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Journal articles on the topic 'Floral biology'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Blanche, Dansereau, and Charest Pierre-Mathieu. "Biology of Floral Scent." HortScience 42, no. 1 (February 2007): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.1.183.

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2

., M. Hasanuzzaman, M. A. K. Mian ., H. F. El-Taj ., S. Huda ., and M. R. Amin . "Floral Biology of Snake Gourd." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 7, no. 4 (March 15, 2004): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2004.525.528.

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3

Li, Xiaobai, Aaron Jackson, Ming Xie, Dianxing Wu, Wen-Chieh Tsai, and Sheng Zhang. "Proteomic insights into floral biology." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 1864, no. 8 (August 2016): 1050–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.023.

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4

Kadono, Yasuro, and Edward L. Schneider. "Floral biology ofTrapa natans var.japonica." Botanical Magazine Tokyo 99, no. 4 (December 1986): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02488722.

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5

Cresswell, James, D. G. Lloyd, and S. C. H. Barrett. "Floral Biology: Studies on Floral Evolution in Animal-Pollinated Plants." Journal of Ecology 85, no. 1 (February 1997): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2960635.

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6

Amos, Bonnie, David G. Lloyd, and Spencer C. H. Barrett. "Floral Biology: Studies on Floral Evolution in Animal-Pollinated Plants." Systematic Botany 22, no. 2 (April 1997): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419471.

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7

Bertin, Robert, David G. Lloyd, and Spencer C. H. Barrett. "Floral Biology: Studies on Floral Evolution in Animal-Pollinated Plants." Ecology 78, no. 3 (April 1997): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2266077.

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8

Waser, Nickolas M. "Floral biology: Studies on floral evolution in animal-pollinated plants." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12, no. 1 (January 1997): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(97)88396-6.

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9

Goldblatt, Peter, and John C. Manning. "FLORAL BIOLOGY OF BABIANA (IRIDACEAE: CROCOIDEAE): ADAPTIVE FLORAL RADIATION AND POLLINATION1." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 94, no. 4 (December 2007): 709–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/0026-6493(2007)94[709:fbobic]2.0.co;2.

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10

Barbola, Ivana de Freitas, Sebastião Laroca, Maria Christina de Almeida, and Elynton Alves do Nascimento. "Floral biology of Stachytarpheta maximiliani Scham. (Verbenaceae) and its floral visitors." Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 50, no. 4 (December 2006): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0085-56262006000400010.

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11

Lavee, S., L. Rallo, H. F. Rapoport, and A. Troncoso. "The floral biology of the olive." Scientia Horticulturae 82, no. 3-4 (December 1999): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4238(99)00057-6.

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12

NARUHASHI, NAOHIRO, and MAMORU SUGIMOTO. "The Floral Biology of Duchesnea (Rosaceae)." Plant Species Biology 11, no. 2-3 (December 1996): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1996.tb00143.x.

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13

Renner, Susanne S. "The evolutionary biology of floral mimicry." Evolution 71, no. 9 (July 21, 2017): 2275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/evo.13303.

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14

Hoque, MA. "Floral biology of indigenous pummelo genotypes." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 2 (August 20, 2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v40i2.24556.

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Flower morphology and bud development of pummelo accessions CG-1, CG-18 and CG-151 were studied at the Pummelo Orchard of Regional Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Akbarpur, Moulvibazar and the Horticulture Laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University during 2008-2009. Pummelo flowers were bisexual, bore singly on leaf axils or in clusters with or without leaf on stem in all accessions, and colour were white. Calyx diameter varied from 0.94 in CG-1 to 1.02 in CG-18. Number of petals per flower ranged from 4.0 to 4.5. Anthers were yellow in colour and only CG- 151 produced few rudimentary styles. Diameter of stigma varied from 0.39 mm to 0.49 mm. Number of locules per ovary was in between 14.6 to16.0 and number of ovules per locules varied from 4.0 to 9.0. Stages of floral bud development from initiation to anthesis were divided into 9 distinct stages. In pummelo, a total of 27.7 to 31.2 days were required from a bud initiation to reach its fully developed stage. Suitable time for emasculation of pummelo flowers was found within 26 days from flower bud initiation. Between 3:00am to 5:00am, about 76% flowers were found to be opened and between 4:00pm to 5:00pm in all the three accessions, dehiscence of pollens was recorded. Abscission of stamen, petal and style started after 50.8, 76.4 and 162.3 hrs and completed after 128.4, 137.9 and 228.3 hrs of anthesis, respectively.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(2): 177-188, June 2015
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15

Trujillo, Cecilia G., and Alicia N. Sérsic. "Floral biology of Aristolochia argentina (Aristolochiaceae)." Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 201, no. 5 (August 2006): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2005.07.013.

