Journal articles: 'Floral developmental genetics'

1

Preston, Jill C., and Lena C. Hileman. "Developmental genetics of floral symmetry evolution." Trends in Plant Science 14, no. 3 (March 2009): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.12.005.

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Mohanty, Jatindra Nath, Swayamprabha Sahoo, and Puspanjali Mishra. "A genetic approach to comprehend the complex and dynamic event of floral development: a review." Genomics & Informatics 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5808/gi.21075.

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The concepts of phylogeny and floral genetics play a crucial role in understanding the origin and diversification of flowers in angiosperms. Angiosperms evolved a great diversity of ways to display their flowers for reproductive success with variations in floral color, size, shape, scent, arrangements, and flowering time. The various innovations in floral forms and the aggregation of flowers into different kinds of inflorescences have driven new ecological adaptations, speciation, and angiosperm diversification. Evolutionary developmental biology seeks to uncover the developmental and genetic basis underlying morphological diversification. Advances in the developmental genetics of floral display have provided a foundation for insights into the genetic basis of floral and inflorescence evolution. A number of regulatory genes controlling floral and inflorescence development have been identified in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus using forward genetics, and conserved functions of many of these genes across diverse non-model species have been revealed by reverse genetics. Transcription factors are vital elements in systems that play crucial roles in linked gene expression in the evolution and development of flowers. Therefore, we review the sex-linked genes, mostly transcription factors, associated with the complex and dynamic event of floral development and briefly discuss the sex-linked genes that have been characterized through next-generation sequencing.

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Olsen, Kenneth M., Andrew Womack, Ashley R. Garrett, Jane I. Suddith, and Michael D. Purugganan. "Contrasting Evolutionary Forces in theArabidopsis thalianaFloral Developmental Pathway." Genetics 160, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 1641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.4.1641.

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AbstractThe floral developmental pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana is composed of several interacting regulatory genes, including the inflorescence architecture gene TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1), the floral meristem identity genes LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1), and CAULIFLOWER (CAL), and the floral organ identity genes APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI). Molecular population genetic analyses of these different genes indicate that the coding regions of AP3 and PI, as well as AP1 and CAL, share similar levels and patterns of nucleotide diversity. In contrast, the coding regions of TFL1 and LFY display a significant reduction in nucleotide variation, suggesting that these sequences have been subjected to a recent adaptive sweep. Moreover, the promoter of TFL1, unlike its coding region, displays high levels of diversity organized into two distinct haplogroups that appear to be maintained by selection. These results suggest that patterns of molecular evoution differ among regulatory genes in this developmental pathway, with the earlier acting genes exhibiting evidence of adaptive evolution.

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Drews, Gary N., Detlef Weigel, and Elliot M. Meyerowitz. "Floral patterning." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 1, no. 2 (August 1991): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80066-8.

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Goto, Koji, Junko Kyozuka, and John L. Bowman. "Turning floral organs into leaves, leaves into floral organs." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 11, no. 4 (August 2001): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00216-1.

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Gottschalk, Chris, and Steve van Nocker. "Diversity in Seasonal Bloom Time and Floral Development among Apple Species and Hybrids." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 5 (September 2013): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.5.367.

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Timing of flowering is a fundamental developmental transition that has great ecological and agricultural importance. For perennial plants, seasonal timing of bloom and anthesis, which is the ultimate stage of flowering, can be determined by the net effect of several preceding developmental steps: seasonal timing of floral initiation, rate and extent of floral development before winter dormancy, duration of dormancy, and rate of floral development after release from dormancy. In the domestic apple (Malus ×domestica), fruit production has generally favored cultivars that bloom relatively early in the season. However, floral tissues are easily damaged by freezing temperatures, and freeze injury is especially problematic in years when abnormally warm temperatures in early spring lead to rapid floral development. To facilitate identification of genes/alleles that govern bloom time, and that could add versatility to production systems for apple, we evaluated seasonal bloom time for accessions of M. ×domestica, wild apple species (Malus sp.), and Malus hybrids maintained in a large germplasm diversity collection.

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Zhang, Hua, Callista Ransom, Philip Ludwig, and Steven van Nocker. "Genetic Analysis of Early Flowering Mutants in Arabidopsis Defines a Class of Pleiotropic Developmental Regulator Required for Expression of the Flowering-Time Switch Flowering Locus C." Genetics 164, no. 1 (May 1, 2003): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.1.347.

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Abstract The Arabidopsis flowering-repressor gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) is a developmental switch used to trigger floral induction after extended growth in the cold, a process termed vernalization. In vernalized plants, FLC becomes transcriptionally silenced through a process that involves an epigenetic mechanism. We identified recessive mutations designated vernalization independence (vip) that confer cold-independent flowering and suppression of FLC. These mutations also lead to developmental pleiotropy, including specific defects in floral morphology, indicating that the associated genes also have functions unrelated to flowering time. We identified the VIP3 gene by positional cloning and found that it encodes a protein consisting almost exclusively of repeated Trp-Asp (WD) motifs, suggesting that VIP3 could act as a platform to assemble a protein complex. Constitutive transgenic expression of VIP3 in vernalized plants is insufficient to activate FLC, and thus VIP3 probably participates in the regulation of FLC as one component of a more extensive mechanism. Consistent with this, genetic analyses revealed that the VIP loci define a functional gene class including at least six additional members. We suggest that VIP3 and other members of this gene class could represent a previously unrecognized flowering mechanism.

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Ma, Qing, Wenheng Zhang, and Qiu-Yun Jenny Xiang. "Evolution and developmental genetics of floral display-A review of progress." Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55, no. 6 (July 19, 2017): 487–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jse.12259.

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Wang, Hongtao, Lifan Zhang, Peng Shen, Xuelian Liu, Rengui Zhao, and Junyi Zhu. "Transcriptomic Insight into Underground Floral Differentiation in Erythronium japonicum." BioMed Research International 2022 (January 18, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4447472.

