Journal articles: 'Floppy disk drive'

1

Ciscato, D., A. Fehl, and L. Turolla. "Microstep control of floppy disk drive." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 35, no. 4 (1988): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/41.9180.

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Matsukawa, S., H. Muraoka, T. Koudo, and N. Wakabayashi. "A 3.5-inch 16MB floppy disk drive." IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan 5, no. 2 (February 1990): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tjmj.1990.4564235.

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Yoshida, S., N. Wakabayashi, T. Inaji, T. Yoshiura, S. Matsukawa, and H. Onodera. "3.5 inch 16 Mbyte floppy disk drive." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 35, no. 3 (1989): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/30.44334.

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HU, Sheng-bin, Jiang-ling ZHANG, Xiang-jun FENG, and Ya-xi GONG. "A 8MB PERPENDICULAR MAGNETIC RECORDING FLOPPY DISK DRIVE." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 15, S_2_PMRC_91 (1991): S2_857–861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.15.s2_857.

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Good, J. K., and R. L. Lowery. "The Finite Element Modeling of the Free Vibration of a Read/Write Head Floppy Disk System." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 107, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269264.

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The configuration of read/write head designs in floppy disk drive units is of import as some designs witness vibration phenomena which lead to signal loss and excessive wearing of the disk media. This paper presents finite element modeling, and results thereof of a read/write head floppy disk system in free vibration. The objective of this work, of which this study marks but the beginning, is to determine the design parameters of read/write head support structure which will reduce the vibration phenomena.

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Chonan, S., Z. W. Jiang, and Y. J. Shyu. "Stability Analysis of a 2” Floppy Disk Drive System and the Optimum Design of the Disk Stabilizer." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 114, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930259.

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This paper presents a study on the stability of a 2″ floppy disk drive system. A design method of the disk stabilizer that makes the rotating disk stable is presented. The stabilizer and the read/write head are both modeled by springs with high axial stiffnesses. The stiffness of the air film surrounding the disk is determined from the Navier-Stokes equation as a function of the flow rate of the air within the disk jacket. The solution is obtained by using the multi-modal expansion approximation and applying the Galerkin method to the resulting equations. Numerical results show that the 2″ floppy disk rotating at 3600 rpm is unstable without the stabilizer. Further, it is shown that the stability of the disk is much affected by the geometrical configuration of the stabilizer attached to the rotating disk. A stabilizer that contacts the disk at four points was found quite effective in stabilizing the 2″ disk working at 3600 rpm.

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Okuwaki, T., F. Kugiya, N. Kumasaka, K. Yoshida, N. Tsumita, and T. Tamura. "5.25 inch floppy disk drive using perpendicular magnetic recording." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 21, no. 5 (September 1985): 1365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.1985.1063965.

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Anjard, Ronald P. "Reliability and manufacturing require effective floppy disk drive tests for computers." Microelectronics Reliability 26, no. 2 (January 1986): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0026-2714(86)90728-6.

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Imai, Yasuaki. "Index Position Detecting Method of Spindle Motor for Slim Floppy Disk Drive." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 115, no. 11 (1995): 1380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.115.1380.

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Jeffers, F., and J. Bero. "Record head saturation and overwrite performance of a BaFe floppy disk drive." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 27, no. 6 (November 1991): 4885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.278979.

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SHYU, Yuh-jung, Zhong-wei JIANG, and Seiji CHONAN. "Stability analysis of a 2" floppy disk drive system and the optimum design of the disk stabilizer." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 56, no. 532 (1990): 3346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.56.3346.

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Sakai, Y., Y. Takada, T. Yamada, and T. Sugaya. "A servo method for a large-capacity floppy disk drive with downward compatibility." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 25, no. 5 (1989): 3375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.42306.

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Takpaya, Kazi. "Wireless floppy disk drive using turbo codec in home and office wireless lan." Journal of Electronics (China) 20, no. 6 (November 2003): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11767-003-0059-x.

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Tsujisawa, Takahiko. "Developments and current issues of servo control theory. Disk type recording equipment; Floppy disk drive head position control." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 44, no. 9 (1990): 1182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.44.1182.

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White, James. "Air Bearing Slider-Disk Interface for Single-Sided High Speed Recording on a Metal Foil Disk." Journal of Tribology 129, no. 3 (March 19, 2007): 562–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2736442.

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There are disk-drive data storage applications best served by single-sided recording configurations. These include situations where (i) storage requirements can be achieved on a single side of a disk and (ii) dimensional constraints on the disk drive prohibit the presence of a recording head and its associated mounting device on each side of the disk. Even if dimensional requirements are not a concern, the most cost-effective and operationally efficient slider-disk air-bearing interface for single-sided recording is one that does not include an air-bearing slider, pressure pad, or other air-bearing structure on the nondata side of the disk. A metal foil disk offers some of the best characteristics of both the hard disk and floppy disk for digital data storage. It offers hard disk recording densities, increased shock resistance, reduced manufacturing cost, and requires less operational energy than a hard disk. However, use of a conventional recording head slider assembly without opposing air-bearing support for single-sided recording on a high-speed metal foil disk presents a fundamental problem because the air-bearing surface of the slider produces a net transverse force to the disk. This force causes the disk to deflect and can result in flying height and stability problems at the slider-disk interface. The current work describes an air-bearing interface for low flying height single-sided recording on a high-speed metal foil disk that minimizes disk deflection and instability without the presence of air-bearing components on opposing sides of the disk. The new interface utilizes a vacuum cavity-type air-bearing with little or no preload. Examples will be presented and discussed for the new interface that illustrate the flying characteristics of a picosized slider on a 1.8in. stainless steel disk with thickness of 25.4μm.

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Huang, Liuhong, Jie Yang, Yaohui Zhang, Cui Meng, Yaobo Li, and Zheng Pan. "Simulation and experimental research on high-power microwave coupling with computer box." MATEC Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817301035.

