Journal articles on the topic 'Floods Thailand'
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Takebayashi, Hiroshi, Keiichi Toda, Hajime Nakagawa, and Hao Zhang. "Field and Interview Surveys of the Flood of 2011, Thailand." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0386.
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One of the Thailand’s worst floods occurred in the autumn of 2011. A wide area of the Chao Phraya River basin, including Bangkok, was inundated for a long time. Heavy flood damage expanded not only in Thailand but in many parts of the world. The authors formed a research group and carried out an interview survey in the field in Thailand in November 2011 and in January 2012. We investigated the flood situation and damage in and around Bangkok. We also did so in Ayutthaya, where a world heritage site and an industrial park are located. Based on our findings, we discuss suitable countermeasures for reducing flood damage in Bangkok.
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Savage, Neil. "Thailand floods disrupt photonics." Nature Photonics 6, no. 1 (December 22, 2011): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2011.331.
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Visessri, Supattra, and Chaiwat Ekkawatpanit. "Flood Management in the Context of Climate and Land-Use Changes and Adaptation Within the Chao Phraya River Basin." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 5 (August 1, 2020): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0579.
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Floods are a regularly occurring form of natural disaster in Thailand. They commonly occur during the monsoon season. Although the Chao Phraya River basin is strategically important because it accommodates several primary sectors that form the backbone of the Thai economy, it is vulnerable to flooding. The causes of flooding in this basin are both natural and human-induced. Climate and land-use changes are believed to be factors that elevated the severity of recent flood events. In 2011, Thailand suffered the worst floods in half a century; this is ranked as among the top five costliest natural disaster events in modern history. Thailand has developed a number of structural and non-structural measures to prevent devastating flood impacts. This paper reviews the flood management and adaptation measures within the Chao Phraya River basin, serving as a stepping stone towards sustainability.
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Maier-Knapp, Naila. "Betwixt Droughts and Floods: Flood Management Politics in Thailand." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 34, no. 1 (April 2015): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341503400103.
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Attempting to create greater understanding of the political dynamics that influence domestic disaster relief and management (DRM) in Thailand, this article takes a closer look at these dynamics by outlining the main actors involved in flood-related DRM. It acknowledges the importance of international and military actors but emphasises the role of national and subnational authorities. The article then identifies the central issues of DRM governance as capacity and bureaucracy and discusses these through a chronological assessment of the flood crisis in Thailand in 2011, interweaving the colourful domestic politics with various political cleavages and dichotomies, and thereby distinguishing between three main dichotomies which it considers as the central drivers of the political dynamics and institutional development of DRM. These issues can be summarised as old versus new institutions, technocracy versus bureaucracy and centralised (but with direct people-orientation through greater channels of citizenry participation) versus decentralised bureaucracy with an indirect orientation towards people.
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Precha, Nopadol, Wissanupong Kliengchuay, Cheolwoon Woo, Naomichi Yamamoto, and Kraichat Tantrakarnapa. "Fungal Assemblages on Indoor Surfaces with Visible Mold Growth in Homes after the 2016 Flood Disaster in Thailand." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 5322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155322.
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Southern Thailand suffers from floods due to heavy rainfalls every year. Post-flood increases in indoor fungi are a public health concern. Here, we investigated fungal assemblages on indoor surfaces with visible mold growth in homes after the 2016 flood disaster in Trang Province in Southern Thailand, using swab sampling followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 region. The most abundant phyla detected were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with respective mean relative abundances of 87% and 13%. The dominant genera and their mean relative abundances were Leptospora (12.0%), Cystobasidium (7.7%), and Pyrenochaetopsis (6.5%). P-tests showed that indoor visible fungal assemblages in flooded homes in Thailand were significantly different from those in the non-flooded mold-laden homes observed in our previous study in South Korea. We detected 20 genera that contain species that can induce type I allergies, including Alternaria (3.8%) and Trichoderma (4.0%). Genera related to infectious, melanized, and toxigenic fungi were also detected. Indoor fungal measurements gathered using a DNA-based approach revealed fungal communities in homes in Thailand and provide important information about the potential health risks. Future research should examine the fungal infections and allergies that might be caused by flood disasters in less well studied tropical countries.
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Nakayama, Hirofumi, Takayuki Shimaoka, Kiyoshi Omine, Maryono, Plubcharoensuk Patsaraporn, and Orawan Siriratpiriya. "Solid Waste Management in Bangkok at 2011 Thailand Floods." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0456.
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A large amount of municipal and industrial flood waste was generated during a 2011 monsoon in Thailand. This paper examines the generation and disposal of flood waste related to Thailand floods using data obtained through field surveys and interviews with involved organizations. As a result, problems with flood waste treatment were found. These included a shortage of waste collection capacity such as vehicles and boats under emergency conditions, a lack of appropriately designed temporary waste storage at waste transfer stations, a lack of recycling systems for the wood waste that dominated waste from flooding, and the possibility thatmixed disposal ofmunicipal and industrial waste introduced contamination. To improve flood waste treatment, some proposals were provided for the predisaster, disaster and post-disaster stages.
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Pathak, Shubham. "Disaster Crisis Communication Innovations." International Journal of Disaster Response and Emergency Management 2, no. 2 (July 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdrem.2019070101.
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Disaster crisis communication is essential for providing adequate and successful disaster management process during disaster events. This article analyses the disaster communication in Thailand during the 2011 floods. The newspapers and government agencies found it difficult to provide timely and accessible flood information to the public. The methodology involves qualitative analysis of the data collected by questionnaire survey, key informant interviews and print news headlines from three leading newspapers in Thailand. The article involves adoption of structuration theory for analyzing the severe implication and inadequate crisis communication in Thailand during 2011 floods. The findings include the gaps in the disaster communication systems at the government level towards the local community. There is a need to provide user friendly disaster communication system to assist in resilient communities. All channels of communication including television and media, smartphones, open source data and social media must be incorporated in a comprehensive disaster communication system.
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Sararit, Titaya, and Tamiyo Kondo. "Housing Renovation After the 2011 Thailand Flood in Ayutthaya." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0563.
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This study investigates characteristics of the damage to housing caused by the 2011 Thai flood and explores recovery processes. There are three research objectives. The first objective is to compile financial losses and support for residents affected by the 2011 flood. The second objective is to classify the types of reconstruction that residents chose to renovate their own homes. The third objective is to estimate residents’ capability for coping with future floods. Huntra, a sub district in Ayutthaya province, was chosen as the site for this study. The research results indicate that the disaster recovery budget provided by national government was too small, and was not enough for all of the reconstruction that the affected residents needed. Renovation that offers better protection against floods is classified into two groups. Type A is called elevated houses, in which the used spaces are elevated higher than before flood. Type B is called extended houses, in which the used spaces that are considered safe in a disaster are extended. Most residents could not afford this type of renovation. However, so far the most widely used option is painting the house in order to erase the watermark from the flood. In the three years since the flood occurred, residents have gained a greater awareness of flood evacuation; however, only a small number of residents decided to reconstruct their house using measures for flood protection. Flood relief policy that focuses on providing money for the affected homeowners has therefore not been successful. Our study suggests that the government should establish more systematic support, such as provision of construction materials or craftsmen/labor to communities or residents.
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Wongsa, Sanit. "2011 Thailand Flood." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0380.
