Journal articles on the topic 'Floodplain monitoring'
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1
Manh, N. V., B. Merz, and H. Apel. "Sedimentation monitoring including uncertainty analysis in complex floodplains: a case study in the Mekong Delta." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2013): 325–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-325-2013.
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Abstract. Quantity and quality of sediment deposition in complex floodplains are affected by many uncertain factors, ranging from suspended sediment transport dynamics in rivers and floodplain channel interactions to internal floodplain processes. In consequence, any point measurement of sedimentation in floodplains contains a high degree of uncertainty calling for a careful analysis of the measured data. However, uncertainty analyses are not documented in publications on floodplain sedimentation data. Therefore the presented work illustrates a field sampling strategy aiming at the quantification of uncertainties associated to sediment deposition data, as well as the spatial variability of sediments deposition on floodplains. The study was performed in the Mekong Delta (MD), being an example for a large and complex floodplain with a high degree of anthropogenic disturbances. We present a procedure for the quantification of the uncertainty associated to the data, based on the design of the monitoring campaign and floodplain characteristics. Sediment traps were distributed strategically over the floodplain in clusters of three mat traps representing one monitoring point. The uncertainty originating from collection of the traps in ponding water is quantified by lab experiments. The uncertainty of a single monitoring point is then quantified in a Monte Carlo simulation, propagating the uncertainty from the different uncertainty sources to final uncertainty bounds of the monitored sediment data. For the case study area, it is shown that there are no correlations in the spatial distribution of sedimentation in floodplains. This can be explained by the highly complex channel and dike system and the high number of hydraulic structures. However, it can be shown that within single floodplain compartments the spatial deposition variability depends on the dike levels and operation and location of hydraulic structures.
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Manh, N. V., B. Merz, and H. Apel. "Sedimentation monitoring including uncertainty analysis in complex floodplains: a case study in the Mekong Delta." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 3039–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3039-2013.
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Abstract. Quantity and quality of sediment deposition in complex floodplains are affected by many processes that are typically highly spatially and temporally variable and hard to quantify exactly. The main processes in this context are suspended sediment transport dynamics in rivers, floodplain channel interactions, and internal floodplain processes. In consequence, any point measurement of sedimentation in floodplains contains a high degree of uncertainty, both stemming from measurement errors and from the lack of representativeness for a larger area. However, up to now, uncertainty analyses have not been performed as part of publications on floodplain sedimentation data. Therefore the present work illustrates a field sampling strategy aiming at the monitoring of floodplain deposition and spatial variability on a large scale and at the quantification of uncertainties associated to sediment deposition data. The study was performed in the Mekong Delta, being an example for a large and complex floodplain with a high degree of anthropogenic disturbances. We present a procedure for the quantification of the uncertainty associated to the data, based on the design of the monitoring campaign, sampling procedures, and floodplain characteristics. Sediment traps were distributed strategically over the floodplain in clusters of three mat traps representing one monitoring point. The uncertainty originating from collection of the traps from still ponding water is quantified by lab experiments. The overall uncertainty of the deposition samples and the associated nutrient content is quantified in a Monte Carlo simulation and illustrated by uncertainty bounds. For the study area the results show a very high variability of the annual floodplain deposition (2.2–60 kg m−2) with uncertainty bounds ranging from −61 to +129% relative to overall mean deposition of 11.4 kg m−2. No correlations in the spatial distribution of sedimentation in the floodplains could be found. This is caused by the highly complex channel and dike system and the high number of hydraulic structures. Also, no differences in deposition between floodplain compartments protected with high and low dikes could be detected. However, it can be shown that within single floodplain compartments the spatial deposition variability depends on the dike levels and operation and location of hydraulic structures.
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Martin, Simon, Stefan Klingler, Peter Dietrich, Carsten Leven, and Olaf A. Cirpka. "Structural controls on the hydrogeological functioning of a floodplain." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 8 (August 22, 2020): 2675–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02225-8.
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AbstractFloodplains are often conceptualized as homogeneous sediment bodies which connect streams with their respective catchment and buffer agricultural inputs. This has led to a general bias within the hydrological community towards research on sites where the floodplain is a clear conduit for groundwater flow. In humid temperate regions of central Europe, floodplains have experienced rapid environmental changes since the last glaciation, yielding significant bedrock weathering and predominantly fine-grained, highly stratified hillslope and floodplain sediments. Such heterogeneous sedimentary architecture leads to conceptual ambiguities in the interpretation of the hydrogeological functioning of floodplains, thus raising the question: Do floodplains act as barriers or conduits to groundwater flow? This study analyzes the Ammer floodplain close to Tübingen in south-western Germany as a representative mid-section floodplain in a temperate climate where the regional bedrock-geology is dominated by mudstones. Geological, geophysical, and geochemical characterization and monitoring techniques were combined to shed light on the internal geological structure as a key control modulating the floodplain hydrology. Two partially separate groundwater systems were identified: a gravel body at the bottom of the Quaternary sediments and a Holocene confined tufaceous aquifer, separated by low-permeability clays. Despite flow being predominantly along-valley, sulfate concentrations in the floodplain aquifers showed evidence of a strong connection to the gypsum-bearing hillslope, particularly where tributary valley sediments are present (e.g., alluvial fans). Results from a floodplain water balance suggest the hillslope- and floodplain-aquifer material act as a barrier to hillslope groundwater recharge, where a large fraction may be bypassing the local floodplain groundwater system.
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Heyden, Janika, and Stephanie Natho. "Assessing Floodplain Management in Germany—A Case Study on Nationwide Research and Actions." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 10610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710610.
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After a long history of floodplain degradation and substantial losses of inundation areas over the last decades, a rethinking of floodplain management has taken place in Germany. Floodplains are now acknowledged as important areas for both biodiversity and society. This transformation has been significantly supported by nationwide research activities. A systematic assessment of the current floodplain management is still lacking. We therefore developed a scheme to assess floodplain management through the steps of identification, analysis, implementation, and evaluation. Reviewing the data and literature on nationwide floodplain-related research and activities, we defined key elements of floodplain management for Germany. We concluded that research activities already follow a strategic nationwide approach of identifying and analyzing floodplains. Progress in implementation is slow, however, and potentials are far from being reached. Nevertheless, new and unique initiatives enable Germany to stay on the long-term path of giving rivers more space and improving floodplain conditions.
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van Iersel, W. K., M. W. Straatsma, E. A. Addink, and H. Middelkoop. "MONITORING PHENOLOGY OF FLOODPLAIN GRASSLAND AND HERBACEOUS VEGETATION WITH UAV IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b7-569-2016.
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River restoration projects, which aim at improved flood safety and increased ecological value, have resulted in more heterogeneous vegetation. However, they also resulted in increasing hydraulic roughness, which leads to higher flood water levels during peak discharges. Due to allowance of vegetation development and succession, both ecological and hydraulic characteristics of the floodplain change more rapidly over time. Monitoring of floodplain vegetation has become essential to document and evaluate the changing floodplain characteristics and associated functioning. Extraction of characteristics of low vegetation using single-epoch remote sensing data, however, remains challenging. The aim of this study was to (1) evaluate the performance of multi-temporal, high-spatial-resolution UAV imagery for extracting temporal vegetation height profiles of grassland and herbaceous vegetation in floodplains and (2) to assess the relation between height development and NDVI changes. Vegetation height was measured six times during one year in 28 field plots within a single floodplain. UAV true-colour and false-colour imagery of the floodplain were recorded coincidently with each field survey. We found that: (1) the vertical accuracy of UAV normalized digital surface models (nDSMs) is sufficiently high to obtain temporal height profiles of low vegetation over a growing season, (2) vegetation height can be estimated from the time series of nDSMs, with the highest accuracy found for combined imagery from February and November (RMSE = 29-42 cm), (3) temporal relations between NDVI and observed vegetation height show different hysteresis behaviour for grassland and herbaceous vegetation. These results show the high potential of using UAV imagery for increasing grassland and herbaceous vegetation classification accuracy.
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van Iersel, W. K., M. W. Straatsma, E. A. Addink, and H. Middelkoop. "MONITORING PHENOLOGY OF FLOODPLAIN GRASSLAND AND HERBACEOUS VEGETATION WITH UAV IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B7 (June 21, 2016): 569–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b7-569-2016.
