study, we assess floral variation in relation to climate and floral visitors in four oil-reward-specialized pollination interactions. Methods We used a combination of large-scale plant and pollinator samplings, morphological measures and climatic data. We analysed the data using spatial approaches, as well as traditional multivariate and structural equation modelling approaches. Key Results Our results indicate that the four species have different levels of specialization, and that this can be explained by their climatic niche breadth. In addition, our results show that, at least for some species, floral morphology can be explained by the identity of floral visitors, with climate having only an indirect effect. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that, even in very specialized interactions, both biotic and abiotic variables can explain a substantial amount of intraspecific variation in floral morphology.
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Gorostiague, Pablo, and Pablo Ortega-Baes. "Pollination biology of Echinopsis leucantha (Cactaceae): passerine birds and exotic bees as effective pollinators." Botany 95, no. 1 (January 2017): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0120.

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Cactus flowers have traditionally been considered to be specialized to certain pollination guilds, but pollination studies reveal that most species are actually generalists. This suggests that floral traits are not always predictive of the animal visitors that pollinate cactus flowers. Here, we studied the pollination of Echinopsis leucantha (Gillies ex Salm-Dyck) Walp., an endemic cactus of Argentina, whose floral traits would suggest that it is pollinated by moths. The floral lifespan and flower availability throughout the reproductive period were evaluated. Field experiments were carried out to study the reproductive system and the identity and effectiveness of floral visitors. Echinopsis leucantha flowers had a nocturnal anthesis time that extended into the following morning. The species was self-incompatible. Floral visitors included moths, bees, and passerine birds. However, diurnal visitors were more effective as pollinators than nocturnal ones. The flowers of E. leucantha were phenotypically specialized (sphingophily); however, the pollination system was functionally and ecologically generalized. The results confirm that generalized pollination systems are widespread among species of the Echinopsis genus with nocturnal flowers, for which diurnal pollinators seem to have a key role in fruit and seed production. Our study constitutes the first record of passerine bird pollination in the Cactaceae for mainland South America.
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Christie, Kyle, Jonathan P. Doan, Wendy C. Mcbride, and Sharon Y. Strauss. "Asymmetrical reproductive barriers in sympatric jewelflowers: are floral isolation, genetic incompatibilities and floral trait displacement connected?" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, no. 3 (March 27, 2021): 835–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab027.

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Abstract Floral visitors influence reproductive interactions among sympatric plant species, either by facilitating assortative mating and contributing to reproductive isolation, or by promoting heterospecific pollen transfer, potentially leading to reproductive interference or hybridization. We assessed preference and constancy of floral visitors on two co-occurring jewelflowers [Streptanthus breweri and Streptanthus hesperidis (Brassicaceae)] using field arrays, and quantified two floral rewards potentially important to foraging choice – pollen production and nectar sugar concentration – in a greenhouse common garden. Floral visitors made an abundance of conspecific transitions between S. breweri individuals, which thus experienced minimal opportunities for heterospecific pollen transfer from S. hesperidis. In contrast, behavioural isolation for S. hesperidis was essentially absent due to pollinator inconstancy. This pattern emerged across multiple biotic environments and was unrelated to local density dependence. S. breweri populations that were sympatric with S. hesperidis had higher nectar sugar concentrations than their sympatric congeners, as well as allopatric conspecifics. Previous work shows that S. breweri suffers a greater cost to hybridization than S. hesperidis, and here we find that it also shows asymmetrical floral isolation and floral trait displacement in sympatry. These findings suggest that trait divergence may reduce negative reproductive interactions between sympatric but genetically incompatible relatives.
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Guimarães, Murilo Menck, Camila Silveira Souza, Maria Rosângela Sigrist, Karina Back Militão Miliato, and Fabiano Rodrigo da Maia. "Assessment of interactions between oil flowers and floral visitors in world biomes." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 134, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 366–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab078.

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Abstract Specialized glands that produce and store floral oil are found in 11 families of flowering plants, with greater representation in Malpighiaceae. Solitary bees use this resource to feed larvae and for cell lining. Oil interactions have been reported mainly at the population level and in some community studies that have commonly ignored not only the fewer representative families of oil-offering flowers, but also the floral visitors that do not collect floral oil. We have compiled and examined the interactions between oil-offering flowers and floral visitors in world biomes, to describe the structural patterns of the oil interaction meta-network and evaluate the species' functional roles. We reviewed 169 studies, which mainly used a phytocentric approach, reporting 1460 interactions between 214 species of oil-offering flowers and 377 species of floral visitors. Malpighiaceae and bees (mainly oil-collecting bees) were the most frequently investigated. The meta-network of oil interactions showed a modular structure, mainly influenced by botanical families, and core–periphery organization. The most important functional roles were associated with Malpighiaceae and oil-collecting bees, possibly due to their representativeness and geographic distribution.
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21

Huang, Luyao, Yang Liu, Liwen Dou, Shaobin Pan, Zhuangzhuang Li, Jin Zhang, and Jia Li. "Mutualist- and antagonist-mediated selection contribute to trait diversification of flowers." PeerJ 10 (September 29, 2022): e14107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14107.