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In 2011, the Thai economy contracted by 9.0 percent, mainly due to severe flooding in Chao Phraya River Basin. Rainfall accumulated from January to October 2011 was approximately 35% higher than in average years. Overall damage from floods amounted to THB 1.44 trillion, making it the world’s fourth costliest disaster. Significant damage included the production chains of the manufacturing sector and logistics systems and reductions in household expenditures, investment, Thailand’s exports, and the number of foreign turists.
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Chaleeraktrakoon, C., and A. Worawiwat. "Dynamic rule curves for multipurpose reservoir operation for different floods." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 4 (August 31, 2019): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.046.
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Abstract Dynamic flood control rule curves (DFCRCs) that balance the use of conservation space between flood control and conservation purposes are usually necessary for the operation of a multipurpose reservoir. This paper therefore proposes a procedure to apply the DFCRCs of an historically-based actual flood for reservoir operation versus different floods whose hydrograph shapes vary widely. The proposal uses related-size characteristics (e.g. net retention of the DFCRCs and peak discharge of associated outflows) in a stepwise manner from those of the smallest return period to those of the largest one. Illustrative applications of the procedure to the operation of the multipurpose Ubol Ratana Dam (The Nam Pong Basin, Thailand) have indicated that it enables the DFCRCs to ensure the reservoir's operation against various floods. Its operational results for the large and moderate floods in 1990 and 1995 are comparable to those of historically based floods. In addition, impact assessment of climate change on the operational performance has shown that the system could not protect the areas upstream and downstream of the dam from the HadCM3A2 and HadCM3B2 floods at the 80th and 95th percentile levels during the future 2050s period.
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Noy, Ilan, Cuong Nguyen, and Pooja Patel. "Floods and Spillovers: Households after the 2011 Great Flood in Thailand." Economic Development and Cultural Change 69, no. 2 (January 1, 2021): 829–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/703098.
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Kotsuki, Shunji, and Kenji Tanaka. "Impacts of Mid-Rainy Season Rainfall on Runoff into the Chao Phraya River, Thailand." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0397.
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In Chao Phraya River basin, the runoff at the middle basin (Nakhon Sawan station: C.2 point) is important for the prevention of lower basin floods. Through analyzing 1980 to 2011 runoff and rain gauge data and performing numerical calculations using a hydrological land surface model, this study will describe a condition that causes massive floods at the C.2 point. The main conclusions are the following: (1) In 2011, precipitation exceeding the average by about 40% caused naturalized runoff +125% (+29 billion m3) that in an average year. The massive 2011 flood would have been difficult to prevent even if the operation of the Bhumibol Dam and Sirikit Dam had been appropriate. (2) In 1980, 1995, and 2006, precipitation exceeding the average by about 10% caused naturalized runoff exceeding that of the average year by 50 to 75%. The runoff rate in the Chao Phraya River basin is about 20%, and characteristically a minor increase in precipitation results in a considerable amount of runoff. (3) There are natural flood years, which have higher than average precipitation that causes massive floods, and there are non-natural flood years, which have high precipitation but nomassive floods. In natural flood years, the precipitation in June, July, and August is higher than that in the average years, and the total water storage capacity is brought close to saturation in September. Due to this, in addition to base runoff, surface runoff increases. (4) The coefficient of the determination of observed runoff from August to October is 0.6481 for rainfall from June to August and 0.5276 for rainfall from August to October. Heavy rainfall in June, July and August has the effect of bringing the soil close to saturation, which is a necessary condition for massive flooding. Massive flooding results if this necessary condition is met and there is heavy rainfall in September and October. This finding is also supported by a high coefficient of determination of 0.7260 between rainfall in May, June, July, August, September, and October and naturalized runoff in August, September, and October.
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Sayama, T., Y. Tatebe, Y. Iwami, and S. Tanaka. "Hydrologic sensitivity of flood runoff and inundation: 2011 Thailand floods in the Chao Phraya River basin." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 11 (November 19, 2014): 7027–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-7027-2014.
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Abstract. Thailand floods in 2011 caused an unprecedented economic damage in the Chao Phraya River basin. To diagnose the flood hazard characteristics, this study analyzes the hydrologic sensitivity of flood runoff and inundation to rainfall. The motivation is to address why the seemingly insignificant monsoon rainfall, or 1.2 times more rainfall than past large floods including the ones in 1995 and 2006, resulted in such a devastating flooding. To quantify the hydrologic sensitivity, this study simulated a long-term rainfall-runoff and inundation for the entire river basin (160 000 km2). The simulation suggested that the flood inundation volume in 2011 was 1.6 times more than past flood events. Furthermore the elasticity index suggested that 1% increase in rainfall causes 2.3% increase in runoff and 4.2% increase in flood inundation. This study highlights the importance of sensitivity quantification for better understanding of flood hazard characteristics; and the presented approach is effective for the analysis at large river basins.
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Pratoomchai, Weerayuth, Chaiwat Ekkawatpanit, Naphol Yoobanpot, and Kwan Tun Lee. "A Dilemma between Flood and Drought Management: Case Study of the Upper Chao Phraya Flood-Prone Area in Thailand." Water 14, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 4056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244056.
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Floods are the greatest natural disaster in Thailand, but they are an important part of recharging the water volume for groundwater resources. This paper focused on evaluating and discussing the relationship between flood magnitudes and flood management impacting groundwater storage in the Upper Chao Phraya River basin in Thailand, where the intensive rice production of the region is located. Based on satellite image data, there were annual flood inundations varying from 1950 to 10,470 km2 over the period 2005–2019. The evaluation shows those flooding events yielded floodwater recharge of approximately 0.5–5.9 km3. To lessen the flood damage, floodways with 2000 m3 s-1 of drainage capacity are proposed by the government. This measure aims to accelerate flood surplus out to the gulf of Thailand and to confine the flooding areas to a maximum value of 4650 km2. A reduction of approximately 3.4 km3 of groundwater storage is estimated if the floodways are implemented. Staple crops in the dry season, especially rice fields outside an irrigation project (rainfed area), cope with water stress. To sustain basin water demand in the dry season, approximately 1820 km2 should be allowed for an area flooded for a month where 0.9 km3 of water volume is harvested annually. Although flood control is important, potential impact on the reduction of groundwater recharge needs to be carefully considered. Therefore, a flood control policy shows the balance of available basin water occasionally supplied by the groundwater while rice water demand is being proposed.
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Sayama, T., Y. Tatebe, Y. Iwami, and S. Tanaka. "Hydrologic sensitivity of flood runoff and inundation: 2011 Thailand floods in the Chao Phraya River basin." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 24, 2015): 1617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1617-2015.
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Abstract. The Thailand floods in 2011 caused unprecedented economic damage in the Chao Phraya River basin. To diagnose the flood hazard characteristics, this study analyses the hydrologic sensitivity of flood runoff and inundation to rainfall. The motivation is to address why the seemingly insignificant monsoon rainfall, or 1.2 times more rainfall than for past large floods, including the ones in 1995 and 2006, resulted in such devastating flooding. To quantify the hydrologic sensitivity, this study simulated long-term rainfall–runoff and inundation for the entire river basin (160 000 km2). The simulation suggested that the flood inundation volume was 1.6 times more in 2011 than for the past flood events. Furthermore, the elasticity index suggested that a 1 % increase in rainfall causes a 2.3 % increase in runoff and a 4.2 % increase in flood inundation. This study highlights the importance of sensitivity quantification for a better understanding of flood hazard characteristics; the presented basin-wide rainfall–runoff–inundation simulation was an effective approach to analyse the sensitivity of flood runoff and inundation at the river basin scale.