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Erythronium japonicum Decne (Liliaceae) flowers in early spring after overwintering. Its sexual reproduction process includes an underground development process of floral organs, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are obscure. The present study is aimed at exploring the transcriptional changes and key genes involved at underground floral developmental stages, including flower primordium differentiation, perianth differentiation, stamen differentiation, and pistil differentiation in E. japonicum. Multistage high-quality transcriptomic data resulted in identifying putative candidate genes for underground floral differentiation in E. japonicum. A total of 174,408 unigenes were identified, 28,508 of which were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at different floral developmental stages, while only 44 genes were identified with conserved regulation between different stages. Further annotation of DEGs resulted in the identification of 270 DEGs specific to floral differentiation. In addition, ELF3, PHD, cullin 1, SE14, ZSWIM3, GIGNATEA, and SERPIN B were identified as potential candidate genes involved in the regulation of floral differentiation. Besides, we explored transcription factors with differential regulation at different developmental stages and identified bHLH, FAR1, mTERF, MYB-related, NAC, Tify, and WRKY TFs for their potential involvement in the underground floral differentiation process. Together, these results laid the foundation for future molecular works to improve our understanding of the underground floral differentiation process and its genetic regulation in E. japonicum.

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Larsson, Annika Sundås, Katarina Landberg, and D. R. Meeks-Wagner. "The TERMINAL FLOWER2 (TFL2) Gene Controls the Reproductive Transition and Meristem Identity in Arabidopsis thaliana." Genetics 149, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.2.597.

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Abstract A new mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that initiates flowering early and terminates the inflorescence with floral structures has been identified and named terminal flower2 (tfl2). While these phenotypes are similar to that of the terminal flower1 (tfl1) mutant, tfl2 mutant plants are also dwarfed in appearance, have reduced photoperiod sensitivity and have a more variable terminal flower structure. Under long-day and short-day growth conditions tfl1 tfl2 double mutants terminate the inflorescence without development of lateral flowers; thus, unlike tfl1 single mutants the double mutant inflorescence morphology is not affected by day length. The enhanced phenotype of the double mutant suggests that TFL2 acts in a developmental pathway distinct from TFL1. The complex nature of the tfl2 single mutant phenotype suggests that TFL2 has a regulatory role more global than that of TFL1. Double mutant analysis of tfl2 in combination with mutant alleles of the floral meristem identity genes LEAFY and APETALA1 demonstrates that TFL2 function influences developmental processes controlled by APETALA1, but not those regulated by LEAFY. Thus, the TFL2 gene product appears to have a dual role in regulating meristem activity, one being to regulate the meristem response to light signals affecting the development of the plant and the other being the maintenance of inflorescence meristem identity.

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Feke, Ann M., Jing Hong, Wei Liu, and Joshua M. Gendron. "A Decoy Library Uncovers U-Box E3 Ubiquitin Ligases That Regulate Flowering Time in Arabidopsis." Genetics 215, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303199.

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Targeted degradation of proteins is mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases and is important for the execution of many biological processes. Redundancy has prevented the genetic characterization of many E3 ubiquitin ligases in plants. Here, we performed a reverse genetic screen in Arabidopsis using a library of dominant-negative U-box-type E3 ubiquitin ligases to identify their roles in flowering time and reproductive development. We identified five U-box decoy transgenic populations that have defects in flowering time or the floral development program. We used additional genetic and biochemical studies to validate PLANT U-BOX 14 (PUB14), MOS4-ASSOCIATED COMPLEX 3A (MAC3A), and MAC3B as bona fide regulators of flowering time. This work demonstrates the widespread importance of E3 ubiquitin ligases in floral reproductive development. Furthermore, it reinforces the necessity of dominant-negative strategies for uncovering previously unidentified regulators of developmental transitions in an organism with widespread genetic redundancy, and provides a basis on which to model other similar studies.

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Suo, Zhi-li, Xiao-qing Zhao, Jian-peng Zhao, Xiao-chong Zhao, and Fu-fei Chen. "‘Sisters on Spring Outing’ (Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Zi Mei You Chun’) (Paeoniaceae): A Unique Chinese Tree Peony Cultivar Possessing Side Flowers and Bicolored Floral Discs." HortScience 43, no. 2 (April 2008): 532–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.2.532.

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Large natural genetic diversifications have occurred among Chinese tree peony cultivars under the natural and artificial selections on the flower for ornamental and medicinal uses in the past over 1500 years in China. Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Zi Mei You Chun’ X.Q. Zhao & J.P. Zhao & X.Z. Zhao & X.C. Zhao & Q.X. Gao & Z.Q. Zhao & J.X. Zhao & Z.L. Suo (Paeoniaceae) is a unique cultivar possessing side flowers and bicolored floral disc belonging to the Central Plains tree peony cultivar group of China. This natural mutant is not only an outstanding ornamental, but also a valuable material for scientific research on evolution of tree peony cultivars, metabolic pathways of pigments in the floral disc, origin of floral disc in Paeoniaceae, and other issues in plant evolutionary and developmental genetics.

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Lamp, Bridget M., Joseph H. Connell, Roger A. Duncan, Mario Viveros, and Vito S. Polito. "Almond Flower Development: Floral Initiation and Organogenesis." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126, no. 6 (November 2001): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.126.6.689.

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Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb (syn. Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Amygdalus communis L.)] flower bud development for three cultivars (Nonpareil, Carmel, and Butte) from four California locations (which span the range of almond production in California) for 2 years, and for `Nonpareil' in a single location for a third year. The objectives were to document timing of floral developmental events and to better understand the extent of variation that exists within and among cultivars, locations, and years. Results indicated that the time of floral initiation relative to hull split varied among cultivars. Median time for floral initiation in `Nonpareil' was more than 3 weeks after the onset of hull split. For `Butte' and `Carmel', median time of floral initiation preceded the onset of hull split. Extensive variation in the timing of bud development events within a cultivar was apparent. Timing of developmental events varied among locations, but no patterns emerged consistent with the north to south range which spanned 4°15' latitude and 520 km. Among years, development occurred earliest in 1997, a relatively warm year, and was delayed in 1998 and 1999, relatively cool years. Results indicate an earlier onset of floral initiation than reported in the classical literature on the subject.

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Lucibelli, Francesca, Maria Carmen Valoroso, and Serena Aceto. "Radial or Bilateral? The Molecular Basis of Floral Symmetry." Genes 11, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11040395.