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The electromagnetic coupling characteristics of a computer box under the high-power microwave (HPM) which includes the narrow-band and ultra-wideband HPM are studied. The simulations of radiation field in the computer box show that the optical drive and floppy disk drive are main channels through which the high-power microwave penetrates. The cut-off frequency of this corresponding dielectric waveguide and resonant frequency of computer box are the frequencies on which the coupling field is enhanced. The induced current on the cable show that the peak current value decreases with the increasing frequency. At the same time, the damage effect experiments of the computer under high-power microwave are carried out and the thresholds of three effect levels are summarized. The experimental results and the simulation are verified to some extent.

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Frees, G. M., and D. K. Miu. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Read/Write Head Suspension Dynamics for High-Performance Floppy Drive Systems." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 112, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930093.

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Read/write head suspensions are critical components of high-performance floppy disk drives. Their dynamics affect head/media compliance, wear, and tracking performance. Vibration measurements are necessary in order to verify and adjust finite element models, to observe the influence of actual loading and operating conditions, and to study the effects of unmodeled components such as electrical wires and adhesives. A nonintrusive measurement technique using a Laser Doppler Vibrometer is utilized to measure the submicron vibrations. Excitation of the suspension is provided by a specially designed miniature air hammer and a piezoelectric transducer. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are extracted from the measurements and compared with numerical data from the finite element model. Research shows that boundary conditions are the most important parameters in the modeling of the suspension. A new design is proposed, using the verified model, to increase the tracking performance of the suspension. Synergy between experimentation and numerical analysis is emphasized.

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Winters, Jeffrey. "Remember the Adding Machine." Mechanical Engineering 125, no. 09 (September 1, 2003): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-sep-2.

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This article illustrates research and development work in nanotechnology for manufacturing computers at the molecular level. Computers have gone from large and mechanical, like Babbage's Difference Engine, to molecular. Researchers have shown that carbon nanotubes can be strung across electrodes to make minute transistors. Beyond sheer density of data, the nanotube chips have another, perhaps even more important, potential advantage over their electronic rivals: the memory does not disappear when the power goes off. The tubes may be drawn to the electrode by an electrical attraction, but they are held there by van der Waals attraction, a sort of molecular-level suction. In that way, an electromechanical memory chip will have more in common with a computer hard drive or floppy disk than with random access memory. Physicist Paul McEuen and his colleagues at Cornell have fabricated a transistor that passes signals through a single atom.

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Kim, Young-Joo, Yutaka Hasegawa, and Kenya Goto. "The Development of a Novel Optical Floppy Disk Drive Using a Phase Change Optical Medium and a Quasi-Near-Field Optical Head." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 39, Part 1, No. 2B (February 28, 2000): 929–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.39.929.

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Holden, George W. "Software Reviews : Mindsight, 1.0Publisher: Execucom Systems Corporation, P.O. Box 9758, Austin, TX 78766 (telephone: 800-531-5038) Year of Publication: 1985 Materials: 2 diskettes, 1 three-ring notebook manual, 1 eight-page introductory pamphlet Price: $195 Machine Specificity: Apple Macintosh System Requirements: 512K with either 2 floppy disk drives or 1 floppy disk drive and 1 hard disk Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Excellent." Social Science Microcomputer Review 4, no. 2 (July 1986): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938600400220.

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21

Prater, G. "MEASUREMENT OF CLAMPING ERROR IN FLOPPY DISK DRIVES." Experimental Techniques 13, no. 11 (November 1989): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1989.tb01434.x.

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Malcolm, David S. "Software Reviews : Designer Research Publisher: The Idea Works, Columbia, MO 65203 (telephone: 314-445-4554) Year of Publication: 1989 Materials: one 5.25-inch unprotected disk, one manual Price: $99.95 plus $5 shipping and handling Systems Requirements: IBM PC or compatible with 640K RAM and two floppy drives' or one floppy and one hard drive; DOS 2.1 or later Effectiveness: Good User-Friendliness: Fair Documentation: Good." Social Science Computer Review 8, no. 3 (October 1990): 466–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939000800317.

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23

Anjard, Ronald P. "Intrinsic considerations for testing floppy disk and rigid disk drives used in computers." IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine 2, no. 3 (May 1986): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcd.1986.6311820.

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24

Inaji, T., S. Yoshida, T. Yoshiura, H. Mitani, and N. Wakabayashi. "A control system for 3.5 inch 16MB floppy disk drives." IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan 5, no. 2 (February 1990): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tjmj.1990.4564236.

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25

Klein, Ronald D. "New high-accuracy electromagnetic measurement methods for read-write head alignment in floppy disk drives." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement IM-35, no. 4 (December 1986): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.1986.6499109.

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Sullivan, Thomas J. "Software Reviews : Methodologist's Toolchest Authors: Edward Brent and Alan Thompson Publisher: Idea Works Inc., Columbia, MO Year of Publication: 1997 Version Reviewed: Version 1.2, compact disk Requirements: IBM-PC compatible, Windows 3.1 or Windows 95, CD-ROM drive (for CD-ROM version; also comes on a 3.5-inch floppy disk), 8 MB of RAM (12 MB preferred), 35 MB hard disk space, 256-color monitor preferred Materials: CD-ROM, user's guide, and reference manual Price: $300 (educational) or $500 (standard); volume discounts; distributed by Scolari/Sage Publications." Social Science Computer Review 16, no. 3 (October 1998): 318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939801600308.

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Stone, Glenn Davis. "Software Reviews : Cultural Anthropology: An Introduction Using ExplorIt Peter N. Peregrine, Carol R. Ember, and Melvin Ember. Bellevue, WA: MicroCase Corp., 1998. http://www.microcase.com. Price: $18, wholesale. Retail price is in the low $20s. System requirements: DOS 3.1, Windows 3.1, or Windows 95. The Windows 95 version requires a CD-ROM drive. A network version is available. Materials: CD-ROM and floppy disk." Social Science Computer Review 16, no. 4 (December 1998): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939801600410.