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Chaithong, Thapthai. "Flash Flood Susceptibility Assessment Based on Morphometric Aspects and Hydrological Approaches in the Pai River Basin, Mae Hong Son, Thailand." Water 14, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 3174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14193174.
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Flash floods are water-related disasters that cause damage to properties, buildings, and infrastructures in the flow path. Flash floods often occur within a short period of time following intense rainfall in the high, mountainous area of northern Thailand. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to generate a flash flood susceptibility map using watershed morphometric parameters and hydrological approaches. In this study, the Pai River basin, located in Mae Hong Son in northern Thailand, is divided into 86 subwatersheds, and 23 morphometric parameters of the watershed are extracted from the digital elevation model (DEM). In addition, the soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) model is used to estimate the precipitation excess, and Snyder’s synthetic unit hydrograph method is used to estimate the time to peak and time of concentration. With respect to the rainfall dataset, in this study, we combined CHIRPS data (as satellite gridded precipitation data) with rainfall data measured within the study area for the runoff analysis. According to the analysis results, 25 out of 86 subwatersheds are classified as highly susceptible areas to flash floods. The similarities in the morphometric parameters representing watersheds in highly flash flood-susceptible areas indicate that this categorization included areas with high relief, high relief ratios, high ruggedness ratios, high stream frequencies, high texture ratios, high annual runoff, high peak discharge, low elongation ratios, and low lemniscates ratios.
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Chaladdee, Alita, Sohee Minsun Kim, Vilas Nitivattananon, Indrajit Pal, Joyashree Roy, and Thongchai Roachanakanan. "Trend Analysis of Mainstreaming Flood Risk Reduction into Spatial Planning in Thailand." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031119.
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Mainstreaming flood risk reduction into spatial planning (MFRRSP) recognizes the urgent need for sustainable human settlement planning. Despite official recognition of MFRRSP in Thailand, repetitive damage from floods demonstrates gaps in concept and implementation. This paper examines the transition and challenges of flood risk reduction (FRR) practices in the spatial planning (SP) of the Bangkok and Sing Buri provinces of Thailand. Content analysis through computer-aided qualitative data analysis software (CAQDS) and in-depth interviews provide the evidence for the study. Twenty-two codes under seven assessments were extracted from the MFRRSP guidelines of international organizations. It was found that FRR was more mainstream in Thailand’s SP. The code in the next Sing Buri and Bangkok Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) was mentioned in 202.06% and 112.70% of the existing CLUP. The assessment area that deserves more attention is FRR preparedness and stakeholder participation, which only 0.011% and 0.035% mention. Two implementation problems are identified. Firstly, no emergency management deals with using land-use management methods. Secondly, FRR regulations limiting the type, density, and design have been reduced, as seen in the next draft of Bangkok CLUP that reduces the floodway in specific districts to be a residential land type. This specific study for Thailand shows how the method can be used in any local context for any country to understand how official planning documents evolve and adapt to disaster preparedness.
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Dalpino, Catharin. "Thailand in 2011." Asian Survey 52, no. 1 (January 2012): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2012.52.1.195.
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Abstract Although the pro-Thaksin Pheu Thai Party was favored to win Thailand's parliamentary elections in July, the party's 53% majority gave it a mandate that was stronger than expected. However, two months into her administration, the government of Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra was challenged by Thailand's worst floods in half a century. The crisis initially exacerbated the partisan political divide and gave a new twist to the urban-rural tensions that fueled Thailand's five-year political crisis.
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Chitwatkulsiri, Detchphol, Hitoshi Miyamoto, Kim Neil Irvine, Sitang Pilailar, and Ho Huu Loc. "Development and Application of a Real-Time Flood Forecasting System (RTFlood System) in a Tropical Urban Area: A Case Study of Ramkhamhaeng Polder, Bangkok, Thailand." Water 14, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 1641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14101641.
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In urban areas of Thailand, and especially in Bangkok, recent flash floods have caused severe damage and prompted a renewed focus to manage their impacts. The development of a real-time warning system could provide timely information to initiate flood management protocols, thereby reducing impacts. Therefore, we developed an innovative real-time flood forecasting system (RTFlood system) and applied it to the Ramkhamhaeng polder in Bangkok, which is particularly vulnerable to flash floods. The RTFlood system consists of three modules. The first module prepared rainfall input data for subsequent use by a hydraulic model. This module used radar rainfall data measured by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration and developed forecasts using the TITAN (Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis, and Nowcasting) rainfall model. The second module provided a real-time task management system that controlled all processes in the RTFlood system, i.e., input data preparation, hydraulic simulation timing, and post-processing of the output data for presentation. The third module provided a model simulation applying the input data from the first and second modules to simulate flash floods. It used a dynamic, conceptual model (PCSWMM, Personal Computer version of the Stormwater Management Model) to represent the drainage systems of the target urban area and predict the inundation areas. The RTFlood system was applied to the Ramkhamhaeng polder to evaluate the system’s accuracy for 116 recent flash floods. The result showed that 61.2% of the flash floods were successfully predicted with accuracy high enough for appropriate pre-warning. Moreover, it indicated that the RTFlood system alerted inundation potential 20 min earlier than separate flood modeling using radar and local rain stations individually. The earlier alert made it possible to decide on explicit flood controls, including pump and canal gate operations.
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Apisarnthanarak, Anucha, Linda M. Mundy, Thana Khawcharoenporn, and C. Glen Mayhall. "Hospital Infection Prevention and Control Issues Relevant to Extensive Floods." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 2 (February 2013): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/669094.
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The devastating clinical and economic implications of floods exemplify the need for effective global infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies for natural disasters. Reopening of hospitals after excessive flooding requires a balance between meeting the medical needs of the surrounding communities and restoration of a safe hospital environment. Postflood hospital preparedness plans are a key issue for infection control epidemiologists, healthcare providers, patients, and hospital administrators. We provide recent IPC experiences related to reopening of a hospital after extensive black-water floods necessitated hospital closures in Thailand and the United States. These experiences provide a foundation for the future design, execution, and analysis of black-water flood preparedness plans by IPC stakeholders.
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Prathaithep, Wilawan Boonsri. "Integrating Strategic Environmental Assessment to Climate Change Adaption in the Chao Phraya River Basin: Case Study Flood Management Plans in Ayutthaya." Sustainability in Environment 6, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): p55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/se.v6n2p55.
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Traditionally, flood management has concentrated on providing protection against floods using technical measures, but there is currently an international shift towards a more integrated system of flood risk management, whereby flood risk is defined as the probability of flooding multiplied by the potential consequences. Climate change is a great challenge to sustainable development and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Thailand. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight the challenges associated with the current situation and projected impacts of climate change on the disasters and the human environment in Thailand, to review and explore the potential of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), and to propose SEA in making informed decisions relevant to the implementation of the new adaptation framework in a flood management plan. Thus, current measures on how Thailand is responding to the recent impacts of climate change in river basin planning are presented. It is imperative that an appropriate environmental assessment tool, such as SEA be employed in making rational decisions regarding adaptation frameworks. SEA offers a structured and proactive environmental tool for integrating of climate change adaption into formulating Policies, Plans, and Programs (PPPs) among relevant sectors.
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Wood, S. H., and A. D. Ziegler. "Floodplain sediment from a 100-year-recurrence flood in 2005 of the Ping River in northern Thailand." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 11, 2008): 959–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-959-2008.