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In the plant kingdom, the flower is one of the most relevant evolutionary novelties. Floral symmetry has evolved multiple times from the ancestral condition of radial to bilateral symmetry. During evolution, several transcription factors have been recruited by the different developmental pathways in relation to the increase of plant complexity. The MYB proteins are among the most ancient plant transcription factor families and are implicated in different metabolic and developmental processes. In the model plant Antirrhinum majus, three MYB transcription factors (DIVARICATA, DRIF, and RADIALIS) have a pivotal function in the establishment of floral dorsoventral asymmetry. Here, we present an updated report of the role of the DIV, DRIF, and RAD transcription factors in both eudicots and monocots, pointing out their functional changes during plant evolution. In addition, we discuss the molecular models of the establishment of flower symmetry in different flowering plants.

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Ellis, Allan G., Samuel F. Brockington, Marinus L. de Jager, Gregory Mellers, Rachel H. Walker, and Beverley J. Glover. "Floral trait variation and integration as a function of sexual deception in Gorteria diffusa." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1649 (August 19, 2014): 20130563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0563.

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Phenotypic integration, the coordinated covariance of suites of morphological traits, is critical for proper functioning of organisms. Angiosperm flowers are complex structures comprising suites of traits that function together to achieve effective pollen transfer. Floral integration could reflect shared genetic and developmental control of these traits, or could arise through pollinator-imposed stabilizing correlational selection on traits. We sought to expose mechanisms underlying floral trait integration in the sexually deceptive daisy, Gorteria diffusa , by testing the hypothesis that stabilizing selection imposed by male pollinators on floral traits involved in mimicry has resulted in tighter integration. To do this, we quantified patterns of floral trait variance and covariance in morphologically divergent G. diffusa floral forms representing a continuum in the levels of sexual deception. We show that integration of traits functioning in visual attraction of male pollinators increases with pollinator deception, and is stronger than integration of non-mimicry trait modules. Consistent patterns of within-population trait variance and covariance across floral forms suggest that integration has not been built by stabilizing correlational selection on genetically independent traits. Instead pollinator specialization has selected for tightened integration within modules of linked traits. Despite potentially strong constraint on morphological evolution imposed by developmental genetic linkages between traits, we demonstrate substantial divergence in traits across G. diffusa floral forms and show that divergence has often occurred without altering within-population patterns of trait correlations.

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Chanderbali, A. S., V. A. Albert, J. Leebens-Mack, N. S. Altman, D. E. Soltis, and P. S. Soltis. "Transcriptional signatures of ancient floral developmental genetics in avocado (Persea americana; Lauraceae)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 22 (May 18, 2009): 8929–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811476106.

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Guimond, Charlotte M., Preston K. Andrews, and Gregory A. Lang. "Scanning Electron Microscopy of Floral Initiation in Sweet Cherry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 4 (July 1998): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.4.509.

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Flower initiation and development in `Bing' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) was examined using scanning electron microscopy. There was a 1- to 2-week difference in the time of initiation of flower buds on summer pruned current season shoots (P) compared to buds borne on unpruned shoots (U) or spurs (S). By late July, this difference was obvious in morphological development. The P buds had already formed floral primordia, while the S and U buds showed little differentiation in the meristem until early August. In general, buds from unpruned shoots were similar developmentally to spur buds. By late August, primordial differentiation was similar in the buds from all the wood types; however, buds from pruned shoots were significantly larger (838 μm) than buds from spurs (535 μm) and unpruned shoots (663 μm). Early summer pruning may shift allocation of resources from terminal shoot elongation to reproductive meristem development at the base of current season shoots. The similarity in reproductive bud development between spurs and unpruned shoots, given the difference in active terminal growth, might suggest that developmental resources are inherently more limiting in reproductive buds on spurs.

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Tucic, Branka, S. Manitasevic, A. Vuleta, and Gordana Matic. "Linking Hsp90 function to micro-environmental and stochastic variation in floralorgans of Iris pumila L." Archives of Biological Sciences 60, no. 3 (2008): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0803411t.

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Hsp90 is an environmentally responsive molecular chaperone that was found to play a key role in buffering against genetic and non-genetic perturbations in the model organisms Arabidopsis and Drosophila. Here we analyzed the buffering capacity of Hsp90 against two kinds of non-genetic factors - stochastic noise and micro-environmental varia?tion of floral organ traits in naturally growing Iris pumila plants. We found no statistical association between the endog?enous level of Hsp90 and the floral organ radial symmetry produced by stochastic developmental noise. Conversely, floral organ plasticity in response to micro-environmental variation tended to be greater with decrease in Hsp90b isoform expression.

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Goeckeritz, Charity Z., Christopher Gottschalk, Steve van Nocker, and Courtney A. Hollender. "Malus Species with Diverse Bloom Times Exhibit Variable Rates of Floral Development." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 148, no. 2 (March 2023): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs05236-22.

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In response to challenges caused by climate change, apple (Malus ×domestica) breeding programs must quickly develop more resilient cultivars. One strategy is to breed for various bloom times. Members of the genus Malus, including domesticated apple, wild species, and hybrids, exhibit striking variations in the bloom date. Although bloom time is strongly influenced by chilling requirements, other aspects of floral development in Malus and their contributions to bloom time are less known. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential connections between predormancy flower development and final bloom time in Malus species. We performed a phenological analysis of flower development in wild and domesticated apple with extreme differences in bloom time over the course of one developmental season. We tracked histological changes in the floral apex of representatives of three early-blooming Malus genotypes (M. ×domestica ‘Anna’ PI 280400, M. orthocarpa PI 589392, M. sylvestris PI 633824) and three late-blooming genotypes (M. angustifolia PI 589763, M. angustifolia PI 613880, M. ×domestica ‘Koningszuur’ PI 188517). Our study documented their floral meristem progression and organ development and expanded on current staging systems for apple flower development to describe the changes observed. The developmental trajectories of each genotype did not group according to bloom category, and we observed variations in the floral development stage at the time of dormancy onset.

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Ungerer, Mark C., Solveig S. Halldorsdottir, Jennifer L. Modliszewski, Trudy F. C. Mackay, and Michael D. Purugganan. "Quantitative Trait Loci for Inflorescence Development in Arabidopsis thaliana." Genetics 160, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 1133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.3.1133.