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16

Tel-Zur, Noemi, and Bert Schneider. "Floral biology of Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae)." Sexual Plant Reproduction 22, no. 2 (January 16, 2009): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-009-0093-4.

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17

Baskorowati, L., M. W. Moncur, J. C. Doran, and P. J. Kanowski. "Reproductive biology of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) 1. Floral biology." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 5 (2010): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10035.

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Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel is commercially important as the source of essential oil for the Australian tea tree-oil industry. Information on reproductive biology of M. alternifolia is important to the Australian breeding program directed at improving the quality and quantity of tea tree oil. Flowering in three geographically separated sites – two planted seed orchards and one managed natural population, all in NSW – was observed in the present study, with supporting data obtained from glasshouse-grown plants in Canberra. The majority of the work was conducted from 2004 to 2007, although the study also drew on some prior observations. M. alternifolia has spikes of flowers that open acropetally over a 6-day period. No strong separation of male and female phases was found in any individual flower; pollen was shed by 1.4 days after anthesis and the stigma reached peak receptivity 3–5 days after anthesis. Dichogamy and acropetal floral development may lead to geitonogamy. Flowering occurred during the months of October–November, with the peak in November, and was synchronous across all three sites. Flowering intensity and success in producing capsules appeared to be associated with total spring rainfall. Initiation of flowering in M. alternifolia appears to be correlated with daylength, or an environmental parameter closely correlated with daylength. Flowering intensity varied considerably among the years surveyed, sites and families, and appears to be promoted by a period of winter minimum temperatures below 5°C. In M. alternifolia, the morphological development of buds, flowers and fruit leading to the development of mature seed takes place over a period 16–18 months from flowering. M. alternifolia differed significantly in the number of viable seeds per capsule from individual trees, from 26 ± 3.8 to 57 ± 3.8 germinants.
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18

Bhattachar, Ashoke, Kalyani Datta ., and Subodh Kumar Datta . "Floral Biology, Floral Resource Constraints and Pollination Limitation in Jatropha curcas L." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 8, no. 3 (February 15, 2005): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2005.456.460.

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19

Virillo, Carolina Bernucci, Flavio Nunes Ramos, Cibele Cardoso de Castro, and João Semir. "Floral biology and breeding system of Psychotria tenuinervis Muell. Arg. (Rubiaceae) in the Atlantic rain forest, SE Brazil." Acta Botanica Brasilica 21, no. 4 (December 2007): 879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062007000400012.

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(Floral biology and breeding system oi Psychotria tenuinervis Muell. Arg. (Rubiaceae) in the Atlantic rain forest, SE Brazil). The aim of this study was to investigate pollination biology, floral morphometry, morph ratio and breeding system oiPsychotria tenuinervis in an area of Atlantic rain forest in southeastern Brazil. Pollination biology was studied based on focal observations and the breeding system was determined using controlled crosses; data on flower production and floral morphometry were compared between the two floral morphs. Flower production by the two floral morphs was similar, with flowers being reciprocally herkogamous, diurnal and pollinated at similar frequencies, mainly by medium-sized bees. Corolla length and diameter, as well as anther length, were similar between the floral morphs, whereas stigma lobes were larger in thrums. Psychotria tenuinervis is a preferentially self- and intramorph-incompatible, non-apomitic species, with isoplethic populations. At the study site, P. tenuinervis may be considered as a typical distylous species, with reciprocal herkogamous flowers that favour intermorph pollinations and legitimate matings.
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20

Guerin, Greg. "Floral biology of Hemigenia and Microcorys (Lamiaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 2 (2005): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04063.

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The floral morphology and pollination of Hemigenia R.Br. and Microcorys R.Br. (Lamiaceae) were examined in the field and laboratory. The protandrous flowers have tubular, two-lipped corollas. Nine floral morphotypes are described. The stamens may be completely sterile (staminodal) or have one theca reduced or absent. The anthers typically have elongated connective tissue and are mobile on the filament. When the lower end of the anther is pushed, the upper end is levered towards the mouth of the corolla tube, hence dusting the pollinator precisely where receptive stigmas will later touch. Bearding on the anthers of the adaxial stamens catches adjacent anthers so that they lever in unison. Staminodes guide insect pollinators into the throat to allow precise pollen dusting. Detailed field observations show that bees and flies are the principle pollinators of most species. Floral morphologies are related to pollinator castes, and reproductive isolation and efficiency is enhanced by precise pollen deposition. Bird pollination is likely to have arisen independently in several taxa. The floral arrangement of these taxa is superficially similar but the syndrome is achieved through different anatomy.
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21

Young, Allen M., Eric H. Erickson, Melanie A. Strand, and Barbara J. Erickson. "Pollination biology of Theobroma and Herrania (Sterculiaceae)—I. Floral Biology." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 8, no. 02 (April 1987): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400007153.