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Abstract. The tropical storm, floodwater, and the floodplain-sediment layer of a 100-year recurrence flood are examined to better understand characteristics of large monsoon floods on medium-sized rivers in northern Thailand. Storms producing large floods in northern Thailand occur early or late in the summer rainy season (May–October). These storms are associated with tropical depressions evolving from typhoons in the South China Sea that travel westward across the Indochina Peninsula. In late September, 2005, the tropical depression from Typhoon Damrey swept across northern Thailand delivering 100–200 mm/day at stations in mountainous areas. Peak flow from the 6355-km2 drainage area of the Ping River upstream of the city of Chiang Mai was 867 m3s−1 (river-gage of height 4.93 m) and flow greater than 600 m3s−1 lasted for 2.5 days. Parts of the city of Chiang Mai and some parts of the floodplain in the intermontane Chiang Mai basin were flooded up to 1-km distant from the main channel. Suspended-sediment concentrations in the floodwater were measured and estimated to be 1000–1300 mg l−1. The mass of dry sediment (32.4 kg m-2), measured over a 0.32-km2 area of the floodplain is relatively high compared to reports from European and North American river floods. Average wet sediment thickness over the area was 3.3 cm. Sediment thicker than 8 cm covered 16 per cent of the area, and sediment thicker than 4 cm covered 44 per cent of the area. High suspended-sediment concentration in the floodwater, flow to the floodplain through a gap in the levee afforded by the mouth of a tributary stream as well as flow over levees, and floodwater depths of 1.2 m explain the relatively large amount of sediment in the measured area. Grain-size analyses and examination of the flood layer showed about 15-cm thickness of massive fine-sandy silt on the levee within 15-m of the main channel, sediment thicker than 6 cm within 200 m of the main channel containing a basal coarse silt, and massive clayey silt beyond 200 m. The massive clayey silt would not be discernable as a separate layer in section of similar deposits. The fine-sand content of the levee sediment and the basal coarse silt of sediment within 200 m of the main channel are sedimentological features that may be useful in identifying flood layers in a stratigraphic section of floodplain deposits.
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Wang, Xuming, Xianrui Yu, and Xiaobing Yu. "Flood Disaster Risk Assessment Based on DEA Model in Southeast Asia along “The Belt and Road”." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 13145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013145.
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The “Belt and Road” initiative proposed by China has received much attention from the international community. Natural disasters along the route have posed considerable challenges to the “Belt and Road” economic construction. Southeast Asia, as the main thoroughfare of the Maritime Silk Road, always suffers from floods. It is necessary to evaluate flood risk to enhance disaster emergency management. Based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, inputs consist of four factors: the number of deaths, victims, frequency of occurrence, and economic losses caused by meteorological disasters. To study the vulnerability to flood disasters in Southeast Asian countries, the four factors caused by flood disasters were taken as outputs, respectively. The relative efficiency values of Laos, Malaysia and Cambodia exceed 0.8. They are most vulnerable to floods. The following four countries, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, and the Philippines, are also vulnerable to flood disasters. The vulnerability of Vietnam is relatively lower than the others. In brief, the risk of flood disasters in Southeast Asia is high. Risk assessment for Southeast Asia is essential to ensure the implementation of the “Belt and Road” initiative.
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Apisarnthanarak, Anucha, Thana Khawcharoenporn, and Linda M. Mundy. "Patterns of Nosocomial Infections, Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms, and Mold Detection after Extensive Black-Water Flooding: A Survey from Central Thailand." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 8 (August 2013): 861–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/671277.
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Central Thailand was severely affected by black-water flooding between September and November 2011, with resultant closure of 30 regional hospitals. Few data are available for the incidence of nosocomial infections and patterns of preflood versus postflood multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) and mold. We therefore conducted a survey of the hospitals in central Thailand in order to evaluate the patterns of nosocomial infections, MDROs, mold, and flood preparedness plans after these floods.On the basis of a hospital list from the Ministry of Public Health, we identified 104 hospitals in 15 provinces of central Thailand that were affected, but not necessarily closed, by extensive floods. We designed and then conducted a survey, from July 1 through October 31, 2012, that inquired about hospital characteristics, postflood hospital preparedness plans, administrative support, institutional safely culture, incidence of nosocomial infections, and prevalence of MDROs and mold colonization or infection. All 104 secondary care (>100 beds) and tertiary care (>250 beds) hospitals in 15 central Thailand provinces were invited to participate.
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Wood, S. H., and A. D. Ziegler. "Floodplain sediment from a 30-year-recurrence flood in 2005 of the Ping River in northern Thailand." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 5 (October 18, 2007): 3839–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-3839-2007.
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Abstract. This paper documents the nature of flood-producing storms and floodplain deposition associated with the 28 September–2 October 2005 30-year-recurrence flood on the Ping River in northern Thailand. The primary purpose of the study is to understand the extent that deposits from summer-monsoon floods can be identified in floodplain stratigraphy A secondary objective is to document the sedimentation processes/patterns associated with a large contemporary flood event on a medium-sized Asian river. Maximum sediment depths of 15 cm were found on the river levee, within 30 m of the main channel, and at 350 m thickness was 4 cm. Sediment depth generally decreased exponentially with distance away from the main channel. The extent of sediment deposition was about 1 km from the river channel. However, 72% of the sediment was deposited within an oval-shaped area 200–400 m from the main channel and centered on a tributary stream, through which sediment-laden water entered the floodplain, in addition to overtopping the levee of the main channel. Sediment concentration during the flood was estimated at 800–1500 mg L−1; and we believe the sediment was delivered by flows of well-mixed flood water occurring over a 1–2 day period. These data suggest that flood-deposited strata related to 30-year recurrence floods is only likely to be preserved in deposits located relatively close to the main river channel where fine sand and clayey coarse silt deposits have thicknesses of at least 5–10 cm. These relatively thick deposits would survive bioturbation, whereas more distal areas with thin clayey silt deposits would not.
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Ariyasirichot, Wachirawat. "The Policy Design on Preparation and Coping with Flash Flood Mekong River Basin Entrance Inequality Deduction Form Disaster: A Case Study of Mueang Nong Khai District Nong Khai Province, Thailand." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 11, 2021): 4106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1701.
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The objective of this research is (1) to raise awareness and prepare for flash flooding among people in the Mekong region which promotes inequality reduction from disasters by using Muang Nong Khai District, Nong Khai Province as a model area, and (2) To develop a policy proposal by designing a joint policy for flash flood preparedness in the Mekong region to promote inequality reduction from disasters. This research is action research in conjunction with policy design focusing on brainstorming. Group discussions with in-depth interviews. The research results were found that: [A] People have a basic understanding of (1) the nature of the disaster, and (2) the experience of the flash flood disaster encountered by the WiangKhuk Sub-district people is about remembering the severity Looking at the floods that have been associated, but in terms of preparation, community leaders see together that they want to develop into a system and plan for a joint rehearsal in the future. [B] Flash flood response weaknesses are (1) Weaknesses for early warning, evacuation, and flash flood drills, (2) Weaknesses of flash flood plans for areas that have not yet been formally planned, And (3) weaknesses in communication. [C] The interesting common policy design guidelines that should be developed are (1) Flash flood knowledge development, (2) direction and coordination for emergency operations, (3) agreements that Formal and informal for flash flood response, (4) resource mobilization focused on the certainty of emergency work. [D] The policy recommendations are: (1) Appropriate policy guidelines for flash flood preparedness in the Mekong River Basin should include precautions, evacuation, flash flood drills, and community-level plans to tackle flash floods. (2) The public sector, civil society, and communities should jointly develop policies to prepare for flash floods, that is, to develop flash flood knowledge to keep up with the changing circumstances of the local context. (3) The key policy to deal with flash floods to help reduce inequality is to develop community capacity or community potential. This is a collaboration of community organizations, the government sector, civil society in the area, which together with driving a community-level response plan. [E] The operation recommendations include (1) the community must be the host to invite government organizations such as the Provincial Disaster Prevention and Mitigation and the Mekong Community Organization Council to drive community-level planning. (2) Organizing a network meeting on flash flood response such as communities, Provincial Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Agency, and Mekong Community Organization Council should hold meetings at least twice a year to understand the situation and implement measures to deal with flash floods in a timely manner. (3) Flash flood drills should be conducted at least once a year in order to build mutual learning among communities and networks in flash flood preparedness, it is also an analysis of the weaknesses each year and can be used to develop the capacity and capacity of the community to handle the flash flood in the future.
