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Antonsen, Adrienne Kendra. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Butterflies and Their Floral Resources." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31830.
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Butterflies fulfill a unique role among insect pollinators as long-distance flyers. This makes butterflies particularly valuable as vectors of genetic diversity among spatially isolated plant populations. Like many insects, though, butterfly populations have experienced significant declines in recent years. To help inform conservation efforts, and to investigate community and species level dynamics, I studied butterflies and their floral resources as part of a three year pollinator survey across the state of North Dakota. At the community level, I analyzed butterfly-flower interaction networks across space and time. I then examined the specialization of individual species within those networks and their contributions to network structure. I also evaluated spatial and temporal distribution patterns of monarch butterflies, regal fritillaries, and their plant resources. Results revealed dynamic spatiotemporal relationships between butterflies and their plant resources that have important implications for conservation efforts and the study of ecological communities.
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Fultz, Jessica Erin. "Effects of shelterwood management on flower-visiting insects and their floral resources." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/fultz/FultzJ0805.pdf.
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Larsson, Magnus. "To Bee or Not to Be : Critical Floral Resources of Wild-Bees." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7108.
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Guezen, Jessica. "Past Floral Resources as a Predictor of Present Bee Visits in Agroecosystems." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37051.
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Relying on wild bees for pollination services has become necessary as the global demand for crops dependent on animal pollination increases. If wild bee populations are to establish and persist in agricultural landscapes, there must be sufficient floral resources over time and space. This study examines the relationship between bee visits in agroecosystems and the spatiotemporal availability of floral resources over one season. I expected that landscapes with greater floral resources earlier in the season would subsequently experience more bee visits than landscapes with fewer early-season floral resources, and that the spatiotemporal scale of this effect would differ among taxa. I measured bee visitation rate and floral resource density over three spatial scales and during four time-periods spanning one season, in 27 agricultural sites across Ontario and Québec, Canada. The present abundance of floral resources at a local scale positively influenced bee visits across all sampling periods. However, differences in the temporal scale of bees’ response to floral resources were observed at landscape scales. Past and present floral resources were positively or negatively associated with bee visits depending on the time of season and which taxon was examined. The number of visits by Andrenidae, honey bees, and bumble bees increased with floral resource abundance in previous time-periods, while other taxa exhibited a negative association with past floral resources, suggesting possible dilution of bee populations at a landscape scale. Understanding the scales at which bee taxa are influenced by floral resources can allow development of land management strategies that could enhance crop pollination and conserve species threatened by agricultural intensification.
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Coelho, Aline Goes. "A comunidade de plantas utilizada por beija-flores no sub-bosque de um fragmento de Mata Atl?ntica da Bahia, Brasil." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2013. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/174.
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Studies on hummingbird/plant interactions in the Atlantic Forest have been providing major data on ornithophilous plants and on the role of these birds as pollen vectors and maintainers of plant communities. The aim of this study was to investigate a plant community used by hummingbirds, in order to recognize flowering phenological patterns and to identify pollen loads transported by visiting trochilidae. Fieldwork was performed from April 2009 to August 2011 in the understory of an Atlantic Forest area within Michelin Ecological Reserve, in Igrapi?na municipality, Bahia State. We identified hummingbirds from focal observations in flowering plants, recording their foraging strategies and the local of pollen deposition in their bodies. Data on morphology and floral biology were recorded for plants visited by hummingbirds, such as the number of flowers and buds monthly produced and if the plant was ornithophilous or not. Pollen attached to the beak, head, throat and chest of captured hummingbirds was removed, identified and counted in laboratory. About 18 plant species, most of them ornithophilous (83%), were visited by 13 hummingbird species, with Phaethornis ruber being the most frequent pollen vector. The plant community showed a continuous flowering, with sequential flowering peaks during the studied period. Sixteen pollen types and eight hummingbird species were recorded, with the beak being the main area for pollen deposition (58%), followed by the head (30%), throat (11%) and chest (1%). Differences on the local of pollen deposition on birds reduce the chance of mixing pollen from different species, allowing their coexistence by the sharing of the same pollen vector. Continuous flowering within the plant community assure the presence of their pollinators in the area, avoiding population dislocation towards floral resources. A high investment on floral morphology specialization allows a great deposition of pollen grains over a safe place on the body of the hummingbirds, maximizing plant reproductive success.
Os estudos sobre intera??es planta/beija-flor em Mata Atl?ntica t?m fornecido informa??es importantes sobre plantas ornit?filas e o uso de beija-flores como vetores de p?len e o papel destas aves na manuten??o de comunidades vegetais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a comunidade vegetal utilizada por beija-flores, conhecer o padr?o fenol?gico de flora??o da comunidade al?m de identificar a carga pol?nica transportada pelos troquil?deos visitantes. O estudo foi realizado de abril de 2009 a agosto de 2011, no sub-bosque de uma ?rea de Mata Atl?ntica na Reserva Ecol?gica da Michelin, Igrapi?na, Bahia. Os beija-flores foram identificados a partir de observa??es focais em plantas floridas, registrando suas estrat?gias de forrageio e o local de deposi??o de p?len no corpo das aves. Das plantas visitadas pelos beija-flores, foram registrados dados sobre morfologia e biologia floral, sendo classificadas como ornit?fila ou n?o ornit?fila, e o n?mero de flores e bot?es produzidos mensalmente. Dos beija-flores capturados, foi removido o p?len impregnado em seu bico, cabe?a, garganta e peito. Os tipos pol?nicos foram identificados e contabilizados em laborat?rio. Foram registradas dezoito esp?cies de plantas, a maioria ornit?fila (83%), sendo visitadas por beija-flores. Treze esp?cies de beija-flores visitaram as plantas, sendo Phaethornis ruber o vetor de p?len mais frequente. Durante o per?odo de estudo, a comunidade vegetal apresentou flora??o cont?nua com picos de flora??o sequenciais. Dezesseis tipos pol?nicos foram identificados em oito esp?cies de beija-flores capturadas, sendo o bico o principal local de deposi??o de p?len (58%), seguido da cabe?a (30%), garganta (11%) e peito (1%). Diverg?ncias no local de deposi??o de p?len no corpo das aves reduz a probabilidade de mistura de p?len heteroespec?fico, permitindo a coexist?ncia de plantas que se beneficiam da partilha de polinizadores. A flora??o cont?nua da comunidade garante a presen?a de seus polinizadores na ?rea, evitando deslocamentos populacionais em busca de recurso. O alto investimento na morfologia floral especializada proporciona a deposi??o de grande quantidade de gr?os de p?len em local seguro do corpo da ave, maximizando o sucesso reprodutivo vegetal.
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Cutter, Jasmine Antonia Villamarin. "Effect of Livestock Species on Floral Resources and Pollinators in Low-Diversity Grasslands." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31788.
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Livestock management influences the extent to which grazing lands provide resources for native species. We compared how livestock species ? sheep or cattle ? affected floral resources and bee and butterfly communities in low-diversity, post-Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) pastures managed with patch-burning. We sampled bees and butterflies three times per season 2017-2019 and counted flowering stems within 1 m of transects. Pastures grazed by sheep had significantly fewer flowers and significantly lower floral richness than cattle pastures. Native bees were three to sixteen times more abundant in cattle pastures compared to sheep. Butterfly communities were similar between grazing treatments, because agricultural-tolerant, habitat generalists comprised the majority of the butterfly community. Grassland-obligate butterflies comprised only 2% of observations. The dearth of grassland-obligate butterfly species and low native bee abundances suggest that post-CRP fields, especially those grazed by sheep, do not provide abundant and diverse floral resources for native bees and imperiled butterfly species.
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Fonseca, Marina de Magalhães da. "Biologia reprodutiva de Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3076.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Os estudos de biologia reprodutiva são fundamentais para a conservação e manejo das espécies de plantas, uma vez que o período reprodutivo é uma fase de grande importância para a dinâmica das populações e sobrevivência das espécies . Esta dissertação teve como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento da morfologia floral, biologia floral e reprodutiva de Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick, além de identificar os agentes polinizadores e suas relações com as flores. O trabalho foi realizado em dois países, no Uruguai (em La Paloma, Departamento de Rocha) e no Brasil (em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul). Foram identificadas as fases de floração, antese masculina e feminina. Foi estimado o número de flores masculinas e femininas por ráquila na inflorescência, e a relação existente entre flores masculinas e femininas. Foi verificada a coloração das ráquilas e das flores. As flores foram caracterizadas quanto à sua morfologia e morfometria. Foram identificadas as ordens de insetos que visitaram as inflorescências, a relação dos insetos com as flores, os recursos florais coleta dos e o período de visitação durante as fases de floração. As flores de Butia odorata são unissexuais, hipóginas, actinomorfas, diclamídeas e sésseis. As flores masculinas e femininas ocorrem na mesma inflorescência e possuem formatos distintos, sendo as primeiras muito mais numerosas do que as segundas. As flores masculinas estão dispostas por toda a ráquila, com maior concentração do meio para o ápice, as flores femininas são encontradas do meio para a base da ráquila, formando tríades com duas masculinas. Existe variabilidade genética para cor e tamanho de ráquilas e para cor das flores em inflorescências de B. odorata. A espécie apresenta mecanismos de protandria. Uma grande diversidade de espécies de insetos das ordens Hymenoptera, Coleoptera e Diptera visitam as inflorescências. Durante a antese masculina, as ordens Hymenoptera e Coleoptera são mais frequentes, enquanto que durante a antese feminina a ordem Hymenoptera se destaca. Os insetos são atraídos pelos recursos como pólen e néctar disponibilizados pelas flores. A compreensão sobre a biologia reprodutiva, apresentado nos dois capítulos da dissertação, serve de alicerce para a preservação do butiá, pois este conhecimento é de grande importância para traçar estratégias de conservação e uso de recursos genéticos e programas de melhoramento.
Studies of reproductive biology are essential for the conservation and management of plant species, once the reproductive period is a time of great importance for the population dynamics and species survival. This dissertation had as objective to contribute to uderstanding floral morphology, floral and reproductive biology of Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick. Also, to identify the pollinators and their relationship with the flowers. The study was conducted in two Countries, Uruguay (La Paloma, Rocha Department) and Brazil (Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State). Stages of flowering, and male and female anthesis were identified. The number of male and female flowers per rachille in the inflorescence, and the ratio between male and female flowers were estimated. The coloring of rachilles and flowers was verified. The morphology and morphometry of flowers were characterized. Orders of insects that visited the inflorescences, the relationship of insects with flowers, the collected floral resources and the period of visitation during the stages of flowering were identified. Flowers of Butia odorata are unisexual, hypogynous, actinomorphic, dichlamydeous and sessile. The male and female flowers occur on the same inflorescence and have different formats, being the male more numerous than the female. The male flowers are arranged throughout the rachille, with higher concentration from the middle to the apex. The female flowers are found from the middle to the base of rachille, forming triads with two male flowers. There is genetic variability for color and size of rachilles and for color of flowers on inflorescences of B. odorata. The species has mechanisms of protandry. A great diversity of insects' species, belonging to the Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera orders visit the inflorescences. During male anthesis, the Hymenoptera and Coleoptera orders are more frequent, whereas during female anthesis the Hymenoptera order stands. The insects are attracted by the resources such as pollen and nectar provided by the flowers. The understanding of the reproductive biology, presented in two chapters of this dissertation, serves as the foundation for the preservation of butiá, because this knowledge is of great importance to devise strategies for the conservation and use of genetic resources and breeding programs.
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Felipe, Neto Carlos Antonio Lira. "Influência da estrutura da paisagem sobre a produção e qualidade de mel da abelha jandaíra (Melipona subnitida, Apidae: Meliponini) na Caatinga." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2015. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/394.
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-24Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Although the provision of many ecosystem services has proven affected by changes in land cover and land use, the relationship between landscape structure and the production and quality of stingless bee honey has not been studied yet. This work aimed to analyze the influence of landscape structure on the production and quality of honey from the bee Jandaira (Melipona subnitida) in Rio Grande do Norte. To do so, 15 meliponaries were selected in several areas this state, in urban and rural areas and represented by different landscape structures. Land cover was mapped in scales of 300, 1000, 2000 and 3000 meters around each meliponary. Land use was classified based on 6 classes: primary forest, secondary forest, tree crop, diverse land use, water body and urbanized area. Different landscape metrics were then calculated based on these maps, using the programs ArcGIS 10.3 and Fragstats. In each meliponary were randomly selected three colonies of M. subnitida from which a sample of honey was collected. The honey collected was sent to the laboratory for physico-chemical diagnosis (humidity, pH, water activity, reducing sugars, apparent sucrose and acidity) and assessing the sensory properties (color). The condition of the colonies was assessed by measuring the relative volume of brood cells, and honey-pots. Interviews were also performed to the beekeepers to estimate the production of honey and the number of colonies. Honey production and quality and colony condition were then related to the different landscape metrics, using a model selection approach. The results show that the proximity and amount of areas of primary forest have a positive effect on honey quality. Secondary forests had a positive effect on the pH and color of honey and a negative influence over the unused space of the boxes used to rear M. subnitida. The amount of urbanized area around the meliponaries was related negatively with honey humidity and positively with the unused space of the boxes. Hence, our work shows that protect areas of preserved Caatinga and secondary forests are important to build a refuge for pollinators and ensure the current and future provision of ecosystem services
Embora a provisão de diversos serviços ecossistêmicos tenha-se mostrado afetada por mudanças no uso e cobertura da terra, a relação entre a estrutura da paisagem e a produção e qualidade de mel de abelhas sem ferrão ainda não foi estudada. Neste trabalho analisamos a influência da estrutura da paisagem sobre a produção e a qualidade de mel da abelha jandaíra (Melipona subnitida) na Caatinga do Rio Grande do Norte. Para isso, 15 meliponários foram selecionados em diversas áreas do Estado, situados em zonas urbanas e rurais e representados por diferentes estruturas da paisagem. Fizemos mapeamentos do uso e cobertura do solo em escalas de 300, 1000, 2000 e 3000 metros ao redor de cada meliponário. As paisagens foram classificadas com base em 6 variáveis: mata primária, mata secundária, cultura arbórea, uso diverso do solo, corpo d água e área urbanizada. De acordo com esses mapeamentos, calculamos diferentes métricas da paisagem, utilizando os programas ArcGIS 10.3 e Fragstats. Em cada meliponário foram escolhidas aleatoriamente três colônias de M. subnitida. De cada colônia foi retirada uma amostra de mel. O mel coletado foi encaminhado ao laboratório da UFERSA para diagnóstico físico-químico (umidade, pH, atividade de água, açúcares redutores, sacarose aparente e acidez) e sensorial (cor). Das colônias selecionadas também foram realizadas medições (comprimento, altura e largura) dos favos de cria, dos potes de mel e da caixa racional para avaliação da condição da colônia. Fizemos também entrevistas aos meliponicultores sobre a produção de mel e quantidade de colônias no meliponário. Os dados de produção e qualidade de mel, bem como de condição das colônias, foram então relacionados com as diferentes métricas da paisagem, utilizando um procedimento de seleção de modelos. Os resultados mostraram que a proximidade e quantidade de áreas de mata primária tiveram um efeito nos parâmetros de qualidade do mel. A classe da paisagem mata secundária teve efeito positivo no pH e na coloração do mel e negativo no espaço não utilizado das caixas racionais de criação de M. subnitida. Já a quantidade de área urbanizada ao redor dos meliponários relacionou-se de maneira negativa com a umidade do mel e positiva com o espaço não utilizado das caixas racionais. Portanto, proteger as áreas de caatinga preservada e as matas secundárias é a base para alicerçamos o refúgio para os polinizadores e garantir os seus serviços ecossistêmicos para o presente e futuro
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Lima-Verde, Luiz Wilson. "Melissofaunistic resources of the Baturità mountains, CearÃ, Brazil â diversity and husbandry potential." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7391.