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Flowers are generally short-lived, and they all face a multidimensional challenge because they have to attract mutualists, compel them to vector pollen with minimal investment in rewards, and repel floral enemies during this short time window. Their displays are under complex selection, either consistent or conflicting, to maximize reproductive fitness under heterogeneous environments. The phenological or morphological mismatches between flowers and visitors will influence interspecific competition, resource access, mating success and, ultimately, population and community dynamics. To better understand the effects of the plant visitors on floral traits, it is necessary to determine the functional significance of specific floral traits for the visitors; how plants respond to both mutualists and antagonists through adaptive changes; and to evaluate the net fitness effects of biological mutualisms and antagonism on plants. In this review, we bring together insights from fields as diverse as floral biology, insect behavioral responses, and evolutionary biology to explain the processes and patterns of floral diversity evolution. Then, we discuss the ecological significance of plant responses to mutualists and antagonists from a community perspective, and propose a set of research questions that can guide the research field to integrate studies of plant defense and reproduction.
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Cuautle, Mariana, and John N. Thompson. "Diversity of floral visitors to sympatric Lithophragma species differing in floral morphology." Oecologia 162, no. 1 (August 11, 2009): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1424-8.

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23

Cavalcante, M. C., F. F. Oliveira, M. M. Maués, and B. M. Freitas. "Pollination Requirements and the Foraging Behavior of Potential Pollinators of Cultivated Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsaBonpl.) Trees in Central Amazon Rainforest." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/978019.

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This study was carried out with cultivated Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsaBonpl., Lecythidaceae) in the Central Amazon rainforest, Brazil, aiming to learn about its pollination requirements, to know the floral visitors of Brazil nut flowers, to investigate their foraging behavior and to determine the main floral visitors of this plant species in commercial plantations. Results showed thatB. excelsais predominantly allogamous, but capable of setting fruits by geitonogamy. Nineteen bee species, belonging to two families, visited and collected nectar and/or pollen throughout the day, although the number of bees decreases steeply after 1000 HR. Only 16, out of the 19 bee species observed, succeeded entering the flower and potentially acted as pollinators. However, due to the abundance, flower frequency and foraging behavior of floral visitors, it was concluded that only the speciesEulaema mocsaryiandXylocopa frontaliscould be considered relevant potential pollinators.
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Hung, Keng-Lou James, Jennifer M. Kingston, Matthias Albrecht, David A. Holway, and Joshua R. Kohn. "The worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural habitats." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1870 (January 10, 2018): 20172140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2140.

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The western honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) is the most frequent floral visitor of crops worldwide, but quantitative knowledge of its role as a pollinator outside of managed habitats is largely lacking. Here we use a global dataset of 80 published plant–pollinator interaction networks as well as pollinator effectiveness measures from 34 plant species to assess the importance of A. mellifera in natural habitats. Apis mellifera is the most frequent floral visitor in natural habitats worldwide, averaging 13% of floral visits across all networks (range 0–85%), with 5% of plant species recorded as being exclusively visited by A. mellifera . For 33% of the networks and 49% of plant species, however, A. mellifera visitation was never observed, illustrating that many flowering plant taxa and assemblages remain dependent on non- A. mellifera visitors for pollination. Apis mellifera visitation was higher in warmer, less variable climates and on mainland rather than island sites, but did not differ between its native and introduced ranges. With respect to single-visit pollination effectiveness, A. mellifera did not differ from the average non- A. mellifera floral visitor, though it was generally less effective than the most effective non- A. mellifera visitor. Our results argue for a deeper understanding of how A. mellifera , and potential future changes in its range and abundance, shape the ecology, evolution, and conservation of plants, pollinators, and their interactions in natural habitats.
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Ranieri, Bernardo D., Fernando A. O. Silveira, and Edivani V. Franceschinelli. "Biologia floral e comportamento de polinizadores de Tococa guianensis Aubl. (Melastomataceae)." Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 11, no. 1 (August 31, 2013): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2013.23831.