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Tebakari, Taichi, Sanit Wongsa, and Yoshiaki Hayashi. "Floods in Southern Thailand in December 2016 and January 2017." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p0793.
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A large scale flood disaster occurred in Southern Thailand in December, 2016 and January, 2017, resulting in 95 deaths. The majority of the 15 provinces in Southern Thailand suffered from the disaster and extensive, long-term damage was caused which distinguished this flood event from previous flood disasters. This paper reports the findings of a field survey conducted in February, 2017 and analyzes the precipitation phenomena by using ground rainfall data as well as satellite rainfall data because there were not enough ground rain gauges set in this region. Results revealed that this precipitation event had the highest intensity out of all precipitation events occurring over the last 11 years.
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Terdpaopong, Kanitsorn, and Robert Rickards. "Thai Non-Life Insurance Companies’ Finances and the Historic 2011 Floods." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v8i1.1901.
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The devastating floods in Thailand caused the country's fifth-costliest disaster in the last 31 years Many companies suffered in every facet. As a result, Thai non-life insurance firms lost $4.1 billion. Focusing on improvements in their main performance metrics, this article studies the financial implications of floods for those businesses. The financial information of the Thai non-life insurance is taken from three different periods; 2008 – 2010 (prior to the foods), 2011 (the floods year), and 2012 – 2014 (post floods). Descriptive and inferential statistics reflect variances in non-life insurance companies where the flooding had a devastating effect on them. This study serves as a starting point for Thai insurance firms, the government, and potential researchers.
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Promsri, Dr Chaiyaset. "Using Google Trends for Investigating Flood Awareness of Thai Citizensduring 2011-2018." Cross-Currents: An International Peer-Reviewed Journal on Humanities & Social Sciences 5, no. 5 (May 25, 2019): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36344/ccijhss.2019.v05i05.001.
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This present study aimed at assessing people attention on flood awareness during 2011-2018 through the use of Google Trends. This was the first study in disasters field in Thailand that utilized this analytical tool to measure search queries of Thai citizens. Although flood events were ranked as the most periodic disastrous occurrence of Thailand, search volume index retrieved from Google Trends in monthly basis indicated a lack of interest in this topic among Thai Internet users. The greatest attention on flood events based on the search volume index, was in October, 2011 when more than 10 million residents of 65 provinces were impacted. Nevertheless, the search volume index of this topic radically declined in the following months. The term “disasters” was retrieved a lower attention by the Internet users when compared to flood topic in the same period of time. This study also found that the search volume index of disasters topic demonstrated a greater interest and more attention from Thai people than floods since year of 2013. Surprisingly, when used the term “flood awareness” and “flood preparedness” to investigate level of search interests on Google Trends, data showed no public attention on this topic as indicated by a tiny search volume index.
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Chantraket, Pakdee, Sukrit Kirtsaeng, Chakrit Chaotamonsak, Somporn Chantara, Supachai Nakapan, and Thammarat Panityakul. "Radar-Based Rainfall Estimation of Landfalling Tropical Storm “PABUK” 2019 over Southern Thailand." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (February 2, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9968329.
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Tropical storm PABUK developed from tropical depression first defined on 31 December 2018 in the lower South China Sea. It made landfall in Pak Phanang, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. PABUK caused heavy rain and flash floods from 3 to 5 January 2019 (D1, D2, and D3) where the total rainfall reached 150–300 mm across 14 provinces of southern Thailand. This paper is aimed to investigate rainstorm properties and rainfall estimation of tropical storm PABUK with weather radar in southern Thailand. The radar data analysis in this study was to extract the radar reflectivity to study rainstorm properties of PABUK over 3 days along southern Thailand derived from the Thunderstorm Identification and Tracking Analysis and Nowcasting (TITAN) algorithm including 5 variables of duration, area, cloud-based height, maximum reflectivity, and speed in the data set. Based on the properties and frequency distribution of 2,557 rainstorms in D1, D2, and D3, rainstorms in D2 and D3 when PABUK made landfall over southern Thailand show a longer lifetime, higher reflectivity, and larger rain-cells as well as it was found efficient in terms of rainfall amount than in D1. In addition, the estimated rainfall using weather radar provides important information of the rainfall distribution for the analysis of the rainstorm as well. These analyses provide a context for interpreting the feasible rainfall estimates based on Z-R relationship during tropical storm PABUK that produced extreme floods in southern Thailand. A Z-R relationship in the form Z = 104R1.5 provided acceptable statistical indicators, making it appropriate for radar estimated rainfall in case studies presented of tropical storm PABUK in southern Thailand. However, the result of this study should be improved to estimate precipitation in case of extremely heavy rainfall in tropical storm occurrence by using radar of southern Thailand and applied for applications of early warning systems.
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Petpongpan, Chanchai, Chaiwat Ekkawatpanit, Supattra Visessri, and Duangrudee Kositgittiwong. "Projection of Hydro-Climatic Extreme Events under Climate Change in Yom and Nan River Basins, Thailand." Water 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050665.
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Due to a continuous increase in global temperature, the climate has been changing without sign of alleviation. An increase in the air temperature has caused changes in the hydrologic cycle, which have been followed by several emergencies of natural extreme events around the world. Thailand is one of the countries that has incurred a huge loss in assets and lives from the extreme flood and drought events, especially in the northern part. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the hydrological regime in the Yom and Nan River basins, affected by climate change as well as the possibility of extreme floods and droughts. The hydrological processes of the study areas were generated via the physically-based hydrological model, namely the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The projected climate conditions were dependent on the outputs of the Global Climate Models (GCMs) as the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 8.5 between 2021 and 2095. Results show that the average air temperature, annual rainfall, and annual runoff will be significantly increased in the intermediate future (2046–2070) onwards, especially under RCP 8.5. According to the Flow Duration Curve and return period of peak discharge, there are fluctuating trends in the occurrence of extreme floods and drought events under RCP 2.6 from the future (2021–2045) to the far future (2071–2095). However, under RCP 8.5, the extreme flood and drought events seem to be more severe. The probability of extreme flood remains constant from the reference period to the near future, then rises dramatically in the intermediate and the far future. The intensity of extreme droughts will be increased in the near future and decreased in the intermediate future due to high annual rainfall, then tending to have an upward trend in the far future.