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Schutt, Russell K. "Software Reviews : Ex-Sample: An Expert System to Assist in Designing Sampling Plans, Version 1.4 Publisher: The Idea Works, Inc., 100 W. Briarwood, Columbia, MO 65203 (telephone: 314-445-4554) Year of Publication: 1988 Materials: Three disks (5.25 inch, double sided, double density; 3.5 inch also available; not copy protected), manual (59 pages, index) Price: $95 plus $5 shipping and handling, quantity discounts by application Machine Specificity: IBM PC or compatible System Requirements: 640K, two disk drives or one floppy drive and a hard disk, DOS 2.1 or higher Effectiveness: Good User-Friendliness: Good Documentation: Good." Social Science Computer Review 7, no. 1 (April 1989): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938900700125.

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Venable, Richard M. "Data Transmission Through the Telephone Network: Protocols, Pitfalls, and Some Examples." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 5 (September 1, 1986): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.5.749.

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Abstract Invariably, the situation arises where it is desirable to transfer data from one computer to another, especially from small laboratory systems, word processors, or home computers to large mainframe computers. In many of these cases, there are no common storage media; home computers do not have 9-track tape drives and large mainframes do not have 5¼ in. floppy disk drives. Transmission of data through the telephone network is a viable method for data transfer, which is paradoxically both easier than many believe and more difficult than some may claim. One of the keys to successful data transmission is an understanding of telecommunications protocols, i.e., the rules governing intersystem communication through the telephone network. Some of the most common protocols allow exchanging ASCII-coded data at either 300 or 1200 baud. A variety of computer systems can be used, including IBM and DEC mainframes, a Wang word processor, an IBM PC-compatible microcomputer, and the Atari 800 microcomputer. A specific example is the use of the Atari 800 as an APL terminal, complete with the custom character set, standard ASCII text, and data transfer.

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Young, Raymond H. "Software Reviews : GINO Publisher: The Scientific Press, 540 University Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94301 (telephone: 415-322-5221) Year of Publication: 1986 Version Reviewed: Student Edition Materials: One 5.25-inch (non-copy-protected) disk, one 193-page manual/textbook Price: Student GINO (PC & Mac) per copy site license related programs: $ 35 $1500 GINO $195 $3000 MacGINO $495 $4000 GINO 386 $795 $5000 Mainframe GINO $895 N/A System requirements: One 5.25-inch floppy diskette drive, PC DOS version 2.0 or higher, at least 256K of memory, optional 8087 co-processor Effectiveness: Good User-Friendliness: Fair Documentation: Good." Social Science Computer Review 8, no. 3 (October 1990): 482–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939000800328.

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Galbraith, Simon, and Edwin H. Carpenter. "Software Reviews : Visual Basic 4.0, Professional Version Publisher: Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052-6399; telephone : 1-800-621-7930. Year of Publication: 1996 Version Reviewed: 4.0 Price: $429.00 Materials: Manual, CD-ROM, 3.5-inch floppy disks available at no charge Machine Specificity: Windows PC System Requirements: 386DX/25 PC or higher processor (486 or higher recommended), Microsoft Windows 95, Windows NT Workstation 3.51 or later, or Windows 3.1 (requires MS-DOS version 5.0 or later operating system), 6 MB of available memory (8 MB or more recommended) if using Windows 95 or Windows 3.1; 16 MB if using Windows NT Workstation. Available hard-disk space: Minimum installation: 20 MB, Complete installation: 70 MB, A CD-ROM drive (3.5-inch high-density disks available for no charge via an in-box coupon). Effectiveness: Excellent User Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Excellent." Social Science Computer Review 15, no. 3 (October 1997): 312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939701500315.

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Cowan, Ann. "Audio Forum: The Language Source. Phrase-a-Day French. (1993)Audio Forum: The Language Source. Phrase-a-Day French. (1993). Guilford, CT: Audio Forum: The Language Source. System required: 2Mb RAM, high-density floppy disk drives, System Software 6.05 or better, Hypercard 2.1 or higher, Hypercard home stack." Canadian Modern Language Review 52, no. 3 (April 1996): 516–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.52.3.516.

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Yeager, Sam. "Software Reviews : Statistix, Version 1.1 Publisher: NH Analytical Software, 801 West Iowa Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55117 (telephone: 612-488-4436) Years of Publication: 1985, 1986 Materials: Two disks (not copy-protected) and a spiral-bound manual Price: $75 Availability: IBM PC/XT/AT and compatible MS DOS machines. The reviewer tested the program on two machines, an IBM XT and a Zenith 158, both equipped with 20-megabyte hard disks. The program ran successfully at clock speeds of 4.77 and 8.0 megahertz. Versions are available for Apple computers. An 8087 optional version is available also. System Requirements: Two floppy drives or a hard disk, 256K RAM for PC/MS DOS versions, either 64K or 128K RAM for Apple versions. Maximum size of dataset varies with amount of RAM. Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Excellent." Social Science Microcomputer Review 5, no. 3 (October 1987): 392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938700500320.

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"Software Reviews : PARADOX, Version 1.1 Reviewed by John J. Treacy, Wright State University Publisher: ANSA Software, 1301 Shoreway, Belmont, CA 94002 (telephone : 415-595-4469) Year of Publication: 1986 Materials: Two program disks, one installation disk, one sample table disk, two keyboard templates, and five manuals ( PARADOX introduction, 150 pp.; user's guide, 430 pp.; PARADOX application language user's guide: A quick guide to PARADOX for dBASE users, 22 pp.; and A quick guide to PARADOX for LOTUS users, 18 pp.). Also available upon request is an applications generator guide with three disks that requires a hard disk to run. Price: $695 list Availability: IBM PC, XT, AT, COMPAQ, COMPAQ PLUS, DESKPRO, and 100-percent-compatible personal computers. (I used NCR 41 with 640K RAM, color monitor, 808 math coprocessor, one floppy disk [360K], one 20M hard drive, and a 2M Ram disk with IBM DOS 3.1. ~ System Requirements: 512K RAM, two floppy drives or one hard disk and one floppy drive, DOS 2.0 or higher; supports IBM Pro-writer, Epson, Okida A dot-matrix, and HP Laser printers Effectiveness: Good User-Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Good on program usage, weak on hardware." Social Science Microcomputer Review 5, no. 2 (July 1987): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938700500226.