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Este trabalho objetivou inventariar, atravÃs de metodologia sistematizada, parte da melissofauna do maciÃo de Baturità (4 a 4 30â S e 38 45â a 39 15â W), no CearÃ, bem como, caracteriza-la ecologicamente e conhecer suas potencialidades zootÃcnicas. Selecionaram-se quatro Ãreas de bordas de fragmentos florestais (F1, F2, F3 e F4) em altitudes e vertentes diferentes onde, no perÃodo de marÃo de 2008 a agosto de 2009, mensalmente coletaram-se as abelhas com o uso de redes entomolÃgicas. Paralelamente foi realizada a coleta do material botÃnico registrado como de uso pelas abelhas. O material faunÃstico foi analisado atravÃs dos seguintes parÃmetros ecolÃgicos: curva de acumulaÃÃo das espÃcies; Ãndices de heterogeneidade; e coeficiente de similaridade. Procedeu-se à avaliÃÃo da influÃncia dos gradientes pluviomÃtricos mensais sobre a aÃÃo de forrageamento das abelhas e a ocorrÃncia de espÃcies nas Ãreas. Quanto aos Meliponina, incluiu-se, tambÃm, a influÃncia do nÃmero de espÃcies em floraÃÃo sobre essas duas variÃveis. Para as abelhas em geral foi avaliado o padrÃo de sazonalidade apresentado pelas espÃcies por famÃlia. Ao todo amostraram-se 3053 espÃcimes de abelhas, registradas 113 espÃcies, 45 gÃneros e cinco famÃlias (Andrenidae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae e Megachilidae). As curvas mensais de acumulaÃÃo indicaram insuficiÃncia amostral para o levantamento geral das abelhas, contudo, para os Meliponina os procedimentos amostrais indicaram suficiÃncia. Os nÃveis de pluviosidade mensais limitaram, em algumas bordas, a aÃÃo de forrageamento das abelhas e o registro de espÃcies, jà o nÃmero de espÃcies em floraÃÃo nÃo apresentou influÃncia significativa. O estudo da fenologia das abelhas indicou que, para Apidae, nÃo houve um padrÃo caracterizadamente sazonal, enquanto para Andrenidae e Colletidae o comportamento sazonal foi extremamente evidente e, para Halictidae e Megachilidae, os aspectos da sazonalidade nÃo foram bem definidos. A composiÃÃo florÃstica das quatro Ãreas foi de 101 espÃcies, 88 gÃneros e 36 famÃlias. Nove famÃlias, representando 60,40% das espÃcies visitadas pelos Apoidea coletados, destacaram-se pela riqueza em espÃcies: Leguminosae (20 spp.), Asteraceae (9), Bignoniaceae (5), Euphorbiaceae (5), Rubiaceae (5), Sapindaceae (5), Convolvulaceae (4), Myrtaceae (4) e Solanaceae (4). Para os Meliponina registraram-se 20 espÃcies e 12 gÃneros. Uma espÃcie (Scaptotrigona sp. 3, sp. nov.) està sendo descrita como espÃcie nova. Dentre essas espÃcies, 12 destacaram-se por apresentarem potencial zootÃcnico: Cephalotrigona capitata, Frieseomelitta doederleini, Frieseomelitta francoi, Frieseomelitta varia, Melipona aff. rufiventris, Nannotrigona sp., Partamona ailyae, Plebeia aff. flavocincta, Plebeia sp., Scaptotrigona sp. 1, Scaptotrigona sp. 2, Scaptotrigona sp. 3, sp. nov. As faunas meliponÃcolas das quatro bordas apresentaram-se heterogÃneas e 80% das espÃcies fizeram uso compartilhado dos recursos trÃficos ofertados. NÃo foi verificado influÃncia do nÃmero de espÃcies floridas sobre as atividades externas das abelhas nem sobre a ocorrÃncia de espÃcies nas bordas, contudo, os nÃveis pluviomÃtricos mensais interferiram sobre esses parÃmetros. Como recursos florÃsticos de uso pelos meliponÃneos registraram-se 82 espÃcies, 71 gÃneros e 33 famÃlias. Detectou-se um baixo nÃvel de ligaÃÃo entre as bordas estudadas, evidenciando um considerÃvel grau de heterogeneidade entre as espÃcies botÃnicas. Nas quatro Ãreas, as famÃlias mais ricas em espÃcies estÃo relacionadas Ãs Leguminosae (17 spp.), Asteraceae (8), Bignoniaceae (4), Myrtaceae (4), Solanaceae (4), Convolvulaceae (3), Euphorbiaceae (3), Flacourtiaceae (3), Melastomataceae (3), Rubiaceae (3), as quais, juntas representam 63,41% das espÃcies visitadas pelas abelhas sem ferrÃo. A espÃcie Spermacoce verticillata (Rubiaceae), presente nos quatro entornos, ofertou recursos para cerca de 60% dos Meliponina.
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Chambó, Emerson Dechechi. "Polinização em genótipos de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.)." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2010. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1610.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-02The Research consisted of three experiments in Marechal Cândido Rondon city - PR, Brazil. In the first experiment the objective was to verify the influence of Apis Mellifera L. pollination on productive and physiological traits in sunflower achenes. The treatments were constituted by the combination of eight sunflower genotypes (Multissol, M734, Catissol 01, Charrua, MG2, Aguará, Helio 360 and Embrapa 122) and two tests of pollination, i) the flowers were free to insect visitation and ii) pollinators were restricted to visiting only inflorescences protected with gauze. The parameters analyzed were total productivity of seeds (PS), number of achenes per inflorescence (NA), mass of achenes per inflorescence (MA), mass of chapters (MC), chapter diameter (CD), ether extract in the achenes (EE), germination (GE), and mass of 1000 achenes (M1000). It was verified that the sunflower plants of the hybrid M734, exposed to insect pollination, showed PS and NA equal to 91,07% and 42,03%, respectively higher (p<0,05) than the plants of this hybrid with inflorescences protected with gauze. The chapters of the Catissol 01 cultivar exposed to insect pollination showed MA, MC and CD respectively, 150,52%, 130,28% e 35,06%, higher than the chapters of this cultivar protected with gauze. Inflorescences of the Embrapa 122 cultivar, free to insect visitation, presented EE and GE respectively, 52,63% e 134,29%, higher (p<0,05), than the inflorescences of this cultivar protected with gauze. Sunflower plants pollinated by Apis Mellifera presented average percentage of M1000 of 22,32% higher (p<0,05) than the plants protected with gauze, regardless of which genotype was being studied. In general, the pollination by insects enhances the productive traits and the quality of the seeds of sunflower genotypes. The second experiment was carried out with the objective of observing the type of food that africanized honey bees collect (pollen or nectar) at different times of day during the flowering period of five sunflower genotypes. The experimental design was arranged in randomized blocks split-plots scheme, with 100 treatments, four replications and two plants per experimental unit. The treatments were constituted by the combination of five genotypes of sunflower and (Helio 360, Helio 251, Charrua, Aguará e Multissol) allocated to plots and five days of observation and four time slots arranged in subplots. It could be seen that on the second and third days of sunflowers flowering there was a higher number of visits of Apis mellifera collecting nectar. It was observed that the honey bees collect pollen and nectar all they long, with peaks of collections from 7 to 8:30AM. The average density of honey bees throughout the day was 2.27 to 2.94 bees per inflorescence, and the honey bees collecting nectar were more frequent (2.28 bees / inflorescence) than honey bees collecting pollen (0.40 bees/inflorescence) on flowering days 2,94 and 2,96, respectively, and during the most visited time in the culture (7: 00 to 8:30 AM). On the third day of flowering, the hybrid Helio 360 and Aguará showed no differences amongst each other, and also showed higher (p <0.05) number of visitations of honey bees per inflorescence as compared to the other genotypes analyzed in the present study. It can be concluded that the africanized honey bees prefer to do their work of collecting food between the second and third day of flowering, between 7:00 to 8:30AM. Moreover, the hybrids Helio 360 and Aguará are more attractive to honeybees and should be recommended for maintenance and increase of number of pollinators in cultivated areas and to expand programs of honeybees pasture in the western of Paraná state, Brazil. The third experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of the use of insecticide imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin on the number of visits by Apis mellifera bees to four sunflowers during the flowering season. Five plants were marked before the period of flowering of hybrids M734, Charrua, Helio 250 e Aguará, with four repetitions. Two observers remained two minutes on each plant, counting the number of honeybees in two intervals of time (from 8:30 AM to 10:00 AM and from 3:30 PM to 5:00 PM). The counting took place before the application of insecticide and twelve hours after the use of the product. It was verified that there was a significant negative effect of insecticide on the bees visitation considering the data of all hybrids, the hybrid of the M734 and Aguará. There was no effect of insecticide on the visit considering the data of the hybrid Charrua and Helio 250. It was also verified that the insecticide imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin causes repellence of Apis mellifera in sunflower crop. Moreover, the insecticide imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin was harmless to adults of Apis mellifera during blooming period for sunflowers, when applied to the lower middle third of the plants and the period in which these honeybees were not foraging. It would be necessary to assess their possible effects on young stages for further use in programs of integrated pest management in sunflower crop
A pesquisa constou de três experimentos, no município de Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná. No experimento I, objetivou-se verificar a influência da polinização realizada por Apis mellifera L. sobre características produtivas e fisiológicas em aquênios de girassol. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de oito genótipos de girassol (Multissol, M734, Catissol 01, Charrua, MG2, Aguará, Helio 360 e Embrapa 122), casualizados nas parcelas, e dois testes de polinização, um livre a ação de insetos e o outro restringindo os polinizadores com sacos de filó, que foram alocados nas subparcelas. Os parâmetros analisados foram produtividade total de grãos (PT), número de aquênios por inflorescência (NA), massa de aquênios por inflorescência (MA), massa de capítulo (MC), diâmetro de capítulo (DC), teor de extrato etéreo em aquênios (EE), germinação (GE) e massa de 1000 aquênios (M1000). Verificou-se que as plantas de girassol do híbrido M734 expostas à polinização entomófila apresentaram PT e NA de 91,07% e 42,03%, respectivamente maiores (p<0,05) do que as plantas desse híbrido com inflorescências protegidas com filó. Os capítulos de girassol da variedade Catissol 01 expostos à polinização entomófila apresentaram MA, MC e DC de 150,52%, 130,28% e 35,06%, respectivamente maiores (p<0,05) do que os capítulos dessa variedade protegidos com filó. Inflorescências de girassol da variedade Embrapa 122 que ficaram livres a ação de insetos apresentaram EE e GE de 52,63% e 134,29%, respectivamente maiores (p<0,05) do que as inflorescências dessa variedade protegidas com filó. Plantas de girassol polinizadas por insetos apresentaram porcentagem média de M1000 de 22,32% maior (p<0,05) do que as plantas restringidas aos polinizadores por filó, independentemente do híbrido estudado. De maneira geral, a polinização entomófila aumenta as características produtivas e qualidade fisiológica em aquênios de girassol. O ensaio II foi conduzido com o objetivo de observar o comportamento de coleta de alimentos (néctar e pólen) de A. mellifera em cinco genótipos de girassol, em diferentes horários do dia, durante o período de florescimento da cultura. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos casualizados completos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com 100 tratamentos, quatro repetições e duas plantas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de cinco genótipos de girassol (Helio 360, Helio 251, Charrua, Aguará e Multissol), alocados nas parcelas e cinco dias de observação e quatro intervalos de tempo arranjados nas subparcelas. Verificou-se pico de visitas de A. mellifera para coleta de néctar entre o segundo e terceiro dia de florescimento na cultura do girassol. Observou-se que as abelhas realizam coletas de pólen e néctar ao longo de todo o dia, com pico de coleta no período das 7 às 8h30min. A densidade média de A. mellifera ao longo do dia foi de 2,27 a 2,94 abelhas por inflorescência, sendo as abelhas coletoras de néctar mais frequentes (2,28 abelhas/inflorescência) do que as coletoras de pólen (0,40 abelhas/inflorescência) no dia de florescimento 2,94 e 2,96, respectivamente e no horário de maior visitação na cultura (7h às 08h30min). No terceiro dia do florescimento, os híbridos Helio 360 e Aguará não diferiram entre si e apresentaram maiores (p<0,05) números de visitas de abelhas por inflorescência em relação aos demais genótipos estudados. As abelhas africanizadas preferem realizar suas coletas de néctar e pólen entre o segundo e terceiro dia do florescimento do girassol, no horário das 7 às 8h30min. Os híbridos de girassol Helio 360 e Aguará são mais atrativos à A.mellifera e devem ser recomendados para manutenção e aumento de polinizadores em áreas cultivadas, bem como para pasto apícola na região Oeste do Paraná. No terceiro experimento objetivou-se verificar o efeito da aplicação do inseticida imidacloprido + beta-ciflutrina sobre a visitação de abelhas às inflorescências de quatro híbridos de girassol, durante o florescimento da cultura. Foram marcadas cinco plantas antes do período de florescimento dos híbridos M734, Charrua, Aguará e Helio 250, com quatro repetições. Dois observadores permaneceram dois minutos em cada inflorescência, contando o número de abelhas visitantes em dois intervalos de tempo (8h30min às 10h e 15h30min ás 17h). A contagem ocorreu antes da aplicação do inseticida e 12 horas após a utilização do produto na plantação. Houve efeito significativo de inseticida sobre a visitação de abelhas considerando os dados de todos os híbridos, do híbrido M734 e Aguará, sendo menor o número de visitas de abelhas africanizadas às inflorescências após a aplicação do produto. Não houve efeito de inseticida sobre a visitação nos híbridos Charrua e Helio 250. Constatou-se que o inseticida imidacloprido + beta-ciflutrina causa repelência a A. mellifera na cultura do girassol. Além disso, o inseticida imidacloprido + beta-ciflutrina foi inofensivo aos adultos de A. mellifera, durante o florescimento do girassol, quando aplicado no terço médio inferior das plantas e no período em que essas abelhas não estavam forrageando, sendo necessária a avaliação de seus possíveis efeitos em fases jovens para posterior utilização em programas de manejo integrado de pragas na cultura do girassol
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Santos, Jussara Fernanda. "Fenologia da floração e rede de interação entre abelhas e plantas em uma área em processo de restauração florestal localizada em Araras-SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/11.