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Langkulsen, Uma, Desire Tarwireyi Rwodzi, Pannee Cheewinsiriwat, Kanchana Nakhapakorn, and Cherith Moses. "Socio-Economic Resilience to Floods in Coastal Areas of Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 12 (June 14, 2022): 7316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127316.
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Krabi and Nakhon Si Thammarat are two coastal provinces in Thailand facing substantial threats from climate change induced hydrometeorological hazards, including enhanced coastal erosion and flooding. Human populations and livelihoods in these coastal provinces are at greater risk than those in inland provinces. However, little is known about the communities’ resilience and coping capacities regarding hydrometeorological hazards of varying magnitudes. The study conducted a quantitative socio-economic assessment of how people in Krabi and Nakhon Si Thammarat provinces manage and respond to hydrometeorological hazards, examining their resilience and coping capacities. This was a cross-sectional study based on secondary data collection on the social and economic dimensions of resilience, and a review of literature on coping mechanisms to hydrometeorological hazards within the study area. Measuring and mapping socio-economic resilience was based on the available data gathered from the social and economic dimensions, with existing or standard indicators on exposure and vulnerability applied uniformly across subdistricts. A combination of social and economic dimensions produced novel socio-economic resilience index scores by subdistrict, which were mapped accordingly for the two coastal provinces. The study also derived a coping capacity index scores by combining availability of skills or soft capacity and availability of structural resources or hard coping capacity. Socio-economic resilience index scores varied greatly amongst subdistricts. Combining the soft and hard coping capacities, the average score across districts in both provinces was 3 out of a possible 4, meaning that most of the districts were largely resilient. However, variations also existed by subdistrict. Few subdistricts in both Krabi and Nakhon Si Thammarat provinces had low coping capacity index scores between 1 and 2 out of 4. District averages of socio-economic resilience scores mask the variations at subdistrict level. More studies with rigorous methodologies at village or neighborhood level is needed to obtain a nuanced understanding of community resilience to hydrometeorological hazards.
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Phinyoyang, Athiwat, and Suwit Ongsomwang. "Optimizing Land Use and Land Cover Allocation for Flood Mitigation Using Land Use Change and Hydrological Models with Goal Programming, Chaiyaphum, Thailand." Land 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121317.
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Floods represent one of the most severe natural disasters threatening the development of human society worldwide, including in Thailand. In recent decades, Chaiyaphum province has experienced a problem with flooding almost every year. In particular, the flood in 2010 caused property damage of 495 million Baht, more than 322,000 persons were affected, and approximately 1046.4 km2 of productive agricultural area was affected. Therefore, this study examined how to optimize land use and land cover allocation for flood mitigation using land use change and hydrological models with optimization methods. This research aimed to allocate land use and land cover (LULC) to minimize the surface for flood mitigation in Mueang Chaiyaphum district, Chaiyaphum province, Thailand. The research methodology consisted of six stages: data collection and preparation, LULC classification, LULC prediction, surface runoff estimation, the optimization of LULC allocation for flood mitigation and mapping, and economic and ecosystem service value evaluation and change. According to the results of the optimization and mapping of suitable LULC allocation to minimize surface runoff for flood mitigation in dry, normal, and wet years using goal programming and the CLUE-S model, the suitable LULC allocation for flood mitigation in 2049 under a normal year could provide the highest future economic value and gain. In the meantime, the suitable LULC allocation for flood mitigation in 2049 under a drought year could provide the highest ecosystem service value and gain. Nevertheless, considering future economic and ecosystem service values and changes with surface runoff reduction, the most suitable LULC allocation for flood mitigation is a normal year. Consequently, it can be concluded that the derived results of this study can be used as primary information for flood mitigation project implementation. Additionally, the presented conceptual framework and research workflows can be used as a guideline for government agencies to examine other flood-prone areas for flood mitigation in Thailand.
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Mingkhwan, Rachaneekorn, and Suwalee Worakhunpiset. "Heavy Metal Contamination Near Industrial Estate Areas in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, Thailand and Human Health Risk Assessment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 1890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091890.
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Industrial activity is one of the significant sources of environmental contamination with heavy metals, especially in developing countries. Flood can also lead to the distribution of toxic substances into the environment, regarding the Thailand flood in 2011 as some industrial estates are affected, leading to concern about heavy metals from industrial wastewater contamination. We aimed to measure the levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb, and Zn in river and stream water, sediment, and fish collected from the area around the industrial estates in Uthai District and Bangpa-in District of Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, following the floods of 2011. The results revealed that heavy metal levels in water did not exceed Thailand surface water quality standards, except for Mn levels at one sampling site. Metal levels in sediment and fish samples also did not exceed published standards. The hazard quotient for fish consumption was highest for Ni (0.2178) in Trichopodus trichopterus collected from the area near the industrial estate in Bangpa-in District, while the hazard index from Cd, Cr, and Cu exposure were 0.86966, which was lower than 1, indicating that the health risks for these seven metals were within acceptable ranges.
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Pathak, Shubham, and Mokbul Morshed Ahmad. "Flood recovery capacities of the manufacturing SMEs from floods: A case study in Pathumthani province, Thailand." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 18 (September 2016): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.07.001.
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Chitwatkulsiri, Detchphol, and Hitoshi Miyamoto. "Real-Time Urban Flood Forecasting Systems for Southeast Asia—A Review of Present Modelling and Its Future Prospects." Water 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010178.
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Many urban areas in tropical Southeast Asia, e.g., Bangkok in Thailand, have recently been experiencing unprecedentedly intense flash floods due to climate change. The rapid flood inundation has caused extremely severe damage to urban residents and social infrastructures. In addition, urban Southeast Asia usually has inadequate capacities in drainage systems, complicated land use patterns, and a large vulnerable population in limited urban areas. To reduce the urban flood risk and enhance the resilience of vulnerable urban communities, it has been of essential importance to develop real-time urban flood forecasting systems for flood disaster prevention authorities and the urban public. This paper reviewed the state-of-the-art models of real-time forecasting systems for urban flash floods. The real-time system basically consists of the following subsystems, i.e., rainfall forecasting, drainage system modelling, and inundation area mapping. This paper summarized the recent radar data utilization methods for rainfall forecasting, physical-process-based hydraulic models for flood inundation prediction, and data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) models for the real-time forecasting system. This paper also dealt with available technologies for modelling, e.g., digital surface models (DSMs) for the finer urban terrain of drainage systems. The review indicated that an obstacle to using process-based hydraulic models was the limited computational resources and shorter lead time for real-time forecasting in many urban areas in tropical Southeast Asia. The review further discussed the prospects of data-driven AI models for real-time forecasting systems.
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Pal, Indrajit, and Jessada Karnjana. "Factoring Multi-Hazard Risk Perception in Risk Assessment and Reduction Measures in Landslide and Flash Flood Prone Areas – A Case Study of Sichon District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 4 (June 1, 2021): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0571.
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This study’s purpose is to analyze the degree of risk and vulnerability involved in landslide and flash flood prone community areas in Thepparat sub-district, Sichon district, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand. It also aims to analyze and understand the socio-economic impacts on the community at the household level, and assess the community’s risk and vulnerability by examining its risk perception. The risk perception was done using focus group discussions and a questionnaire survey with key stakeholders. It mainly focused on how the risk of landslides and flash floods influences the community’s risk perceptions, which was tested in two parts: at the organizational and community levels by focusing on government officials and households, respectively. A correlation matrix was used to understand the relationship of the indicators selected. The Pearson correlation result has shown that the degree of risk awareness positively correlates with the income level, education level, and controllability, signifying that the risk of landslides and flash floods influences household risk perceptions. The qualitative assessment recommends community-level preparedness as being paramount to reduce the risk for a resilient community.