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22

Vinodhini, M., V. V. Dalvi, S. S. Desai, S. G. Bhave, and S. G. Mahadik. "Floral Biology of CMS Lines in Chilli." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 06 (June 10, 2019): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.806.076.

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23

Schlessman, Mark A. "Floral Biology of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium)." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 112, no. 2 (April 1985): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996409.

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24

Nasri-Ayachi, M. B., and M. A. Nabli. "FLORAL BIOLOGY STUDY OF ZIZIPHUS LOTUS L." Acta Horticulturae, no. 840 (August 2009): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.840.46.

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25

Vieira, Fábio de Almeida, Cristiane Gouvêa Fajardo, and Dulcinéia de Carvalho. "Floral biology of candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus, Asteraceae)." Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira 32, no. 72 (December 28, 2012): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4336/2012.pfb.32.72.477.

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26

Souza, Márcio Silva de, and Giorgini Augusto Venturieri. "Floral biology of cacauhy (Theobroma speciosum - Malvaceae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 53, no. 4 (August 2010): 861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132010000400016.

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In the present work, cacauhy's (Theobroma speciosum) floral biology was studied. Flower buds split their sepals at 14h reaching its maximum at 22h, but all flowers were fully opened at 6:00 h of the following morning. Stigmatic branches showed exudates, reaching maximum between 6:00 h and 10:00 h at the same day. Ligules and petal hoods were the floral parts with highest intensity of odour. Flowers were receptive along all the morning and noon of the anthesis day. Approximately 65% of the flowers were naturally pollinated, but only 0.85% of them set a fruit. Abscission occurred on its higher frequency at 6:00 h of the second day after anthesis. Controlled pollinations showed that cacauhy was self-incompatible species.
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27

Hines, P. "MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Remodeling with a Floral Motif." Science 315, no. 5813 (February 9, 2007): 739b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.315.5813.739b.

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28

Burge, G. K., and E. R. Morgan. "Post‐pollination floral biology ofLimonium perigrinum(Bergius)." New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 21, no. 4 (December 1993): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1993.9513791.

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29

Murray, Brian G. "Floral Biology and Self-Incompatibility in Linum." Botanical Gazette 147, no. 3 (September 1986): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/337599.

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30

Schmidt, Justin O., and Stephen L. Buchmann. "Floral biology of the saguaro (Cereus giganteus)." Oecologia 69, no. 4 (July 1986): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00410353.

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31

Capperino, M. E., and E. L. Schneider. "Floral biology of Nymphaea mexicana zucc. (Nymphaeaceae)." Aquatic Botany 23, no. 1 (October 1985): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(85)90022-1.

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32

Lokar, Laura Coassini, Venerando Maurich, and Livio Poldini. "Chemical aspect of floral biology inEuphorbia fragifera." Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica 21, no. 3 (September 1986): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02853259.

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33

Odewale, J. O., Collins Agho, and E. I. Eziashi. "Notes on the Floral Biology and Fruiting of Cycad Circinalis in Nigeria." Greener Journal of Biological Sciences 2, no. 3 (November 16, 2012): 040–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjbs.2012.3.102712160.

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34

Maimoni-Rodella, R. C. S., and Y. A. N. P. Yanagizawa. "Floral biology and breeding system of three Ipomoea weeds." Planta Daninha 25, no. 1 (March 2007): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582007000100004.

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The floral biology of three weeds, Ipomoea cairica, I. grandifolia and I. nil (Convolvulaceae), was studied in Botucatu and Jaboticabal, São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil. The three species are melittophilous, with a varied set of floral visitors, but with some overlapping. Cluster analysis using Jacquard similarity index indicated a greater similarity among different plant species in the same locality than among the populations at different places, in relation to floral visitor sets. The promiscuous and opportunistic features of the flowers were shown, with such type of adaptation to pollination being advantageous to weeds since pollinator availability is unpredictable at ruderal environments.
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35

Drews, Gary N., Detlef Weigel, and Elliot M. Meyerowitz. "Floral patterning." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 1, no. 2 (August 1991): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80066-8.