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River restoration projects, which aim at improved flood safety and increased ecological value, have resulted in more heterogeneous vegetation. However, they also resulted in increasing hydraulic roughness, which leads to higher flood water levels during peak discharges. Due to allowance of vegetation development and succession, both ecological and hydraulic characteristics of the floodplain change more rapidly over time. Monitoring of floodplain vegetation has become essential to document and evaluate the changing floodplain characteristics and associated functioning. Extraction of characteristics of low vegetation using single-epoch remote sensing data, however, remains challenging. The aim of this study was to (1) evaluate the performance of multi-temporal, high-spatial-resolution UAV imagery for extracting temporal vegetation height profiles of grassland and herbaceous vegetation in floodplains and (2) to assess the relation between height development and NDVI changes. Vegetation height was measured six times during one year in 28 field plots within a single floodplain. UAV true-colour and false-colour imagery of the floodplain were recorded coincidently with each field survey. We found that: (1) the vertical accuracy of UAV normalized digital surface models (nDSMs) is sufficiently high to obtain temporal height profiles of low vegetation over a growing season, (2) vegetation height can be estimated from the time series of nDSMs, with the highest accuracy found for combined imagery from February and November (RMSE = 29-42 cm), (3) temporal relations between NDVI and observed vegetation height show different hysteresis behaviour for grassland and herbaceous vegetation. These results show the high potential of using UAV imagery for increasing grassland and herbaceous vegetation classification accuracy.
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van Iersel, Wimala, Menno Straatsma, Hans Middelkoop, and Elisabeth Addink. "Multitemporal Classification of River Floodplain Vegetation Using Time Series of UAV Images." Remote Sensing 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10071144.
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The functions of river floodplains often conflict spatially, for example, water conveyance during peak discharge and diverse riparian ecology. Such functions are often associated with floodplain vegetation. Frequent monitoring of floodplain land cover is necessary to capture the dynamics of this vegetation. However, low classification accuracies are found with existing methods, especially for relatively similar vegetation types, such as grassland and herbaceous vegetation. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery has great potential to improve the classification of these vegetation types owing to its high spatial resolution and flexibility in image acquisition timing. This study aimed to evaluate the increase in classification accuracy obtained using multitemporal UAV images versus single time step data on floodplain land cover classification and to assess the effect of varying the number and timing of imagery acquisition moments. We obtained a dataset of multitemporal UAV imagery and field reference observations and applied object-based Random Forest classification (RF) to data of different time step combinations. High overall accuracies (OA) exceeding 90% were found for the RF of floodplain land cover, with six vegetation classes and four non-vegetation classes. Using two or more time steps compared with a single time step increased the OA from 96.9% to 99.3%. The user’s accuracies of the classes with large similarity, such as natural grassland and herbaceous vegetation, also exceeded 90%. The combination of imagery from June and September resulted in the highest OA (98%) for two time steps. Our method is a practical and highly accurate solution for monitoring areas of a few square kilometres. For large-scale monitoring of floodplains, the same method can be used, but with data from airborne platforms covering larger extents.
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Dezső, József, Szabolcs Czigány, Gábor Nagy, Ervin Pirkhoffer, Marcin Słowik, and Dénes Lóczy. "Monitoring soil moisture dynamics in multilayered Fluvisols." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 16, no. 1 (June 18, 2019): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2019-0009.
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Abstract The identification of drought-sensitive areas (DSAs) in floodplain Fluvisols of high textural pedodiversity is crucial for sustainable land management purposes. During extended drought periods moisture replenishment is only available by capillary rise from the groundwater. However, moisture flux is often hindered by capillary barriers in the interface between layers of contrasting textures. The results of HYDRUS-1D simulations run on multilayered soil profiles were integrated into textural maps to determine the spatial distribution of water dynamics on the floodplain of the Drava River (SW Hungary). Model runs and field data revealed limited moisture replenishment by capillary rise when both contrasting textural interfaces and sandy layers are present in the profile. By implementing these textural and hydraulic relations, a drought vulnerability map (DSA map) of the operational area of the Old Drava Programme (ODP) was developed. According to the spatial distribution of soils of reduced capillary rise, 52% of the ODP area is likely threatened by droughts. Our model results are adaptable for optimisation of land- and water-management practices along the floodplains of low-energy and medium-sized rivers under humid continental and maritime climates.
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Džubáková, K., P. Molnar, K. Schindler, and M. Trizna. "Monitoring of riparian vegetation response to flood disturbances using terrestrial photography." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 1 (January 13, 2015): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-195-2015.
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Abstract. Flood disturbance is one of the major factors impacting riparian vegetation on river floodplains. In this study we use a high-resolution ground-based camera system with near-infrared sensitivity to quantify the immediate response of riparian vegetation in an Alpine, gravel bed, braided river to flood disturbance with the use of vegetation indices. Five large floods with return periods between 1.4 and 20.1 years in the period 2008–2011 in the Maggia River were analysed to evaluate patterns of vegetation response in three distinct floodplain units (main bar, secondary bar, transitional zone) and to compare the sensitivity of seven broadband vegetation indices. The results show both a negative (damage) and positive (enhancement) response of vegetation within 1 week following the floods, with a selective impact determined by pre-flood vegetation vigour, geomorphological setting and intensity of the flood forcing. The spatial distribution of vegetation damage provides a coherent picture of floodplain response in the three floodplain units. The vegetation indices tested in a riverine environment with highly variable surface wetness, high gravel reflectance, and extensive water–soil–vegetation contact zones differ in the direction of predicted change and its spatial distribution in the range 0.7–35.8%. We conclude that vegetation response to flood disturbance may be effectively monitored by terrestrial photography with near-infrared sensitivity, with potential for long-term assessment in river management and restoration projects.
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Džubáková, K., P. Molnar, K. Schindler, and M. Trizna. "Monitoring of riparian vegetation response to flood disturbances using terrestrial photography." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 3 (March 21, 2014): 3359–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-3359-2014.
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Abstract. The distribution of riparian vegetation on river floodplains is strongly impacted by floods. In this study we use a new setup with high resolution ground-based cameras in an Alpine gravel bed braided river to quantify the immediate response of riparian vegetation to flood disturbance with the use of vegetation indices. Five largest floods with return periods between 1.4 and 20.1 years in the period 2008–2011 in the Maggia River were used to evaluate patterns of vegetation response in three distinct floodplain units (main bar, secondary bar, transitional zone) and to compare seven vegetation indices. The results show both negative (damage) and positive (enhancement) response of vegetation in a short period following floods, with a selective impact based on the hydrogeomorphological setting and the intensity of the flood forcing. The spatial distribution of vegetation damage provides a coherent picture of floodplain response in the three floodplain units with different flood stress. We show that the tested vegetation indices generally agree on the direction of predicted change and its spatial distribution. The average disagreement between indices was in the range 14.4–24.9% despite the complex environment, i.e. highly variable surface wetness, high gravel reflectance, extensive water–soil–vegetation contact zones. We conclude that immediate vegetation response to flood disturbance may be effectively monitored by terrestrial photography with potential for long-term assessment in river management and restoration projects.
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Morton, SR, KG Brennan, and MD Armstrong. "Distribution and Abundance of Ducks in the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory." Wildlife Research 17, no. 6 (1990): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9900573.
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Aerial surveys between 1981 and 1984 were used to identify monthly trends in the abundance of wandering whistling-duck Dendrocygna arcuata, plumed whistling-duck D. eytoni, radjah shelduck Tadorna radjah, Pacific black duck Anas superciliosa, and grey teal A. gibberifrons on five floodplains of the Alligator Rivers region, 250 km east of Darwin in the monsoonal north of the Northern Territory. Ground surveys were conducted during the same period on one of the floodplains, the Magela plain, to provide more detailed information. The Magela floodplain was inhabited by few ducks during the wet season (November to March), but numbers then increased to dramatic peaks in the late dry season. The Nourlangie floodplain and Boggy Plain (a large backswamp of the South Alligator floodplain) showed similar patterns, but the numbers of ducks were usually fewer. Ducks were uncommon on the shallower East Alligator and Cooper floodplains except for relatively brief periods in the wet season. The ground surveys suggested that ducks sought out the persistent swamps that characterise the Magela floodplain in the dry season. Ground surveys also indicated that aerial surveys underestimated densities; on the basis of correction factors calculated from the ground surveys, peak numbers on the five floodplains were roughly estimated to be 400 000 wandering whistling-ducks, 70 000 plumed whistling-ducks, 20 000 radjah shelducks, 50 000 Pacific black ducks, and 50 000 grey teal. Pink-eared ducks Malacorhynchus membranaceus and hardhead Aythya australis were recorded sporadically in low numbers. The Alligator Rivers region acted as a dry season refuge for large concentrations of ducks because of the atypical persistence of freshwaters on the Magela and Nourlangie floodplains and some of the backswamps of the South Alligator, such as Boggy Plain. The large aggregations appear to be unique in Australia.
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Silaev, A. L., E. V. Smolsky, G. V. Chekin, V. Yu Simonov, and A. Novikov. "Possibility of using technogenically polluted floodplain landscapes." Revista de la Universidad del Zulia 12, no. 32 (January 29, 2021): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.32.08.