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The floral biology of Tococa guianensis was studied in the “campo rupestre” vegetation of the Rio Preto State Park, Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil, by observing pollen availability and viability and behavior of floral visitors along the day. Flower visitors were grouped as effective, occasional or nectar robbers according to their behavior and pollen carriage. The flowers of T. guianensis presented herkogamy during anthesis and produced large amounts of viable pollen grains as floral rewards. Anthesis begins around 04:30 h and stigma receptivity starts at 05:45 h. Initially, herkogamy is caused by style deflection to either right or left positions. During the course of the day the style turns upright, approaching the stigma to the stamens. Bees were the most abundant visitors, especially Bombus atratus and B. morio, which were considered as effective pollinators because of their visitation behavior and morphology that makes pollen deposition on the stigma possible. Frieseomelitta varia and Augochloropsis cf. smithiana were considered occasional pollinators. Floral visits were more frequent in the morning, declining in frequency as both pollen quantity and viability decrease along the day. Keywords: Bombus, buzz-pollination, melittophily, pollen viability.
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ARAKI, KIWAKO, ETSUKO YAMADA, and MASASHI OHARA. "Breeding system and floral visitors of Convallaria keiskei." Plant Species Biology 20, no. 2 (August 5, 2005): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2005.00134.x.

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KATO, YUUKI, KIWAKO ARAKI, and MASASHI OHARA. "Breeding system and floral visitors ofVeratrum albumsubsp.oxysepalum(Melanthiaceae)." Plant Species Biology 24, no. 1 (April 2009): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00231.x.

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Paola Mazzei, Mariana, José Luis Vesprini, and Leonardo Galetto. "Non-pollinating floral visitors of the Cucurbita genus plants and their relationship with the presence of pollinating bees." Trends in Horticulture 4, no. 1 (August 7, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/th.v4i1.1804.

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Flower-visiting insects may be pollinators or, conversely, unrelated to the reproductive process of plants. Interactions between pollinating and non-pollinating flower visitors can negatively influence pollen transfer. Little is known about the effects of bee visits on pollination of squash (Cucurbita spp.) flowers and their interactions with the presence of other floral visitors. The study was conducted at the Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (Universidad Nacional de Rosario) in the south of Santa Fe (Argentina) and evaluated the effect of the presence of non-pollinating floral visitors on bee foraging in the flowers of two cultivated squash species. Flower sex and squash species C. maxima and C. moschata were included as variables. A total of 937 visitors were recorded in 403 flowers. Bees of the tribes Eucerini and Apini were the most abundant pollinators with an average of 2.3 individuals per flower during 10 minutes of observation. Diptera, flower sex and squash species did not influence the number of bee visits, whereas the prolonged stay of coleoptera and formicids negatively affected the presence of bees on both squash species. The presence of coleoptera reduced bee visits by 38%, while in the presence of ants, bees did not visit the flowers. The theft of nectar and pollen by non-pollinating floral visitors could have a negative effect on the reproductive success of squash.
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Curti, Ramiro N., and Pablo Ortega-Baes. "Relationship between floral traits and floral visitors in two coexisting Tecoma species (Bignoniaceae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 293, no. 1-4 (March 25, 2011): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-011-0436-0.

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Martins Junior, Edivaldo Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Galindo da Costa, Paulo Milet-Pinheiro, Daniela Navarro, William Wayt Thomas, Ana Maria Giulietti, and Isabel Cristina Machado. "Mixed pollination system and floral signals of Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae): insects and geitonogamy ensure high reproductive success." Annals of Botany 129, no. 4 (January 17, 2022): 473–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcac008.

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Abstract Background and Aims Eriocaulaceae exhibit a great variety of floral traits associated with insect (e.g. nectariferous structures) and wind pollination (unisexual flowers, exposed sexual organs and small pollen grains), as well as the ‘selfing syndrome’ (small flowers, short distance between stigma and anthers, and temporal overlap of male and female phases). Paepalanthus bifidus, P. subtilis and P. tortilis are related species that differ in form, size and colour of floral structures. We aimed to investigate the pollination and reproductive biology of these three species. Methods We analysed the floral biology, floral visitors, pollinator behaviour, and the contribution of insects, wind and spontaneous geitonogamy to fruit set. We also evaluated the floral colour and scent of the species. Colour reflectance of capitula of each species was measured and plotted in models of insect vision. Floral scent samples were extracted and the compounds were compared to vegetative scent samples. Key Results In all species, the staminate and pistillate flowers are arranged in alternating cycles with a temporal overlap between these phases. Ants were the most frequent floral visitors and were effective pollinators in P. bifidus and P. tortilis, while flies were occasional pollinators in P. tortilis. Floral visitors were not observed in P. subtilis. In all species, fruits were produced by spontaneous geitonogamy, with no evidence of wind pollination. According to the models of insect vision, the colours of the capitula of P. bifidus and P. subtilis are the most inconspicuous for ants and flies. We found no difference between the emission of volatiles of inflorescences and vegetative structures. Conclusions This study suggests that ant pollination might be more widespread in Eriocaulaceae than currently assumed. Furthermore, for small monocarpic plants, mixed mating strategies are most favourable, by ensuring reproduction either by outcrossing when pollinators are abundant or by spontaneous geitonogamy when pollinations are scarce/absent.
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OLIVEIRA, Fabiana dos Santos, Monique Hellen Martins RIBEIRO, Cecilia Veronica NUNEZ, and Patricia Maia Correia de ALBUQUERQUE. "Flowering phenology of Mouriri guianensis (Melastomataceae) and its interaction with the crepuscular bee Megalopta amoena (Halictidae) in the restinga of Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 46, no. 3 (September 2016): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201504853.