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"Software Reviews : The WordCruncher Disc Volume 1: The Library of America Reviewed by Staff Publisher: Electronic Text Corporation, 778 South 400 East, Orem, UT 84058 (800-234-0546) Year of Publication: 1990 Version Reviewed: 1.0 Materials: CD-ROM disk; 23-page spiral manual; Quick Reference Guide card Price: $249.00 Availability: MS-DOS computers System Requirements: CD-ROM drive. Hard disk drive with 1 MB free strongly recommended, but can be installed on a floppy system; 640K RAM, color monitor, and printer strongly recommended also but not required Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Good." Social Science Computer Review 8, no. 3 (October 1990): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939000800331.

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"Software Reviews : ISP: INTERACTIVE STATISTICAL PROGRAMS Reviewed by Ron D. Hays, RAND Corporation Publisher: Lincoln Systems Corporation, P. O. Box 391, Westford, MA 01886 (telephone: 508-692-3910) Year of Publication: 1985 Materials: Three 5.25-inch or two 3.5-inch program diskettes (copy protected), 27-page user's guide (English or French materials available) Price: IBM PC $150 retail, $40 educational; DEC VAX $4500 retail, $1500 educational (retail rate includes one copy of ISP statistics book) Machine specificity: IBM, compatibles; Digital Equipment Corporation VAX System Requirements: 256K (without high resolution graphics) or 384K (with high resolution graphics, two floppy disk drives or one floppy disk drive and one hard drive Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Good Documentation: Good." Social Science Computer Review 7, no. 3 (October 1989): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938900700316.

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"Software Reviews : Ci2 SYSTEM 100, Version 1.1 Reviewed by Frank M. Howell, Mississippi State University Publisher: Sawtooth Software, Inc., P.O. Box 3429, 208 Spruce North, Ketchum, ID 83340 (telephone: 208-726-7772) Year of Publication: 1985 Materials: Three diskettes (system disk, installation disk, sample questionnaire; demo disk available at no charge); 148-page manual; summary card for color-codes used in Logic program and function keys used in Frame Editor. Note: there are several Ci2 "systems" offered by Sawtooth Software, emphasizing research or teaching. The one reviewed is the Research System 100, allowing a 100-question capacity. There is a 250-question research system ($2000.00) as well as a "Lab Version," which is identical to the higher-priced System 50 commercial package and is reasonably priced at $200 for the first copy and $100 for each additional copy. Price: $900.00 Machine Specificity: IBM PC or compatible with a minimum of 128K of memory, two 360K floppy disk drives (or 1 floppy and 1 hard disk drive), color monitor (works fine with a monochrome monitor). Note: This is for questionnaire development; only one floppy disk drive is necessary for interviewing (see below). System Requirements: Software is designed for use with a color monitor; however, a monochrome monitor will work fine since there are program commands to implement inverse and flashing text and symbols. Printer not required but useful. Effectiveness: Good User-Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Good." Social Science Microcomputer Review 4, no. 3 (October 1986): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938600400311.

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"A Computer Dictionary of Literary Arabic: Arabic-English, by Wilson B. Bishai. The Arabic Software Center, 434 William Street, Stoneham, MA 02180. Program includes program disks, Sentinel module. Hardware requirements: IBM PC or AT or XT or PS/2 or equivalent. Minimum requirements: 192K RAM (does not include storage of dictionary); PCDOS or MSDOS or later; parallel port; Color Graphics Adapter or color monitor; 5.25-inch disk drive. Versions I and II allow for use with 2 floppy drives and version III for use with hard disk. Student prices for I and II: $200; III: $300." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 24, no. 2 (December 1990): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400023543.

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"Software Reviews : NOTA BENE, Version 3.0 Reviewed by Rodney Muth, Fordham University Publisher: Dragonfly Software, 285 West Broadway, Suite 600, New York, NY 10013-2204 (telephone: 212-334-0445) Year of Publication: 1988 Materials: Nine 5.50-inch or five 3.50-inch disks, one manual, one quick reference guide, one tutorial guide, one customization and programming guide, and one installation guide Price: $495 ($275 for students; discounts available from Modem Language Association); $125-195 each for Special Language Supplements Machine Specificity: IBM PC, XT, AT, PS/2, most compatibles System Requirements: Minimum 512K, DOS 2.0 or above, two floppy drives or floppy drive and hard disk Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Good to Excellent Documentation: Excellent." Social Science Computer Review 7, no. 3 (October 1989): 395–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938900700323.

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"Software Reviews : PSI-Plot Publisher: Poly Software International Year of Publication: 1993 Version Reviewed: 2.0 Price: $449 (retail); $299 (from the company) System Requirements: IBM or IBM compatible with MS-DOS or pc- DOS version 3.0 or higher; 512K of RAM; graphics display and adapter (Hercules, EGA, VGA or better); 3MB free disk space on hard drive; floppy drive. Recommended: Microsoft-compatible mouse; math coprocessor; 24-pin dot-matrix printer or better or laser printer. Effectiveness: Good User Friendliness: With mouse: good; with keyboard: fair Documentation: Poor." Social Science Computer Review 12, no. 2 (July 1994): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939401200213.

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"Software Reviews : 1, 2, 3 FORECAST !, Release 2.01 Reviewed by William P. Yohe, Duke University Publisher: Bruce L. Gates, PO Box 12582, Salem, OR 97309 (telephone: 503-585-8314) Year of Publication: 1986 Materials: One disk (not copy-protected), 71-page loose-leaf user's manual Price: $89.95 postpaid (special prices available for class use Machine Specificity: ~M PC arid compatibles, Machine Specificity: wM Pc and compatibles System Requirements: 384K RAM, two 360K floppy drives or one 360K drive and hard disk; PC/MS Dos 2.0 or higher; LOTUS 1-2-3, Release 2 Effectiveness: Very good User-Friendliness: Very good Documentation: Excellent." Social Science Computer Review 6, no. 2 (July 1988): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938800600221.