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The article provides a modern assessment of technogenically polluted floodplain landscapes of various rivers of the Polesian Lowland. The carried out ecological monitoring of productivity, radioactivity of perennial grasses and fertility of floodplain soils revealed the following results, tendencies and regularities: the most favorable set of conditions for obtaining an air-dry mass of grasses with the highest productivity up to 5 t / ha was found on the floodplain of the Iput River, possibly used as hayfields floodplain lands at present, with a 137Cs pollution density below 555 kBq / m2 obtained after the Chernobyl accident, the use of floodplains as hayfields with a 137Cs pollution density above 555 kBq / m2 is impossible, coarse fodder from the floodplains of the Iput and Besed rivers is 6.4 and 6.6 times higher than the permissible level of 137Cs content in products, the content of organic matter, calcium and magnesium grew in the landscape of the floodplain by subsystems: near-river → central → near-terrace landscape, a high content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium, respectively, from 227 to 362 and 122 to 266 mg / kg were found in the near-terrace subsystem of the studied floodplains, the effect of fertility on an increase in productivity is positive, with the exception of the effect of acidity and negative on an increase in specific activity 137Cs, established an average role (0.30 ˂ r ˂ 0.70) of fertility indicators in increasing productivity, the correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.41 to 0.64 and -0.38, revealed a strong role (r ˃ 0.70) of the content of phosphorus available for a plant in a decrease in the specific activity of 137Cs in the air-dry mass of grasses, the correlation coefficient (r) was –0.70.
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Marcheva, Zvezdelina, Tsvetan Kotsev, Assen Tchorbadjieff, and Velimira Stoyanova. "Modeling of arsenic dynamics in groundwater of а river floodplain contaminated with mine tailings: Ogosta River case, NW Bulgaria." Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society 48 (January 11, 2023): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jbgs.e99206.
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This study aims to reveal the arsenic dynamics in groundwater of а river floodplain contaminated with mine tailings under temperate climate conditions and natural river hydrodynamics. Arsenic concentrations were monitored in the primary morphological units of the floodplain in the upper stretch of the Ogosta River in NW Bulgaria. Iron, lead-silver, and gold mining heavily affected the river valley in the second half of the 20th century. We used groundwater monitoring data from 21 piezometers for the period 2016-2020. Based on the geochemical and geomorphological conditions in the valley, the piezometers were grouped into three clusters. Regression models were developed for each cluster and representative piezometers to predict arsenic concentrations. In the active floodplain, seasonal fluctuations in arsenic concentrations followed the river and groundwater regime. In this part of the valley floor, we determined two periods of elevated arsenic concentrations during the spring and autumn/winter seasons that coincide with high river water stages. Arsenic content in the groundwater of the higher floodplain was less dependent on the water level fluctuations but followed changes in redox potential, electrical conductivity, and water temperature. The obtained results showed the elaborated models as valuable tools for studying arsenic dynamics in alluvial aquifers of contaminated river floodplains. The suggested models could be coupled with groundwater monitoring systems to monitor arsenic concentrations and identify periods of the year with levels below and above threshold values.
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Islam, Shahidul, and Mingguo Ma. "Geospatial Monitoring of Land Surface Temperature Effects on Vegetation Dynamics in the Southeastern Region of Bangladesh from 2001 to 2016." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7120486.
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Land surface temperature (LST) can significantly alter seasonal vegetation phenology which in turn affects the global and regional energy balance. These are the most important parameters of surface–atmosphere interactions and climate change. Methods for retrieving LSTs from satellite remote-sensing data are beneficial for modeling hydrological, ecological, agricultural and meteorological processes on the Earth’s surface. This paper assesses the geospatial patterns of LST using correlations of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index (SINDVI) in the southeastern region of Bangladesh from 2001 to 2016. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series datasets for LST and SINDVI were used for estimations in the study. From 2001 to 2016, the MODIS-based land surface temperature in the southeastern region of Bangladesh was found to have gently increased by 0.2 °C (R2 = 0.030), while the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index also increased by 0.43 (R2 = 0.268). The interannual average LSTs mostly increased across the study areas, except in some coastal plain and tidal floodplain areas of the study. However, the SINDVI increased in the floodplain and coastal plain regions, except for in hilly areas. Physiographically, the study area is a combination of low lying alluvial floodplains, river basin wetlands, tidal floodplains, tertiary hills, terraced lands and coastal plains in nature. The hilly areas are mostly covered by dense forests, with the exception of agricultural areas. The impacts of increased LSTs were inversely correlated for the hilly areas and areas with forest coverage; LSTs were conversely correlated for the floodplain region, and tree cover outside of the forest and agricultural crops. This study will be very helpful for the protection and restoration of the natural environment.
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Morton, SR, KG Brennan, and MD Armstrong. "Distribution and abundance of grebes, pelicans, darters, cormorants, rails and terns in the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory." Wildlife Research 20, no. 2 (1993): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930203.
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Aerial surveys between 1981 and 1984 were used to identify monthly trends in the abundance of Australian pelicans (Pelecanus conspicillatus), darters (Anhinga melanogaster), little pied cormorants (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos), and whiskered terns (Chlidonias hybrida) on five floodplains of the Alligator Rivers region, 250 km east of Darwin in the monsoonal Northern Territory. Ground surveys were conducted during the same period on one of the floodplains, the Magela plain. The aerial surveys indicated that the Magela floodplain was inhabited by few of these birds during the wet season (November-March), but that numbers then increased substantially in the dry season. The Nourlangie floodplain showed similar patterns, but the numbers of birds tended to be lower. Birds were generally uncommon on the shallower East Alligator and Cooper floodplains. Ground surveys suggested that the birds sought out the persistent swamps that characterise the Magela floodplain in the dry season. Ground surveys also indicated that aerial surveys underestimated densities; on the basis of correction factors calculated from ground surveys, peak numbers on the five floodplains were roughly estimated to be about 2000 darters, 9000 little pied cormorants, 55 000 Australian pelicans and 50 000 whiskered terns. Little black cormorants (Phalacrocorax sulcirostrus) were sometimes abundant, but their sporadic occurrence prevented analysis of seasonal trends. Australasian grebes (Tachybaptus novaehollandiae), great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo), pied cormorants (Phalacrocorax varius), buff-banded rails (Rallus philippensis), Baillon's crakes (Porzana pusilla), white-browed crakes (Poliolimnas cinereus), purple swamphens (Porphyrio porphyrio), Eurasian coots (Fulica atra), silver gulls (Larus novaehollandiae), white-winged terns (Chlidonias leucoptera), gull-billed terns (Gelochelidon nilotica) and Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) were recorded in low numbers. The Alligator Rivers region acted as an important dry season refuge because of the unusually persistent fresh waters of the Magela and Nourlangie floodplains and some of the backswamps of the South Alligator, such as Boggy Plain.
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Wu, Chunying, James Angus Webb, and Michael J. Stewardson. "Modelling Impacts of Environmental Water on Vegetation of a Semi-Arid Floodplain–Lakes System Using 30-Year Landsat Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030708.
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River floodplains are among the most dynamic and diverse ecosystems on the planet. They are at risk of degradation due to river regulation and climate change. Environmental water has been delivered to floodplains to maintain environmental health by mimicking natural floods. It is important to understand the long-term effects of environmental water to floodplain vegetation to support its management. This study used Normalized Differences Vegetation index (NDVI) from the 30-year Landsat datasets of the Hattah Lakes floodplain in Australia to investigate the drivers of vegetation dynamics. We developed generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) to model responses of vegetation to environmental water, natural floods, precipitation, temperature, and distance to water across multiple spatial and temporal scales. We found the effect of environmental water on floodplain vegetation to be quite different from that of natural floods in both space and time. Vegetation in most areas of Hattah Lakes will respond to natural floods within one month of flooding, while positive responses to environmental water occur 1 to 3 months after inundation and are more restricted spatially. For environmental water planning, managers need to be aware of these differences. The implementation of new infrastructure to transport or retain environmental water on floodplains needs to be planned carefully, with continuous monitoring of rainfall and natural floods. Whilst environmental floods do not mimic the effect of natural floods, they do provide some positive benefits that can partially offset effects of reduced natural floods.
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Nagayama, Shigeya, Munehiro Oota, Tomohiko Fujita, Jyun-ichi Kitamura, Toshifumi Minamoto, Seiichi Mori, Masayuki Kato, et al. "Autumn dispersal and limited success of reproduction of the deepbody bitterling (Acheilognathus longipinnis) in terrestrialized floodplain." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 423 (2022): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2022004.