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ABSTRACT Mouriri guianensis is a Brazilian endemic plant species distributed throughout the Amazon forest, Caatinga, Mata Atlântica and Cerrado domains, extending northward into Venezuela. The aim of this study was to describe the flowering phenology, floral biology and visitors associated with M. guianensis, highlighting the crepuscular bee species Megalopta amoena. Mouriri guianensis flowers from September to March. The flowering, the details of floral biology and the activities of floral visitors were observed for ten individual plants in December 2013, January-March 2014, September-December 2014 and January-March 2015. The flowering peaks occurred in December 2013 and in November-December 2014. Bees were collected in January and February 2015. A total of 86 individuals belonging to six bee species were recorded visiting the flowers, with Xylocopa cearensis making more than one-half of the visits (60%), followed by Melipona subnitida and Megalopta amoena with 21.17% and 9.41% of the visits, respectively. The visitors showed activity peaks between 5:00 and 6:00 AM (66.27%). Buzz pollination was their predominant behavior. Megalopta amoena used its jaws to open the pore and the anther gland. Melipona subnitida used parts of the glands to seal the entrance to the colony. The visitors, except for Augochlopsis sp. and Trigona sp., are pollinators of M. guianensis. Plants having an extended anthesis can attract visitors both day and night. In this study, we present an example of a crepuscular pollination system. We suggest that blooming at twilight is a strategy used by the plant to escape unsuitable visitors.
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Leal, Roberta Luisa Barbosa, Marina Muniz Moreira, Alessandra Ribeiro Pinto, Júlia de Oliveira Ferreira, Miguel Rodriguez-Girones, and Leandro Freitas. "Temporal changes in the most effective pollinator of a bromeliad pollinated by bees and hummingbirds." PeerJ 8 (March 25, 2020): e8836. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8836.

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A generalist pollination system may be characterized through the interaction of a plant species with two or more functional groups of pollinators. The spatiotemporal variation of the most effective pollinator is the factor most frequently advocated to explain the emergence and maintenance of generalist pollination systems. There are few studies merging variation in floral visitor assemblages and the efficacy of pollination by different functional groups. Thus, there are gaps in our knowledge about the variation in time of pollinator efficacy and frequency of generalist species. In this study, we evaluated the pollination efficacy of the floral visitors of Edmundoa lindenii (Bromeliaceae) and their frequency of visits across four reproductive events. We analyzed the frequency of the three groups of floral visitors (large bees, small bees, and hummingbirds) through focal observations in the reproductive events of 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018. We evaluated the pollination efficacy (fecundity after one visit) through selective exposure treatments and the breeding system by manual pollinations. We tested if the reproductive success after natural pollination varied between the reproductive events and also calculated the pollen limitation index. E. lindenii is a self-incompatible and parthenocarpic species, requiring the action of pollinators for sexual reproduction. Hummingbirds had higher efficacy than large bees and small bees acted only as pollen larcenists. The relative frequency of the groups of floral visitors varied between the reproductive events. Pollen limitation has occurred only in the reproductive event of 2017, when visits by hummingbirds were scarce and reproductive success after natural pollination was the lowest. We conclude that hummingbirds and large bees were the main and the secondary pollinators of E. lindenii, respectively, and that temporal variations in the pollinator assemblages had effects on its reproductive success. Despite their lower pollination efficacy, large bees ensured seed set when hummingbirds failed. Thus, we provide evidence that variable pollination environments may favor generalization, even under differential effectiveness of pollinator groups if secondary pollinators provide reproductive assurance.
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Cultid-Medina, Carlos Andres, Paola Andrea Gonz´´ález-Vanegas, and Brenda Bedolla-García. "Wild bees as floral visitors to Salvia assurgens (Lamiaceae): a contribution to the pollination ecology of a white-flowered endemic Mexican sage." Acta Botanica Mexicana, no. 128 (February 10, 2021): e1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/abm128.2021.1785.