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"Software Reviews : SIMCITY, Version 1.0 Reviewed by James R. Simmons, Iowa State University Publisher: Maxis Software, 953 Mountain View Drive, Suite #3, Lafayette, CA 94549 (telephone: 415-376-6434) Materials: One 800K 3.5-inch floppy disk or one 5.25 disk (copy protected), a 44-page documentation manual and a user reference card Price: Macintosh $49.95, Amiga $44.95, Commodore $29.95, Upgrades and the supplementary Terrain Editor $24.95 each System Specificity: Macintosh, Amiga, Commodore System Requirements: 512K Macintosh; 1 Megabyte Amiga; 64/128 K Commodore Effectiveness: Good User-Friendliness: Good Documentation: Fair." Social Science Computer Review 7, no. 3 (October 1989): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938900700315.

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Lille, J., T. Karis, D. Vasquez, and T.-W. Wu. "Imprint resist properties for bit patterned media (BPM)." MRS Proceedings 1340 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2011.1268.

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ABSTRACTNanoimprint lithography is a low cost method which produces trillions of nanostructures on a substrate. One application of this technology is patterned magnetic media where a single imprint on a disk can create a masking layer with more than a trillion nanostructures. Several challenges exist to imprinting bit patterned media (BPM) at a density greater than 1Tbit/in2. This technology would allow an extension of hard drive magnetic recording at densities greater than 1Tbit/in2. One such challenge is imprint resist mechanical properties where the imprinted masking layer should be free of thickness variations and resist flop-over. Herein we describe the nanoindentation mechanical properties of several imprint resist systems along with analysis of imprinted features of BPM at densities between 200-482 Gdots/in2.

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"Software Reviews : The Software Toolworks World Atlas for Windows and U.S. Atlas for Windows Publisher: The Software Toolworks, 60 Leveroni Court, Novato, CA 94949; 415-883-3000. Year of Publication: 1991 Version Reviewed: 3.0 Materials: Instruction manual; floppy disks for regular versions, CD-ROM disk for multimedia versions Price: $89.95 regular versions, $149.95 multimedia versions Machine Specificity: IBM-compatible 80286, 80386, or 80486 computer System Requirements: IMB RAM, VGA monitor, mouse (recommended) ; for regular versions 6MB of hard disk space; for multimedia versions CD-ROM DRIVE, audio board (Creative Labs' Sound Blaster or Media Vision's Pro Audio Spectrum), and headphones or speakers; Microsoft Windows 3.0 or higher and MS-DOS 3.1 or higher; for multimedia versions Microsoft CD-ROM Extensions 2.1 or higher. Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Excellent." Social Science Computer Review 10, no. 3 (October 1992): 418–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939201000325.

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"Software Reviews : MacroBytesPublisher: Worth Publishers, Inc., 33 Irving Place, New York, NY 10003; 212-475-6000; FAX 212-505-9570 Year of Publication: 1992 Version Reviewed: 1.1 Materials: 3.5" or 5.25" diskette and 43-page guide Price: $12.95 single user, $125 site license Machine Specificity: The program and accompanying overlay and data files are distributed for IBM Pcs and true compatibles only System Requirements: An IBM Pc or true compatible, at least 512K of RAM, either monochrome graphics capability (Hercules or compatible) or color graphics capability (CGA, EGA, and VGA), and eithera floppy disk drive (3.5" or 5.25") or hard disk. The program also supports HP LaserJet, IBM Proprinter, Epson, and compatible printers. Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Excellent Documentation: Excellent when combined with Macroeconomics by N. Gregory Mankiw (Worth Publishers, Inc., 1992)." Social Science Computer Review 10, no. 3 (October 1992): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939201000310.

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Vares, Tiina. "Viagra and 'Getting it up'." M/C Journal 6, no. 5 (November 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2265.