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36

Endress, Peter K. "The evolution of floral biology in basal angiosperms." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1539 (February 12, 2010): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0228.

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In basal angiosperms (including ANITA grade, magnoliids, Choranthaceae, Ceratophyllaceae) almost all bisexual flowers are dichogamous (with male and female functions more or less separated in time), and nearly 100 per cent of those are protogynous (with female function before male function). Movements of floral parts and differential early abscission of stamens in the male phase are variously associated with protogyny. Evolution of synchronous dichogamy based on the day/night rhythm and anthesis lasting 2 days is common. In a few clades in Magnoliales and Laurales heterodichogamy has also evolved. Beetles, flies and thrips are the major pollinators, with various degrees of specialization up to large beetles and special flies in some large-flowered Nymphaeaceae, Magnoliaceae, Annonaceae and Aristolochiaceae. Unusual structural specializations are involved in floral biological adaptations (calyptras, inner staminodes, synandria and food bodies, and secretory structures on tepals, stamens and staminodes). Numerous specializations that are common in monocots and eudicots are absent in basal angiosperms. Several families are poorly known in their floral biology.
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37

Pailler, Thierry, Benjamin Warren, and Jean-Noël Labat. "Biologie de la reproduction de Aloe mayottensis (Liliaceae), une espèce endémique de l'île Mayotte (Océan Indien)." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-019.

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A particularly interesting aspect of the study of organisms in insular environments is plant reproduction and the interaction of plants with their pollinators. Differences in composition between the fauna and flora of continental and island populations, combined with their geographical isolation, have frequently driven rapid evolution in colonizing populations. In particular, floral traits and compatibility systems tend to favour autogamy in response to a paucity of pollinators in the environment. In this context we investigate the origins of the reproductive biology of Aloe mayottensis Berger, a lily endemic to the island of Mayotte. We show that this species is pollinated by the island's endemic sunbird species, and has floral traits and a reproduction system that favour allogamy. Our results show that A. mayottensis is a protandrous and partially self-compatible species. Analysis of stigmatic pollen load shows that stigma received a mean of 56 crossed pollen grains and 62.2 selfed pollen grains per stigma. Study of visitation rates of plants and flowers by the sunbird showed that there is daily variation in the activity of this pollinator, and that males are more active than females.Key words: Aloe mayottensis, floral biology, Lomatophyllum, Nectarinia, bird pollinization, sunbirds, Oceanic islands, Mayotte.
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38

Running, M. P., and E. M. Meyerowitz. "Mutations in the PERIANTHIA gene of Arabidopsis specifically alter floral organ number and initiation pattern." Development 122, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 1261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.4.1261.

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An open question in developmental biology is how groups of dividing cells can generate specific numbers of segments or organs. We describe the phenotypic effects of mutations in PERIANTHIA, a gene specifically required for floral organ patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. Most wild-type Arabidopsis flowers have 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens, and 2 carpels. Flowers of perianthia mutant plants most commonly show a pentamerous pattern of 5 sepals, 5 petals 5 stamens, and 2 carpels. This pattern is characteristic of flowers in a number of plant families, but not in the family Brassicaceae, which includes Arabidopsis. Unlike previously described mutations affecting floral organ number, perianthia does not appear to affect apical or floral meristem sizes, nor is any other aspect of vegetative or floral development severely affected. Floral organs in perianthia arise in a regular, stereotypical pattern similar to that in distantly related species with pentamerous flowers. Genetic analysis shows that PERIANTHIA acts downstream of the floral meristem identity genes and independently of the floral meristem size and floral organ identity genes in establishing floral organ initiation patterns. Thus PERIANTHIA acts in a previously unidentified process required for organ patterning in Arabidopsis flowers.
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39

Pathak, Nishita, Rajendra Prasad Das, Utpal Kotoky, and Swosti Dedapriya Behera. "Floral Biology of Some Minor Fruits of Assam." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, no. 07 (July 10, 2018): 1069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.130.

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40

., M. A. K. Azad, and M. G. Rabbani . "Studies on Floral Biology of Different Carica Species." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 7, no. 3 (February 15, 2004): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2004.301.304.

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41

Singh, Y., A. E. van Wyk, and H. Baijnath. "Floral biology of Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. (Araceae)." South African Journal of Botany 62, no. 3 (June 1996): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30614-1.

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42

Sugawara, Takashi. "Floral Biology of Heterotropa tamaensis (Aristolochiaceae) in Japan." Plant Species Biology 3, no. 1 (June 1988): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1988.tb00166.x.