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Abstract Variation in inflorescence development patterns is a central factor in the evolutionary ecology of plants. The genetic architectures of 13 traits associated with inflorescence developmental timing, architecture, rosette morphology, and fitness were investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant system. There is substantial naturally occurring genetic variation for inflorescence development traits, with broad sense heritabilities computed from 21 Arabidopsis ecotypes ranging from 0.134 to 0.772. Genetic correlations are significant for most (64/78) pairs of traits, suggesting either pleiotropy or tight linkage among loci. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping indicates 47 and 63 QTL for inflorescence developmental traits in Ler × Col and Cvi × Ler recombinant inbred mapping populations, respectively. Several QTL associated with different developmental traits map to the same Arabidopsis chromosomal regions, in agreement with the strong genetic correlations observed. Epistasis among QTL was observed only in the Cvi × Ler population, and only between regions on chromosomes 1 and 5. Examination of the completed Arabidopsis genome sequence in three QTL regions revealed between 375 and 783 genes per region. Previously identified flowering time, inflorescence architecture, floral meristem identity, and hormone signaling genes represent some of the many candidate genes in these regions.

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Theißen, Günter. "Evolutionary developmental genetics of floral symmetry: The revealing power of Linnaeus' monstrous flower." BioEssays 22, no. 3 (February 22, 2000): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-1878(200003)22:3<209::aid-bies1>3.0.co;2-j.

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Wang, Hongtao, Junyi Zhu, Lifan Zhang, Peng Shen, Zi Xiao, and Rengui Zhao. "Insights into the Major Metabolites Involved in the Underground Floral Differentiation of Erythronium japonicum." BioMed Research International 2022 (May 13, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7431151.

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Background. Erythronium japonicum Decne (Liliaceae) is an early spring ephemeral with an underground initial floral differentiation stage. The flowering mechanism is crucial in ornamental plants due to the associated economic value. Therefore, this study is aimed at exploring the metabolic landscape during floral differentiation, including flower primordium, perianth, stamen, and the pistil differentiation period, in E. japonicum coupled with a conjoint analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome. Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 586 metabolites from 13 major metabolite classes. Comparative metabolomics between different floral developmental stages revealed several abundant metabolites during the respective phases. Upaccumulation of p-coumaroylputrescine, scopoletin, isorhoifolin, cosmosiin, genistin, and LysoPC 15 : 0 emphasized the significance of these compounds during flower development. Furthermore, previously identified DEGs, viz., EARLY FLOWERING 3, Flowering locus K, PHD finger-containing protein, and zinc finger SWIM domain-containing protein for floral differentiation, depicted a high correlation with lipid, flavonoid, and phenolics accumulation during floral developmental stages. Conclusions. Together, the results improve our interpretation of the underground floral development in E. japonicum.

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Ming, F., and H. Ma. "A terminator of floral stem cells." Genes & Development 23, no. 15 (August 1, 2009): 1705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1834409.

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Landis, Jacob B., Amelda Kurti, Amber J. Lawhorn, Amy Litt, and Elizabeth W. McCarthy. "Differential Gene Expression with an Emphasis on Floral Organ Size Differences in Natural and Synthetic Polyploids of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae)." Genes 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11091097.

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Floral organ size, especially the size of the corolla, plays an important role in plant reproduction by facilitating pollination efficiency. Previous studies have outlined a hypothesized organ size pathway. However, the expression and function of many of the genes in the pathway have only been investigated in model diploid species; therefore, it is unknown how these genes interact in polyploid species. Although correlations between ploidy and cell size have been shown in many systems, it is unclear whether there is a difference in cell size between naturally occurring and synthetic polyploids. To address these questions comparing floral organ size and cell size across ploidy, we use natural and synthetic polyploids of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) as well as their known diploid progenitors. We employ a comparative transcriptomics approach to perform analyses of differential gene expression, focusing on candidate genes that may be involved in floral organ size, both across developmental stages and across accessions. We see differential expression of several known floral organ candidate genes including ARF2, BIG BROTHER, and GASA/GAST1. Results from linear models show that ploidy, cell width, and cell number positively influence corolla tube circumference; however, the effect of cell width varies by ploidy, and diploids have a significantly steeper slope than both natural and synthetic polyploids. These results demonstrate that polyploids have wider cells and that polyploidy significantly increases corolla tube circumference.

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Takeda, Fumiomi, and Michael Wisniewski. "Organogenesis and Patterns of Floral Bud Development in Two Eastern Thornless Blackberry Cultivars." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 4 (July 1989): 528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.4.528.

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Abstract Axillary buds on lateral branches of ‘Black Satin’ and ‘Hull Thornless’ thornless blackberries (Rubus sp.) were examined from September to May in 1984–1985 and 1986–1987, and in Spring 1988. Initial inflorescence development in ‘Black Satin’ was evident in October; however, most buds remained vegetative until January. Perianth primordia became distinct around the terminal floral apex in some buds in late February to early March. Buds sampled from lateral branches at the top portion of plants were more advanced than buds from the bottom portion at several sampling dates. Axillary buds of ‘Hull Thornless’, in contrast, remained vegetative in all floricane portions until late March. Subsequent developmental rates were rapid and uniform. Once the terminal flower appeared, the most basal floral apex in the primary (A1) axis was next to develop. Remaining floral apices along the axis developed sequentially in an acropetal direction. Neither uniformity and time of bud initiation nor subsequent rate of development appeared to affect the length of bloom period.

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Duclos, Denise V., and Thomas Björkman. "Gibberellin Control of Reproductive Transitions in Brassica oleracea Curd Development." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 140, no. 1 (January 2015): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.140.1.57.

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Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica) differ in the developmental stage of the reproductive meristem at harvest. A cauliflower head is formed by arrest at the inflorescence meristem stage and broccoli at the flower bud stage, and the horticultural value of the crop depends on synchronous development across the head. In other plant species, gibberellin (GA) can promote floral development and is therefore a candidate for providing the early developmental cues that shape the curd morphology. This research investigated the effect of GAs on the two horticulturally important transitions of the reproductive meristem: initiation of the inflorescence meristem and initiation of floral primordia on the proliferated inflorescence meristems. GA is known to affect the former in many species, but effects on the latter have not been determined. It is also not known whether one or both active forms produced by the two GA biosynthetic pathways is involved in the reproductive transitions in this crop. GAs from the early-13 hydroxylation pathway (GA3) and the non-13 hydroxylation pathway (GA4+7) were applied to the shoot apical meristems of cauliflower and broccoli at three developmental stages: adult-vegetative, curd initiation, and curd enlargement. GAs applied during the adult vegetative stage caused the curd to form faster and after fewer additional nodes in both cauliflower and broccoli. GAs applied to the inflorescence meristem did not cause floral primordia to form nor did the expression of transition-associated genes change. Integrator genes BoLFY and SOC1 had constant expression over 24 hours, and meristem-identity genes BoAP1-a and BoAP1-c remained undetectable. However, GAs applied early during the reproductive phase increased bract development in cauliflower curds. This study shows that GAs from both pathways can trigger the vegetative-to-reproductive transition in both cauliflower and broccoli, resulting in earlier curd formation. However, GAs did not advance the inflorescence-meristem-to-floral-primordium transition; on the contrary, they increased bract incidence in cauliflower, a sign of reversion toward the vegetative stage, suggesting that another pathway is responsible for this second transition in cauliflower and broccoli.