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The terrestrialization of floodplains has become a concern to river managers and ecologists because it has degraded habitats for floodplain-dependent organisms. We examined the temporal distributions of the endangered deepbody bitterling (Acheilognathus longipinnis) throughout its life history, which is an autumn-spawning annual fish spending its egg and larval stages in unionid mussels and emerging in spring, to understand its population decline in the terrestrialized floodplains of the Kiso River, central Japan. We first validated our A. longipinnis environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling method and observed an 89.3% probability of consistency between the eDNA and the direct capture surveys of 56 floodplain waterbodies (FWBs). Subsequently, the temporal distributions with autumn dispersal (9 of 14 FWBs) were found using time-series eDNA samples collected from 14 FWBs on a floodplain with a length and width of 1.4 and 0.2 km, respectively. In the following spring, juveniles were only detected in the two FWBs connected to the river channel. Moreover, the direct capture data revealed that juveniles occurred in 52.9% (9/17) of the connected FWBs, but only in 5.1% (2/39) of the FWBs isolated from the river channel. Autumn dispersal of A. longipinnis would be disadvantageous for reproduction in terrestrialized floodplains with numerous isolated FWBs.
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Parker, Israel D., Roel R. Lopez, Reema Padia, Meghan Gallagher, Raghupathy Karthikeyan, James C. Cathey, Nova J. Silvy, and Donald S. Davis. "Role of free-ranging mammals in the deposition of Escherichia coli into a Texas floodplain." Wildlife Research 40, no. 7 (2013): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13082.
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Context The role of wildlife in faecal pollution of water bodies (deposition of Escherichia coli (E. coli)) is not well understood. Current water-quality and land-use planning research largely relies on unreliable wildlife data (e.g. poor sourcing of abundance estimates, population density estimates applied to multiple fundamentally different areas, suspect or insufficiently described data collection techniques) Aims Our goal for the present research was to investigate deposition of E. coli into a floodplain by free-ranging mammals. Objectives of the research were to determine the density of important free-ranging meso- and large mammals in the study area, determine faecal E. coli loads for each species, and evaluate spatial data on species-specific faecal deposition. Methods We conducted our research in south-eastern Texas, USA, on two cattle ranches bisected by Cedar Creek (44-km long). Cedar Creek has elevated E. coli concentrations. We conducted mark–recapture and mark–resight population density estimates (2008/09) for meso- and large mammals in the study areas. We collected faecal samples from all captured wildlife. We also conducted transects through the study area to determine faecal-deposition patterns. Key results We found that raccoons (Procyon lotor), wild pigs (Sus scrofa), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) all had substantial faecal E. coli loads and population densities, thus implying an important role in E. coli deposition into the study floodplain. All species were widely distributed through the floodplain. Conclusions Free-ranging mammals contribute E. coli to floodplains and potentially affect water quality. We determined that four species commonly found in floodplains throughout North America all contributed E. coli to the study floodplain, thus implying mammal E. coli contributions in many locations and this is potentially important for E. coli management. Implications Improved locally specific mammal population estimates and estimates of locally derived E. coli concentration will improve floodplain and water-quality models that often depend on data of various quality. Additionally, our analyses demonstrated the need for continued research into the role of wildlife in E. coli deposition.
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Morton, SR, KG Brennan, and MD Armstrong. "Distribution and abundance of herons, egrets, ibises and spoonbills in the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory." Wildlife Research 20, no. 1 (1993): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930023.
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Aerial surveys between 1981 and 1984 were used to identify monthly trends in the abundance of Pacific herons (Ardea pacifica), pied herons (Ardea picata), cattle egrets (Ardeola ibis), great egrets (Egretta alba), little egrets (Egretta garzetta), intermediate egrets (Egretta intermedia), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopica), straw-necked ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) and royal spoonbills (Platalea regia) on five floodplains of the Alligator Rivers region, 250 km east of Darwin in the monsoonal Northern Territory. Ground surveys were conducted during the same period on one of the floodplains, the Magela. The aerial surveys indicated that the Magela floodplain was inhabited by few of these birds during the wet season (November-March), but that numbers then increased substantially in the dry season. The Nourlangie floodplain and Boggy Plain (a large backswamp of the South Alligator floodplain) showed similar patterns, but the numbers of birds tended to be lower. Birds were generally uncommon on the shallower East Alligator and Cooper floodplains, except for egrets in the wet season. Ground surveys suggested that the birds sought out the persistent swamps that characterise the Magela foodplain in the dry season. Ground surveys also indicated that aerial surveys underestimated densities. On the basis of correction factors calculated from ground surveys, peak numbers on the five floodplains were roughly estimated to be about 4000 pacific herons, 50 000 pied herons, 300 000 egrets (primarily intermediate egrets), 60 000 glossy ibis, 16 000 sacred ibis, 80 000 straw-necked ibis and 35 000 royal spoonbills. Great-billed herons (Ardea sumatrana), white-faced herons (Ardea novaehollandiae), striated herons (Butorides striata), rufous night herons (Nycticorax caledonicus), black bitterns (Dupetor flavicollis) and yellow-billed spoonbills (Platalea flavipes) were recorded sporadically in low numbers. The Alligator Rivers region acted as a dry-season refuge for herons, egrets, ibises and spoonbills because of the unusually persistent fresh waters of the Magela and Nourlangie floodplains and some of the backswamps of the South Alligator, such as Boggy Plain.
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Romashchenko, M. I., M. V. Yatsyuk, A. M. Shevchenko, S. A. Shevchuk, O. M. Kozytsky, R. P. Bozhenko, S. M. Lyutnitsky, and A. O. Zabuga. "Problems and prospects of the reclaimed floodplain' of the Irpin’ River usage under the modern socio-economic and climatic transformations." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202001-236.
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Relevance of research. As a result of row of reasons of socio-economic character, there has been a decrease in volumes and a decrease in the efficiency of the use of drained land over the last two decades, primarily within river floodplains. The purpose of the study is to determine the prospects and problems of the development of reclaimed areas of the Irpin river floodplain under transformed climatic conditions and the nature of land use. Research methods - field surveys, monitoring observations of water levels in canals and groundwater levels, systematic and cartographic data analysis and hydrological calculations. Research results and main conclusions. Based on the research findings in the typical pilot territories of Irpin’s drainage-irrigation system (DIS), the current state and main problems of the use of drained lands within the Irpen’s river floodplain are characterized, as well as the prospects for the further development of reclaimed floodplain areas during the transformation of climatic conditions and land use are determined. It has been established that significant factors influencing the decrease in the level of use of drained agricultural land of the floodplain for its intended purpose are the fragmentation of land shares, the limited financial capabilities of their owners, the nationwide tolerance for long-term non-use of reclaimed lands, as well as the tendency to increase the number of peat fires and floodplain buildings development.
It was determined that the unsatisfactory technical condition of a significant part of the on-farm drainage canals of the Irpin’s DIS, the majority of hydrotechnical water control structures on them, siltation of the estuarine parts of closed drainage collectors and a decrease in the depth of its occurrence in areas with peat deposits due to their runoff, precipitation, mechanical removal and burning out ensuring a favorable water regime of soils and protection of the agricultural lands from flooding on the floodplain of the Irpin’s River without redesign or modernization of the DIS. It is noted that the perspective direction of the use of drained floodplain lands is the cultivation of berry crops with an application of drip irrigation. I
It is determined that, taking into account the potential negative water and environmental consequences of housing, especially multi-story, floodplain development, its use as a town-planning resource should be geographically limited and aimed primarily at creating of recreational areas and to be carried out in compliance with the requirements of water and land legislation.
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Poprach, Karel, and Jana Vrbková. "Dominance and Diversity of Bird Community in Floodplain Forest Ecosystem." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 3 (2015): 825–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563030825.
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The paper is aimed to assessment of diversity and structure of bird community in floodplain forest ecosystem. Authors present results of analyses data on bird communities obtained at two transects in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area (Czech Republic) in the period 1998–2012. Research of bird communities was carried out using the point-count method. The article deals with qualitative and quantitative representation of breeding bird species, including their relation to habitat type (closed floodplain forest, ecotone). Altogether 63 breeding species were recorded at the Vrapač transect and 67 at the Litovelské luhy transect, respectively. To be able to detect all recorded species, 11 out of 14 years of monitoring were needed at the Vrapač transect and all 8 years of monitoring at the Litovelské luhy transect, respectively. Authors show that the values in dominant bird species change significantly among the particular census dates within one season, mainly with respect to their activity and detectability. Results are discussed in the frame of sustainable forest management in floodplain forest ecosystems. The presented article can promote to discussion aimed to management strategy for floodplain forest ecosystems, which ranks among natural habitat types of Community interest protected under the Natura 2000 European network.
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Tymochko, I., I. Solomakha, V. Shevchyk, and O. Senchylo. "Settlement characteristics of The Emerald Network "Khukhra" and "Riabyna" objects in Sumy region." Balanced nature using, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.1.2021.231891.