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Tsumita, N., S. Jaensirisak, H. Kikuchi, and A. Fukuda. "Analysis of travel behaviors during floods in Ubon Ratchathani city, Thailand." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 832, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/832/1/012034.
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Nakasu, Tadashi, Ruttiya Bula-Or, Sutee Anantsuksomsri, Sutpratana Duangkaew, Kullachart Prathumchai, Korrakot Positlimpakul, and Akiyuki Kawasaki. "Measuring capacities and protecting communities: strengthening regional resilience in the flooded industrial area in Thailand." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-08-2021-0120.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure the capacities and identify the vulnerabilities of the communities to contribute to their flood disaster risk management. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaire-style surveys and interviews in the four target communities and 25 critical facilities have been used. Their flood experience is also collected to explore the practical risk management solutions and preserve those as their local assets. Findings Findings show the capacity gaps among the target communities. For instance, the relatively populated urbanized communities tend to have high capacities. On the other hand, the not-so-populated farmer-based communities have low capacities, tending to focus more on droughts than floods, and lack scientific information. This research also identifies vulnerability groups and critical facility locations on the map with narratives. Originality/value The findings enable the communities to clarify their updated capacities, examine the vulnerabilities, identify the risks with possible hazard information and guide them to cope with flood risk to protect them with self, mutual and public help. This study can contribute to other industrial parks/estates in Thailand and anywhere in the world as an insightful reference to build resilient industrial complex areas.
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Phoompanich, S., S. Barr, and R. Gaulton. "DEVELOPMENT OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES FOR NATURAL HAZARD RISK ASSESSMENT IN THAILAND." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W8 (August 22, 2019): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w8-315-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In order to mitigate environmental risk in Thailand it is essential to understand where and when specific geographic areas will be exposed to individual and multiple natural hazards. However, existing national scale approaches to natural hazard risk assessment are poorly adapted to deal with multiple hazards where significant uncertainties are associated with input variables and prior knowledge of the spatiotemporal nature of hazards is limited. To overcome these limitations, a geospatial approach has been developed that integrates machine learning within a GIS environment. Four hazards were investigated by Naïve Bayes while multiple hazards and their causalities were analysed via a Bayesian Network. Geospatial and Earth observation data representing past hazard events and their trigger variables were analysed to derive the probability of a hazard. Results revealed that lowland areas covering 22,868 and 139,193 km<sup>2</sup>, or 5% and 29% of total lowland areas were at-risk at a 90% probability-level of floods in rainy-seasons and droughts in the summer. High mountains and the plateaus were exposed to landslides over 90% probability in rainy, and forest fires in summer with over 60% probability, covering 37,727 and 40,069 km<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Within the Bayesian Network four relations of multiple hazards were investigated. At a 90% significance level approximately 190,250 km2 was at risk from a combination of forest fires and droughts. At a 80% or greater probability, 161,450, 120,027, and 102,628 km<sup>2</sup> of land were at risk from a combination of 1) floods and landslides, 2) forest fires, floods, and landslides, and 3) all four hazards, respectively. The results were then used to produce the first fine-spatial scale multi-hazard assessment to support national policies on risk mitigation.</p>
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Thongtaeparak, Wittaya, Walai-orn Pratchyapruit, Settha Kotanivong, Nimit Sirithanakit, Sudaluck Thunyaharn, Ram Rangsin, Phachara Chaikaew, et al. "Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Skin Diseases Among Army Personnel and Flood Victims During the 2011 Floods in Thailand." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 4 (February 17, 2016): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.182.
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AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for skin problems among flood victims and army personnel during the 2011 floods in Thailand.MethodsTo determine the prevalence of and risk factors for skin symptoms, standardized questionnaires were used to collect demographic data, current skin symptoms, history of water exposure, and sanitary behaviors. A certified dermatologist evaluated those who presented with skin problems and provided diagnoses. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess independent risk factors for skin symptoms.ResultsThe most prevalent skin disease was irritant contact dermatitis. Flood victims showed a higher prevalence of skin symptoms compared with army personnel. Development of skin symptoms after exposure to floodwater was also observed earlier among flood victims. Having a history of skin diseases and delayed skin cleaning after exposure were also significant risk factors for the development of skin symptoms.ConclusionThis information might be used as guidelines for protecting military personnel and to educate the general public regarding flood disaster management. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:570–575)
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Kompor, Wongnarin, Sayaka Yoshikawa, and Shinjiro Kanae. "Use of Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts for Flood Mitigation with Adaptive Reservoir Operation: A Case Study of the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand, in 2011." Water 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 3210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113210.
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Predicting streamflow can help water managers make policy decisions for individual river basins. In 2011, heavy rainfall from May until October resulted in the largest flood event in the history of Thailand. This event created difficulty for water managers, who lacked information to make predictions. Studies on the 2011 Thai flood have proposed alternative reservoir operations for flood mitigation. However, no study to date has used predictive information to determine how to control reservoirs and mitigate such extreme floods. Thus, the objective of this study is to update and develop a method for using streamflow predictive data to support adaptive reservoir operation with the aim of mitigating the 2011 flood. The study area was the Chao Phraya River Basin, one of the most important basins in Thailand. We obtained predictive information from a hydrological model with a reservoir operation module using an ensemble of seasonal precipitation data from the European Centre for Medium–Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The six-month ECMWF prediction period was used to support the operation plan for mitigating flooding in 2011 around each reservoir during the wet season. Decision-making for reservoir operation based on seasonal predictions was conducted on a monthly time scale. The results showed that peak river discharge decreased slightly, by around 4%, when seasonal predictive data were used. Moreover, changing the reservoir operation plan and using seasonal predictions decreased the peak river discharge by around 20%.
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Silva, Kampanart, Pidpong Janta, and Nuwong Chollacoop. "Points of Consideration on Climate Adaptation of Solar Power Plants in Thailand: How Climate Change Affects Site Selection, Construction and Operation." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010171.
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Solar energy is planned to undergo large-scale deployment along with Thailand’s transformation to a carbon neutral society in 2050. In the course of energy transformation planning, the issue of energy infrastructure adaptation to climate change has often been left out. This study aims to identify climate-related risks and countermeasures taken in solar power plants in Thailand using thematic analysis with self-administered observations and structured interviews in order to propose points of consideration during long-term energy planning to ensure climate adaptation capacity. The analysis pointed out that floods and storms were perceived as major climate events affecting solar power plants in Thailand, followed by lightning and fires. Several countermeasures were taken, including hard countermeasures that require extensive investment. Following policy recommendations were derived from the climate-proofing investment scenario study. Policy support in terms of enabling regulations or financial incentives is needed for implementation of climate-proofing countermeasures. Public and private sectors need to secure sufficient budget for fast recovery after severe climate incidents. Measures must be taken to facilitate selection of climate-resilient sites by improving conditions of power purchase agreement or assisting winning bidders in enhancing climate adaptability of their sites. These issues should be considered during Thailand’s long-term energy planning.
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Hilgert, S., A. Wagner, and S. Fuchs. "Future changes in flash flood frequency and intensity of the Tha Di River (Thailand) based on rainfall–runoff modeling and advanced delta change scaling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 8 (August 3, 2015): 7327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-7327-2015.