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Barrero, L. S., B. Cong, F. Wu, and S. D. Tanksley. "Developmental characterization of the fasciated locus and mapping of Arabidopsis candidate genes involved in the control of floral meristem size and carpel number in tomato." Genome 49, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 991–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g06-059.

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Mutation at the fasciated locus was a key step in the production of extreme fruit size during tomato domestication. To shed light on the nature of these changes, near-isogenic lines were used for a comparative developmental study of fasciated and wild-type tomato plants. The fasciated gene directly affects floral meristem size and is expressed before the earliest stages of flower organogenesis. As a result, mature fruit of fasciated mutants have more carpels (locules) and greater fruit diameter and mass. The discovery that fasciated affects floral meristem size led to a search for candidate genes from Arabidopsis known to be involved in floral meristem development. Putative homologs were identified in a large tomato EST database, verified through phylogenetic analyses, and mapped in tomato; none mapped to the fasciated locus; however, putative homologs of WUS and WIG mapped to the locule number locus on chromosome 2, the second major transition to large tomato fruit, with WUS showing the highest association. In other cases, minor QTLs for floral organ number (lcn2.2) and (stn11.2) co-localized with a CLV1 paralog and with the syntenic region containing the CLV3 gene in Arabidopsis, respectively.Key words: fasciated, floral meristem, locule number, Arabidopsis, fruit.

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Hong, Yan, and SiLan Dai. "Selection of Reference Genes for Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Light-dependent Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Chrysanthemum." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 140, no. 1 (January 2015): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.140.1.68.

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The light-dependent coloration of the vital organs of horticultural crops affects multiple parts of production and sales. The simplicity of the metabolic pathways of anthocyanins and the characteristics of light-dependent coloration make chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium) an ideal subject for studying the mechanism of light-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis. In this study, real-time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in the analysis of the expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in C. ×morifolium ‘Reagan’. The reference genes selected were those assumed to remain at constant levels in three flower color lines at five floral developmental stages and at two light conditions. Using digital gene expression technology, we selected nine reference genes with moderate expression in the chrysanthemum ray florets at various floral developmental stages under illuminated and dark conditions as the candidate reference genes for further study. After comprehensively analyzing the stability of gene expression with three distinct statistical algorithms, geNorm, NormFinder, and qBase plus, we found that F-box and PP2A were the most stable genes in all of the samples. In addition, we analyzed the relative expression level of the CmF3H gene in different samples to verify the reference genes that we selected. This study provides a consensus list of validated reference genes that will benefit future studies of the expression of chrysanthemum genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and floral development under various light conditions. Moreover, this information will also promote the molecular breeding of horticultural crops for their color modification.

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McKim, Sarah, and Angela Hay. "Patterning and evolution of floral structures — marking time." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 20, no. 4 (August 2010): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2010.04.007.

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Bačovský, Václav, Radim Čegan, Eva Tihlaříková, Vilém Neděla, Vojtěch Hudzieczek, Lubomír Smrža, Tomáš Janíček, Vladimír Beneš, and Roman Hobza. "Chemical genetics in Silene latifolia elucidate regulatory pathways involved in gynoecium development." Journal of Experimental Botany 73, no. 8 (January 19, 2022): 2354–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab538.

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Abstract Dioecious plants possess diverse sex determination systems and unique mechanisms of reproductive organ development; however, little is known about how sex-linked genes shape the expression of regulatory cascades that lead to developmental differences between sexes. In Silene latifolia, a dioecious plant with stable dimorphism in floral traits, early experiments suggested that female-regulator genes act on the factors that determine the boundaries of the flower whorls. To identify these regulators, we sequenced the transcriptome of male flowers with fully developed gynoecia, induced by rapid demethylation in the parental generation. Eight candidates were found to have a positive role in gynoecium promotion, floral organ size, and whorl boundary, and affect the expression of class B MADS-box flower genes. To complement our transcriptome analysis, we closely examined the floral organs in their native state using field emission environmental scanning electron microscopy, and examined the differences between females and androhermaphrodites in their placenta and ovule organization. Our results reveal the regulatory pathways potentially involved in sex-specific flower development in the classical model of dioecy, S. latifolia. These pathways include previously hypothesized and unknown female-regulator genes that act on the factors that determine the flower boundaries, and a negative regulator of anther development, SUPERMAN-like (SlSUP).

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Chandler, J. W., and W. Werr. "A phylogenetically conserved APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR, ERF12, regulates Arabidopsis floral development." Plant Molecular Biology 102, no. 1-2 (December 5, 2019): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-019-00936-5.

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Abstract Key message Arabidopsis ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR12 (ERF12), the rice MULTIFLORET SPIKELET1 orthologue pleiotropically affects meristem identity, floral phyllotaxy and organ initiation and is conserved among angiosperms. Abstract Reproductive development necessitates the coordinated regulation of meristem identity and maturation and lateral organ initiation via positive and negative regulators and network integrators. We have identified ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR12 (ERF12) as the Arabidopsis orthologue of MULTIFLORET SPIKELET1 (MFS1) in rice. Loss of ERF12 function pleiotropically affects reproductive development, including defective floral phyllotaxy and increased floral organ merosity, especially supernumerary sepals, at incomplete penetrance in the first-formed flowers. Wildtype floral organ number in early formed flowers is labile, demonstrating that floral meristem maturation involves the stabilisation of positional information for organogenesis, as well as appropriate identity. A subset of erf12 phenotypes partly defines a narrow developmental time window, suggesting that ERF12 functions heterochronically to fine-tune stochastic variation in wild type floral number and similar to MFS1, promotes meristem identity. ERF12 expression encircles incipient floral primordia in the inflorescence meristem periphery and is strong throughout the floral meristem and intersepal regions. ERF12 is a putative transcriptional repressor and genetically opposes the function of its relatives DORNRÖSCHEN, DORNRÖSCHEN-LIKE and PUCHI and converges with the APETALA2 pathway. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that ERF12 is conserved among all eudicots and appeared in angiosperm evolution concomitant with the generation of floral diversity.