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The current state of biotope’s vegetation cover by natural and spontaneous origin of the Khukhra and Riabyna river valleys was researched, which are left-bank tributaries of the Vorskla river, as fragments of the preserved landscape within one of the western spurs of the Central Russian Upland. They are listed as perspective objects of the Emerald Network — Riabyna river valley in Sumy region (UA0000427) and Khukhra river valley in Sumy region (UA0000429). The obtained new data on environmental significance are data for the primary database formation in the monitoring organization of these territorial objects. The researched areas are mainly floodplains, small segments of pine terraces and slope’s fragments of these rivers native banks. The presence numbers of biotopes from Resolution 4 of the Berne Convention (C1.222; C1.223; C1.224, C1.32; C1.33; C1.4; C2.33; C2.34; C3.51; D5.2; E2.2; E5.4; F9.1; G1.11; G1.21; G1.22; G1.A4; G1.A1) are given for both explored objects, in addition, for the valley of the Riabyna river are indicated E1.3; E3.4, and for the Khukhra river — C3.4; E1.2. We have not confirmed the existence of such biotopes as C3.4, E1.3, C1.4 for these objects. Also, the presence of Sarmatian-type pine forests (G3.4232) was noted, which are timed to the elevations of pine terraces. Biotopes with constant excessive moisture are ubiquitous in the waters of low-flow artificial ponds. Eutrophic and mesotrophic vegetation of slow-flowing waters often occurs in shallow water along riverbeds. Biotopes groups of dwarf annual amphibious plants were observed only in fragments. Lowland swamps with sedge thickets without stagnant water are widespread in the floodplain, although they occupy small areas. Biotopes flooded pasture and hay meadows are a variety of options coenotic (herbaceous and cereal, wet and moist high-grass meadows). Biotopes of riparian shrubs, willow and willow-poplar floodplain forests are distributed in small fragments in the riverbed of floodplains. Mixed riparian floodplain and gallery forests occur in low-lying areas at the transition from the floodplain to the pine terrace. In general, shrub and forest vegetation on the terraces of these rivers are currently quite limited and fragmentary. Due to the reduction in the use of hayfields, in the floodplain the presence of indigenous forest remnants is quite relevant, which should be a source for their restoration in large areas. Important environmental object in these areas, as part of the Emerald Network is the local population of Ostericum palustre, and in the valley of the Khukhra river discovered a large population.
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Henshaw, Tony, Edward H. Owens, Vicky Copeman, and Alfio Mianzan. "THE OSSA II PIPELINE SPILL, BOLIVIA: CLEANUP CRITERIA, CLEANUP OPERATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING, AND COMMUNITY ISSUES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1455.
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ABSTRACT An estimated 29,000 bbl of mixed crude oil and condensate was spilled from the OSSA II pipeline, which was damaged during summer flood conditions, at the Río Desaguadero river crossing on the Bolivian Altiplano. The oil was deposited as far as 250 km downstream along a total of approximately 400 km along the banks of river channels, meander floodplains, and irrigation ditches, as well as on several hundred hectares of low-lying floodplain. Residual oil samples had sediment contents as high as 80%, which indicates that considerable mixing took place during the transport process. The combination of the mixing processes with evaporation resulted in high depletion rates of oil (60%). The region has a rural population of about 30,000 whose primary activity is subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry (mainly sheep, llama, and cows). Downstream, the Lago ?oopó area is an extremely important habitat for aquatic birds. Following an initial assessment, and despite repetitive ground and aerial surveys throughout the entire region, no dead or oiled fish, birds or other animals were found as a result of the spill, hence the ecological concern was low. Water samples collected soon after the spill showed no detectable hydrocarbons in either the river or in potable water sources. Cleanup endpoints were established early in the response, and most of the cleanup was completed over a 2-month period. Cleanup operations were constrained by few crossing points over the river (bridges or hand-drawn ferries) and by the problems of access in the wetlands of the floodplain zone during the summer season. The response involved an outreach program through Community Liaison Officers, and 3,200 local inhabitants were hired to remove the oil from their individual village areas. A team of agronomists, veterinarians, and doctors was established to deal with the social and human-use issues.
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Alcântara, E., E. Novo, J. Stech, J. Lorenzzetti, C. Barbosa, A. Assireu, and A. Souza. "A contribution to understanding the turbidity behaviour in an Amazon floodplain." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 2 (February 22, 2010): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-351-2010.
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Abstract. Observations of turbidity provide quantitative information about water quality. However, the number of available in situ measurements for water quality determination is usually limited in time and space. Here, we present an analysis of the temporal and spatial variability of the turbidity of an Amazon floodplain lake using two approaches: (1) wavelet analysis of a turbidity time series measured by an automatic monitoring system, which should be improved/simplified, and (2) turbidity samples measured in different locations and then interpolated using an ordinary Kriging algorithm. The spatial and temporal variability of turbidity are clearly related to the Amazon River flood pulses in the floodplain. When the water level in the floodplain is rising or receding, the exchange between the Amazon River and the floodplain is the major driving force in turbidity variability. At high-water levels, turbidity variability is controlled by Lake Bathymetry. When the water level is low, wind action and Lake Morphometry are the main causes of turbidity variability. The combined use of temporal and spatial data shows a good potential for better understanding of the turbidity behaviour in a complex aquatic system such as the Amazon floodplain.
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Ogilvie, Andrew, Jean-Christophe Poussin, Jean-Claude Bader, Didier Martin, Gora Ndiaye, and Djiby Dia. "Improved understanding of the Senegal floodplain socio-hydrosystems with multi-scalar earth observations." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 383 (September 16, 2020): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-383-255-2020.
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Abstract. In semi-arid regions, the annual floods of alluvial plains, wetlands and lakes provide essential services to millions of farmers, livestock holders and fishers. The scale, number and dispersion of these water bodies limit however their hydrological understanding, whose complexity is exacerbated by the mutual interactions between water and society. Rising availability of high spatial and temporal resolution remote sensing imagery provide novel opportunities to improve the understanding of the hydrology of multiple water bodies and of their ability to support local livelihoods. Multi-scalar interdisciplinary research combining remote sensing, in situ observations, hydrological modelling and farmer interviews was developed to investigate multiple socio-hydrosystems in the Senegal floodplain. Surface water monitoring with MNDWI on multi-spectral imagery (Landsat 5, 7, 8 and Sentinel-2A) is used to identify intra-annual and inter-annual variations in water availability. Validation against field monitoring (R2=0.88) and photointerpretation of drone imagery highlights the benefits of Sentinel's increased resolution to monitor floods of minor surface area and duration and improve the representation of hysteresis in floodplains. Integrated into forthcoming river basin modelling, these results can help simulate the influence of upstream changes on the hydrology and associated services of these complex socio-hydrosystems and improve watershed management.
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Choquenot, D. "Assessing visibility bias associated with helicopter counts of feral pigs in Australia's semi-arid rangelands." Wildlife Research 22, no. 5 (1995): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950569.
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Aerial survey is a rapid technique for obtaining information about the abundance and distribution of feral pigs. To obtain estimates of actual pig abundance from such surveys, visibility bias associated with counts of pig groups must be estimated and accounted for. A double-count survey technique was used to estimate habitat-specific visibility bias associated with counts of pigs obtained from standardised helicopter surveys conducted in the semi-arid rangelands. Visibility bias differed significantly between riverine black-soil floodplains and non-riverine habitats, suggesting that at least two visibility-bias correction factors (3.61 and 1.47,respectively) were needed to derive absolute estimates of abundance from observed counts. The density of pigs was reduced experimentally on six sites by helicopter shooting or trapping to (1) evaluate the effect of helicopter shooting on visibility bias during subsequent helicopter surveys, and (2) provide further information on visibility bias associated with black-soil floodplain habitat. The experiments indicated no effect of helicopter shooting on visibility bias. However, a significant positive relationship between percentage cover of black-soil floodplain and visibility bias on study sites used for removal experiments suggests that estimates of visibility bias for this habitat derived from double-count surveys may be underestimates.
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Dukenov Zh.S, Abayeva K.T, Borissova Yu.S, Akhmetov R.S, and Dosmanbetov D.A. "RESULTS OF FOREST PATHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF TUGAI FORESTS IN THE FLOODPLAIN OF THE SYRDARYA AND ILE RIVERS." HERALD OF SCIENCE OF S SEIFULLIN KAZAKH AGRO TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 2(109) (June 30, 2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51452/kazatu.2021.2(109).798.
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This article presents the results of a reconnaissance and detailed forest pathological survey of tugai forests of the floodplain of the Syrdarya and Ile rivers. The studies were carried out at KSU “Otyrar forestry” along the floodplain of the Syrdarya River and KSU “Bakanas forestry” along the floodplain of the Ile River. The reconnaissance surveillance was carried out by an overground visual method from May to September 2021. Also, detailed surveys of the infestation and degree of damage to trees and shrubs by insect pests were carried out. According to the survey results, the sanitary condition of tugai forests is satisfactory. At the same time, the average degree of damage by leaf-gnawing and gall-forming pests of Populus diversifolia and Eleagnus angustifolia is more than 50%, which confirms the need for forest pathological monitoring.