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Viagra, Pfizer's diamond blue shaped pill for erectile difficulties, has spawned thousands of jokes - just check out the internet and you'll be amazed by the variety (from vaguely amusing to downright nasty). Greeting and birthday cards have also latched onto Viagramania ("Potent"). The idea of an erection on demand and/or an erection which won't let you down or, in fact, go down, has captured our popular imagination. Size is still an issue but the erect penis now seems to be the primary focus of humour. A decade ago penile size and erection jokes were popular but with the advent of Viagra in 1998 the number of Viagra jokes has increased exponentially. And the internet and greeting cards aren't the only sites to find Viagra jokes; talk show hosts of all varieties tell them (Jay Leno apparently told 944 Viagra jokes between 1998 and 2002) ("Potent"), presenters at the Oscars tell them (Whoopi Goldberg, for example), and all manner of television characters tell them (from Homer Simpson to Ben and Susan on My Family). David Brinkley (head of Pfizer Inc.'s Team Viagra) expected Viagra might inspire some jokes. ("Potent") He thought they would help destigmatise erectile dysfunction and get people talking about it. But after a year of jokes he changed his mind and suggested that jokes are part of the effect that "turns guys off … Who's going to stand up and admit they have this condition that everybody's laughing at?"("Potent") It is not surprising, therefore, that Pfizer's advertisements for Viagra tell us that erectile dysfunction is not a joke. It is, in fact, portrayed as a serious medical condition which affects the health and happiness of millions of men and couples world wide. And Viagra is offered as the means to fix or cure this problem. Consider the following television ad for Viagra which ran in New Zealand in late 2001 - 2002: The scene opens with a stand-up comedian telling jokes in a club. He is just finishing a joke and everyone is laughing. Then he says, "Seriously, I find it fascinating what people won't admit to. How many of you older guys usually wear glasses but aren't wearing them tonight? Hey pal, own up, you just drank your finger bowl." The audience laughs. The comedian continues, "Okay, who's thinning a bit on top? It's called middle age guys." The audience laughs. "Okay, here's one. How many of you guys have a problem getting an erection?" Silence. The camera pans many uneasy faces. The comedian fills the silence, "That's amazing because I read that nearly half of guys over 40 have that very problem. But hey, no one in this audience. Look's like I'm the only one." He raises his hand. Slowly other men in the audience also raise their hands. Then the punch line, "you see, with a bit of effort you can get them up." Laughter and clapping follow. The ad closes with a voice over of a picture of a Viagra tablet which tells us that erectile difficulties are a physical (medical) problem and the caption "you are not alone." This ad is worth reflecting on in light of Brinkley's comment above. One could suggest that this ad was produced to "encourage" men to "stand up and admit they have this condition" (Brinkley) even though it continues to be the butt of jokes. The use of a stand-up comedian in a night club is an interesting way to address, and attempt to challenge, the Viagra-as-joke phenomenon. The ad sets up the 'problem,' both erectile dysfunction and erectile dysfunction-as-joke, and then offers a 'solution' (admitting you have erectile dysfunction ("ED" hereafter) which is a "serious medical condition" and is nothing to be ashamed of, and also not a joke, and then of course taking Viagra). With the Viagra phenomenon we have what Andre Jansson (23) calls "commercial intertextuality," and Hirschman, Scott and Wells (48) refer to as media culture talking back to ads and vice versa. This involves a dialogue of sorts between texts promoting ED/Viagra-as-joke and those promoting ED/Viagra-as-not-joke. Let's consider an over simplified example: Pfizer produces and markets a pill for ED; popular cultural representations of Viagra-as-joke proliferate; documentaries like The Rise and Rise of Viagra present ED as a "serious medical problem"; Viagra jokes continue to proliferate on the internet and talk shows; Pfizer produces an ad set in a comedy club. In this realm of commercial intertextuality we have a fascinating struggle over meanings around the medicalization of male sexuality, masculinities and, one could add, the status of the erect penis. In pre-Viagra days a penis that wouldn't rise to the occasion was considered a joke. A man who 'couldn't get it up' was not performing heteronormative masculinity adequately and was a potential object of humour. This humour stemmed from shame, inadequacy and fear. This was, therefore, something a man would not admit to (as represented in the comedy club ad). With Viagra, a solution to this 'condition' is available and this facilitates the re-instalment of erections, penetrative sex and, in theory, heteronormative masculinity. Yet the Viagra-assisted erection is also the object of jokes. Thus, it is joke material if a man 'can't get it up' and also joke material if he can! Why is performing heteronormative masculinity through producing an erection for penetrative sex such subject for humour? As stated earlier, Brinkley expected a few jokes, but can't understand why the jokes keep on coming. Let's explore this by looking at the some jokes. Did you hear the one about the new Viagra for computers? It turns your floppy disk into a hard drive. Did you hear the one about Viagra coffee? One cup and you're up all night. Did you hear the one about the 85 year old man in hospital who was given Viagra with his hot chocolate at night? The chocolate made him sleep and the Viagra stopped him rolling out of bed. Like hundreds of other jokes the first one is about Viagra but not about a male erection. It does however allude to the process of transforming a "floppy" object into a "hard" object, which is what Viagra is meant to do for the male penis. The second joke refers to being "up all night," that is, an erection and/or being awake all night. And the third joke is about an erection but not penetrative sex. This is somewhat similar to a greeting card image of an erection of a dead man which won't allow the coffin lid to close. It seems to be the penis 'out of control' which underpins many of these jokes. Rather than an erection on demand or an erection which won't let you down - it is the erection which won't go down (or the out of control penis) which is the focus of humour. Contemporary western thought is underpinned by binary oppositions or dualisms, for example, masculinity is aligned with rationality and the mind or, to put this another way, of being in control of/over the body (Bordo; Gatens). It is femininity which is associated with the body, with emotion and, in particular, the leaky, out of control body (See, for example, Shildrick.) Although erections are representative of (and central to) hegemonic masculinity (for example, the very notion of the phallus), it is the erection which is out of control or the excessive erection which seems to be spurring much of the humour in Viagra jokes. Presumably the Viagra penis remains erect after penetrative sex and/or bounces back up, and is therefore anomalous. This penis is no longer useful except as an object which draws attention to itself or as something which can be used for non-sexual purposes (for example, stopping someone falling out of bed). In both cases the Viagra penis makes a spectacle of itself and of the masculine norm of being in control and hidden (which is essential to the power of the phallus). Although men do talk about the penis as having a 'mind of its own' with respect to 'rising to the occasion' in inappropriate situations (Potts), the Viagra-penis has a mind of its own in quite a different sense. Here it is the Viagra which is the 'mind' - the penis is both assisted to rise from, and prevented from returning to, a flaccid state. One could even say that Viagra has a 'mind-altering' effect on the penis, that is, it produces a kind of psychophallic rather that psychedelic effect. 1 Perhaps it is not just the body-penis out of control which is a source of humour, but also the out of control mind-penis. An interesting challenge to dualistic framings of male/mind/control and female/body/out of control indeed! Notes 1. Thanks to Annie Potts (personal communication) for this insight. Works Cited Bordo, Susan. The Flight to Objectivity: Essays on Cartesianism and Culture. Albany: SUNY, 1987. Gatens, Moira. Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality. London: Routledge, 1996. Hirschman, Elizabeth, Linda Scott, and William Wells. "A Model of Product Discourse: Linking Consumer Practice to Cultural Texts". Journal of Advertising 27 (1998): 33-51. Jansson, Andre. "The Mediatization of Consumption - Towards an analytic Framework of Image Culture". Journal of Consumer Culture 2 (2002) : 5-31. "Potent Medicine: A Year Ago Viagra Hit the Shelves and the Earth Moved. Well, Sort of." Washington Post (March 26 1999). Retrieved from http://www.prn.usm.my/viagra/israel.html (01/07/2003). Potts, Annie. The Science Fiction of Sex. London and New York: Routledge, 2003. Shildrick, Margrit. Leaky Bodies and Boundaries: Feminism, Postmodernism and (Bio)ethics. London: Routledge, 1997. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Vares, Tiina. "Viagra and 'Getting it up'" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0311/7-vares-viagra.php>. APA Style Vares, T. (2003, Nov 10). Viagra and 'Getting it up'. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 6, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0311/7-vares-viagra.php>