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43

Takahashi, Hiroshi. "The Floral Biology of Tricyrtis affinis Makino (Liliaceae)." Plant Species Biology 4, no. 1 (June 1989): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1989.tb00048.x.

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44

ANTON, ANA M., HENRY E. CONNOR, and MARTA E. ASTEGIAN. "Taxonomy and Floral Biology of Scleropogon (Eragrostideae: Gramineae)." Plant Species Biology 13, no. 1 (June 1998): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1998.tb00246.x.

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45

Anton, AM, and HE Connor. "Floral Biology and Reproduction in Poa (Poeae: Gramineae)." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 6 (1995): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950577.

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Flowers in the cosmopolitan genus Poa L. are predominantly hermaphrodite but many departures from this sex form occur in the New World. Dioecism is primarily a South American breeding system with about three times as many dioecious species as in the rest of the world. Gynomonoecism is a Central and South American trait heavily represented in Andean Peru and Bolivia. This zone of gynomonoecism separates dioecism in North and South America. Gynodioecism, a convenient evolutionary position on the pathway to dioecism, is relatively infrequent and in North America is of indeterminate form in several taxa. Apomixis has long been recognised in European Pea; in western North America, apospory has invaded dioecious species and generated populations of pistillate plants. In Peru and Bolivia, several taxa are composed exclusively of plants with pistillate flowers, but these have arisen from gynomonoecious progenitors. Poa is of Eurasian origin and migrated to North America and thence to South America. Sex-form kinds and frequencies are in stark contrast in the two parts of the continent, but are explicable in evolutionary terms. The selection pressures generating the deviations from hermaphroditism and their timing are unknown.
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46

Paris, Nathan J., and Robert S. Boyd. "Floral Biology of the federally threatenedApios priceana(Fabaceae)." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 145, no. 2 (April 2018): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3159/torrey-d-17-00042.1.

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47

Connor, H. E. "Floral biology of Australian species of Hierochloe (Gramineae)." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 2 (2008): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07035.

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Four species of Hierochloe R.Br. occur in Australia, with the following three of them endemic: H. fraseri Hook.f. in Tasmania, H. submutica F.Muell. restricted to high alpine sites in south-eastern states, and H. rariflora Hook.f. in three eastern states. The fourth, H. redolens (Vahl) Roemer et Schultes, occurs on the eastern mainland and in Tasmania. Three species are regularly andromonoecious, a pattern common to species in both northern and southern hemispheres; however, Tasmanian H. fraseri is an exception in which, in addition to andromonoecism, male sterility in the two lower florets of the spikelet is not uncommon and produces a mixed floral biology. Compared with other departures from andromonoecism, this is a novel condition in the genus, with its genetic control and its reproductive significance unknown.
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48

Kato, Makoto. "FLORAL BIOLOGY OF NEPENTHES GRACILIS (NEPENTHACEAE) IN SUMATRA." American Journal of Botany 80, no. 8 (August 1993): 924–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1993.tb15313.x.

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49

Claßen-Bockhoff, R. "Floral Construction and Pollination Biology in the Lamiaceae." Annals of Botany 100, no. 2 (August 1, 2007): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm157.

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50

Hempel, F. D., D. Weigel, M. A. Mandel, G. Ditta, P. C. Zambryski, L. J. Feldman, and M. F. Yanofsky. "Floral determination and expression of floral regulatory genes in Arabidopsis." Development 124, no. 19 (October 1, 1997): 3845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.19.3845.

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Abstract:
The expression of the floral regulators LEAFY, APETALA1 and AGAMOUS-LIKE8 was examined during light treatments that induced flowering in Arabidopsis, and was compared to time points at which floral determination occurred. Extension of an 8-hour day by either continuous red- or far-red-enriched light induced LEAFY and AGAMOUS-LIKE8 expression within 4 hours. The 4 hours of additional light was sufficient for floral determination only in the far-red-enriched conditions, while 12–16 hours of additional light was required for floral determination in the red-enriched conditions. These results indicate that the induction of floral regulatory genes and induction of flower formation can be uncoupled under certain circumstances. Expression of LEAFY and AGAMOUS-LIKE8 in the shoot apex at the time of floral determination is also consistent with genetic data indicating that these genes are involved in the first steps of the transition from vegetative to reproductive development. In contrast to LEAFY and AGAMOUS-LIKE8, APETALA1 expression was first observed 16 hours after the start of photoinduction. Since this time point was always after floral determination, APETALA1 is an indicator of floral determination.
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