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Anyun, Li, Li Yan, Gao Shiyu, Zhao Xiaopeng, Wang Jian, and Song Xiangdong. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Deep Pit Project in floodplain near Yangtze." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 04083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913604083.
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The construction of deep pit has a great impact on the surrounding environment, which is mainly reflected in the subsidence of surrounding soil. Because of the particularity in geological and hydrogeological conditions of riverside floodplain area, environmental impact assessment is needed. According to the monitoring data of practical engineering, the deep pit in the floodplain area near Yangtze River may cause a large subsidence of the surrounding soil with a rapid subsidence rate and a wide range of subsidence effects. The subsidence of the surrounding soil increases with the depth and time of excavation, and the post-construction subsidence effect is not obvious. The environmental effects of the deep foundation pit project in this project have provided valuable experience for guiding the implementation of the deep foundation pit near the floodplain in the future.
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Alcântara, E., E. Novo, J. Stech, J. Lorenzzetti, C. Barbosa, A. Assireu, and A. Souza. "The turbidity behavior in an Amazon floodplain." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (May 26, 2009): 3947–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-3947-2009.
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Abstract. The main objective of this study is to understand the turbidity behavior of an Amazon Floodplain Lake. Observations of turbidity provide quantitative information about water quality. However, the number of available in situ measurements for water quality determination is usually limited in time and space. Here, we present an analysis of the temporal and spatial variability using two approaches: (i) the first is based on wavelet analysis of a turbidity time series measured by an automatic monitoring system; (ii) the second is based on turbidity samples measured in different locations and then interpolated by an ordinary kriging algorithm. The space/time turbidity variability is clearly related to the Amazon River flood pulses in the floodplain. When the water level in the floodplain is rising or receding, the exchange between the Amazon River and the floodplain is the major driving force in turbidity variability. At high water level, the turbidity variability is controlled by the lake bathymetry. Finally, when the water level is low, the wind action and lake morphometry are the main causes of turbidity variability. The combined use of temporal and spatial data showed a great potential for understanding the turbidity behavior in a complex aquatic system, like the Amazon floodplain.
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MELO, Tomaz Nascimendo de, Marconi Campos CERQUEIRA, Fernando Mendonça D’HORTA, Hanna TUOMISTO, Jasper Van DONINCK, and Camila Cherem RIBAS. "Impacts of a large hydroelectric dam on the Madeira River (Brazil) on floodplain avifauna." Acta Amazonica 51, no. 4 (December 2021): 298–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202100662.
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ABSTRACT Hydroelectric dams represent an important threat to seasonally flooded environments in the Amazon basin. We aimed to evaluate how a dam in the Madeira River, one of the largest tributaries of the Amazonas River, affected floodplain avifauna. Bird occurrence was recorded through simultaneous passive acoustic monitoring in early successional vegetation and floodplain forest downstream from the dam and upstream in sites impacted by permanent flooding after dam reservoir filling. Species were identified through manual inspection and semi-automated classification of the recordings. To assess the similarity in vegetation between downstream and upstream sites, we used Landsat TM/ETM+ composite images from before (2009-2011) and after (2016-2018) reservoir filling. Downstream and upstream floodplain forest sites were similar before, but not after dam construction. Early successional vegetation sites were already different before dam construction. We recorded 195 bird species. While species richness did not differ between upstream and downstream sites, species composition differed significantly. Ten species were indicators of early successional vegetation upstream, and four downstream. Ten species were indicators of floodplain forest upstream, and 31 downstream. Seven of 24 floodplain specialist species were detected by the semi-automated classification only upstream. While we found some bird species characteristic of early successional vegetation in the upstream sites, we did not find most species characteristic of tall floodplain forest. Predominantly carnivorous, insectivorous, and nectarivorous species appear to have been replaced by generalist and widely distributed species.
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Kolobov, A. P. "The Radon Flux Density is 222 in the Soils of the Tobolsk District of the Tyumen Region." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 39 (2022): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2022.39.56.
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The aim of the work is to determine potentially radon dangerous areas for the local population on the territory of Kondinskaya lowland within the boundaries of Tobolsk district of Tyumen region with the help of radon monitoring complex “CAMERA-01”. The density of the radon-222 flux was defined at the soil depth from 0 to 100 cm in 10 plots. The plots are located on the low above floodplain terrace, in the levee and central floodplains of the Irtysh River and a tributary of the Tobol River – the Suklyomka River. The highest average value of radon-222 exhalation from the soil surface was found in the vicinity of Makedonova village – 39 mBq/(m2·s), in the rest of the tested soil plots it was not more than 18 mBq/(m2·s). The received data on density of radon-222 flux from the surface of soils of the investigated plots make it possible to say that they do not refer to potentially radon-hazardous. At the same time it is found that the territories around the village Usharovo, the village of Makedonova and settlement Savinsky Zaton (floodplain terraces of the Irtysh River) at a depth of 40 to 100 cm have average values of the flux density of natural radionuclide exceeding 200 mBq/(m2·s). Only in soils of the floodplain terrace of the river Suklyomka – a tributary of the Tobol river the radon– 222 flux density below 80 mBq/(m2 s) – I class of radon-hazard was fixed at the whole investigated depth. The highest average density of the radon–222 flow (1200 mBq/(m2·s)) at the depth of 100 cm was found in the vicinity of the settlement Savinsky Zaton, probably associated with the transfer of radon-222 from groundwater of the liquidated well, near which the sampling of radon-222 was made.
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German, Nadezhda Valerievna, Alina Valentinovna Babicheva, Igor Viktorovich Manaenkov, and Galina Aleksandrovna Sevriukova. "Environmental monitoring of the Sudomoyka river in the Volgo-Ahtubinsky floodplain." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 3 (August 15, 2018): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201873105.
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The paper is devoted to ecological monitoring and system analysis of the Volgograd Region (the Sudomoyka Erik) reservoir. Environmental monitoring was conducted from March 2017 to February 2018. The set of studies included: determination of water organoleptic characteristics, the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, pH value, a dry residue and bioindication. The authors note microorganism number increase: Synedra , Spirogyra , Mougeotia in July and September 2017 and in February 2018 which are biological indicators of water quality. The presence of a high number of microorganisms-bioindicators testifies to the supersaturation of water with oxygen and the formation of organic substances. The authors found an increase in salinity of water in March, July and December 2017, February 2018. In winter in the water of the Sudomoyka Erik the authors found large amounts of mucus, eggs of various insects, organic dirt, which indicates the water pollution in the winter. Water quality in the Sudomoyka Erik is unsatisfactory, the Eric is classified as a slightly polluted body of water. The Sudomoyka Erik cannot be used for domestic purposes by residents of nearby settlements and is unfavorable for swimming in summer. The ecological state of the Sudomoyka Erik determines the ecological state of the entire natural complex of the Volga-Ahtubinsky floodplain.
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Straatsma, M. W., and H. Middelkoop. "Airborne Laser Scanning as a Tool for Lowland Floodplain Vegetation Monitoring." Hydrobiologia 565, no. 1 (July 2006): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1907-5.
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Machar, Ivo, Karel Poprach, Luděk Praus, and Luboš Úradníček. "Floodplain Forests and Urban Parks – A Brief Comparison of Bird Diversity." Journal of Landscape Ecology 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2021-0015.
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Abstract Urbanization in cultural landscapes generally tends to select for omnivorous, granivorous, and cavity/hole nesting bird species in green urban areas. Studies on bird diversity in the cities are important to better understanding to the ecology of urban and sub-urban landscapes. The aim of this study was research on bird diversity in urban parks in Olomouc city in order to brief comparison with bird diversity in hardwood floodplain forest habitats based on our older above-mentioned study. Bird diversity in urban parks was very similar to the bird diversity in some localities of floodplain forests from the Czech Republic. Comparison between urban parks and hardwood floodplain forests in the vicinity of the city revealed a high similarity of alpha-diversity and diversity indexes. These results indicated that large urban parks have nearly the same importance for bird diversity such as managed hardwood floodplain forests. Results highlighted an importance of urban green areas for biodiversity maintaining in European cultural landscapes.
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Fu, Yunmei, Yanhui Dong, Yueqing Xie, Zhifang Xu, and Liheng Wang. "Impacts of Regional Groundwater Flow and River Fluctuation on Floodplain Wetlands in the Middle Reach of the Yellow River." Water 12, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 1922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071922.