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-06Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The most widely used in forest restoration projects is heterogeneous planting seedlings. This methodology was used in an area of one hectare in the restoration process implemented in 2009 on the campus of UFSCar Macaw. High values are invested in financial forest restoration especially when there is a need for planting seedlings, so the assessment and monitoring of restoration projects are legitimate concerns. Considering the importance of awareness of the availability of floral resources and ecological areas restored, and the importance of bees as pollinators in natural and agricultural areas, the overall objective of this study was to identify the pattern of flowering in the area in the restoration process, considering the period of three years after establishment. The specific objective was to evaluate the use of woody species by the community of bees visiting the flowers. To assess the availability of floral resources utilized a method of presence and absence and intensity index Fournier. Observations were made on flowers to collect the bees. It was built a network of qualitative interaction between species. This work was divided into two chapters, the first chapter deals with the characterization of the flowering phenology and plant species studied. The second chapter presents the richness of bee floral visitors observed during 2011 and describes the resources acquired by them at the time of visit, and presents the network of interactions among species. The phenological study enables to visualize the availability of flowers at certain times of the year, seven species were found planted with flowering, the period with greater timing and intensity was between January and March, the hottest season of the year and wet. There was a flowering woody species regenerating in the Solanum lycocarpum that in the colder months and dry was important for maintaining flowers in the area. We identified 20 species of bees that collected nectar and pollen. The network of interaction was 42.5% connectance and shown to be nested with heterogeny and indices T equal to 13.80 and NODF equal to 64.9. The two approaches are very important tools for monitoring and evaluating the availability of floral resources for bees visiting areas in the process of forest restoration.
A técnica mais utilizada em projetos de restauração florestal é o plantio heterogêneo de mudas. Essa metodologia foi utilizada em uma área com um hectare em processo de restauração implantada em 2009 no campus da UFSCar de Araras. Altos valores financeiros são investidos na restauração florestal principalmente quando existe a necessidade de plantio de mudas, assim a avaliação e o monitoramento dos projetos de restauração são preocupações legitimas. Considerando a importância do conhecimento da disponibilidade dos recursos florais e das interações ecológicas nas áreas restauradas, e a importância das abelhas como polinizadoras nas áreas naturais e culturas agrícolas, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi identificar o padrão de floração na área em processo de restauração, considerando o período de três anos após o estabelecimento. O objetivo específico foi avaliar a utilização das espécies lenhosas pela comunidade de abelhas visitantes florais. Para avaliar a disponibilidade de recursos florais utilizou-se método de presença e ausência e índice de intensidade de Fournier. Foram realizadas observações nas flores para coleta das abelhas visitantes. Foi construída a rede de interação qualitativa entre as espécies. Este trabalho foi dividido em dois capítulos, o primeiro capítulo aborda a fenologia e a caracterização da floração das espécies vegetais estudadas. O segundo capítulo apresenta a riqueza de abelhas visitantes florais observadas durante o ano de 2011 e descreve os recursos adquiridos por elas no momento da visita, e apresenta a rede de interação entre as espécies. O estudo fenológico permitiu visualizar a disponibilidade de recursos florais em determinados períodos do ano, foram observados sete espécies plantadas com floração, o período com maior sincronismo e intensidade foi entre janeiro e março na estação mais quente e úmida do ano. Observou-se uma espécie lenhosa regenerante em florescimento, a Solanum lycocarpum, que nos meses mais frios e secos foi importante para manutenção de flores na área. Foram identificadas 20 espécies de abelhas visitantes que coletaram néctar e pólen. A rede de interação teve 42,5% de conectância e demonstrou-se ser aninhada e heterogenia com índices T igual a 13,80 e NODF igual a 64,9. As duas metodologias se mostraram importantes ferramentas para monitoramento e avaliação de disponibilidade de recursos florais para abelhas visitantes em áreas em processo de restauração florestal.
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Bryan, Casey J. "THE EFFICACY OF COVER CROPS FOR POLLINATOR HABITAT PROVISION AND WEED SUPPRESSION IN A SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AGROECOSYSTEM." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2489.
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Increases in agricultural intensification over the past century have resulted in significant alterations to the rural landscape across the Midwest. Pollinators are essential to sustain natural and managed ecosystems. They are vital for food production and their declines have been linked, in part, to a rise in intensive agricultural practices. There is a recognized need among numerous stakeholders to build sustainability into the management of agroecosystems to protect both the biotic and abiotic resources of these systems. The use of cover crops is gaining interest among agricultural producers for benefits such as improving water quality and soil health. Cover cropping systems have the potential to provide floral resources to pollinators and suppress problematic driver weeds. The overall objective of this study was to quantify the effects of cover crops on plant and pollinator biodiversity within agricultural systems. This study aimed to characterize the pollinator diversity indicative of the patchwork mosaic forest-agroecosystem of Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge; evaluate the roles cover crop treatments play in supporting pollinator diversity and weed suppression benefits in a conventionally managed system; and provide the basis of recommendations for sustainable weed suppression tactics and for enhancing the quality of pollinator habitat within agricultural systems.
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Thoenes, Steven Charles. "Influence of floral resources on honey bee colony growth and reproductive swarming patterns in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186019.
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Relationships between patterns of food (nectar and pollen) harvest and honey bee colony growth and reproduction are poorly understood. Research was conducted on the relationships between food harvest and colony growth in the Sonoran desert of Arizona. Annual patterns of resources (pollen harvest rates, pollen protein content, protein influx rates, and nectar harvest) and colony growth and reproduction (brood area, adult population, and reproductive swarm occurrence) for the Tucson area were obtained. Annual patterns were analyzed for periodicity and stability using autocorrelation time series analysis. Each resource pattern was compared to each colony growth pattern using cross-correlation analysis which revealed time lag interval of correlation between the two data sets. The foraging activity of the honey bee colonies was dominated by pollen foraging, with pollen harvested on a year-round basis. Nectar collection was limited to only a few weeks each year. The colony growth patterns all reached their maxima in spring or early summer. The autocorrelation analysis revealed that all data sets exhibited periodic and stable behaviors based on an annual (52 week) cycle. The colony growth data sets were also predictable in magnitude. The cross-correlation analysis revealed that the areas of sealed brood, number of adult bees, and swarm occurrence were more correlated to protein influx than any other food resource parameter. The timing of the greatest nectar harvest occurred just after the peak of swarm occurrence. Colonies fed supplementary pollen diets containing 24.8% or 17.2% protein were compared to non-fed controls. The number, timing, and survival of swarms was monitored. The initiation of queen-cell construction was directly related to protein influx rates exceeding 20 g colony⁻¹ day⁻¹. The 24.8% protein treatment swarmed earlier than the other two treatments. Swarm survival was highest in swarms that issued just prior to the nectar flow. Honey bee colony growth and reproductive swarming patterns in Tucson are directly related to protein influx rates. This response results in swarm production at a time of year when nectar is most abundant, thus aiding long-term swarm survival. Similar relationships between patterns of food harvest and swarming should occur for all temperate honey bee colonies.
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Godfrey, Thomas George. "On the floral rewards and flower-visitor assemblages of annual urban flower meadow seed mixes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28945.
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Flower seed mixes are increasingly used to enhance the biodiversity and amenity values of urban green spaces. Urban or “pictorial” flower seed mixes are often used because they are designed using cultivars and non-native species to provide more colourful and longer-lasting flower displays. Although these seed mixes are effective in providing a high density of large colourful flowers, over an extended season, their value for biodiversity, and in particular the floral rewards they provide for flower-visitors, is largely unknown. The overall aim of my thesis was to assess and improve the value of these new urban habitats as forage resources for flower-visiting insects. My approach was to quantify and compare floral reward provision and insect visitation between meadows grown from three exemplar commercial pictorial flower meadow seed mixes (called Marmalade Annual, Short Annual and Cornfield Annual). I also compared these standard commercial mixes with corresponding ‘nectar-enriched’ formulations, which were designed by increasing the proportional seed weight contribution of selected species predicted to produce high quantities of nectar within each mix. To compare floral rewards and visitation between meadows grown from these seed mixes, I set up a field experiment in Sheffield, UK, using a complete randomised block design with six replicate blocks, each with six 25 m2 plots sown with one of the six seed mix treatments. My first objective was to quantify the floral nectar and pollen rewards provided by each flowering species recorded in the meadows (on the scale of a single flower or inflorescence). My second objective was to use these data to quantify the floral rewards provided per unit area by replicate meadows of different seed mix treatments, testing whether enrichment of seed mixes is an effective method of increasing floral nectar sugar rewards. My third objective was to corroborate/correct my morphology-based flower-visitor identifications using DNA barcoding to screen for misidentifications and morphologically cryptic species. I then used these DNA barcode-based identifications to assess whether there are systematic biases in the structure of flower-visitor networks constructed using molecular taxon identifications compared to traditional morphology-based taxon identifications. My fourth objective was to quantify patterns of insect visitation to meadows, testing whether meadows of different seed mix types attract different flower-visitor assemblages. Meadow floral composition surveys revealed that contamination by unintended horticultural species was widespread across replicate seed mix treatments, with contaminants likely germinating from a seed bank laid down during a failed attempt at this experiment the previous year. Contamination particularly affected Marmalade mixes, mainly because the common contaminant species were often also components of the Short and Cornfield mixes. For example, contaminants contributed on average about a third of nectar sugar mass or pollen volume per unit area in Marmalade mix meadows. Hence, contamination fundamentally undermined the internal validity of seed mix treatments, reducing the ability to directly attribute meadow level patterns in floral rewards or flower-visitors to seed mixes. As result, examination of patterns of floral resource provision and insect visitation were more informative at a species scale. In terms of patterns of insect visitation, Centaurea cyanus received 91% of bumblebee visits, 88% of honeybee visits and 29% of hoverfly visits, whilst T. inodorum received 27% of hoverfly visits. Patterns of bumblebee and honeybee visitation indicated preferential visitation to floral units of Centaurea cyanus. Although this species produced high quantities of nectar sugar mass and pollen volume, this did not differentiate it from other Asteraceae, such as Glebionis segetum, Rudbeckia hirta and Coreopsis tinctoria, which all produced high quantities of both floral rewards. Hence, it is likely that floral traits not measured in this study, such as nectar accessibility (‘nectar-holder depth’) or concentration/volume characteristics (which can affect accessibility due to constraints imposed by feeding morphology), drove patterns of preferential visitation in bumblebees and honeybees to C. cyanus. Given that in the absence of contamination there would have been very few bumblebee or honeybee visitors to Marmalade mix meadows, aesthetically designed pictorial meadows can fail to jointly provide benefits for people and some important flower-visiting insect taxa. DNA barcoding did not change specimen identifications for most morphotaxa. However, splitting and/or lumping processes affected almost one third of morphotaxa, with lumping of morphotaxa the most common type of change. This was in part because males and females from sexually dimorphic species were often separated by morphological identification. These DNA barcode-based changes to visitor taxonomy resulted in consistent minor changes in network size and structure across replicate networks. Lumping of morphotaxa decreased taxon richness, reducing the number of unique links and interaction diversity (the effective number of links). Lumping also increased flower-visitor generality, reducing plant vulnerability and increasing overall network connectance. However, taxonomic changes had no effect on interaction evenness or network specialisation. Thus, for this well-studied fauna, DNA barcode-based flower-visitor networks were systematically biased toward fewer taxa and links, with more generalist visitors and specialist plants. Given that many tropical faunas have more species and are less described than in Britain this pattern may not be replicated in other studies. Further studies in contrasting plant-pollinator communities are required before generalisations can be made about systematic biases between networks constructed using morphological versus molecular data. Overall, meadows grown from annual pictorial flower meadow seed mixes provide abundant floral units per unit area of meadow and are a valuable alternative to traditional horticultural flower beds or amenity grasslands in high profile urban contexts. Nevertheless, care must be taken during design of seed mixes and selection of mixes for planting to ensure that species in the mix provide suitable floral resources for an array of flower-visitors, including bees. This would be aided by the integration of informative measures for candidate species of floral rewards or visitor types and visitation rates during seed mix design.
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Berndt, Lisa A. "The effect of floral resources on the leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in selected New Zealand vineyards." Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1045.
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In this study, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.)) flowers were used to examine the effect of floral resources on the efficacy of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) in vineyards. This was done by assessing the influence of these flowers on parasitoid abundance and parasitism rate, and by investigating the consequences of this for leafroller abundance. In laboratory experiments, alyssum flowers were used to investigate the effect of floral food on the longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of D. tasmanica. Dolichogenidea tasmanica comprised more than 95 % of parasitoids reared from field collected leafrollers in this study. The abundance of D. tasmanica during the 1999-2000 growing season was very low compared with previous studies, possibly due to the very low abundance of its leafroller hosts during the experiment. The number of males of this species on yellow sticky traps was increased (although not significantly) when buckwheat flowers were planted in a Marlborough vineyard; however, the number of female D. tasmanica on traps was no greater with flowers than without. The abundance of another leafroller parasitoid, Glyptapanteles demeter (Wilkinson)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on traps was also not significantly affected by the presence of buckwheat flowers, although females of this species were caught in greater numbers in the control than in buckwheat plots. Naturally-occurring leafrollers were collected from three vineyard sites in Marlborough, and one in Canterbury during the 2000-2001 season to assess the effect of buckwheat and alyssum flowers on parasitism rate. Parasitism rate more than doubled in the presence of buckwheat at one of the Marlborough vineyards, but alyssum had no effect on parasitism rate in Canterbury. A leafroller release/recover method, used when naturally-occurring leafrollers were too scarce to collect, was unable to detect any effect of buckwheat or alyssum on parasitism rate. Mean parasitism rates of approximately 20 % were common in Marlborough, although rates ranged from 0 % to 45 % across the three vineyard sites in that region. In Canterbury in April, mean parasitism rates were approximately 40 % (Chapter 4). Rates were higher on upper canopy leaves (40-60 %) compared with lower canopy leaves and bunches (0-25 %). Leafroller abundance was apparently not affected by the presence of buckwheat in Marlborough, or alyssum in Canterbury. Buckwheat did, however, significantly reduce the amount of leafroller evidence (webbed leafroller feeding sites on leaves or in bunches) in Marlborough, suggesting that the presence of these flowers may reduce leafroller populations. Leafrollers infested less than 0.1 % of Cabernet Sauvignon leaves throughout the 1999-2000 growing season, but increased in abundance in bunches to infest a maximum of 0.5 % of bunches in late March in Marlborough. In Pinot Noir vines in the 2000-2001 season, leafroller abundance was also low, although sampling was not conducted late in the season when abundance reaches a peak. In Riesling vines in Canterbury, between 1.5 % and 2.5 % of bunches were infested with leafrollers in April. In the laboratory, alyssum flowers significantly increased the longevity and lifetime fecundity of D. tasmanica compared with a no-flower treatment. However, daily fecundity was not increased by the availability of food, suggesting that the greater lifetime fecundity was related to increases in longevity. Parasitoids were also able to obtain nutrients from whitefly honeydew, which resulted in similar longevity and daily fecundity to those when alyssum flowers were present. The availability of food had a significant effect on the offspring sex ratio of D. tasmanica. Parasitoids reared from naturally-occurring leafrollers produced an equal sex ratio, assumed to be the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for this species. In the laboratory, this ESS was observed only when parasitoids had access to alyssum flowers. Without food, or with honeydew only, sex ratios were strongly male-biased. In the field, floral resources affected the sex ratio of D. tasmanica only when this species was reared from leafrollers released and recovered in Marlborough. In that experiment, buckwheat shifted the sex ratio in favour of female production from the equal sex ratio found in control plots. No firm explanations can be given to account for these results, due to a lack of research in this area. Possible mechanisms for the changes in sex ratio with flowers are discussed. This study demonstrated that flowers are an important source of nutrients for D. tasmanica, influencing the longevity, fecundity and offspring sex ratio of this species. However, only some of the field experiments were able to show any positive effect of the provision of floral resources on parasitoid abundance or parasitism rate. More information is needed on the role these parasitoids, and other natural enemies, play in regulating leafroller populations in New Zealand vineyards, and on how they use floral resources in the field, before recommendations can be made regarding the adoption of this technology by growers.