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Jabbour, Florian, Sophie Nadot, Felipe Espinosa, and Catherine Damerval. "Ranunculacean flower terata: Records, a classification, and some clues about floral developmental genetics and evolution." Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 217 (November 2015): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2015.09.009.

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Haughn, George W., Elizabeth A. Schultz, and Jose M. Martinez-Zapater. "The regulation of flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana: meristems, morphogenesis, and mutants." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 959–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-105.

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In the last decade, the study of mutants defective in floral development has contributed significantly to our understanding of floral evocation and morphogenesis. Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus that play key roles in (i) the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase, (ii) the activation of floral development in specific shoots, and (iii) the unique arrangement of floral organs have been identified genetically and in many cases cloned. Many of the genes appear to encode transcription factors that act to select specific developmental programs of division and differentiation for groups of primordial cells. Other genes may be involved in detecting environmental conditions and transducing the signal to the developing meristems. Key questions remaining include how the regulatory proteins are produced in specific temporal and spatial patterns, interact with each other and initiate specific morphological programs. Although current research on floral morphogenesis has been limited to only a few species there is growing evidence that the basic processes are common to all flowering plants.Thus the information and tools currently being generated should be useful for studying a wide variety of flowering species. It seems reasonable to predict that within the next decade, we should have a fairly complete understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying floral morphogenesis and its evolution among the angiosperms. Key words: Arabidopsis thaliana, floral morphogenesis, molecular genetics.

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Jinn, Tsung-Luo, Julie M. Stone, and John C. Walker. "HAESA, an Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase, controls floral organ abscission." Genes & Development 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.14.1.108.

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Abcission, the natural shedding of leaves, flowers and fruits, is a fundamental component of plant development. Abscission is a highly regulated process that occurs at distinct zones of cells that undergo enlargement and subsequent separation. Although some components of abscission, including accumulation of the hormone ethylene and cell wall-degrading enzymes, have been described, the regulatory pathways remain largely unknown. In this paper we describe a critical component required for floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana, the receptor-like protein kinase HAESA. Histochemical analysis of transgenic plants harboring a HAESA promoter:: β-glucuronidase reporter gene and in situ RNA hybridization experiments show HAESA expression in the abscission zones where the sepals, petals, and stamens attach to the receptacle, at the base of pedicels, and at the base of petioles where leaves attach to the stem. Immunodetection, immunoprecipitation, and protein kinase activity assays reveal HAESA is a plasma membrane serine/threonine protein kinase. The reduction of function of HAESA in transgenic plants harboring an antisense construct results in delayed abscission of floral organs, and the severity of the phenotype is directly correlated with the level of HAESA protein. These results demonstrate that HAESA functions in developmentally regulated floral organ abscission.

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Rosas-Reinhold, Isaura, Alma Piñeyro-Nelson, Ulises Rosas, and Salvador Arias. "Blurring the Boundaries between a Branch and a Flower: Potential Developmental Venues in CACTACEAE." Plants 10, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061134.

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Flowers are defined as short shoots that carry reproductive organs. In Cactaceae, this term acquires another meaning, since the flower is interpreted as a branch with a perianth at the tip, with all reproductive organs embedded within the branch, thus giving way to a structure that has been called a “flower shoot”. These organs have long attracted the attention of botanists and cactologists; however, the understanding of the morphogenetic processes during the development of these structures is far from clear. In this review, we present and discuss some classic flower concepts used to define floral structures in Cactaceae in the context of current advances in flower developmental genetics and evolution. Finally, we propose several hypotheses to explain the origin of these floral shoot structures in cacti, and we suggest future research approaches and methods that could be used to fill the gaps in our knowledge regarding the ontogenetic origin of the “flower” in the cactus family.

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Amini, Safoora, Halimah Alias, Mohd Afiq Aizat-Juhari, Mohd-Noor Mat-Isa, Jumaat Haji Adam, Hoe-Han Goh, and Kiew-Lian Wan. "RNA-seq data from different developmental stages of Rafflesia cantleyi floral buds." Genomics Data 14 (December 2017): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gdata.2017.07.008.

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Farbos, Isabelle, Jacky Veuskens, Boris Vyskot, Margarida Oliveira, Stefan Hinnisdaels, Abdelmalik Aghmir, Armand Mouras, and Ioan Negrutiu. "Sexual Dimorphism in White Campion: Deletion on the Y Chromosome Results in a Floral Asexual Phenotype." Genetics 151, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/151.3.1187.

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AbstractWhite campion is a dioecious plant with heteromorphic X and Y sex chromosomes. In male plants, a filamentous structure replaces the pistil, while in female plants the stamens degenerate early in flower development. Asexual (asx) mutants, cumulating the two developmental defects that characterize the sexual dimorphism in this species, were produced by gamma ray irradiation of pollen and screening in the M1 generation. The mutants harbor a novel type of mutation affecting an early function in sporogenous/parietal cell differentiation within the anther. The function is called stamen-promoting function (SPF). The mutants are shown to result from interstitial deletions on the Y chromosome. We present evidence that such deletions tentatively cover the central domain on the (p)-arm of the Y chromosome (Y2 region). By comparing stamen development in wild-type female and asx mutant flowers we show that they share the same block in anther development, which results in the production of vestigial anthers. The data suggest that the SPF, a key function(s) controlling the sporogenous/parietal specialization in premeiotic anthers, is genuinely missing in females (XX constitution). We argue that this is the earliest function in the male program that is Y-linked and is likely responsible for “male dimorphism” (sexual dimorphism in the third floral whorl) in white campion. More generally, the reported results improve our knowledge of the structural and functional organization of the Y chromosome and favor the view that sex determination in this species results primarily from a trigger signal on the Y chromosome (Y1 region) that suppresses female development. The default state is therefore the ancestral hermaphroditic state.