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Floodplain wetlands are of great importance in the entire river and floodplain ecosystems. Understanding the hydrological processes of floodplain wetlands is fundamental to study the changes in wetlands caused by climate change and human activities. In this study, floodplain wetlands along the middle reach of the Yellow River were selected as a study area. The hydrological processes and the interactions between the river and the underlying aquifer were investigated by combining remote sensing, hydraulic monitoring, and numerical modeling. Wetland areas from 2014 to 2019 were extracted from Landsat 8 remote sensing images, and their correlation with the river runoff was analyzed. The results indicate that the river flow had a limited impact on the wetland size and so did groundwater levels, due to the strong reliance of wetland vegetation on water levels. Based on hydrological and hydrogeological conditions, a surface water–groundwater coupled numerical model was established. The comparison and correlation analysis between the monitored groundwater head and the simulated river stage also show that river flow did not play a first-order role in controlling the groundwater levels of wetlands in the study area. The simulation results also suggest that it is the regional groundwater flow that mainly sustains shallow groundwater of floodplain wetlands in the study area. The floodplain wetland of the study area was dynamic zones between the regional groundwater and river, the contrasting pattern of hydrological regimes on both banks of the Yellow River was due to a combination of regional groundwater flow and topography.
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O’Brien, Gordon C., Chris Dickens, Chris Baker, Retha Stassen, and Frank van Weert. "Sustainable Floodplains: Linking E-Flows to Floodplain Management, Ecosystems, and Livelihoods in the Sahel of North Africa." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 10578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410578.
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Floodplains are particularly important in the semi-arid region of the Sub-Sahelian Africa. In this region, water governance is still being developed, often without adequate information and technical capacity for good, sustainable water resource management. However, water resources are being allocated for use with minimal sustainability considerations. Environmental flows (e-flows) include the quantity and timing of flows or water levels needed to meet the sustainable requirements of freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. Holistic regional scale e-flows linked to floodplain management can make a noticeable contribution to sustainable floodplain management. The Inner Niger Delta (IND) in Mali is an example of a vulnerable, socio-ecologically important floodplain in the Sahel region of North Africa that is being developed with little understanding of sustainability requirements. Although integrally linked to the Upper Niger River catchment, the IND sustains a million and half people within the region and exports food to surrounding areas. The flooding of the Delta is the engine of the socio-economic development as well as its ecological integrity. This paper aims to demonstrate the contribution that holistic regional e-flow assessment using the PROBFLO approach has to achieving floodplain sustainability. This can be achieved through the determining the e-flow requirements to maintain critical requirements of the ecosystems and associated services used by local vulnerable human communities for subsistence and describing the socio-ecological consequences of altered flows. These outcomes can contribute to the management of the IND. In this study, the socio-ecological consequences of altered flows have been evaluated by assessing the risk of alterations in the volume, duration, and timing of flows, to a number of ecological and social endpoints. Based on the risk posed to these endpoints by each scenario of change, an e-flow of 58% (26,685 million cubic meters (MCM) of water annually) was determined that would protect the ecosystem and maintain indicator components at a sustainable level. These e-flows also provide sustainable services to local communities including products for subsistence and limit any abnormal increases in diseases to the vulnerable African communities who live in the basin. Relative risk outputs for the development scenarios result in low-to-high-risk probabilities for most endpoints. The future development scenarios include insufficient flows to maintain sustainability during dry or low-flow periods with an increase in zero flow possibilities. Although unsuitable during the low-flow or dry periods, sufficient water is available through storage in the basin to meet the e-flows if these scenarios were considered for implementation. The IND is more vulnerable to changes in flows compared to the rivers upstream of the IND. The e-flow outcomes and consequences of altered flow scenarios has contributed to the management of vulnerable IND floodplains and the requirements and trade-off considerations to achieve sustainability.
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Stevenson, Dirk J., and Jill Stackhouse. "The amphibians and reptiles of the Altamaha River, Georgia." Reptiles & Amphibians 19, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 170–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v19i3.13900.
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Field surveys of 59 sites conducted in 1999–2012 and a review of existing museum specimens documented 29 species of amphibians (13 salamanders, 16 anurans) and 36 species of reptiles (1 crocodilian, 5 lizards, 19 snakes, 11 turtles) from the Altamaha River, Georgia and lowland habitats within its associated floodplain. Field sampling methods including visual encounter surveys, dipnetting, frog call surveys, and binocular/canoe/swim surveys for turtles. All were conducted in several distinct habitat types: The river mainstem, the river floodplain (which includes bottom-land hardwood forest, alluvial swamps, and oxbow lakes), and perennial seepages associated with north-facing bluffs. Biogeographically, the Altamaha River is a notable influence on the distributions of many amphibians and reptiles. Pitvipers are mostly absent in floodplain habitats along the river; the absence of what is generally perceived as a common semi-aquatic viper (Cotttonmouth, Agkistrodon piscivorus) from floodplain wetlands along much of the Altamaha River is intriguing and merits further study. Continued investigations and regular monitoring of reptilian and amphibian populations along the Altamaha River, a remarkable Coastal Plain stream and a wilderness waterway par excellence, are warranted.
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Virsta, Ana. "FLOODPLAIN REVEGETATION AND RIVER BASIN RESTORATION." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 6, no. 4 (2007): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2007.038.
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Ford, David T., and Allan Oto. "Floodplain‐Management Plan Enumeration." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 115, no. 4 (July 1989): 472–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1989)115:4(472).
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Tewari, S., J. Kulhavý, Rock BN, and P. Hadaš. "Remote monitoring of forest response to changed soil moisture regime due to river regulation." Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 9 (January 16, 2012): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4716-jfs.
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Floodplain forest response to changed soil moisture regime and nutrient availability due to river regulation was studied using remote sensing (ETM) data. Images of May and October 2001 were used to prepare NDVI, SAVI, 5/4-ratio images and ETM band 7. Comparisons of the LAI, NDVI, 5/4-ratios and ETM band 7 mean values were done to find out the differences between the flooded and non-flooded sites. Unsupervised clustering of images was done using single transformed channels, i.e. NDVI, SAVI, 5/4-ratio and ETM band 7 to find seasonal variations in the values of these indices. The results were found to be in agreement with ground research.
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Priddel, D. "Habitat Utilization by Sympatric Red Kangaroos Macropus-Rufus, and Western Grey Kangaroos Macropus-Fuliginosus, in Western New-South-Wales." Wildlife Research 15, no. 4 (1988): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880413.
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Habitat utilisation by sympatric red kangaroos, Macropus rufus, and western grey kangaroos, M. fuliginosus, was monitored by aerial survey. Red kangaroos used floodplain and sandplain with equal intensity. Western grey kangaroos favoured floodplain and utilised woodland on both landforms relatively more than did red kangaroos. Movements of kangaroos between sandplain and floodplain paralleled changes in pasture condition. Red kangaroos responded to pasture growth, moving to sandplain immediately after rain. Western greys followed up to 3 months later, the increase in use of sandplain being weakly correlated (r = 0.70) to an increase in pasture biomass. There was no evidence of any temporal change in use of either woodland or open plain by either species.
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Волков, Владимир, Vladimir Volkov, Александр Кравченко, and Aleksandr Kravchenko. "The design parameters of geotextile containers for dewatering sediment." Construction and Architecture 2, no. 4 (April 22, 2015): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17517.
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This article describes an efficient method of clearing of small rivers in the dense housing floodplain. Presents disadvantages tive-rate documentation on the design of flexible containers. Developm HN dependence of the parameters of geotextile containers dehydrating-of sediment for practical design and monitoring.
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Krasnopeyev, Sergey M., Igor O. Nerov, and Andrey N. Bugaets. "The potential of remote sensing materials to restore of a highly detailed DEM of the floodable part of the river floodplain of large rivers." Geoinformatika, no. 4 (December 27, 2022): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47148/1609-364x-2022-4-28-35.
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The results of the application of remote sensing data are presented to solve the problem of constructing a highly detailed DEM of floodable part of the river floodplain in order to improve the accuracy of numerical hydrodynamic modeling. Hydrodynamic modeling is necessary to predict the spread of a flood wave and to ensure activities to mitigate the scale of the negative impact of waters in the Amur River basin, which is one of the most flood-prone areas of the Russian Federation. Remote sensing image data acquired from domestic spacecraft "Resurs-P" and "Canopus-V" allowed to fix the actual configuration of the Amur riverbed, and the use of a time series of satellite images together with the results of hydrological monitoring of the water level by the observation network of Roshydromet increased the degree of correctness of reproducing the relief of the floodable part of the river floodplain. The results of the experiment on a model site in the area of the village of Troitskoye (lower course of the Amur River), characterized by minor height changes, allow us to assert that a time series of satellite images, taking into account the results of hydrological monitoring of the water level by the observation network of Roshydromet, can serve as a source of sufficiently detailed information about the relief of the flooded area of the river floodplain of large rivers.
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Matoušková, Milada. "Ecohydrological monitoring of the river habitat quality." Geografie 109, no. 2 (2004): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2004109020105.
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Complex ecohydrological methods are of principal significance when evaluating the state of water ecosystems and they give also decisive information for their restoration. New approaches in the evaluation allow a broader view at the water ecosystem. The ecohydrological state of a stream is determined by a set of hydromorphological characteristics of the river channel, of its runoff, by hydrochemical and hydrobiological condition of water, by the character of bank and riparian belts and transformation of the floodplain. The new European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) underlines the significance of ecohydrological methods. In the paper is represented a method of ecomorphological evaluation of streams habitat quality and its application on the model study area of the Rakovnický Brook.