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Evans, Tracie Marie. "Effects of the availability of floral resources on plant-pollinator interactions and the implications for the long-term survival of plant populations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33045.
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1. Insect pollinators have been shown to alter their foraging patterns in response to habitat and landscape composition, particularly in relation to changes in the availability of floral resources which provide essential pollen and nectar provisions. Changes to pollinator behaviour and community composition, may alter the distance, directness and frequency of pollen movement and thus, the compatibility and genetic relatedness of pollen transferred between plants. We still lack good understanding of how variation in the spatial and temporal availability of floral resources drives pollinator responses and in turn, affects the fitness of outcrossing plants. Knowledge in this area could contribute to improved management interventions to enhance pollination services for plant conservation. 2. Through a combination of habitat and landscape scale field experiments, I explored how the availability of floral resources at different spatial scales affected plant-pollinator interactions, pollen transfer and mating success in plant populations, particularly those isolated from conspecifics. This involved introducing different species of plants in experimental arrays across a range of study systems that varied in structure and floral availability. Over the course of the thesis, I measured the community composition and behaviour of pollinators visiting experimental arrays; focusing on traits considered important for pollen transfer (e.g. Inter-tegular ('IT') span). Pollen movement was quantified within and between populations (5-150m) and the resulting plant outcrossing rates were measured using different methods including paternity analysis and the use of a dominance inheritance system. In addition, the implications of variations in pollinator foraging and pollination services can be attributed to pollen and gene flow and subsequently the reproduction and fitness of plants were assessed as a means of predicting the impacts on longer-term plant survival. 3. Findings from this thesis demonstrate reductions in the activity density (the abundance of actively foraging pollinators) and richness of pollinators and thus, the potential for plant visitation in response to a high abundance of floral resources within a habitat. This led to disruptions in pollen transfer, illustrated through a lower incidence of intra and inter-population pollen movement, and ultimately, reduced plant outcrossing rates. In parallel, plant seed set and germination rates were also reduced in habitats with high resource availability. Changes to pollinator communities and pollination services varied with the spatial scale at which floral resources were measured. Pollinator communities (activity density, richness and IT span) were most affected by floral resource abundance at a local scale (1-50m), particularly within a 20m radius of a plant population. Intra-population pollen movement was similarly affected by floral resources at a local spatial scale (within a 1m radius of a plant population). In contrast, no effect was observed on pollinator communities, intra-population pollen movement or plant reproduction when floral resources were measured at a landscape scale (within a 100-1500m radius of a plant population). However, findings were variable across different experiments at the same scale of measurement. For instance, the availability of floral resources at a local scale did not always elicit an effect on plant reproduction. This reflects differences in plant species identity and the effects of breeding system and floral traits, illustrated through variations in visitation rates between plant species. Inconsistencies were further observed with pollinator activity density and richness, which were not related to floral resources at a habitat scale in one chapter. 4. This thesis highlights the importance of the availability of floral resources at a local scale on plant-pollinator interactions and pollination services to plants. Co-flowering plants within florally rich habitats compete for pollinators and subsequently, visitation and pollen transfer between individuals of low density plant populations is diluted rather than facilitated. This suggests that although pollinator abundance and diversity may be enhanced through florally rich habitats (e.g. habitats implemented under the agri-environment scheme), pollination services are not automatically improved for plants which are present at low frequency in the landscape. This needs to be considered when designing and implementing management for threatened or isolated plants where plants may instead benefit from focused interventions. For instance, pollination services may be increased by efforts to maximise the facilitative effect of surrounding habitats, while increasing the ability of threatened or isolated plants to withstand competition from co-flowering plants.
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Varvaro, Megan Frances Varvaro. "The effect of simulated climate change on overwintering physiology in solitary bees and the impacts of floral and landscape resources on nesting." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1532006641206995.
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Pereira, Jaciara da Silva. "A redução na disponibilidade de recursos florais aumenta o tempo de forrageamento de abelhas sem ferrão (Melipona subnitida, Apidae, Meliponini)." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/840.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The abundance of flowering plants around the nests shapes the nest-internal and nest-external activities of social bee colonies. In addition to limiting the quantity of resources collected, the availability of floral resources in the environment may influence the distance that foragers have to fly in order to collect food. With decreasing abundance of flowering plants, bees more likely visit distant resources and, consequently, increase their flight range in search for new food sources. The semiarid region in north-eastern Brazil, the Caatinga, is characterized through a short rainy season with a high availability of floral resources on the one hand, and, on the other hand, through an extended dry season during which only few tree species are in bloom. In face of this striking difference concerning the availability of floral resources in the course of the year in this region, the aim of the present study was to assess the time that foragers of Melipona subnitida (Apidae, Meliponini) need to collect food (nectar and pollen) during times of high and low abundance of flowering plants. We investigated the time spent by foragers to collect floral resources in three distinct landscapes of the Brazilian north-east: an urban area and an area with natural caatinga vegetation, both at Mossoró/RN, as well as a high-altitude humid forest enclave at Martins/RN. During the study (July of 2015 to August of 2016), we counted monthly the number of plant species in bloom in each study location. During one day in each month, we measured at each study location the foraging times of bees, marked previously for individual identification, from three colonies of M. subnitida, marking the exit and return times between 05h00 and 08h00. Additionally, we identified the respective resource collected (nectar or pollen) and determined the plant species visited by the individuals through analysis of their corbicula pollen loads or the pollen on their bodies. Our results indicate that the quantity of plant species around the nests had an impact on the time the bees spent for food collection. With decreasing availability of floral resources, the bees spent more time foraging. This implies a greater energy expenditure for bee in the absence of resources near the nest and bee will have to move to distant areas
A disponibilidade de recursos florais ao redor dos ninhos molda as atividades tanto internas como externas das colônias de abelhas sociais. Além de limitar a quantidade de recursos coletados, a disponibilidade de recursos florais no ambiente pode influenciar na distância percorrida pelas abelhas forrageiras durante a coleta de alimento. À medida que os recursos florais se tornam escassos, as abelhas são mais propensas a usar recursos mais distantes e, consequentemente, expandem sua distância de voo em busca de novas fontes florais. A região semiárida do nordeste brasileiro, a Caatinga, possui uma breve estação chuvosa com alta disponibilidade de recursos florais e, em contraste, uma estação seca com apenas algumas espécies arbóreas em floração. Considerando o contraste na disponibilidade de recursos florais ao longo do ano nessa região, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o tempo que as abelhas forrageiras da abelha Melipona subnitida gastam na coleta de alimento (néctar e pólen) durante os períodos com alta e baixa riqueza de plantas em floração. Foi investigado o tempo que as abelhas forrageiras gastam para coletar recursos florais em três paisagens do nordeste brasileiro: uma área urbana, uma área com vegetação natural de caatinga, ambas em Mossoró/RN e um Brejo de Altitude, em Martins/RN. Durante o estudo (junho de 2015 a agosto de 2016) foi registrado mensalmente o número de espécies de plantas em floração em cada ambiente. Mensalmente (um dia a cada mês), foi cronometrado o tempo de forrageamento de abelhas previamente marcadas para identificação individual, provenientes de três colônias de M. subnitida em cada local de estudo, registrando os horários de saída e entrada de abelhas forrageiras, no período entre 05:00 h e 08:00 h da manhã. Além disso, o respectivo recurso coletado (néctar ou pólen) foi identificado por meio da análise do pólen nas corbículas ou no corpo dos indivíduos. Os resultados indicam que a quantidade de recursos florais disponível ao redor dos ninhos influenciou o tempo gasto na coleta de alimento. Quanto menor a disponibilidade de recursos maior foi o tempo gasto pelas abelhas durante o forrageamento. Isso implica em um maior gasto energético para abelha, pois na ausência de recursos próximos ao ninho a abelha terá que se deslocar para áreas distantes
2018-03-27
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Wallace, Hailey. "Are We Providing Preferred Floral Resources for Bees in Our Neighborhoods?: Assessing the Relationship Between Small Scale Vegetation Metrics and Bee Presence in SE Portland." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5126.
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Bee pollinators can thrive in highly urbanized environments if their preferred floral resources and habitat types are available. Enhanced pollinator habitats are being created globally, with a large local effort in Portland, Oregon. This project determined if we were providing the most preferred floral resources at enhanced pollinator sites for bees, if floral resources were available throughout the season, and if differences in dietary preferences between native and honey bees would allow for the identification of "native bee floral resources" in South East Portland. Bee pollinators were monitored from June to August at three enhanced pollinator sites in South East Portland, Oregon. A total of 566 individual bees were observed, tiny dark bees and bumblebees composed the large majority of the urban bee composition. Vegetation metrics and bee presence were correlated using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model and significant variables that predicted bee presence included Solidago canadenisis (p-value 0.0024), density of floral resources (p-value
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Robinson, K. A. "Use of floral resources by the lacewing Micromus tasmaniae and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica, and the consequences for biological control by M. tasmaniae." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/823.
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Arthropod species that have the potential to damage crops are food resources for communities of predators and parasitoids. From an agronomic perspective these species are pests and biocontrol agents respectively, and the relationships between them can be important determinants of crop yield and quality. The impact of biocontrol agents on pest populations may depend on the availability of other food resources in the agroecosystem. A scarcity of such resources may limit biological control and altering agroecosystem management to alleviate this limitation could contribute to pest management. This is a tactic of ‘conservation biological control’ and includes the provision of flowers for species that consume prey as larvae but require floral resources in their adult stage. The use of flowers for pest management requires an understanding of the interactions between the flowers, pests, biocontrol agents and non-target species. Without this, attempts to enhance biological control might be ineffective or detrimental. This thesis develops our understanding in two areas which have received relatively little attention: the role of flowers in biological control by true omnivores, and the implications of flower use by fourth-trophic-level life-history omnivores. The species studied were the lacewing Micromus tasmaniae and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica. Buckwheat flowers Fagopyrum esculentum provided floral resources and aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum served as prey. Laboratory experiments with M. tasmaniae demonstrated that although prey were required for reproduction, providing flowers increased survival and oviposition when prey abundance was low. Flowers also decreased prey consumption by the adult lacewings. These experiments therefore revealed the potential for flowers to either enhance or disrupt biological control by M. tasmaniae. Adult M. tasmaniae were collected from a crop containing a strip of flowers. Analyses to determine the presence of prey and pollen in their digestive tracts suggested that predation was more frequent than foraging in flowers. It was concluded that the flower strip probably did not affect biological control by lacewings in that field, but flowers could be significant in other situations. The lifetime fecundity of A. zealandica was greatly increased by the presence of flowers in the laboratory. Providing flowers therefore has the potential to increase parasitism of M. tasmaniae and so disrupt biological control. A. zealandica was also studied in a crop containing a flower strip. Rubidium-marking was used to investigate nectar-feeding and dispersal from the flowers. In addition, the parasitoids’ sugar compositions were determined by HPLC and used to infer feeding histories. Although further work is required to develop the use of these techniques in this system, the results suggested that A. zealandica did not exploit the flower strip. The sugar profiles suggested that honeydew had been consumed by many of the parasitoids. A simulation model was developed to explore the dynamics of aphid, lacewing and parasitoid populations with and without flowers. This suggested that if M. tasmaniae and A. zealandica responded to flowers as in the laboratory, flowers would only have a small effect on biological control within a single period of a lucerne cutting cycle. When parasitoids were present, the direct beneficial effect of flowers on the lacewing population was outweighed by increased parasitism, reducing the potential for biological control in future crops. The results presented in this thesis exemplify the complex interactions that may occur as a consequence of providing floral resources in agroecosystems and re-affirm the need for agroecology to inform the development of sustainable pest management techniques.
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Castro, Lívia Cabral de. "Abelhas eussociais (Hymenoptera, Apidae) que ocorrem em jardins urbanos em Juiz de Fora, MG: recursos florais e atividade de voo." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2009. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2760.
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O processo de urbanização modifica o ambiente, alterando os locais de nidificação e diminuindo as fontes de recursos tróficos de muitas espécies de abelhas. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a riqueza de abelhas eussociais, assim como as plantas visitadas por essas abelhas em um ambiente antrópico. Além disso, verificou-se a influência da temperatura, umidade, luminosidade e velocidade do vento na atividade de voo de Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Lepeletier, 1836) e Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811) nesse ambiente. A assembléia de abelhas foi amostrada mensalmente, das 9 às 16h, em três praças de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, durante o período de um ano. Três amostras das espécies de plantas foram coletadas para a identificação e herborização. Para avaliar a influência dos fatores climáticos na atividade de voo realizou-se 12 observações em colônias de N. testaceicornis e 12 em T. angustula, com periodicidade mensal, durante os meses de outubro/2007 a setembro/2008. A temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, luminosidade e velocidade do vento foram registradas a cada hora nas proximidades das colônias. No total foram registradas 10.318 abelhas eussociais, pertencentes a oito espécies; 7337 referentes à subtribo Meliponina e 2981 à subtribo Apina. Aproximadamente 90% das plantas visitadas pelas abelhas foram espécies exóticas. Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) foi a única espécie presente em todas as coletas e a que utilizou o maior número de plantas. A fauna de abelhas registrada em praças de Juiz de Fora apresentou poucas espécies, sendo que a metade dessas foi considerada constante. Embora tenham sido constatadas características particulares para cada praça, como a disponibilidade de recursos florais, verificou-se que a intervenção antrópica, como a poda das plantas foi um fator que influenciou o número de indivíduos ao longo do ano. A amplitude máxima diária de atividade de voo foi de aproximadamente onze horas, entretanto esse valor variou durante os meses de observação. O maior fluxo de saídas e retornos das abelhas foi observado entre 10:00 e 13:00. A maioria das saídas, aproximadamente 60%, das operárias de ambas as espécies foi influenciada pela temperatura e luminosidade. Desta forma, os resultados encontrados no presente estudo contribuem para ampliar o conhecimento sobre a atividade dessas abelhas em ambiente antrópico.
The urbanization process modifies the environment, changing the nest foundation places and reducing the trophics resource spots. The objectives of this research were to estimate the eusoical bee’s richness and also the plants utilized by these bees in an anthropic environment. It was also checked the influence of temperature, humidity, luminosity and air speed during flight activity of Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Lepeletier, 1836) and Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille, 1811) in this environment. The bees assembly was verified, from 9am to 6pm, in three places in Juiz de Fora, during a period of one year. To evaluate the influence of the climate factors during flight activity were realized 12 observations in N. testaceicornis and 12 in T. angustula colonies, every month, during the months of October/2007 and September/2008. The temperature, air relative humidity, luminosity and air speed were registered every hour near the colony. In total were register 10.318 eusocial bees, belonging to eight different species; 7337 from the sub tribe Meliponina and 2981 from the sub tribe Apina. Approximately 90% of the plants utilized by the bees were exotic. Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) was the only species registered in all the study and the one that utilized the biggest number of plants. The bees’ fauna registered in public squares of Juiz de Fora presented few species, and half of these was considered constant. Although each square had their own characteristics, as the availability of floral resources, it was verified that the anthropic intervention, as, the pruning of the plants was a factor that influenced the number of individuals throughout the year. The biggest amplitude of flight activity was approximately eleven hours, although this value varied during the observation months. The biggest bees’ departures and returns flow was registered between 10:00am and 01:00pm. The majority of departures, about 60%, of workers of both species was influenced by temperature and luminosity. In such a way, the results found in the present study contribute to extend the knowledge of the activity of these bees in anthropical environment.