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Background and Aims: Salvia assurgens (a white-flowered sage) is considered to be a melittophilous species due to its floral architecture. However, there are no current empirical data supporting its assignment to this pollination syndrome. The present study aimed to record the diurnal floral visitors of S. assurgens to confirm its characterization as melittophilous and to evaluate which species of bees are potential pollinators. Methods: We collected wild bee visitors to the flowers of one population of S. assurgens in northeastern Michoacán, Mexico, during the summers of 2018 and 2019. We analyzed the pollen loads of each bee species and body area. In addition, we recorded the behavior of some wild bees when visiting flowers of S. assurgens. Key results: Seventeen bee species from three families (Apidae, Halictidae, and Megachilidae) were recorded as floral visitors of S. assurgens. Ninety percent of pollen carried by the examined bees belonged to S. assurgens. Four species of wild bees were the most frequent visitors, with S. assurgens accounting for 94.2% of the pollen on their bodies. Notably, these species presented clear differences in the distribution of pollen on their body parts: two of them, Bombus pennsylvanicus sonorus and Megachile sp. 1 accumulated up to 90% of the pollen on the frons and dorsal area of their thorax. It is most likely that pollen is transferred from these body areas to the stigma of S. assurgens. Conclusions: The present study provides evidence of the melittophilous pollination syndrome of S. assurgens. The wild bee richness recorded in this study is as high as that previously reported in studies on floral visitors to Neotropical sages. Finally, our results highlight the usefulness of considering pollen loads to increase our knowledge of Salvia pollination ecology.
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Araújo, Vinícius Albano. "Bee Diversity Associated with Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae) in an Peri-Urban Patch of “Restinga”." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 5, no. 5 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000407.

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The Restinga is one of the physiognomies of the Atlantic Forest biome with the highest degree of anthropic impact, mainly due to disordered urbanization. The impacts generate habitat loss and threaten the animals and plants that inhabit this ecosystem. In the Restinga, the psammophilous vegetation have an important role in stabilizing the sandy substrate and maintaining the pollinator community. In this study, we analyzed the floral resources offered by Canavalia rosea to floral visitors between October 2019 and September 2020, in the Municipal Natural Park of Barreto’s Restinga, in Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sampling was carried out from 8:00 am to 4:00 pm, covering a 250-meter transect in the sandy cord, counting the total number of open flowers and collecting visiting bees. The morphology of C. rosea flowers was described to relate to the functional traits of visitors, related to pollen and nectar collection. The pollen load of visitors was analyzed to estimate the degree of specialization in relation to C. rosea. A total of 192 individuals of 14 bee species were captured. There was a significant relationship between the availability of floral resources, measured by the number of open flowers and the richness and abundance of bees. The greatest richness of bees was observed between January and March and the greatest abundance in January. The most frequent visiting genera in C. rosea were Eufriesea, Centris and Xylocopa. The greatest richness of pollen types was observed in Eufriesea species. Most Xylocopa individuals showed C. rosea pollen. In this study, the importance of C. rosea as a source of floral resources for fourteen species of solitary bees was demonstrated. The data generated increases the knowledge about the ecological patterns of C. rosea and its floral visitors and may contribute to the maintenance and expansion of Restinga areas in urban environments.
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Nivedita, Samuel Raina, and Samuel Joy Nivedita. "Arthropod Assemblage Associated with Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (Family: Lamiaceae)." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.011.

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Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (Family: Lamiaceae) is a naturally growing shrub of medicinal value. The plant has woody stem, elliptical leaves and sweet-smelling flowers borne on pyramid-shaped peduncle panicle. The leaves and calyces are provided with EFNs which produce extra floral nectar while floral nectaries produce nectar rich in sucrose and amino acids. These food resources attract several floral and extra floral arthropod visitors like butterflies, bees, ants, bugs, grasshoppers, spiders etc. which can be grouped as EFN visitors, potential pollinators, herbivores and predators. The arthropod assemblage, recorded during the period of study, consisted of 22 species belonging to five orders (Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera and Coleoptera) and 10 families (Apidae, Aphididae, Formicidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Pyrgomorphidae, Pyrrochoridae, Pentatomidae, Coccinellidae and Papilionidae) of class Insecta and two arachnid families, Salticidae and Oxyopidae. The species of these groups may affect the distribution and resource exploitation ability of each other which would in turn affect the plant fitness.
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Ghosh, Arijit, and Pankaj K. Pal. "Pollination ecology of Clerodendrum indicum (Lamiaceae): first report of deceit pollination by anther-mimicking stigma in a bisexual flower." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 3 (June 8, 2017): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i3.29450.