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Dutta, Venkatesh, Ravindra Kumar, and Urvashi Sharma. "Assessment of human-induced impacts on hydrological regime of Gomti river basin, India." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, no. 5 (August 10, 2015): 631–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-11-2014-0160.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential impact of human-induced intervention on hydrological regimes of Gomti river, one of the important tributaries of the Ganga Alluvial Plain in India aiming at an overall assessment of the status quo. Design/methodology/approach – The research methodology includes following four components: study of basin morphology, sub-surface geology and sediments profile of Gomti river; a comparison of LANDSAT satellite data of 1978 and IRS-1C/LISS-III satellite data of 2008 to study the changes occurring in the built-up area, forest and water bodies of the basin; study of flow patterns in different stretches of river Gomti from 1978 to 2012; and water quality assessment at different sites from origin of the river to its confluence in the Ganges. Findings – The paper shows that over the years, the water source in the tributaries feeding the river Gomti has shrunk, reducing the flow in the river. A steady increase in developed land area due to rapid urban sprawl has occurred in recent decades, due to which forest cover and wetlands are decreasing, the river and floodplains are getting fragmented, the hydromorphology changed considerably and several tributaries are getting dried as a result of indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater. There is no flow in the initial 57 km stretch of the river with wide encroachment in active floodplains. Groundwater over-extraction to meet the demands of increasing population and intensive agriculture has led to reduction in base-flows and in some reaches even negative. Extensive land-use changes in the Gomti river basin (GRB) severely impact the river and floodplain connectivity, the impacts are already evident as several tributaries are getting dried during the non-monsoon months. Research limitations/implications – The information provided by the paper for GRB is significant for the understanding of the basin and to formulate integrated management and development plan of the basin. Significant changes have taken place in the GRB over the recent past and are still continuing. Because of the chosen river basin and the site-specific research approach, the research results may lack generalization. However, it provides a general framework of analysis which could be applied to other regions. Practical implications – River channels with their floodplains and adjoining ecosystems have to be addressed as interconnected ecological entity in a holistic way. This requires comprehensive observations of the river systems and catchment characteristics using long-term data. The paper could be used as the starting point in the development of management and development strategies for the basin. Originality/value – River and its floodplain offer multiple ecosystem services and deserve an integrated approach for their conservation and restoration. Conservation and protection of ecologically intact river-floodplain systems is extremely important and urgently needs integrated planning and management. This paper has adopted a integrated approach to study the integrity of river ecosystems and the potential pressures on them.
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Williams, C. L., K. McDonald, E. Rignot, L. A. Viereck, J. B. Way, and R. Zimmermann. "Monitoring, classification, and characterization of interior Alaska forests using AIRSAR and ERS-1 SAR." Polar Record 31, no. 177 (April 1995): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400013723.
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AbstractAt the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest (BCEF), past ecological research has been directed at forest successional processes on the floodplain of the Tanana River and adjacent uplands. Research at the Bonanza Creek site continues on the mosaic of forests, shrublands, and wetlands in a wide variety of successional stages on the Tanana floodplain. This paper reviews research since 1988 into the capabilities of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for monitoring, classification, and characterization of these forests using radar remote sensing and modelling techniques. Classifications of successional stages, obtained by use of different classifiers on multi-frequency and multi-polarimetric AIRSAR data, are contrasted; these classifications have been used to predict classification accuracies obtained with ERS-1 data, and to estimate the utility of an ERS-1 and RADARSAT combination for classification. Forest classifications, used in combination with ground-truth data for more than 50 forest stands, are used to summarize the distribution of biomass on the landscape. This will allow projections of future biomass. Monitoring of forest phenology, seasonality of flooding, and freeze–thaw transitions is ongoing. Also, direct monitoring of dominant tree species is demonstrating diurnal variation and interrelationships among environmental, physiological, and backscatter measurements.
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Mustafa, M. G., and Alan C. Brooks. "A comparative study of two seasonal floodplain aquaculture systems in Bangladesh." Water Policy 11, S1 (March 1, 2009): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.004.
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This paper presents a comparative analysis of the technical and economic parameters of two community led approaches: the semi-closed water bodies and the floodplain water bodies based systems in Bangladesh. The two approaches differ in management, fish production, impact on biodiversity, capital investment and annual variable costs, share of profits and proportional benefits for the poor, and impact on allied businesses—the so-called backward and forward linkages. For the semi-closed water bodies (beels) the fish harvest increased from an annual average of 380 kg ha−1 in 2002 to 921 kg ha−1 by 2005. During the same period, the biodiversity measured for self-recruiting indigenous species, using the Shannon-Weiner Index (H′), increased significantly (P<0.05) from 2.24 in 2002 to 2.56 in 2005. For the floodplain aquaculture system (Pankowri or Daudkandi model) annual fish production ranged from 1.5 to 1.8 t ha−1. Annual net economic benefit per hectare was found to be Taka 37,710±24,600 and 26,819±10,780 for semi-closed and floodplain systems respectively. The net income per kg of product was found to be Taka 44.0±9.0 and 13.0±3.0 for semi-closed and floodplain systems, respectively. The floodplain system tends to use comparatively more feed and fertilizers per unit area that pond-based aquaculture.
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Fedonenko, E. V., O. M. Kunakh, Y. A. Chubchenko, and O. V. Zhukov. "Application of remote sensing data for monitoring eutrophication of floodplain water bodies." Biosystems Diversity 30, no. 2 (May 26, 2022): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012219.
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The aim of this article was to investigate the influence of structural features of the floodplain water network on the spatial and temporal dynamics of chlorophyll-a concentration as an indicator of eutrophication. The research was conducted in the waters of the “Dnipro-Orilskiy” Nature Reserve. The geographic information base with polygonal objects which represented water bodies of the reserve was created on the basis of detailed geographical maps and the high resolution space images. The water bodies were characterized using such parameters as the distance of the water body centroid from the nearest shore of the Dnipro River, the area of the water body, the order of the water body and the connectivity of the water body. Chlorophyll-а concentration was estimated based on the surface algal bloom index. The information was obtained about 148 water bodies, 141 of which are water bodies in the floodplain of the Dnipro River. The area of floodplain water bodies within the reserve was 3.28 million m2. The area of floodplain water bodies ranged from 300–232,500 m2. Trophic State Index allows us to estimate the trophic level of Dnipro River waters as mesotrophic, water bodies of first and second order as eutrophic, and water bodies of third and fourth order as hypereutrophic. The dynamics of chlorophyll-a content in water followed the seasonal course of temperatures. The concentration was lowest in the cold period of the year and reached its maximum in the second half of summer. The autumn decrease occurred at the end of September. The seasonal course of air temperature was superimposed on the peculiarities of the temperature regime of a particular water body, which depended on its depth and flow rate. The time, water body area, distance from the Dnipro River channel, connectivity and order of water bodies were the statistically significant predictors of chlorophyll concentration in water and were able to explain 85% of the variation of this indicator. The increase in chlorophyll-a concentration with increasing order of a water body is due to a decrease in the intensity of water exchange and a decrease in the depth of water bodies of higher order. An increase in the order of a water body is accompanied by a branching network of water bodies, the ability of water bodies to clear sediments decreases. Sediment accumulation leads to a decrease in their depth. Warming of shallow ponds and accumulation of organic matter in them are factors of intensive growth of blue-green algae. The evacuation of surplus organic matter, which results from mass vegetation development with excessive nutrient inputs, is a key driver of the eutrophic regime of water bodies. The increasing importance of regulatory processes develops in agreement with an increase in chlorophyll-a concentration in a water body. The importance of the considered factors reaches the highest level in summer time, when simultaneous maximum warming of water bodies and minimum water level in them take place. Accordingly, the differences between deep and relatively cool water bodies and shallow water bodies that warm up quickly, which significantly stimulates the growth of organic mass, reach the greatest contrast. The spatial patterns of variation in chlorophyll-a concentration have a complex multiscale structure, indicating the multiple nature of the acting factors. The spatial variability was represented as a composition of broad-scale and medium-scale spatial processes. The broad-scale process is most dependent on connectivity, whereas for the medium-scale process the leading one is the effect of water body order.
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Bryant, M. D., R. T. Edwards, and R. D. Woodsmith. "An approach to effectiveness monitoring of floodplain channel aquatic habitat: salmonid relationships." Landscape and Urban Planning 72, no. 1-3 (April 2005): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.017.
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Florsheim, J. L., J. F. Mount, and C. R. Constantine. "A geomorphic monitoring and adaptive assessment framework to assess the effect of lowland floodplain river restoration on channel–floodplain sediment continuity." River Research and Applications 22, no. 3 (2006): 353–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rra.911.
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