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Abstract. As a consequence of climate change, extreme and flood-causing precipitation events are expected to increase in magnitude and frequency, especially in today's high-precipitation areas. During the north-east monsoon seasons, Nakhon Si Thammarat in southern Thailand is flash-flooded every 2.22 years on average. This study investigates frequency and intensity of harmful discharges of the Tha Di River regarding the IPCC emission scenarios A2 and B2. The regional climate model (RCM) PRECIS was transformed using the advanced delta change (ADC) method. The hydrologic response model HBV-Light was calibrated to the catchment and supplied with ADC-scaled daily precipitation and temperature data for 2010–2089. Under the A2 (B2) scenario, the flood threshold exceedance frequency on average increases by 133 % (decreases by 10 %), average flood intensity increases by 3 % (decreases by 2 %) and the annual top five discharge peaks intensities increase by 46 % (decrease by 5 %). Yearly precipitation sums increase by 30 % (10 %) towards the end of the century. The A2 scenario predicts a precipitation increase during the rainy season, which intensifies flood events; while increases projected exclusively for the dry season are not expected to cause floods. Retention volume demand of past events was calculated to be up to 12 × 106 m3. Flood risks are staying at high levels under the B2 scenario or increase dramatically under the A2 scenario. Results show that the RCM scaling process is inflicted with systematic biases but is crucial to investigate small, mountainous catchments. Improvement of scaling techniques should therefore accompany the development towards high-resolution climate models.
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Kakinuma, Daiki, Mamoru Miyamoto, Yosuke Nakamura, Anurak Sriariyawat, and Supattra Visessri. "Development of an Inundation Model for Creating Industrial Park-Scale Risk Information for Area-BCM." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0877.
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The 2011 flood on the Chao Phraya River in Thailand caused enormous damage. The damage was greatest to the industrial sector, accounting for more than 70% of the estimated economic damage, and the resulting disruption of the supply chains of global companies has spread not only throughout Thailand but to other countries around the world. In order to reduce such damage, it is necessary to prepare a flood manual that makes use of past flood experiences or a business continuity planning (BCP) that assumes floods. In addition, business continuity management (BCM) is needed to establish and enhance BCP. Thus, it is essential to obtain flood information on the scale of an industrial park. Therefore, in this study, to provide detailed flood information as above, in addition to a flood inundation analysis model for the Chao Phraya River Basin, a detailed model on the scale of an industrial park was developed. Specifically, we developed a 40 m mesh industrial park-scale model based on survey data using a local aerial laser and the local river channel shape. Furthermore, using the flood discharge and river discharge output obtained from a 1 km mesh model of the Chao Phraya River Basin as inputs for the industrial park scale model for the surrounding boundary conditions, we obtained a more precise inundation analysis. As a result, the flood risk information obtained from the above analysis model can be useful for BCP/BCM. In addition, detailed flood risk information such as road inundation conditions can be obtained at any location, which could be useful in creating evacuation plans for employees.
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Tingsanchali, Tawatchai, and Thanasit Promping. "Comprehensive Assessment of Flood Hazard, Vulnerability, and Flood Risk at the Household Level in a Municipality Area: A Case Study of Nan Province, Thailand." Water 14, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14020161.
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Estimating flood hazard, vulnerability, and flood risk at the household level in the past did not fully consider all relevant parameters. The main objective of this study is to improve this drawback by developing a new comprehensive and systematic methodology considering all relevant parameters and their weighting factors. This new methodology is applied to a case study of flood inundation in a municipal area of Nan City in the Upper Nan River Basin in Thailand. Field and questionnaire surveys were carried out to collect pertinent data for input into the new methodology for estimating flood hazard, vulnerability, and risk. Designed floods for various return periods were predicted using flood simulation models for assessing flood risk. The flood risk maps constructed for the return periods of 10–500 years show a substantial increase in flood risk with the return periods. The results are consistent with past flood damages, which were significant near and along the riverbanks where ground elevation is low, population density is high, and the number of household properties are high. In conclusion, this new comprehensive methodology yielded realistic results and can be used further to assess the effectiveness of various proposed flood mitigation measures.
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Duangkaew, Sutpratana, Ruttiya Bhula-or, Sutee Anantsuksomsri, Tadashi Nakasu, Korrakot Positlimpakul, and Kullachart Prathumchai. "Exploring Well-Being in the Work and Livelihoods of Local People During the 2011 Flood in Thailand." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 889–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0889.
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Thailand has faced many flooding crises, especially in 2011, which caused widespread damage to industrial parks and community zones. However, the negative consequences of flooding on the local people and workers in industrial zones have been little studied. This study focuses on the impacts of flooding after 2011 on the well-being of residents in industrial zones in terms of their work and livelihoods. Community-based research was used to explore the effects of floods on 647 respondents who worked in Rojana Industrial Park (N = 247) and those who lived around the park (N = 400). A questionnaire survey was conducted in February 2020. The results showed adverse impacts on the economy, accommodation, and well-being of both the local inhabitants and workers, whose monthly incomes and overtime jobs decreased significantly compared to before the disaster. However, local people suffered more from low incomes than workers of the company, as the employees’ work status was maintained during the crisis. Japanese company culture is investigated as a factor in the higher resilience and recovery levels of company employees than the Rojana community. In addition, the workers were evacuated to other accommodations until the company recovered, while locals remained in their flooded homes. In addition, most respondents reported that mental health impacts were more likely to affect their mental health. For effective recovery and flood risk management, the government should follow up on employment, accommodation, and livelihood after a sudden flood, especially for the local people. A greater understanding of community risk, community engagement, and awareness-raising activities can enhance readiness, response, recovery, and resilience in disaster management by government, businesses, and local communities.
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SONPAVEERAWONG, Jiraporn, Wanida LIMMUN, and Nidarat CHUWICHIAN. "Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Mental Health Problems among the Survivors in the Flash Floods and Landslide in Southern Thailand." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 16, no. 4 (November 2, 2017): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2019.4017.
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Significant evidence has shown that southern Thailand is prone to the highest risk of repeated flooding. However, psychological distress and mental health problems caused by the flash floods and landslides have been under-researched among Thai survivors. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore characteristics and factors associated with the prevalence of psychological distress, probable post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), probable depression, suicide risk, and alcohol problems 4 to 6 months after the flooding. The research examined 326 survivors from households in flooded communities in Nakhon Si Thammarat province during 2011. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and a binary logistic regression model were applied to the data representing demographics, household damage, perceived mental health impact, social support and mental health problems. The results showed that the prevalence rate of probable PTSD, probable depression, psychological distress, suicide risk, and alcohol problems were 44.48, 31.29, 29.45, 17.18 and 4.60 %, respectively. Risk factors that variously affected those mental health problems were age, gender, prior physical condition, perception of mental health impacts, skin infection, and injury incurred during the flood. On the other hand, a significant protective factor was the degree of social support. Results suggest that rapid actions should be taken immediately after flooding, especially management with the risk survivor group and promotion of social support to minimize the mental health impacts associated with the flooding.
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Pathak, S., and M. M. Ahmad. "Coping mechanisms of SME in response to 2011 floods in Pathumthani, Thailand." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 6, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/safe-v6-n3-597-606.
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Cohen, Erik. "Tsunami and Flash-floods—Contrasting Modes of Tourism-related Disasters in Thailand." Tourism Recreation Research 32, no. 1 (January 2007): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2007.11081521.
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