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Clerodendrum indicum (Lamiaceae) is a medicinally important shrub. We have studied the details of its pollination ecology which was hitherto unknown. The work was done during three consecutive years 2012-2014, based on 118 plants occurring in three widely separated wild populations in West Bengal, India, together with 25 individuals grown in an experimental plot. Details of flower structure and dynamics of floral events, pollen production and pollen dispersal, visitors and pollinators, floral attractants and floral rewards and pollen transfer mechanism have been worked out by standard methodologies with a 10x high resolution hand lens (IRL), a Leica WILD M3B Stereo-binocular microscope (Switzerland) and a Leica DMLB compound bright field light microscope (Germany). The tubular flower of four-day longevity attracts its visitors by visual cues. Flowers are visited regularly by ten species of insects. On the basis of the visitor behaviour, these can be classified into three distinct categories, viz., visitors belonging to Category-I act on cushion and trichome nectaries of calyx and corolla respectively, those of Category-II act on the dehisced anthers and trichome nectaries of corolla while those of Category-III act on dehisced anthers as well as receptive stigma. Majority of the visitors belong to either Category-I or Category-II. They visit only the 2nd day flowers and never visit a 3rd day flower when the stigma assumes receptivity. Therefore, they are not regarded as pollinators but, act as pollen and/or nectar robbers. Those are discriminated by offering secretions from extra-nuptial nectaries of the flower. Visitor species of Category-III, represented by a species of Trigona, constitute the legitimate pollinator of the plant and thereby, making the plant monophilic. Pollen presentation from the bisexual, dichogamous and protandrous flower takes place on the 2nd day, while the stigma assumes its receptivity on the 3rd day of flower opening. Pollen transfer to the body of the pollinator by a 2nd day flower in its male phase is achieved by offering edible pollen grains. On the other hand, a 3rd day flower at its female phase is devoid of the reward (pollen grain). The yellow shiny receptive stigma of such a flower strikingly mimics the freshly dehisced anthers and the pollinators being lured by such a stigma inadvertently transfer pollen onto it. C. indicum is so far the only known species of flowering plants where deceit pollination occurs by anther-mimicking stigma in a bisexual flower.
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Cárdenas-Ramos, Diana, Armando Falcón-Brindis, Raúl Badillo-Montaño, Ismael Hinojosa-Diaz, and Ricardo Ayala. "Floral Traits and Foraging Behavior of the Bee Assemblage Visiting Martynia annua L. (Martyniaceae) in Coastal Jalisco, Mexico." Sociobiology 65, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v65i4.3393.

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Floral visitors are often overlooked in those plants considered invasive and widespread weed species. Martynia annua L. is an example of an introduced species to the old world being native from tropical America, however, information of its endemic pollinators in the Neotropical region is missing. In this study, the floral visitors of M. annua were evaluated in Chamela Field Station (Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve) in Jalisco, Mexico. Our aim was to provide information of the breeding system of M. annua and then indicate the potential pollinators. We included morphological and sexual features to estimate the outcrossing index (OCI). The frequency, behavior, and pollen loads were considered to find the potential pollinator. Despite the evidence of protandry and OCI indicating a xenogamous breeding system, the lack of herkogamy suggests M. annua is a facultative xenogamous species. The highest frequency of visits corresponded to the maximum diameter of corolla. Euglossa viridissima was the most recurrent visitor. However, this species often carried a high proportion of heterospecific pollen and did not touch any sexual structure of the flower. In contrast, Centris agilis performed as the most likely pollinator. Flowers of M. annua offer valuable rewards to its visitors and may be a good source of energy to those foragers capable of reaching the nectaries, though small bees are apparently unable to penetrate the flowers. We consider that there are evidence that suggests M. annua is a specialized melittophilic plant, pollinated by moderate to large-sized hairy bees throughout its distribution.
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Hou, Qin-Zheng, Wen-Juan Shao, Nurbiye Ehmet, Guang Yang, Yu-Qin Zhong, Wen-Rui Min, Yi-Fan Xu, and Ruo-Chun Gao. "The Biomechanical Screening Game between Visitor Power and Staminode Operative Strength of Delphinium caeruleum (Ranunculaceae)." Plants 11, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 2319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172319.

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During the evolution of angiosperm flowers, some floral traits may undergo certain changes in order to participate in screening. The stamens and pistils of Delphinium caeruleum are covered by two “door-like” staminodes, the evolutionary function of which, however, is quite unknown. In this study, we investigated whether D. caeruleum staminodes acted as visitor filters by assessing the respective strengths of staminodes and visitor insects (six bee species). We measured the operative strength required to open the staminodes and the strength that insects were capable of exerting using a biological tension sensor. Furthermore, we compared the strength required to open staminodes at different phases of the flowering period (male and female phases) and the strength of different visitors (visitors and non-visitors of D. caeruleum). The results showed that the strength needed to open staminodes in the male phase was significantly higher than that in the female phase. There was no significant difference between the strength exerted by visitors and required by staminodes of D. caeruleum in the male phase, but the visitor strength was significantly higher than that required to open staminodes in the female phase flowers. The strength of non-visitors was significantly lower than that required to open staminodes in the male phase. Furthermore, there was a significant positive association between the strength and the body weight of the bees. These results highlighted the observation that only strong visitors could press the two staminodes to access the sex organs and achieve successful pollination. Furthermore, these results revealed the function of pollinator screening by the staminodes of D. caeruleum. The biomechanical approach to the study of flowers allowed us to address relevant ecological and evolutionary questions of the plant–pollinator interaction and explore the functional modules within the flower structure in other plant species.
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Stone, Graham N., Nigel E. Raine, Matthew Prescott, and Pat G. Willmer. "Pollination ecology of acacias (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae)." Australian Systematic Botany 16, no. 1 (2003): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb02024.