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"Software Reviews : STATISTICAL NAVIGATOR, Version 1.0 Reviewed by Alan C. Bugbee, Jr. The American College, Bryn Mawr, PA Publisher: The Idea Works, Columbia, MO 65203 (telephone: 314-445-4554) Year of Publication: 1989 Materials: 3 5.25-inch unprotected disks, 1 manual (3.50-inch disks are also available) Price: $99.95 plus $5 shipping and handling Systems Requirements: IBM PC or fully compatible with 640K RAM and two floppy drives or one floppy and one hard drive; DOS 2.1 or later Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Good Documentation: Good." Social Science Computer Review 7, no. 3 (October 1989): 384–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938900700317.

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"Software Reviews : NCSS: Power Analysis and Sample Size (PASS)Publisher: Jerry L. Hintze, 329 N. 1000 East, Kaysville, UT 84037; 8oi- 546-0445; FAX 801-546-3907 Year of Publication: 1991 Version Reviewed: i.o Materials: 248-page manual, 4 5.25" disks Price: $149 Machine Specificity: MS-DOS computers System Requirements: 512K RAM, 2 floppy drives or a hard disk with 2 to 5MB free; graphics printer and/or plotter highly recommended Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Good Documentation: Good." Social Science Computer Review 10, no. 3 (October 1992): 405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443939201000319.

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"Software Reviews : The Smart System, Version 3.0 Reviewed by Stanley P. Littlefield, North Carolina State University Publisher: Innovative Software, P.O. Box 15998, Lenexa, KS 66215-9990 (telephone: 913-492-3800) Year of Publication: 1986 Materials: 12 floppy disks (System Disk, Spreadsheet and Spreadsheet Graphics, Database Manager, Wordprocessor, Communications and Time Manager, three tutorial disks, and disks for printer drivers and fonts; 4 manuals. Additional Spellcheckers are available in French or Spanish. Individual applications, i.e., the Spreadsheet, may be purchased and run independently of the full system. Price: $895 (includes Spellchecker). Machine Specificity: IBM PC or 100% compatibles System Requirements: SMART will operate on a 256K IBM PC or 100% compatible; a hard drive is recommended. Most major peripherals, i.e., printers, plotters, graphics cards, and modems are supported via an extensive installation program. Effectiveness: Excellent User-Friendliness: Excellent (Hotline support is provided free during the 90-day warranty period, at 1-913-492-2086. Additional 24-hour electronic bulletin board with information about SMART User Groups is available at 1-913-492-2089. Documentation: Overall good; however, since each applications manual repeats many of the basic features there is much redundancy. Manuals fail to aid the user in creating specific formulas and calculations. These are placed in a separate formulas section in the system manual, which requires considerable cross-checking." Social Science Microcomputer Review 4, no. 3 (October 1986): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089443938600400321.

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McConville, Chris. "The private eye as urbane." M/C Journal 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1949.