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Sponsler, Douglas B. "Honey bee landscape ecology: foraging, toxic exposure, and apicultural outcomes." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1479825586271009.
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Ines, Maria Carolina Checchia da. "Fenologia e Sucesso Reprodutivo de Psychotria suterella (Rubiaceae): efeitos da disponibilidade de recursos e densidade floral." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-15082007-150943/.
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Várias podem ser as causas da variação local no sucesso reprodutivo de espécies vegetais, sendo a disponibilidade de recursos abióticos, herbivoria, polinização e dispersão de sementes comumente consideradas. Em espécies distílicas, a variação na disponibilidade de recursos abióticos pode determinar diferenças na quantidade e no período de produção das estruturas reprodutivas, e estas por sua vez podem influenciar a interação planta polinizador, modulando o comportamento de forrageio de visitantes florais. Este trabalho teve como objetivos verificar como alguns fatores poderiam determinar variação na fenologia e no sucesso reprodutivo de Psychotria suterella, uma espécie arbórea distílica comum em florestas no sudeste do Brasil. Os fatores experimentalmente investigados foram água, luz, nutrientes inorgânicos e superfície foliar. Além disto, investigamos a resposta de abelhas Bombus, B. brasiliensis e B. morio, à disponibilidade de recursos florais em quatro escalas espaciais. A variação na oferta de recursos não afetou o padrão temporal sincrônico de emissão de botões e desenvolvimento de flores dos tipos florais de P. suterella, mas condicionou alterações na quantidade das estruturas reprodutivas produzidas de forma distinta em cada tipo floral. Plantas com morfologia floral longistila parecem estar se reproduzindo sob condições ambientais limitantes, em função de responderem positivamente ao aumento na disponibilidade de recursos, enquanto plantas com morfologia floral brevistila parecem estar melhor adaptadas às condições ambientais, uma vez que responderam negativamente a todos os tratamentos. Respostas fisiológicas singulares parecem ser as responsáveis por essas diferenças. Não houve variação no número de flores, energia produzida no néctar das flores e freqüência de visitas a flores e plantas para os tipos florais de P. suterella. A oferta de energia por flor e a freqüência de visitas por flor variaram entre plantas. Bombus morio e Bombus brasiliensis responderam à variação na disponibilidade de recursos florais de P. suterella em escala espacias menores que 5m, visitando com mais freqüência plantas com maior oferta de energia, independente da disponibilidade energética na vizinhança. Porém, a freqüência de visitas média por flor não apresentou relação com a quantidade de recursos florais nas plantas, e não foi influenciada pela densidade de energia nas demais escalas, fato que deve estar relacionado à grande variação na produção de néctar entre as flores dentro de uma mesma planta.Several factors might cause intrapopulational variation in plant reproductive success, being often mentioned abiotic resource availability, herbivory, pollination and frugivory as possible factors. In distylous species, the variation on abiotic resources availability can determine differences in quantity as well as in the moment of emisssion of reproductive structures. Those structures might influence the plant-pollinator interaction, modeling foraging behaviour of floral visitors. The aims of this study were to identify how variation in some abiotic resources change the phenology and reproductive success of Psychotria suterella, a common distylous species from Brazilian southeastern forests. We experimentally changed the amounts of light, water, inorganic nutrients and foliar surface. In addition, we measured the frequency of Bombus, B. brasiliensis and B. morio, in relation to floral density at four spatial scales. The variation in abiotic resources availability did not change the temporal pattern of flowering in both, pin and thrum morphs, although bud and flower number was different. Pin plants seemed to be under restrict environmental conditions because the addition of resources increased the number of reproductive structures. On the other hand, any alteration in environmental resources affected negativelly thrum plants. We did not register variation in flower number, energy production in nectar, plant and flower visitation rates for both P. suterella floral morphs. Energy supply per flower and flower visitation rates varied among plants. Bombus morio and Bombus brasiliensis responded to availabitity of floral resources in spatial scales smaller than five meters, visiting more frequently plants with more energy reward regardless of neighbourhood energetic availability. The flower visitation rate was not related to flower resource availability in P. suterella plants. This result might be determined by the high variation in flower energy production within plant.
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Nagamitsu, Teruyoshi. "Community ecology of floral resource partitioning by eusocial bees in an Asian tropical rainforest." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157161.
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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものであるKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(理学)
甲第7176号
理博第1950号
新制||理||1049(附属図書館)
UT51-98-G105
京都大学大学院理学研究科動物学専攻
(主査)教授 山村 則男, 教授 堀 道雄, 教授 湯本 貴和
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Ferreira, Marcos Gonçalves. "PÓLEN COLETADO POR SCAPTOTRIGONA DEPILIS (MOURE, 1942) (HYMENOPTERA : MELIPONINA), NA REGIÃO DE DOURADOS-MS." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2008. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/264.
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Previous issue date: 2008-03-25Pollen collected by workers of Scaptotrigona depilis (Moure, 1942) were identified in the region of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, during the period of September, 2006 to August, 2007. From the 43 types of pollen collected , the more representative ones during this period were those from the Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus spp.) and Leguminosae (Mimosoideae and Caesalpinoideae) family. The peaks for the values of the trophic niche breadth (H ') evidenced in the months of September (2,32), November (2,29) and October (2,02), showed that bees can be generalist, provided that there are availabilities of resources, and that these resources possess characteristics that are attractive to the pollen collection by the bees. The values for equitability (J ') showed that these months were also more uniforms reaching its maximum value in September (1) disclosing a homogenous collection of resources. The meteorological features (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) did not show a direct relation to floral use, being important, however, when they reach extreme values, though these factors seem to be more related to the daily or seasonal cycles of pollen and nectar production than directly to the collection activities of the bees
Foram identificados os polens coletados por operárias de Scaptotrigona depilis (Moure, 1942), na Região de Dourados-Ms, durante o período de setembro de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Ao todo foram coletados 43 tipos polínicos, onde os polens mais representativos, em números de espécies, foram da família Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus spp.) e Leguminosae (Mimosoideae e Caesalpinoideae). Os picos para os valores de amplitude do nicho trófico (H ) evidenciados nos meses de Setembro (2,32), Novembro (2,29) e Outubro (2,02) mostraram que a abelha pode ser generalista, desde que, haja a disponibilidades de recursos, e que esses recursos reúnam características que sejam atrativas para a coleta dessa abelha. Os valores para equitatividade (J ) mostraram que esses meses também foram mais uniformes chegando ao seu valor máximo no mês de Setembro (1) revelando uma coleta mais homogenia de recursos. Os fatores ambientais (temperatura, umidade relativa e pluviosidade) não mostraram uma relação direta com abelha, sendo importante, porém quando atingem valores extremos, contudo esses fatores parecem estar mais relacionados com os ciclos diários ou sazonais de produção de pólen e néctar do que diretamente com as atividades de coleta da abelha
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Orre, G. U. S. "'Attract and reward' : combining a floral resource subsidy with a herbivore-induced plant volatile to enhance conservation biological control." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1429.
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Experiments were conducted to assess whether a concept termed 'attract and reward' (A&R) could enhance conservation biological control (CBC). In A&R, a synthetically-produced herbivore induced plant volatile (HIPV) ('attract') is combined with a floral resource ('reward'). It is anticipated that the two will work synergistically attracting natural enemies into the crop ('attract') and maintaining them within the crop ('reward'). The study system consists of brassica, the most commonly occurring brassica herbivores, their natural enemies and higher order natural enemies. The HIPV deployed is methyl salicylate (MeSA) and the floral resource is buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum. The aim of the first two field experiments, in 2007 and 2008, was to evaluate the effects of MeSA and MeSA combined with buckwheat (A&R) on the abundance of arthropods from three trophic levels. In 2007, a field experiment was conducted using MeSA alone. The mean abundance of the leafmining fly Scaptomyza flava (trophic level 2), the diamondback moth (trophic level 2)(DBM) parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (trophic level 2) and the hoverfly Melangyna novaezealandiae (trophic level 3) was increased in MeSA-treatments by up to 300% and for the brown lacewing parasitoid Anacharis zealandica a maximum mean increase of 600% was recorded. Significantly more females of the D. semiclausum and M. novaezealandiae were attracted to MeSA than males. When A&R was deployed in 2008, were arthropods from the third and fourth trophic levels affected. For none of the species was there a synergistic effect between 'attract' and 'reward' on their abundance. The brown lacewing Micromus tasmaniae (trophic level 3), two parasitoids of DBM and one of cabbage white butterfly Pieris rapae (trophic level 2) increased significantly in treatments with buckwheat. The hoverfly Melanostoma fasciatum (trophic level 3) was significantly more abundant in treatments with MeSA, but significantly less abundant in treatments with buckwheat. The effect of MeSA on the fourth trophic level parasitoid Anacharis zealandica (trophic level 4) was inconsistent between years. Here it significantly decreased its abundance, while treatments with buckwheat increased it. Significantly fewer male than female D. semiclausum were attracted to MeSA only treatments. These experiments show that MeSA and buckwheat can have unwanted effects on arthropod abundance which may disrupt CBC. To assess the effect of A&R on CBC a further field experiment evaluating herbivore densities, predation, parasitism and hyper-parasitism rates was conducted. The only effect was significantly higher aphid parasitism in treatments with MeSA. Based on the results from the field experiments it remained unclear whether it was MeSA or a blend of volatiles produced by MeSA-induced host plants that were attractive to the arthropods. An olfactory experiment was conducted to evaluate if the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani can be attracted to two different concentrations of MeSA diluted in Synertrol oil. Significantly more parasitoids were attracted to 2.0% MeSA than to air while the parasitoid did not respond to the 0.5% concentration. These results indicate that A&R has potential as a CBC technique, as long as any unwanted side effects can be managed. Although there were no synergistic effects between 'attract' and 'reward' on the abundance of individual natural enemies, combining MeSA and buckwheat could still be beneficial because the two techniques increase the abundance of different natural enemies.
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Van, Wert Kristina K. "Attractiveness of English thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) to arthropod natural enemies and its suitability as a dual use resource." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2020. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2179.
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Current agroecosystem management practices have a negative effect on natural enemies and their ability to control insect pests. Conservation biological control through the addition of flowering resources can manage food resources for natural enemies. These floral resources can also provide multiple ecosystem services. Study goals were to determine if perennial Thymus vulgaris L. was attractive to natural enemies and if so, could it be a dual use resource encouraging pest management and providing harvestable product. In 2018 plots in three locations were used to examine the effect of habitat throughout the growing season on the attractiveness of T. vulgaris. Large numbers of Thysanoptera and Hemiptera were collected in all locations, represented by phytophagous Aphididae and Thripidae, and predatory Anthocoridae. Location influenced other families to varying degrees. Seasonal specimen counts were influenced by vegetation density, floral phenology, and predator/prey relationships. In 2019 replicated plots of three treatments were used to examine if harvesting plant material affected the attractiveness of T. vulgaris to natural enemies. Total specimens in 2019 were not significantly different among treatments, indicating removal of blooms did not significantly affect the attractiveness of T. vulgaris. Significant numbers of Thysanoptera and Hemiptera were again collected in all treatments, represented by phytophagous Aphididae and Thripidae. Greater numbers of Diptera and Hymenoptera were also collected. Significant numbers of Thripidae, Aphididae, Mymaridae, and Platygastridae were found in the Family level analyses. Results from both years indicate T. vulgaris was attractive to natural enemy and phytophagous Families. Data from 2018 suggest natural enemy families were attracted to alternative prey and hosts utilizing the foliage rather than flowers but the use of nectar and pollen cannot be ruled out. Data from 2019 suggest the presence of flowers played an important role in the attractiveness of T. vulgaris to micro-hymenopteran parasitoids, Syrphidae, and native Apidae. In conclusion, Thymus vulgaris has the potential to be a dual use floral resource that benefits growers through supporting native enemy populations and pollination services, as well as provide income from the harvest of foliage. It could also be used as a beneficial, harvestable floral resource in urban gardens to encourage pollinator conservation and natural pest control.
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Aleixo, Kátia Paula. "Sazonalidade na disponibilidade de alimento e dinâmica de forrageamento em Scaptotrigona aff. depilis (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-08072013-103620/.
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Estudos sobre a influência da variação sazonal na disponibilidade de recursos florais na coleta de pólen e néctar pelas abelhas sem ferrão são escassos na literatura devido à ausência de métodos viáveis de se quantificar o alimento armazenado nas colônias por longos períodos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o armazenamento de alimento em colônias de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis em relação a distribuição espaçotemporal dos recursos florais em uma área urbanizada na região tropical, bem como estratégias utilizadas pelas colônias no período de menor disponibilidade alimentar. De abril de 2011 a março de 2012, a estrutura da comunidade vegetal do campus da Universidade de São Paulo, cidade de Ribeirão Preto, foi avaliada sob os aspectos da composição florística e fenologia de floração para avaliar a ocorrência de sazonalidade na distribuição dos recursos florais disponibilizados para as abelhas. Concomitantemente, foi analisado qualitativamente e quantitativamente o armazenamento mensal de pólen e néctar em colônias experimentais (CEs) de S. aff. depilis, formadas a partir da remoção de colônias mães (CMs) de seus lugares originais e substituídas por caixas de madeira vazias, as CEs, em cujas as forrageiras armazenaram o alimento durante sete dias. No mesmo período de um ano, foi avaliada a produção mensal de cria nas CMs de S. aff. depilis por meio de fotografias tomadas na região da cria em intervalos de 24h durante quatro dias consecutivos. Espécies melitófilas floresceram durante o ano todo e, consequentemente, a disponibilidade de alimento para as abelhas foi contínua. A distribuição dos recursos foi sazonal, com abundância de disponibilidade na transição da estação seca com a chuvosa e na estação chuvosa. O armazenamento de alimento foi afetado pela associação entre a sazonalidade na disponibilidade de pólen e a temperatura ambiente. O pólen foi armazenado ao longo de todo o ano, ao passo que o néctar começou a ser armazenado no final da estação seca e permaneceu durante toda a estação chuvosa. Nas CEs, a maior quantidade de alimento foi armazenada na estação chuvosa, com pico no bimestre de fevereiro-março. Mesmo apresentando um hábito generalista, as forrageiras de S. aff. depilis intensificaram, espacial e temporalmente, a coleta de recursos em poucas fontes florais. As espécies Eucalyptus moluccana, E. grandis e Myracrodruon urundeuva foram preferencialmente utilizadas no armazenamento de pólen durante a estação seca, ao passo que durante a estação chuvosa apenas Schinus terebinthifolius foi a fonte preferencialmente utilizada. A sazonalidade na disponibilidade de pólen influenciou inclusive a produção de cria, a qual diminuiu na estação seca. A disponibilidade de pólen parece ser um fator central influenciando no crescimento e no desenvolvimento das colônias de S. aff. depilis.Studies on the influence of seasonal variation in the availability of floral resources on the collection of pollen and nectar by stingless bees are scarce due to lack of methods to quantify the stored food in the colonies for long periods of time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the storage of food in colonies of Scaptotrigona aff. depilis in relation to the spatiotemporal distribution of floral resources in an urbanized area in the tropical region, as well as assess the strategies used by the colonies during periods of food scarcity. From April 2011 to March 2012, the plant community structure in the campus of Universidade de São Paulo, located in the city of Ribeirão Preto, was studied under the aspect of floristic composition and flowering phenology to evaluate the occurrence of seasonality in the distribution of floral resources available to bees. Concurrently, it was analyzed the monthly storage of pollen and nectar in experimental colonies (ECs) of S. aff. depilis formed from removal of colonies (MCs) from their original places and replaced by empty wooden boxes, the ECs, whose foragers stored food for seven days. In the same period of an year, it was evaluated the monthly brood production in MCs of S. aff. depilis through photographs taken in the brood region at intervals of 24h for four consecutive days. Melittophilous were in bloom year-round, and therefore the availability of food resources was continuous for bees. The resource distribution was seasonal, with plenty of available resources in the transition from the dry to the rainy season and in the rainy season. The storage of food was affected by the association between the seasonal availability of pollen and ambient temperature. Pollen was stored throughout the year, while the nectar started to be stored in the dry season and remained throughout the rainy season. In ECs, the largest amount of food was stored during the rainy season, peaking in February-March. Even though foragers display a generalist habit, food collection was intensified at few sources in spatiotemporal scale. The species Eucalyptus moluccana, E. grandis and Myracrodruon urundeuva were preferentially used in the storage of pollen during the dry season, while Schinus terebinthifolius was the most frequently used species during the rainy season. Seasonality in pollen availability also influenced brood production, which decreased in the dry season. The availability of pollen seems to be a central parameter influencing the growth and development of S. aff. depilis colonies.