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We review the pollination ecology of acacias worldwide, discussing (1) the rewards provided to flower visitors, (2) the temporal patterns of flowering and reward provision and (3) the taxonomic composition of flower visitors assemblages. The flowers of most acacias (including all members of the subgenus Phyllodineae) offer only pollen to flower visitors and floral nectar is limited to a minority of species in the subgenera Acacia and Aculeiferum. The most important pollinators of acacias are social and solitary bees, although other insects and nectar-feeding birds are important in specific cases. Acacias that secrete nectar attract far more species-rich assemblages of flower visitors, although many of these are probably not important as pollinators. Most acacias in the subgenus Phyllodineae have long-lived protogynous flowers, without clear daily patterns in reward provision and visitation. In contrast, most members of the other two subgenera have flowers that last for a single day, appear to be protandrous and have clear daily patterning in reward provision and visitation. The generality of these patterns should not be assumed until the pollination ecology of many more phyllodinous acacias has been studied, particularly in arid environments. The accessibility of the floral rewards in acacia flowers makes them important examples of two general issues in plant communities—the partitioning of shared pollinators and the evolution of floral ant repellents.
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Genung, Mark A., Jean-Philippe Lessard, Claire B. Brown, Windy A. Bunn, Melissa A. Cregger, Wm Nicholas Reynolds, Emmi Felker-Quinn, et al. "Non-Additive Effects of Genotypic Diversity Increase Floral Abundance and Abundance of Floral Visitors." PLoS ONE 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2010): e8711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008711.

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Guzmán, B., J. M. Gómez, and P. Vargas. "Is floral morphology a good predictor of floral visitors to Antirrhineae (snapdragons and relatives)?" Plant Biology 19, no. 4 (April 25, 2017): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/plb.12567.

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Dorchin, Achik, Anat Shafir, Frank H. Neumann, Dafna Langgut, Nicolas J. Vereecken, and Itay Mayrose. "Bee flowers drive macroevolutionary diversification in long-horned bees." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1959 (September 22, 2021): 20210533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0533.

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The role of plant–pollinator interactions in the rapid radiation of the angiosperms have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Studies have brought evidence for pollinator-driven diversification of various plant lineages, particularly plants with specialized flowers and concealed rewards. By contrast, little is known about how this crucial interaction has shaped macroevolutionary patterns of floral visitors. In particular, there is currently no empirical evidence that floral host association has increased diversification in bees, the most prominent group of floral visitors that essentially rely on angiosperm pollen. In this study, we examine how floral host preference influenced diversification in eucerine bees (Apidae, Eucerini), which exhibit large variations in their floral associations. We combine quantitative pollen analyses with a recently proposed phylogenetic hypothesis, and use a state speciation and extinction probabilistic approach. Using this framework, we provide the first evidence that multiple evolutionary transitions from host plants with accessible pollen to restricted pollen from ‘bee-flowers’ have significantly increased the diversification of a bee clade. We suggest that exploiting host plants with restricted pollen has allowed the exploitation of a new ecological niche for eucerine bees and contributed both to their colonization of vast regions of the world and their rapid diversification.
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Rech, André Rodrigo, Fatima Cristina de Lazari Manente-Balestieri, and Maria Lúcia Absy. "Reproductive biology of Davilla kunthii A. St-Hil. (Dilleniaceae) in Central Amazonia." Acta Botanica Brasilica 25, no. 2 (June 2011): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062011000200024.

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This survey aimed at describing the interactions of floral visitors and Davilla kunthii A. St.-Hil. as well as characteristics of its reproductive biology in Itacoatiara, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Tests of the breeding system were performed. The guild of visitors was described according to richness, abundance, relative frequency and constancy. The breeding system tests indicated that D. kunthii is self-compatible. The pollination system was characterized as generalist, with 39 visitor species, from three different orders. Bees were the main group of pollinators, thus some behavioural aspects were described. Th e period of highest foraging activity was between 7 and 10 am. Some species presented agonistic and monopolistic behaviour. Given the behaviour and destructive potential, the Curculionidae seem to have a greater impact as seed predators than pollinators.
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Matias, Raphael, Marco Túlio Furtado, Silvia B. Rodrigues, and Hélder Consolaro. "Floral resource availability of Dicliptera squarrosa (Acanthaceae) and its dependence on hummingbirds for fruit formation in a forest fragment of Central Brazil." Plant Ecology and Evolution 152, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2019.1537.