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Mudalige-Jayawickrama, Rasika G., Michele M. Champagne, A. David Hieber, and Adelheid R. Kuehnle. "Cloning and Characterization of Two Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes from Dendrobium Orchid." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 4 (July 2005): 611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.4.611.

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Two full-length cDNA clones, Den-CHS-4 and Den-DFR-1, encoding chalcone synthase (CHS) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) were obtained from flower bud RNA of a lavender cyanidin-accumulating Dendrobium Sw. hybrid using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Northern analyses indicated that both genes are expressed in all developmental stages of buds, with highest expression in the medium-sized buds. RT-PCR analyses showed that DFR expression was confined to floral tissue while CHS was expressed in floral and vegetative tissues but not in pseudobulbs. The nucleotide sequence of a DFR clone isolated from a pale orange pelargonidin-accumulating Dendrobium hybrid was exactly the same as Den-DFR-1, ruling out the substrate specificity of DFR as a possible cause of the color difference.

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Dai, Jingwei, and Robert E. Paull. "Source-Sink Relationship and Protea Postharvest Leaf Blackening." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 3 (May 1995): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.3.475.

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The inflorescence of Protea neriifolia B. Br. was two-thirds of the total cut floral stem fresh weight and significantly influenced blackening of the attached 20 to 30 leaves. Floral stems harvested at five developmental stages were characterized for inflorescence diameter, fresh and dry weights, respiration, and nectar production. Inflorescence diameter and fresh and dry weights increased from stage 1 (very tight bud) to stage 5 (bracts reflexed). Respiration rate was high in stages 1 and 3. Nectar production began at stage 4 (open, cylindrical flower) and increased from 2.7 to 9.8 ml per flower with 15% to 23.5% total soluble solids as the flower opened. Postharvest inflorescence diameter, respiration rate, and nectar production increased and leaf blackening decreased when floral stems were placed in 5% (w/v) sucrose solution. Application of 14C-sucrose to a leaf subtending the inflorescence lead to >50% of the radioactivity being found in the nectar within 24 hours. These data indicate that leaf blackening in protea is the result of depletion of carbohydrate by the inflorescence, and that this depletion is primarily due to the sugar demand for nectar production.

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Sinjushin, Andrey. "Phenotypes of Floral Nectaries in Developmental Mutants of Legumes and What They May Tell about Genetic Control of Nectary Formation." Biology 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11101530.

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The vast majority of angiosperms attracts animal pollinators with the nectar secreted through specialized floral nectaries (FNs). Although there is evidence that principal patterns of regulation of FN development are conserved in large angiosperm clades, these structures are very diverse considering their morphology and position within a flower. Most data on genetic control of FN formation were obtained in surveys of a model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae). There are almost no data on genetic factors affecting FN development in Leguminosae, the plant family of a high agricultural value and possessing outstandingly diverse flowers. In this work, the morphology of FNs was examined in a set of leguminous species, both wild-type and developmental mutants, by the means of a scanning electron microscopy. Unlike Brassicaceae, FNs in legumes are localized between stamens and a carpel instead of being associated with a certain floral organ. FNs were found stable in most cases of mutants when perianth and/or androecium morphology was affected. However, regulation of FN development by BLADE-ON-PETIOLE-like genes seems to be a shared feature between legumes (at least Pisum) and Arabidopsis. In some legumes, the adaxial developmental program (most probably CYCLOIDEA-mediated) suppresses the FN development. The obtained results neither confirm the role of orthologues of UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS and LEAFY in FN development in legumes nor reject it, as two studied pea mutants were homozygous at the weakest alleles of the corresponding loci and possessed FNs similar to those of wild-type.

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van der Krol, A. R., A. Brunelle, S. Tsuchimoto, and N. H. Chua. "Functional analysis of petunia floral homeotic MADS box gene pMADS1." Genes & Development 7, no. 7a (July 1, 1993): 1214–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.7.7a.1214.

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Chen, Yihua, Peng Jiang, Shivegowda Thammannagowda, Haiying Liang, and H. Dayton Wilde. "Characterization of Peach TFL1 and Comparison with FT/TFL1 Gene Families of the Rosaceae." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 138, no. 1 (January 2013): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.138.1.12.

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We investigated the FT/TFL1 family of peach (Prunus persica), a gene family that regulates floral induction in annual and perennial plants. The peach terminal flower 1 gene (PpTFL1) was expressed in a developmental and tissue-specific pattern that, overall, was similar to that of TFL1 orthologs in other woody Rosaceae species. Consistent with a role as a floral inhibitor, ectopic expression of PpTFL1 in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) delayed flowering and prolonged vegetative growth. Other members of the peach FT/TFL1 family were identified from the sequenced genome, including orthologs of flowering locus T, centroradialis, brother of ft, and mother of ft and tfl. Sequence analysis found that peach FT/TFL1 family members were more similar to orthologous genes across the Rosaceae than to each other. Together these results suggest that information on genes that regulate flowering in peach could be applied to other Rosaceae species, particularly ornamentals.

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Georgiady, Michael S., Richard W. Whitkus, and Elizabeth M. Lord. "Genetic Analysis of Traits Distinguishing Outcrossing and Self-Pollinating Forms of Currant Tomato, Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill." Genetics 161, no. 1 (May 1, 2002): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.1.333.

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Abstract The evolution of inbreeding is common throughout the angiosperms, although little is known about the developmental and genetic processes involved. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (currant tomato) is a self-compatible species with variation in outcrossing rate correlated with floral morphology. Mature flowers from inbreeding and outcrossing populations differ greatly in characters affecting mating behavior (petal, anther, and style lengths); other flower parts (sepals, ovaries) show minimal differences. Analysis of genetic behavior, including quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, was performed on representative selfing and outcrossing plants derived from two contrasting natural populations. Six morphological traits were analyzed: flowers per inflorescence; petal, anther, and style lengths; and lengths of the fertile and sterile portions of anthers. All traits were smaller in the selfing parent and had continuous patterns of segregation in the F2. Phenotypic correlations among traits were all positive, but varied in strength. Quantitative trait locus mapping was done using 48 RFLP markers. Five QTL total were found involving four of the six traits: total anther length, anther sterile length, style length, and flowers per inflorescence. Each of these four traits had a QTL of major (>25%) effect on phenotypic variance.