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Franco, Duran Diana Marcela. "An Enhanced RCS Heuristic and an Enhanced RCPM Algorithm to Perform Delay Analysis in Schedules without Phantom Float." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97570.
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On a regular basis, project managers concentrate their efforts on critical and near-critical activities. However, the concepts of total float and critical path lose their significance after applying resource-constrained scheduling (RCS) methodologies. RCS techniques solve the resource conflicts but create phantom float in the schedules (i.e., a float that does not exist). RCS techniques overlook the resources relationships between activities that compete for the same but unavailable resources. Therefore, each time an activity uses this apparent float (phantom float), there is a resource violation in the schedule.
Due to the projects' size and complexity, schedulers use scheduling software such as Primavera P6 to fix the resource conflicts of a schedule. The software correctly determines the activities' earliest dates that satisfy the resource limitations, but they calculate total float based on a "Time Context" ignoring the presence of resource constraints. Thus, the results show incorrect total float values and a broken critical path. The lack of a continuous critical path makes impossible the anticipation of the impact of a delaying event in the project completion time.
Several algorithms have been developed to address the shortcomings of RCS methods. These RCS related algorithms were developed with the aim of providing project managers a tool to correctly schedule and identify critical activities with respect to time and resource allocation and correctly calculate the total float of each activity under resource constraints. In this regard, the Resource-Constrained Critical Path Method (RCPM) is an algorithm that correctly calculates the floats of activities and identifies a continuous critical path in resource-constrained schedules.
Regardless of the RCPM provides more reliable float values than traditional RCS-related algorithms, there are some shortcomings that must be addressed to enhance its capability. This study addresses the existing shortcomings of RCPM to make it more practical for real construction projects.Doctor of Philosophy
One of the challenges of resource allocation is resource availability because oftentimes, the resource demand exceeds the supply. When resources are over-allocated, activities are delayed until resources become available. Due to the projects' size and complexity, schedulers use available software to solve the resource conflicts of a schedule. After testing Primavera P6 versions and MS Project v2016, both software create phantom float in a resource-constrained schedule. This is, the RCS calculations suggest that activities have float, but this float might not exist at all. Resource-Constrained Scheduling (RCS) techniques mitigate a resource supply-demand problem but fail to identify a project critical path. The methods do not consider the resource-activity dependencies that arise when activities are delayed due to resource limits. As a result, the critical path is broken, and all the activities must be considered as critical. To provide correct float values and a continuous critical path, the Resource-Constrained Critical Path (RCPM) was introduced by Kim and de la Garza in 2003. Regardless of the RCPM provides more reliable float values than traditional RCS-related algorithms, there are some shortcomings that must be addressed to enhance its capability. This study addresses the existing shortcomings of RCPM to make it more practical for real construction projects.
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Seini, Monica Michelle, and n/a. "Bioprospecting and Access to Indigenous Flora: Policy Implications of Contested Ways of 'Knowing' and 'Owning'." Griffith University. School of Science, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060302.122535.
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This thesis critically explores the issue of access to biological resources and Indigenous knowledge Historically, biological resources collected and documented, and knowledge associated with their use, have been considered the 'common heritage of mankind' The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) changed this understanding to tights of states over biological resources, but also gave rise to issues of equity and justice, especially with regard to Indigenous Nations encapsulated within First World states-so-called 'Fourth World Nations', A central concern of Fourth World Peoples is their marginalisation within access negotiations, despite their claims of connate (birth) rights to r esou.r ces and knowledge they identify as their own. Increasing global Indigenous activism over their concerns, has in turn raised an increasingly important policy gap that is becoming recognised in fora and processes with regard to access to biological resources. My thesis addresses this policy gap. I explore some of the complex historical, political and cultural dimensions that led to the emergence and resilience of this policy problem The failure to address the concerns of Indigenous peoples, and Fourth World Nations in particular, is more important and problematic now because of contemporary biotechnological developments and the emergence of bioprospecting. Bioprospecthg refers to the practice of appropriating biological resources, and Indigenous knowledge of those resources, and incorporating them into biopharmaceutical processes. Literature on bioprospecting as a problematic issue for Third World States has been emerging steadily over the last decade under the impact of the commercialisation of biodiversity, which has become big business for biopha.rmaceutical companies. The unique interests and experiences of Fourth World Nations are not recognised within this literature as significantly different to that of the Third World, and of their encapsulating states.. This study has addressed this significant gap by utilising and developing an analytical approach that uses Fourth World theory, synthesised with elements of Foucault's analytics of power. When combined, these two theoretical approaches provide a new and rich under standing of how dominant 'ways of knowing' and 'ways of owning' have been privileged, while other knowledge and ownership systems have been, and continue to be, marginalised, Eoucault's understanding of discursive power as having the capability to be either, or both, dominant and resistant is important to my analysis, as it accommodates the Fourth World as a discursive site of resistance to dominant power. I posit that richer insights are gained through the development and application of this theoretical framework to the issue of fair and equitable access to biological resources, than other approaches offer. I demonstrate the framework's utility by applying it to a case study on bioprospecting in Australia. Important findings have emerged while tracking the activities of Fourth World peoples on the international stage, and their attempts to challenge dominant power/knowledge structures within political institutions For example, participation at the international level has enabled Fomth World peoples to apply pressure on their encapsulating states to accommodate their interests. This has been furthered through forming alliances with, for example, environmentalists, and through the adoption of the language of effective participation within international fora.. Overall, however, the study found that the participation of Eourth World peoples within international, central state and local state policy processes is not always empowering in challenging dominant interests Instead, the more accurate impression is that at this stage of the discursive policy terrain, it may only create an illusion of participation that actually serves to entrench their disempowerment. This places pressule on policy processes to address and resolve this access issue equitably if social turbulence is to subside, justice be served, and certainty provided for all.
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Onishi, Yuko Ogawa. "Climate change and conservation of Japanese flora : the potential impacts and the effects on protected areas." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669986.
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Schaap, Robbert-Jan [Verfasser], and Florian [Akademischer Betreuer] Diekert. "The Dynamic Preferences and Incentives of Natural Resource Users / Robbert-Jan Schaap ; Betreuer: Florian Diekert." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234460602/34.
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Kim, Kyunghwan. "A Resource-constrained CPM (RCPM) Scheduling and Control Technique with Multiple Calendars." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28139.
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This research presents a Resource-constrained Critical Path Method (RCPM) technique that capitalizes on and improves the existing Critical Path Method (CPM) and Resource-Constrained Scheduling (RCS) techniques. A traditional CPM schedule is not realistic since it assumes unlimited resources, some of which are highly limited in practice. Although traditional RCS techniques can consider resource limitations, they do not provide correct floats and the critical path as the CPM does. The difference between the theoretical remaining total float and the real remaining total float is referred to as "Phantom Float" in this study. Another disadvantage of the traditional RCS techniques is that work sequence in the schedule could be considerably changed with a schedule update resulting in high costs to reorganize it. These problems are caused by the fact that, in addition to technological relationships, a resource-constrained schedule contains resource dependencies between activities that are neglected in traditional RCS techniques.
This study proposes a step-by-step RCPM algorithm to consider those resource-constrained relationships. Hence, the method can identify real floats and correct critical paths, considering both technological and resource-dependent relationships. RCPM also provides a certain level of stability with a schedule update due to the newly identified resource relationships. Based on the RCPM algorithm, a prototype RCPM system has been developed using Visual C++, Visual Basic, and Ra (Primavera Project Planner API). The system is integrated with P3, so that it reads project information directly from a P3 project, performs necessary RCPM procedures, and updates the P3 project to contain identified resource relationships. To make the system more practical, functions to handle multiple project calendars and progressed schedules have been included as well.Ph. D.
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Kämper, Wiebke [Verfasser], Thomas [Gutachter] Eltz, and Wolfgang H. [Gutachter] Kirchner. "Bumblebees in agricultural landscapes in Central Europe : colony performance, floral resource use and pathogen load / Wiebke Kämper ; Gutachter: Thomas Eltz, Wolfgang H. Kirchner ; Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1152078070/34.
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Negrean, Mircea Florin [Verfasser], and Rolf [Akademischer Betreuer] Ernst. "Performance Analysis of Multi-Core Multi-Mode Systems with Shared Resources - Principles and Application to AUTOSAR - / Mircea Florin Negrean ; Betreuer: Rolf Ernst." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1175818860/34.
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Keppeler, Florian [Verfasser], Ulf [Gutachter] Papenfuß, Adrian [Gutachter] Ritz, and Rick [Gutachter] Vogel. "Perspectives on an Integrated Steering of Human Resources of Public Administration and State-Owned Enterprises / Florian Keppeler ; Gutachter: Ulf Papenfuß, Adrian Ritz, Rick Vogel." Friedrichshafen : Zeppelin Universität, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:1141-opus4-513.
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Wamser, Florian [Verfasser], Phuoc [Gutachter] Tran-Gia, Wolfgang [Gutachter] Kellerer, and Ralf [Gutachter] Steinmetz. "Performance Assessment of Resource Management Strategies for Cellular and Wireless Mesh Networks / Florian Wamser. Gutachter: Phuoc Tran-Gia ; Wolfgang Kellerer ; Ralf Steinmetz." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1103259717/34.
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Lopes, Luciano Elsinor. "Densidade de recursos florais em múltiplas escalas espaciais: conseqüências para a interação planta-polinizador e demografia de Abutilon rufinerve (Malvaceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-20022008-134933/.
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A heterogeneidade comum aos sistemas biológicos, sua influência na interação planta-polinizador e demografia de uma arvoreta tropical são os temas centrais desta tese. Utilizando uma abordagem hierárquica de estrutura de manchas de recursos florais: 1. caracterizamos a variação espaço-temporal na disponibilidade de recursos florais aos morcegos e beija-flores, polinizadores de Abutilon rufinerve. 2. avaliamos a existência de indícios de efeitos positivos ou negativos da densidade de A. rufinerve na atração de visitantes florais, em seu comportamento e possíveis conseqüências para a produção de sementes; e 3. discutimos a importância relativa da variação na produção de sementes para a demografia de A. rufinerve em diferentes condições ambientais caracterizadas por média e alta densidade de coespecíficos. A disponibilidade de recursos florais não diferiu entre dia e noite contrariando as expectativas de maior produção de néctar no período noturno em função de uma maior eficiência dos morcegos como polinizadores. As variações mais importantes na distribuição de recursos e na resposta dos visitantes florais foram observadas nas menores escalas. O aumento na densidade de recursos incrementou a visitação das flores por morcegos, porém diminuiu a visitação por beija-flores. A demografia de A. rufinerve indica que, atualmente e para esta população, os polinizadores parecem ter pouca influência em diferenças naaptidão dos indivíduos, e exercem pouca pressão seletiva sobre as plantas. Isto parece ocorrer devido à sobrevivência e crescimento das plântulas ser a etapa mais crítica do ciclo de vida desta população. No entanto é importante enfatizar que estes dados refletem um momento da população desta espécie vegetal, e que os processos evolutivos apresentam variação espaço-temporal, gerando os mosaicos geográficos.Heterogeneity is a remarkable characteristic of biological systems. This thesis is about the influence of heterogeneity on plant-pollinator interaction and on demography of a tropical treelet Abutilon rufinerve. With an approach of hierarchical scales of patch structure we: 1. characterized the spatio-temporal variation on the availability of floral resources to bats and hummingbirds, the main pollinators of this species; 2. evaluated the occurrence of positive or negative density effects of A. rufinerve on pollinator attraction and seed production; and 3. elucidated the relative importance of variation in seed production to A. rufinerve\'s demography in different environmental conditions, characterized by medium and high conspecific density. The availability of resources did not differ between day and night, against our expectations of higher nectar production by night as a result of selective pressures made by bats, the most efficient pollinators. The greatest variation in floral resources and in the response of floral visitor was observed at fine spatial scales. Abutilon rufinerve\'s demography indicated that in this population, pollinators seem to pose no selective pressure on plants. Seed production has few effects on fitness because seedling survival and growth is the critical stage in life-cycle. However it is important to emphasize that this study reflects a short period of this population existence, and that evolutionary process vary spatio-temporaly creating geographic mosaics.
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Schreiner, Florian [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Magedanz, Odej [Akademischer Betreuer] Kao, Serge [Akademischer Betreuer] Fdida, and Alfonso [Akademischer Betreuer] Ehijo. "Resource efficient quality of service management for NGN services in federated cloud environments / Florian Schreiner. Gutachter: Thomas Magedanz ; Odej Kao ; Serge Fdida ; Alfonso Ehijo. Betreuer: Thomas Magedanz." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1068255986/34.
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Peyrottes, Agathe. "Modulation of Inflammation in Intestinal Epithelial and Immune Cells by N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones and their Synthetic Analogues." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS315.pdf.