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Background and aims – Hummingbirds are dependent and specialized on nectar-feeding, and many plants depend upon them for pollination. However, the degree of plant-pollinator interdependence varies greatly among species; thus, information on plant mating systems and availability of resources may help to clarify the dependence of interacting organisms. The goals of this study were to (1) quantify the floral resource available during the flowering of Dicliptera squarrosa Nees for comparison with other co-flowering ornithophilous species, and to (2) determine the importance of floral visitors for the reproductive success of this plant.Methods – Data collection was performed in a forest fragment within the urban perimeter of Catalão, Goiás, from September 2012 to August 2013. We investigated the flowering phenology, floral biology, nectar characteristics, flower visitors and mating systems of D. squarrosa. Additionally, we evaluated the amount of floral resource offered (number of flowers and energy in joules) by co-flowering ornithophilous species within an area of 6000 m2 for comparison with D. squarrosa.Key results – Dicliptera squarrosa presents flowers adapted to pollination by hummingbirds, which act as the sole pollinator group for flowers of this species. Flowering occurs from June to September and is synchronous with five other co-flowering species. During the months between July and September, D. squarrosa is the main food source for hummingbirds in the area, offering more floral resources than all of the other five ornithophilous species together. Plants of this species are self-compatible, but they depend on hummingbirds to transfer pollen; levels of autonomous autogamy were low.Conclusions – We suggest that D. squarrosa is an important species for maintaining hummingbirds in the forest fragment due to its high production of nectar resources. In addition, data on floral biology, flower visitors, and mating systems showed the importance of hummingbirds for reproduction of D. squarrosa, suggesting a mutualistic interaction between plant and hummingbirds.
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TOMIMATSU, HIROSHI, and MASASHI OHARA. "Floral visitors of Trillium camschatcense (Trilliaceae) in fragmented forests." Plant Species Biology 18, no. 2-3 (December 2003): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2003.00090.doc.x.

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Ikemoto, Mito, Takayuki Ohgushi, and Timothy P. Craig. "Space-dependent effects of floral abundance on flower visitors." Journal of Plant Interactions 6, no. 2-3 (June 2011): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2010.544776.

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Lord, JM, L. Huggins, LM Little, and VR Tomlinson. "Floral biology and flower visitors on subantarctic Campbell Island." New Zealand Journal of Botany 51, no. 3 (September 2013): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.2013.801867.

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Monzón, Víctor H., Rodrigo O. Araujo, Patricio Avendaño, Rubén Garrido, and José N. Mesquita-Neto. "Discovering new floral visitors of four Chilean endemic orchids." Gayana (Concepción) 83, no. 2 (December 2019): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-65382019000200141.

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Almeida-Soares, Stela, Leandro P. Polatto, João C. S. Dutra, and Helena M. Torezan-Silingardi. "Pollination of Adenocalymma bracteatum (Bignoniaceae): floral biology and visitors." Neotropical Entomology 39, no. 6 (December 2010): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566x2010000600015.

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50

Moura, Thaysa Nogueira de, Antonio Carlos Webber, and Liliane Noemia Melo Torres. "Floral biology and a pollinator effectiveness test of the diurnal floral visitors of Tabernaemontana undulata Vahl. (Apocynaceae) in the understory of Amazon Rainforest, Brazil." Acta Botanica Brasilica 25, no. 2 (June 2011): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062011000200014.

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In this paper we examined the floral biology, per-visit effectiveness, frequency of visits and relative abundance of the diurnal floral visitor taxa of T. undulata (Apocynaceae) at two populations located in the primary forest and in a disturbed area connected to the continuous forest. Its hermaphrodite flowers show a long and narrow floral tube and introrse anthers form a cone around the apex of the style head where the pollen is deposited. The stigmatic head has three functional regions, in a complex pollination mechanism favoring cross-pollination. In the pollinator censuses conducted in the primary forest population we registered Eulaema bombiformis. In the disturbed area Euglossa sp. was responsible for visits on T. undulata fl owers. Eulaema bombiformis was not absent in the disturbed area, but preferred to forage on pollen and nectar-rich flowers of two neighboring flowering species. In the primary forest, T. undulata was the only fl owering treelet at the end of the dry season. Signifi cant differences were not observed regarding the frequency of visits and relative abundance among the diurnal flower visitors at both sites. In the per-visit effectiveness experiment among flower visitors, we observed one fruit produced aft er E. bombiformis' visits. Due to the complex breeding system of T. undulata in that it is characterized by very low fruit production even under natural conditions, an indirect measure of pollinator effectiveness is needed in at a future stage of this study in order to clarify the role of these bee species as pollinators of T. undulata.
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