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I knew all about places like the Hotel Tremaineâ€¦they are flops where you find the cheap ones, the sniffers and the gowed-up runts who shoot you before you can say hello Raymond Chandler, Mandarin's Jade. It is in such a city, of the derelict and the displaced, that film-goers once encountered the private eye. And while we recognise the private eye as naturally urban, the 'hard-boiled' guys of Chandler, David Goodis and their imitators rarely appeal as urbane. Dictionary advice offers a neatly-plotted resolution to such a puzzle, informing us that 'urbane' is dependent on 'urban' in the manner that 'humane' is connected unavoidably to 'human'. As with much of the information scattered across a mystery narrative, such deduction may be too neat. The varying linkages of 'urban' and 'urbane' can be queried in that classic tale of the twentieth-century city, the detective story. In what sense is the detective, as urbane male hero, dependent on the urban world in which he moves? Some years before the emergence of Chandler's Philip Marlowe as the classic 'dick', the private detective inhabited an urban setting and was, in his set of personal attributes, urbane. Sherlock Holmes, the most filmed character in the history of cinema did set out for the moors to entrap the Baskerville hound, but kept coming back to his bolt-hole in central London, right in the heart of the world's great empire. From here he explored London in all its complexity, moving effortlessly between contrasting milieus. He brought with him a mastery of codes and a charm in dealing with especially, female, clients. So proficient was Holmes in reading the city, that he perfected almost any disguise, penetrating in at least one tale, the opium-smokers' flophouses of the East End. In his character, urbane style emerged as a privilege of the educated and wealthy male, a distinguishing mark which somehow seemed to justify all the evasions required in his detection. Holmes's urbanity is thoroughly of London, the huge imperial city. As is that of his law-breaking alter ego, Raffles. E.W. Hornung's character, a gentleman turned thief, who came to the screen in silent films and later under Sam Wood's direction in the 1940 Raffles, with the impeccably urbane David Niven as hero. It is not immediately clear that this urbanity survived displacement from London to Southern California. The first noir era in crime film, claimed Mike Davis, exposed 'the epic dereliction of Downtown's Bunker Hill, which symbolized the rot at the heart of the expanding metropolis' (1992, 41). Davis recognised the class-conscious construction of the 'hard-boiled' detective, in which the tropes of aristocratic style were passed down from Raffles to Philip Marlowe. The detective, a representative of the threatened post-Depression urban middle class, employed stylistic markers to hold himself aloof from the poor, the working class and the marginal. In defending himself from their 'epic dereliction', the private eye depended on traces of the urbane inherited from a cycle of movies, which intervened between the Holmes stories and those of wartime noir, especially the first Saint and Falcon movies with George Sanders as hero. Indeed, that most urbane of all male stars of the 1940s, George Sanders ousted Philip Marlowe from his own mystery in The Falcon takes over [1942], a Chandler adaptation for which director Irving Reis inserted the urbane Falcon [Sanders]. Yet as the Falcon series wore on, crimes had to be set in distant and cosmopolitan locations, as if the city of the 1930s and '40s could not sustain the urbanity of the detective. In the later Falcon movies, the detective resorts to globe-trotting around fashionably exotic locations, as if his urbanity can no longer be demonstrated by imaginative daring but requires the prop of the cosmopolitan backdrop. While the subsequent noir cycle relied on fears of personal entrapment, the detective as urbane, was able to overcome dislocation. The solution of the crime is in effect an exteriorisation of inner order. The detective's languidness and characteristic dress, the male formal attire dissembled slightly for the rain-slicked street, has produced its own markers of the urbane, even if drawn from Casablanca rather than Los Angeles. The stylish detective, through dress, movement, and words, was able to remain aloof from the sufferings of the Hotel Tremaine. As Frank Kutnik pointed out, 'the impact of the American private-eye as a culturally iconized fantasy male derives from his role as a perpetually liminal self who can move freely among the diverse social worlds thrown up by the city, while existing on their margins' (1997, 90). What of the city in which the private eye resolves crime? In the transition from novel to movie, cities are regularly collapsed into a sequence of standard settings: night club, lounge, bar, office and most frequently, interior of the automobile. The city itself in its dissipation and disorder recedes into abstraction. A familiar range of shots and lighting, characteristic of noir, oblique angles, formalist patterning, low-key lights and extreme close-up, displaces the city of the written stories. In this first noir cycle, the detective-hero traverses an emerging urban disorder which, although he finds it despicable and degraded, remains a place in which he is at home. The urbanity of Holmes and the Saint has its terminal reflection in this command of localised and underworld codes and space. The private eye is defending a sense of self and self-worth from the degradation of urban life. Many of the noir films exaggerated this apartness by their use of low-key lighting to create an abstract order, redolent of psychological imbalance but nonetheless masking the jumbled city of the written detective fiction. To observe Jack Nicholson's Jake Gittes in Polanski's Chinatown [1974] is to see simultaneously the dissolving of the urbane self-containment of the detective and the fakery of his city. In Chinatown, Gittes is sleazy and foul mouthed and his attempts at wit fall short. He can't understand the crime narrative into which he has stumbled. Symbolically his nose is slit by a villain [he can't sniff out crime] and the mnemonic Chinatown is a model of the city as beyond knowledge; in which there are bad memories but no grasp of how the future might unfold. Perhaps even more removed from the urban and urbane is Gene Hackman's Harry Moseby, private eye as victim, in Arthur Penn's Night Moves [1975]. Like Jake he fails to rescue the female victim, his wit is rough rather than urbane, he dresses badly and has an unsuave background as professional sportsman . The old public school brigade in which the Saint, Raffles, the Falcon and indeed Chandler himself were all conjoined, had foresworn professional games in defence of the gifted amateur. Moseby drifts from the city to the Florida coast and then out to sea, the detective well and truly out of his depth. The first detectives took from the city an urbaneness parallel to the genteel detection of a country house whodunnit. In the neo-noir, the city is, despite Polanski's too careful reproduction [a simulacrum in itself] essentially uncoded and emptied. There is no milieu into which the detective can insinuate himself. Reservoir Dogs [1992] has characters with no names and is set in vacant industrial storage blocks. The best the characters can do for urbane conversation is to deconstruct Madonna. In Pulp Fiction, [1994] Tarantino's characters from the outset are presented to us as even more unsuave. They eat, crudely, in tinny diners and their understanding of the cosmopolitan is limited to European translations of 'Big Mac'. The urban world in which the languidly suave detective moved with ease and wit has degenerated into predictability. There are no codes to understand, no subject to remain self-contained. The detecting figure has in consequence come to be shaped more by Harry Callahan than by Holmes. No longer a knight errant struggling to maintain morality, Dirty Harry is barely distinguishable from the murderers he guns down. He hates urban diversity and the setting of the first film, in the monumental civic locations and tourism landscapes of San Francisco, ridicules any notion of architectural urbanity. In Dirty Harry [1971] the detective's nemesis is not the killer but the Mayor, who plays with urbanity, but in his foppish dress, over-tidy room and gold-embossed phone is a culpably weak fool. Harry in contrast is deliberately far from urbane. In the final scenes he even leaves the city itself for a Western-style setting of creek and antiquated machinery. With the urbane detective now a rarity on the screen, Los Angeles can be resurrected in urban theory as a crass land of simulacra, of theme parks and drive-in diners. Such hyper-reality would drive Marlowe to cynical disgust and Harry Callahan to wreak bloody revenge on both property developers and cultural theorists. Urbane, even cool, have come down it seems to, at best, 'street smart'. In the process, the urbanity inherited from a turn-of-the century aristocracy and passed down in cruder form to the declining middle class of Marlowe's California, has no significance. The people of the Hotel Tremaine have outlasted the detective. We don't have to see Los Angeles as the prototype of the 21st century city, even though a few geographers continue to insist that this is the case. But in the film story of detection, the urban of the twentieth- century city is a vacuum and urbane style means little. The male detective hero has dropped his guard. As dictionary detectives might have suspected, in these movies, humane is now absent from the human. References Davis, Mike (1992) City of Quartz: excavating the future in Los Angeles. Vintage. Krutnik, Frank (1997) 'Something more than night: tales of the noir city', in David B Clarke, ed., The cinematic city, Routledge. Citation reference for this article MLA Style McConville, Chris. "The private eye as urbane" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5.2 (2002). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0205/private_eye.php>. Chicago Style McConville, Chris, "The private eye as urbane" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5, no. 2 (2002), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0205/private_eye.php> ([your date of access]). APA Style McConville, Chris. (2002) The private eye as urbane. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5(2). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0205/private_eye.php> ([your date of access]).

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