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Les MICI sont caractérisées par l’inflammation chronique de l’épithélium intestinal et mettent en jeu des facteurs multiples : environnement, prédisposition génétique, perturbations immunitaires et déséquilibre du microbiote appelé dysbiose. Leur prévalence a fortement augmenté au cours des dernières décennies. L’importance de la relation hôte-microbiote implique le mode de communication bactérienne appelé Quorum Sensing. Basé sur les N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones (AHL) chez les bactéries Gram négatif, celui-ci n’avait jamais été étudié dans le microbiote intestinal humain. Notre équipe a identifié par LC/MS 14 AHL dans des échantillons fécaux, dont une AHL insaturée (3oxoC12:2-HSL). Celle-ci montre des corrélations avec le statut médical du donneur car présente chez les donneurs sains et les patients en rémission, mais significativement diminuée ou absente chez les malades en poussée. En parallèle, il est connu qu’une AHL de structure proche (3oxoC12-HSL) peut moduler la réponse inflammatoire et immunitaire de l’hôte. Néanmoins son mécanisme d’action reste encore incertain. En utilisant la 3oxoC12-HSL comme modèle, nous avons étudié les effets biologiques, la stabilité et le métabolisme des deux AHLs dans des cellules épithéliales de l’intestin, des cellules immunitaires et des souches bactériennes. Afin d’explorer plus en avant leur mécanisme d’action, nous avons développé des molécules marquées pour l’imagerie et la recherche de récepteurs. Enfin, nous avons développé des analogues bio-inspirés pour étudier la relation structure-effets des AHL. Cette étude a mis en évidence plusieurs analogues plus actifs que les molécules naturellesIBD are chronic intestinal disorders leading to bowel damages and increased intestinal cancer risk. Their pathogenesis involves many factors : dysregulation of immunity to commensal bacteria and changes in the microbiota composition called dysbiosis. These pathologies are soaring extremely fast. The importance of host-bacteria dialog has drawn attention to the bacterial communication named Quorum Sensing. Driven by N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL) in Gram-negative bacteria, QS had never been studied in the human gut microbiota. Our team identified up to 14 AHL through LC-MS/MS, among which a doubly unsaturated AHL of formula 3oxoC12:2-HSL. This AHL correlated to patients’ IBD status : healthy controls and patients in remission exhibited high levels, while patients with active disease showed no or little amounts of the biomarker. It has otherwise been shown that a natural AHL of close structure (3oxoC12-HSL) can interfere with inflammation in mammalian epithelial and immune cells. Its mechanism of action remains yet unknown. Using the natural 3oxoC12-HSL as a template, we studied the effects, stability and metabolism of the two AHL on intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages and bacteria strains. To explore further their mechanism of action we developed several tagged-molecules for cell imaging and pull-down assays. Finally, we performed a Structure-Activity-Relationship study to evaluate the impact of chemical modifications on the biological activity of natural AHL and the patterns retaining anti-inflammatory activity. This study highlighted several improved analogues
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Cruz, Reinanda Lima da. "Abelhas e vespas solitárias (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) ocupando ninhos-armadilha e recursos alimentares utilizados por Centris (Heterocentris) analis e Centris (Heterocentris) terminata (Hymenoptera, Centridini) em um fragmento de Mata A." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-12062017-090651/.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo do presente estudo foi inventariar a diversidade de espécies de abelhas e vespas solitárias que nidificam em cavidades preexistentes em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica, componente da paisagem urbana de Salvador, Bahia, ocupado pelo Parque Zoobotânico Getúlio Vargas (PZBGV) e pelo campus da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Ondina. Além disso, foi feita a identificação dos recursos florais utilizados por duas espécies de abelhas, Centris (Heterocentris) analis e Centris (Heterocentris) terminata, para aprovisionamento das suas células de cria. A amostragem foi realizada durante o período de maio de 2014 a outubro de 2015, e os ninhos-armadilha utilizados consistiam de tubos de cartolina preta, blocos de madeira e gomos de bambu. Foram instalados no campo 1.192 ninhos-armadilha, distribuídos em oito suportes, sendo quatro colocados na área do Parque Zoobotânico e quatro colocados na área ocupada pelo campus da UFBA. As inspeções aos ninhos foram feitas mensalmente e os ninhos concluídos foram coletados e substituídos por novos ninhos-armadilha vazios. Os ninhos ocupados foram levados para o laboratório. No laboratório, os ninhos foram mantidos à temperatura ambiente e observados diariamente até a emergência dos adultos. Foram amostrados 409 ninhos pertencentes a sete espécies de vespas e cinco de abelhas, sendo 189 coletados no campus da UFBA e 220 no PZBGV. Do total de ninhos obtidos, 234 ninhos foram colonizados por cinco espécies de abelhas pertencentes a família Apidae: Centris analis, Centris terminata, Xylocopa frontalis, Euglossa sp. e Tetrapedia diversipes. As abelhas nidificaram com maior frequência no PZBGV (127 ninhos) do que no campus da UFBA (107 ninhos). Em relação às vespas, do total de 175 ninhos, 82 foram coletados na UFBA e 93 no PZBGV, tendo emergido indivíduos de sete espécies pertencentes a três famílias: Podium denticulatum e Podium sp. (Sphecidae); Auplopus pratens e Auplopus subaurarius (Pompilidae); Trypoxylon sp.1, Trypoxylon sp.2 e Trypoxylon lactitarse (Crabronidae). Entre as espécies de abelhas, C. analis foi a mais abundante, seguida por C. terminata. As espécies de vespas mais abundantes foram Trypoxylon sp.2 e P. denticulatum. As maiores frequências de atividade de nidificação das espécies de abelhas e vespas ocorreram nos meses com temperaturas elevadas e baixos índices pluviométricos (janeiro-março). Das espécies vii analisadas, apenas C. analis, P. denticulatum e Trypoxylon sp. 2 apresentaram diferenças significativas na razão sexual, as quais foram enviesadas para machos. A taxa de mortalidade para as espécies de abelhas e vespas foi maior na UFBA (55,08%) do que no PZBGV (44,92%). A mortalidade foi ocasionada, na grande maioria dos casos, por causas desconhecidas. Para identificação das fontes dos recursos florais utilizados por C. analis e C. terminata foi realizada a análise polínica a partir de 53 ninhos de C. analis e 20 ninhos de C. terminata fundados durante o período de maio de 2014 a abril de 2015. A análise do conteúdo polínico residual dos ninhos foi realizada pelo método de acetólise convencional. Foram identificados 12 tipos polínicos, pertencentes a sete famílias vegetais: Malpighiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Polygalaceae e Sapindaceae. Destas famílias, Malpighiaceae foi a que teve os tipos polínicos mais frequentes nos ninhos de ambas as espécies de abelhas. Nos ninhos de C. analis foram encontrados 12 tipos polínicos e nos ninhos de C. terminata 8 tipos polínicos. Os tipos polínicos com as maiores frequências de utilização por C. analis e C. terminata foram: Malpighia emarginata, Byrsonima sericea, Stigmaphyllon cavernulosum e Aeschynomene paucifolia.Os resultados encontrados são de extrema relevância para o conhecimento das plantas fornecedoras de recursos florais utilizados para aprovisionamento larval, consumo e construção dos ninhos, elaboração de plano de manejo, conservação das abelhas do gênero Centris e das plantas visitadas pelas mesmas. Os resultados sugerem que a área estudada funciona como refúgio para espécies de abelhas e vespas solitárias.The aim of this study was to inventory the diversity of species of solitary bees and wasps that nest in artificial cavities in an Atlantic Forest fragment in the urban landscape of Salvador, Bahia. This area is occupied by the campus of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) and by the Parque Zoobotânico Getúlio Vargas (PZBGV). We also identified the food resources collected by Centris analis and Centris terminata females. The samples were collected from May 2014 to October 2015 using artificial cavities made of black cardboard, wooden blocks, and bamboo canes (trap-nests methodology). We installed 1.192 trap-nests in the field, distributed in eight stands, four for each area. Inspections were made monthly and occupied nests were removed and brought to the laboratory. The empty cavities were filled with new nests. In the laboratory, the nests were kept at room temperature and observed daily until adult emergence. We sampled seven wasp species and five bee species in the two areas of this study, in a total of 409 nests: 189 nests in UFBA and 220 in PZBGV. Of these, 234 nests were made by five bee species from four genera of Apidae family: Centris analis, Centris terminata, Xylocopa frontalis, Euglossa sp. and Tetrapedia diversipes. Bees nest more frequently in PZBGV (127 nests) than on the campus of UFBA (107 nests). In relation to the wasps, we collected 175 nests, 82 were collected in UFBA and 93 in PZBGV, and emerged individuals from seven species of three families: Podium denticulatum and Podium sp. (Sphecidae); Auplopus pratens and Auplopus subaurarius (Pompilidae); Trypoxylon sp.1, Trypoxylon sp.2 and T. lactitarse (Crabronidae). Among the bee species, C. analis was the most abundant, followed by C. terminata. The most abundant wasp species were Trypoxylon sp.2, followed by P. denticulatum. The highest frequency of nesting activity of the species of bees and wasps occurred in the months with high temperatures and low rainfall (January to March). Only C. analis, P. denticulatum and Trypoxylon sp. 2 showed significant differences in the sex ratio, which were male-bias. The mortality rate was higher in the UFBA (55.08%) than in the PZBGV (44.92%) for both, bees and wasps. Unknown causes were the main causes of mortality. To identify the pollen resource used by C. analis and C. terminata, we analyzed 53 C. analis nests and 20 C. terminata nests, collected from May 2014 to April 2015. We found 12 pollen types belonging to seven families: ix Malpighiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Polygalaceae and Sapindaceae, where Malpighiaceae was the most common for both species. We found 12 pollen types for C. analis and 8 for C. terminata, and the highest frequency pollen species were Malpighia emarginata, Byrsonima sericea, Stigmaphyllon cavernulosum, Aeschynomene paucifolia for both species analyzed. The results are extremely important for the knowledge of supplier plants of food resources used for larval supply, consumption and construction of nests, preparation of management plan, conservation of the genus Centris bees and plants visited by them.The studied forest fragment serve as refuge for species of bees and solitary wasps.
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Walter, Florian [Verfasser], Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Gerold, Gerhard [Gutachter] Gerold, Bernd [Gutachter] Rusteberg, Martin [Gutachter] Sauter, Heinz [Gutachter] Hötzl, Elco [Gutachter] Luijendijk, and Martin [Gutachter] Kappas. "Conceptual Planning of Managed Aquifer Recharge in the Context of Integrated Water Resources Management for a semi-arid and a tropical Case Study in Palestine and Brazil: A new Integrated MAR Planning Approach. / Florian Walter ; Gutachter: Gerhard Gerold, Bernd Rusteberg, Martin Sauter, Heinz Hötzl, Elco Luijendijk, Martin Kappas ; Betreuer: Gerhard Gerold." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1164231111/34.
Full text
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Hernandez, Perez Sara. "Que faut-il choisir entre une gestion centralisée et un système d’autogestion base sur des mécanismes de marché pour réduire le trafic illégal des espèces faunistiques sauvages : analyse comparative économique et institutionnelle appliquée aux tortues marines en Colombie." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100206/document.
Full textAbstract:
Depuis plus de 30 ans, la Colombie construit sa politique de préservation des espèces faunistiques et de lutte contre le trafic illégal de ces espèces. Ce cadre institutionnel national s’est vu renforcé par la ratification de la convention CITES (Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de la flore et de la faune sauvages menacées d’extinction) en 1981. Pourtant, ce cadre institutionnel ne suffit pas à infléchir sur le trafic illégal des tortues marines en Colombie. L’analyse des failles du mode de régulation de type « commande et contrôle » montre les limites de l’intervention de l’Etat comme seul modèle possible à gérer le trafic illicite de tortues marines. D’où ma proposition de concevoir et mettre en place un mécanisme de quotas négociables de tortues marines décroissants dans le temps, renforcé par arrangements contractuels. Cette thèse a pour objectif de comparer l’efficacité de ces deux modes de gouvernance à réduire le trafic illégal de tortues marines, du point de vue la performance environnementale, de l’efficacité économique et de l’équité sociale. J’ai évalué les coûts de transactions pour démontrer que la variation dans la structure des coûts de transactions et la distribution de ces coûts auprès des acteurs concernés influent sur la performance finale du cadre institutionnel. Une analyse coûts-avantage a été réalisée pour justifier d’un changement institutionnel, en complément de l’analyse des coûts de transactions. Cette étude s’est situe au nord de la Colombie, sur un territoire de 30 km, territoire des indigènes Wayùu, étant le plus concerné par le trafic illégal de tortues vertes (Chelonia mydas) et tortues à écailles (Eretmochelys imbricata)For over 30 years, Colombia built its national policy to protect wildlife species against the illegal traffic. The national institutional framework was strengthened by the ratification of the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of flora and fauna threatened with extinction) in 1981. However, this institutional framework is not sufficient to curb the illegal trade of marine turtles species. Despite some success to protect and recover some species, what really matters is the effectiveness of the national policy to conserve wildlife species. Hence my proposal to design and implement a cap and trade system based on transferable quotas decreasing in time, reinforced by contractual arrangements. This self-organized system aims at having zero catches level and enhance conformity and cooperation within the environmental regulation. This thesis aims to compare the efficacy of these two modes of governance to reduce the illegal trade of sea turtles based on the following criteria: the environmental performance, economic efficiency and social equity. I pursuit by estimating the corresponding transaction costs to show that the variation in the structure of transaction costs and the distribution of these costs among stakeholders affect the final performance of the institutional framework. Cost-benefit analysis was performed to justify institutional change, in addition to the analysis of transaction costs. This study is located in the north of Colombia, an area of 30 km, indigenous Wayuu territory, being more concerned with the illegal green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)
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Prozesky, Erwin Antoni. "In vitro antimalarial activity of ethnobotanically selected indigenous plants and characterisation of a bioactive compound." Diss., 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29226.
Full textAbstract:
Malaria still remains one of the world’s biggest killers with more than two million people dying from the disease each year. Present drugs have become ineffective because parasites are developing resistance to most of them. Efforts are now being directed in obtaining drugs with different structural features. Plants have provided most of the antimalarial drugs so far and efforts now concentrate on screening plants for new antimalarial drugs. South Africa with its rich floral resources and ethnobotanical history is an ideal place to screen plants for antimalarial activity. The antimalarial activity of 20 extracts from 14 ethnobotanically selected South African plants was screened for antimalarial activity in vitro. Results obtained showed that most of the plants had strong antimalarial activity. IC50 values obtained with the flow cytometric method were between 0.9 and 2 µg/ml for 9 of the 10 selected extracts. This represents a very high number of extracts with very good antimalarial activity. Cytotoxicity of the most active extracts were determined against monkey kidney cells as well as a luminescent bacteria method. Results obtained had a ID50 between 35 and 100 µg/ml with the monkey kidney cell test and between 100 and 2000 µg/ml with the bacteria test. Therapeutic values ranged between 35 and 100. Extracts therefore have a poor selectivity towards Plasmodium. The dichloromethane extract from Ozoroa engleri was further purified with silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex column chromatography and HPLC. Results obtained showed at least five or six compounds responsible for the antimalarial activity of the extract, all with moderate antimalarial activity and no further efforts were undertaken to identify them. The acetone extract of Croton pseudopulchellus was then selected for isolation of active principles and was purified by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex column chromatography and PTLC. Kaurenoic acid was isolated as one of the active principles and identified by NMR and GC-MS. Kaurenoic acid was found to have an antimalarial IC50 of 38 µg/ml, while its cytotoxicity ID50 was 35 µg/ml. Kaurenoic acid was responsible for only some of the activity found in the purified fraction and other compound(s) in the extract might have much better antimalarial activity.Dissertation (MSc (Plant Physiology))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Plant Science
unrestricted
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Ambrosino, Mario D. "Enhancing the predatory potential of hoverflies on aphids in Oregon broccoli fields with floral resources." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29769.