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Langdale, Jane A., Erin E. Irish, and Timothy M. Nelson. "Action of theTunicate locus on maize floral development." Developmental Genetics 15, no. 2 (1994): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020150208.

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Sun, Quan, Jing Qiao, Sai Zhang, Shibin He, Yuzhen Shi, Youlu Yuan, Xiao Zhang, and Yingfan Cai. "Changes in DNA methylation assessed by genomic bisulfite sequencing suggest a role for DNA methylation in cotton fruiting branch development." PeerJ 6 (June 14, 2018): e4945. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4945.

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Cotton plant architecture, including fruit branch formation and flowering pattern, influences plant light exploitation, cotton yield and planting cost. DNA methylation has been widely observed at different developmental stages in both plants and animals and is associated with regulation of gene expression, chromatin remodelling, genome protection and other functions. Here, we investigated the global epigenetic reprogramming during the development of fruiting branches and floral buds at three developmental stages: the seedling stage, the pre-squaring stage and the squaring stage. We first identified 22 cotton genes which potentially encode DNA methyltransferases and demethylases. Among them, the homologous genes of CMT, DRM2 and MET1 were upregulated at pre-squaring and squaring stages, suggesting that DNA methylation is involved in the development of floral buds and fruit branches. Although the global methylation at all of three developmental stages was not changed, the CHG-type methylation of non-expressed genes was higher than those of expressed genes. In addition, we found that the expression of the homologous genes of the key circadian rhythm regulators, including CRY, LHY and CO, was associated with changes of DNA methylation at three developmental stages.

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Sharma, Bharti, Timothy A. Batz, Rakesh Kaundal, Elena M. Kramer, Uriah R. Sanders, Valerie J. Mellano, Naveen Duhan, and Rousselene B. Larson. "Developmental and Molecular Changes Underlying the Vernalization-Induced Transition to Flowering in Aquilegia coerulea (James)." Genes 10, no. 10 (September 22, 2019): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10100734.

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Reproductive success in plants is dependent on many factors but the precise timing of flowering is certainly among the most crucial. Perennial plants often have a vernalization or over-wintering requirement in order to successfully flower in the spring. The shoot apical meristem undergoes drastic developmental and molecular changes as it transitions into inflorescence meristem (IM) identity, which then gives rise to floral meristems (FMs). In this study, we have examined the developmental and gene expression changes underlying the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phases in the basal eudicot Aquilegia coerulea, which has evolved a vernalization response independently relative to other established model systems. Results from both our histology and scanning electron studies demonstrate that developmental changes in the meristem occur gradually during the third and fourth weeks of vernalization. Based on RNAseq data and cluster analysis, several known flowering time loci, including AqFT and AqFL1, exhibit dramatic changes in expression during the fourth week. Further consideration of candidate gene homologs as well as unexpected loci of interest creates a framework in which we can begin to explore the genetic basis of the flowering time transition in Aquilegia.

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Jabbour, Florian, Sophie Nadot, Felipe Espinosa, and Catherine Damerval. "Reprint of “Ranunculacean flower terata: Records, a classification, and some clues about floral developmental genetics and evolution”." Flora 221 (May 2016): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2016.04.010.

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Hsu, Hao-Chun, Quentin Cronk, and Chun-Neng Wang. "15-P013 Inheritance and molecular genetics of floral symmetry in Darwin’s Gloxinia peloria (Sinningia speciosa)." Mechanisms of Development 126 (August 2009): S251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2009.06.657.

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Radcliffe, Carrie A., James M. Affolter, and Hazel Y. Wetzstein. "Floral Morphology and Development in Georgia Plume, Elliottia racemosa (Ericaceae), a Rare Coastal Plain Endemic." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 6 (November 2010): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.6.487.

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Georgia plume (Elliottia racemosa) is a threatened woody plant endemic to the Coastal Plain region of Georgia in the southeastern United States. Seed set is low in most populations, and sexual recruitment has not been observed in recent times. The objective of this study was to describe the floral biology of georgia plume. which is fundamental information needed to develop an understanding of the causes for lack of sexual reproduction in natural populations. Floral development was characterized and morphological characteristics at key developmental stages ranging from small, unopened buds to open flowers with receptive stigmas were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Flowering is protandrous, and anthers dehisce releasing pollen within closed buds before stigmas are receptive. Pollen tetrads, aggregated by viscin strands, are presented on unreceptive stigmas when petals reflex. Receptive stigmas developed a raised and lobed central region with a clefted opening leading to a stylar canal containing exudate produced in secretory regions. Receptivity of the non-papillate stigma is indicated by the formation of an exudate droplet, which is formed within 1 day after flower opening. Pollen viability was low to moderate; tetrad germination ranged from 20% to 40% using in vitro germination assays indicating poor pollen quality and may contribute to lack of seed development in some populations. No developmental abnormalities in stigmas or styles were observed indicating other factors are responsible for lack of sexual recruitment in the wild.

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Conner, Jeffrey K., Idelle A. Cooper, Raffica J. La Rosa, Samuel G. Pérez, and Anne M. Royer. "Patterns of phenotypic correlations among morphological traits across plants and animals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1649 (August 19, 2014): 20130246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0246.

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Despite the long-standing interest of biologists in patterns of correlation and phenotypic integration, little attention has been paid to patterns of correlation across a broad phylogenetic spectrum. We report analyses of mean phenotypic correlations among a variety of linear measurements from a wide diversity of plants and animals, addressing questions about function, development, integration and modularity. These analyses suggest that vertebrates, hemimetabolous insects and vegetative traits in plants have similar mean correlations, around 0.5. Traits of holometabolous insects are much more highly correlated, with a mean correlation of 0.84; this may be due to developmental homeostasis caused by lower spatial and temporal environmental variance during complete metamorphosis. The lowest mean correlations were those between floral and vegetative traits, consistent with Berg's ideas about functional independence between these modules. Within trait groups, the lowest mean correlations were among vertebrate head traits and floral traits (0.38–0.39). The former may be due to independence between skull modules. While there is little evidence for floral integration overall, certain sets of functionally related floral traits are highly integrated. A case study of the latter is described from wild radish flowers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Floral developmental genetics'

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