Full textAbstract:
Four key aspects of the relationship between predatory hoverflies and the aphid
pest Brevicoryne brassicae L. on broccoli were investigated in the Willamette Valley,
Oregon USA: 1) the relationship between aphid density and hoverfly oviposition, 2) the
larval voracity of key hoverfly species, 3) the preferences of hoverflies and broccoli pests
for candidate insectary plant species, and 4) the role of insectary plantings in enhancing
hoverfly oviposition in aphid colonies in broccoli fields.
Hoverfly oviposition at two commercial broccoli field sites increased at aphid
densities greater than 50 aphids per plant, but did not peak at the highest aphid densities.
A logistic regression model, selected with Akaike's Information Criterion, of the odds of
oviposition in relation to aphid density included effects for sampling date and aphid
species (B. brassicae and Myzus persicae (Suizer)). The magnitude of the response was
similar for B. brassicae and M persicae. The oviposition response was greater in the
upper part of the plant canopy, and different on individual leaves from that seen on whole
plants.
The voracity and development rate of Scaeva pyrastri (L.) were greater than those
of Eupeodes fumipennis (Thomson), and both exceeded Syrphus opinator Osten Saken
and Sphaerophoria suiphuripes (Thomson). Both E. fumipennis and S. opinator reduced
aphid populations to low levels on plants over two weeks, but E. fumipennis spent much
of the time foraging away form the caged plants.
Alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.), coriander (Coriandrum sativa L.),
buckwheat (Fagropyrum esculentum Moench), and phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia
Benth.) were screened for arthropod visitation frequency. The three pest species Pieris
rapae (L.), Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata Mannerheim, and Lygus
hesperus Knight visited phacelia the most frequently, while the hoverfly species visited
mostly coriander, which was possibly influenced by competition from other foragers.
Hoverfly oviposition was increased near within-field blocks of alyssum in
broccoli fields at the end of the season however, hoverflies arriving at the field had pollen
in their guts and were oviparous four to five weeks before their eggs were detected in
aphid colonies. This late oviposition may have occurred because threshold densities for
oviposition were not reached until this stage.Graduation date: 2006
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Gigauri, Mari. "Effects of temporal and spatial variation of resources on the foraging patterns of honey bees in the agricultural landscape." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/88063.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Ecologia apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaHoney bees are the most important managed pollinators for agriculture globally. With the fragmentation of the natural habitats in intensive agricultural landscapes, the food sources for the honey bees have significantly changed presenting an overall decline in abundance and quality (considering both spatial and temporal scales). These changes are expected to have significant impacts on biodiversity, resulting in the decline of honey bees and other wild or managed pollinators. As global agriculture is becoming more and more dependent on pollination services frequently provided by insects, it is extremely important to design pollinator-friendly solutions that addresses the key drivers of the population declines. This study analyses the effects of temporal and spatial variation of flower resources on the foraging patterns of honey bees in an intensive agricultural landscape. For this, Albillos in the Province of Burgos (Spain) was chosen as a study area and native subspecies of honey bees Apis mellifera ssp. Iberiensis as the study subject. Waggle dance decoding was used as the main method to identify the main foraging locations of honey bees and changes in resources were assessed by a monthly flowering species quantification through landscape monitoring at 10×10 km area. The importance of plant species for honey bees was classified based on literature data. The study revealed spatial and temporal variability in floral resources in the landscape. In natural areas we have found a diversity of plants species, instead of the dominance of a given plant, thus providing diverse food resources. Consequently, the results also show temporal and spatial variability in the foraging locations of honey bees. There were visible differences in foraging patterns of honey bees, foraging closer to the hive in June and farther from the hive later in summer. Honey bees performed waggle dances signaling the abundant wildflower resources in June, a mix of wildflowers and sometimes alfalfa in July, and mostly sunflower and rarely wildflowers in August. We can conclude that honey bees have shown a clear preference for wildflower resources, when available in the landscape. They forage in the agricultural fields only when higher quality floral resources are lacking near the hive. Our results support the need for applying bee-friendly practices in the agricultural landscape and promoting sustainable beekeeping.
A abelha melífera é o polinizador domesticado mais importante para a agricultura a nível mundial. Com a fragmentação dos habitats naturais devido às explorações agrícolas intensivas, as fontes de alimento para as abelhas melíferas têm sofrido alterações significativas, apresentando um declínio generalizado em abundância e qualidade (considerando ambas as escalas temporal e espacial). Espera-se que estas alterações tenham impactos significativos na biodiversidade, resultando no declínio das abelhas melíferas e outros polinizadores, sejam eles selvagens ou domesticados. Com o aumento da dependência da agricultura mundial dos serviços de polinização frequentemente providenciados por insetos, é de extrema importância criar soluções que beneficiem a polinização e que visem os principais impulsionadores do declínio das populações. Neste estudo analisaram-se os efeitos da variação temporal e espacial dos recursos florísticos nos padrões de forrageamento da abelha melífera numa paisagem agrícola intensiva. Para esse propósito, foi escolhido como área de estudo o município de Albillos, na província de Burgos (Espanha), e como objeto de estudo a subespécie nativa de abelha melífera, Apis mellifera ssp. iberiensis. O método principal para identificar os principais locais de forrageamento por parte das abelhas foi a descodificação de “waggle dance”. Por sua vez, as alterações nos recursos foram avaliadas por uma quantificação mensal das espécies em floração através da monitorização da paisagem numa área de 10x10 km em redor do apiário . A classificação da importância das espécies de plantas para a abelha melífera foi baseada em dados bibliográficos. Este estudo revelou variabilidade espacial e temporal dos recursos florísticos na paisagem. Nas áreas naturais encontrou-se uma diversidade de espécies de plantas, em vez da dominância de uma determinada planta/espécie, proporcionando dessa forma diferentes recursos alimentares. Consequentemente, os resultados também mostraram variabilidade temporal e espacial nos locais de forrageamento das abelhas melíferas. Existiram diferenças notórias nos padrões de forrageamento das abelhas, forrageando mais perto da colmeia em Junho e mais afastado ao longo do verão (Julho e Agosto). As abelhas realizaram danças sinalizando locais com abundância de flores silvestres em Junho, uma mistura de flores silvestres e algumas vezes alfalfa em Julho, e predominantemente zonas com girassol e escassas zonas com flores silvestres em Agosto. Podemos concluir que as abelhas mostraram clara preferência por recursos de flores silvestres, quando estes se encontravam disponíveis na paisagem. As mesmas forragearam em campos agrícolas apenas quando recursos florísticos de alta qualidade escasseavam nas redondezas da colmeia. Os nossos resultados suportam a necessidade de aplicar práticas mais favoráveis às abelhas nas paisagens agrícolas em conjunto com a promoção da apicultura sustentável.
Outro - POLL-OLE-GI - Protecção de polinizadores e de Serviços de Ecossistema na Região SUDOE: o papel das infra-estruturas verdes na sustentabilidade das culturas de oleaginosas (INTERREG-SUDOE SOE1/P5/E0129)
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Li, Kun-Jung, and 李坤融. "The Construction of a Local Environment Resource Platform: An Elementary School Flora Resources Website." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43263794694824713293.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南華大學
建築與景觀學系環境藝術碩士班
102
The purpose of this research was to explore the development of a “local environmental resource interpretation platform─campus floral resource website” with the aim of providing an educational resource platform to assist teachers in the collection of campus floral resources, enhancing teachers’ knowledge of campus flora, and facilitating the use of campus floral resources for instruction. This study adopted content analysis and field research methods along with a literature review and journal recordings to first evaluate the current status of the campus floral resources website. A questionnaire was administered to local users, including 51 teachers and 336 fifth and sixth grade students, to evaluate user demand for the floral resources website. Based on this survey, website construction elements were developed based on users’ suggestions. A trial elementary school floral collection website was then provided, with users’ satisfaction, assessed through a satisfaction questionnaire administered on the website, demonstrating that the improved site met the needs of users. The results of this study suggest that in order to develop a localized environment resource interpretation system, the needs of local users must first be understood. Then, once a stable and user-friendly knowledge-management system is established, field research can be used to gradually develop a localized environment system. Generally, users considered the website rich and diverse, with clear website navigation, and provision of frequent updates or changes in local plant resources, generating connections to users’ daily lives and providing useful awareness of campus plants. The findings of this study include a model for the development of a localized environmental resource interpretation platform, establishment of a host system, and specific recommendations for future research.
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Huang, Hsin-Yi, and 黃馨儀. "Effects of photoperiod, resource limitation and the role of ToFT genes on floral reversion and phase transition in Titanotrichum oldhamii." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fd552u.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
植物科學研究所
105
The transition from vegetative to reproductive phase was strictly regulated: environmental signal is one of the important factors. Titanotrichum oldhamii utilizes a mixed sexual and asexual reproductive strategy, which is flowering in summer and generating bulbils to replace flowers on inflorescences, which called floral reversion, when day length shortens. In addition, it generates bulbils directly under weak light or nutritional inadequacy condition. To investigate whether light intensity and carbohydrate limitation condition promote floral reversion, pre-flowering plants were treated with normal (100 to 150 μmol m-2s-1) and weak (5 to 15 μmol m-2s-1) light intensity respectively. The weak light treatment led to aborted flowers, an intermediate form of floral reversion in T. oldhamii. Besides, the continuous normal light treatment ones, which inflorescence apex eventually transit to bulbil development. Moreover, the sugar content of transit to bulbil stage is lower than inflorescences stage. Those implies carbohydrate limitation might restrict flowering and trigger reversion to bulbils. Shading trial was proposed to mimic a carbohydrate limitation condition. Plants bloomed on the first day were shaded 90% leaf area and were recorded number of flower on inflorescence nodes generated before reversion to bulbils. Day to 50% flowering for shaded individuals (around 10.5 days) was earlier than non-shaded ones (around 13 days) and also number of fully developed flowers is less on shaded individuals (about 25 flowers from 67 nodes) before reversion compared to non-shaded control (about 32 flowers from 74 nodes). This supported that carbohydrate limitation restricts flowering and increases possibility of transition to bulbils. On the other hands, to investigate the effect of photoperiod on developmental switches of inflorescence transition, seedlings were grown under long days (LDs, 8D: 16L) or short days (SDs, 16D: 8L) photoperiod. SDs induced the inflorescence of plants transiting to bulbiliferous shoots directly without normal flowers, in contrast, LDs induced more flowers. FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a pivotal flowering pathway integrator for photoperiod signals, could possibly be involved in floral reversion to bulbils. Two ToFT genes are photoperiod-dependent with circadian oscillation expressed in LDs (expression levels are higher at 16 hr than 4hr after dawn), but the pattern is unclear in SDs (compare 0 hr and 8 hr after dawn). Moreover, ToFT genes had higher expression during transition stage to bulbil, and also ToFT1 epxerssion is higher than ToFT2 at apex in this period. In addition, functional studies via ectopically expressing ToFT genes in Arabidopsis can promote early flowering phenotype, which reveals a conserve function of two ToFT genes. Although two ToFT genes would be functional redundant, they might have sub-functionalization.
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Yu, Chien-Han, and 余建翰. "A process model of Modular Resources Integration: A case study of Pavilion of Future, Taipei International Flora Exposition." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76544285393705731251.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
資訊管理系
100
Accompanied with the fast shifting market in this more and more competing era, organizations and business are facing more diverse and different challenges and tasks. In addition to maintain both good quality and low cost of products, efficiency without doubt becomes a vital factor that can help the business itself to cross the dilemma. In order not to be ignored by the society, the businesses should also possess some flexibility so that they can make a response to their client agilely. As a result how a business possesses the maximum flexibility is the priority issue that we concerned about. For example, if a business or a corporation is dealing a task that they have never met before all they can do is to start all over from the beginning to analyze the problems and then to team up the people within the group to get through it. It is not wise enough for a business to do so since it is time consuming and would waste a lot of money. It is cleverer for the business to integrate the professional supports and knowledge from others. It is a worthwhile way the business should adapt to, it will help the corporation to have the ability to solve the problems from all kinds of fields agilely in the end. This thesis is based on the case study of Pavilion of Future in Taipei International Flora Exposition and incorporating the Modular designing principles (Architecture, standard, and interface) and the process of resource integration to make it more flexible. It is pretty challenging since it is the first time that Taipei city government and Taiwan Floriculture Development Association holds the international event. My work will provide a flexible set of resource Integration process model for the business and corporation.
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Chia-Ling, Chang, and 張嘉玲. "The Development of Ecotourism Planning in Guanyinshan, New Taipei City－Base on the Nature Resources of Fauna and Flora." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9mf6x9.
Full textAbstract:
碩士開南大學
觀光與餐飲旅館學系
101
Guanyinshan is a forest surrounding area with diversity of animals and plants. According to the recent two-year survey (2010-2011), a total of 635 species (in 140 families) and can be found there including 51 species (22 families) of ferns, 7 species (4 families) of gymnosperm, 466 species (96 families) of dicotyledons, and 111 species (18 families) and of monocotyledons. Of them, 15 species of plants are endemic. In terms of animals, the species diversity index and evenness index of butterflies are high and without special dominant species in Guanyinshan. After calculating data, 112 species in 5 major families and 988 butterflies were recorded in 2010. And next year 2011, a total of 117 species and 729 butterflies were found, including 5 endemic species discovered during the two-year survey. Moreover, raptors recorded here are listed as the second-level conservational animals. Three of them ,Crested Serpent Eagles (Spilornis cheela), Crested Goshawk (Accipiter trivirgatus), and Besra (Accipiter virgatus ) are endemic subspecies in Taiwan. We suggest that Guanyinshan can develop ecotourism because of diversities of nature resources. After analysis of 194 eco-tours collected from websites or Facebook of National Parks, National Scenic Areas, National Forest Recreation Areas, and nonprofit organizations from 2009 to 2012 in Taiwan, 172 of these eco-tours had tour guides, about 90%. Of these eco-tours, 59% focused mainly on watching animals. Almost 60% of the eco-tours were one-day. Seasons were taken into consideration for specific tours, such as watching butterflies, fireflies, or cherry blossoms. Most participants of these eco-tours drove to assembling places and then walked or took the shuttle buses to the natural scenic spots. Those important imformation will be seriously considered during ecotourism development in Guanyinshan. Through careful assessments, we chose 3 trails to represent the whole area of Guanyinshan and design their eco-tours. They are Linshao Hiking Trail, Niougangling Hiking Trail, and Yinghanling Hiking Trail. Linshao Hiking Trail has the altitude of 380 meters and is classified as the First Level Slope that is easy to watch eagles, butterflies, and woods. Niougangling Hiking Trail has the altitude of 476 meters and is classified as the Third Level Slope, which is good for observing butterflies, birds, and the scenery of forest. Yinghanling Hiking Trail has the altitude of 616 meters and is classified as the Second Level Slope that is suitable for watching butterflies, woods, and overlooking the estuary scenery of Danshui River at the top of the trail.