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1
Abidin, H. Z., H. Andreas, I. Gumilar, and I. R. R. Wibowo. "On correlation between urban development, land subsidence and flooding phenomena in Jakarta." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 370 (June 11, 2015): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-15-2015.
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Abstract. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia with a population of about 10.2 million people, inhabiting an area of about 660 square-km. It is located within a deltaic plain and passes by 13 natural and artificial rivers. In the last three decades, urban development of Jakarta has grown very rapidly in the sectors of industry, trade, transportation, real estate and many others, which has caused several negative environmental impacts. In turns Jakarta is then prone toward a few natural hazards mainly land subsidence and flooding. In general, based on geodetic measurement methods (e.g. Leveling, GPS surveys, and InSAR), conducted since 1982 up to 2014, it is obtained that land subsidence in Jakarta exhibits spatial and temporal variations, with the typical rates of about 3 to 10 cm year−1. In general, the impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta can be seen in the forms of cracking of permanent constructions and roads, changes in river canal and drain flow systems, wider expansion of coastal and/or inland flooding areas, and malfunction of drainage system. Several areas along the coast of Jakarta already have experienced tidal flooding during high tide periods. These coastal flooding usually occurs in the areas with relatively large subsidence rates. Subsidence in the areas along the rivers which are flowing throughout Jakarta will also worsen the impacts of riverine flooding. The changes in river canal and drain flow systems and malfunction of drainage system due to land subsidence will also aggravate the flooding. Land subsidence will have direct and indirect affects with the flooding in Jakarta, both in coastal or inland areas.
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Veról, Aline Pires, Ianic Bigate Lourenço, João Paulo Rebechi Fraga, Bruna Peres Battemarco, Mylenna Linares Merlo, Paulo Canedo de Magalhães, and Marcelo Gomes Miguez. "River Restoration Integrated with Sustainable Urban Water Management for Resilient Cities." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 8, 2020): 4677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114677.
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Urban floods can threaten citizens’ quality of life, produce socioeconomic losses, and act as an urban degradation driver. Restoring urban rivers, however, is not simple and its results are usually limited. It would be desirable to enhance urban fluvial systems, control flood risks, and increase city resilience while improving the city itself. This work suggests that river restoration, when applied to an urban watershed, should be supported by sustainable urban drainage measures to compensate for the negative effects induced by city growth in the water cycle, in a systemic approach to the entire watershed. A methodological framework is proposed to verify this hypothesis intending to assess urban flooding projects in a wide sense. This framework uses a hydrodynamic mathematical model and a set of multicriteria indices. A case study in Dona Eugênia Watershed, in Brazil, was developed. Two different design concepts were considered: the usual drainage design and the river restoration combined with sustainable urban drainage. Both solutions were designed to completely solve the problems, leading to virtually zero flooding in the present situation; however, environmental and urban gains were greater when using the proposed combination. Besides, when testing resilience behavior, it was also shown to be more consistent over time.
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Vaes, G., T. Feyaerts, and P. Swartenbroekx. "Influence and modelling of urban runoff on the peak flows in rivers." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 7 (October 1, 2009): 1919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.638.
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Surface waters and urban drainage systems are usually studied separately. However there are important interactions between both systems. Urban drainage systems can have an important impact on the surface waters, mainly at combined sewer overflows. On the other hand during periods of high water levels in a river, the runoff from the urban drainage system can be significantly influenced by backwater, which increases the probability of flooding in is not obvious, because the modelling tools for both systems are often hard to combine properly. To properly assess the probability of flooding for this kind of integrated water systems, different submodels are needed for both subsystems. In practice often one single model is used to describe the runoff to rivers despite the presence of urban catchments. The main objective of this study is to show the limits of this simplified approach. Furthermore, it is necessary to use continuous long term simulations, because of the differences in runoff behaviour. Detailed hydrodynamic models do not really fit for this purpose because of long simulation times and high demands in memory and disk space. Therefore simplified conceptual models are more useful.
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Wang, Feng Zhou, Bao Hua Xu, Chen Ming Li, Jun Lin Qiu, Cong Liu, and Li Zhong Xu. "Design of Large Closed Loop Control Structure for Urban Drainage Systems in the Whole Optimizing Running Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.1012.
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Urban drainage system involves urban surface runoff, drainage pipeline system and rivers and its dynamic behavior is driven both by natural and artificial forces. There is a lack of appropriate and progressive hydraulic dynamic models for whole urban drainage system, together with much difficulty in collecting operation data, and backwardness of operation control techniques, thereby causing the frequent occurrence of urban flooding, sewage overflow and high energy-consumption of the pump stations. Therefore, it is hard to guarantee the security, reliability and high-efficiency of the operation of the urban drainage networks. To solve these problems, this paper proposed a large closed-loop control system model to achieve multi-objective and comprehensive operation optimization of urban drainage networks, based on the design of a new control model of a progressive system of city runoffs, drainage pipeline network and river tunnels.
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Yang, Quntao, Shuliang Zhang, Qiang Dai, and Rui Yao. "Assessment of Community Vulnerability to Different Types of Urban Floods: A Case for Lishui City, China." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 7865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197865.
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Urban flooding is a severe and pervasive hazard caused by climate change, urbanization, and limitations of municipal drainage systems. Cities face risks from different types of floods, depending on various geographical, environmental, and hydrometeorological conditions. In response to the growing threat of urban flooding, a better understanding of urban flood vulnerability is needed. In this study, a comprehensive method was developed to evaluate the vulnerability of different types of urban floods. First, a coupled urban flood model was built to obtain the extent of influence of various flood scenarios caused by rainfall and river levee overtopping. Second, an assessment framework for urban flood vulnerability based on an indicator method was used to evaluate the vulnerability in different flood hazard scenarios. Finally, the method was applied to Lishui City, China, and the distribution and pattern of urban flood vulnerability were studied. The results highlight the spatial variability of flooding and the vulnerability distributions of different types of urban floods. Compound floods were identified to cause more severe effects in the urban areas.
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Chen, A. S., S. Djordjević, J. Leandro, and D. A. Savić. "An analysis of the combined consequences of pluvial and fluvial flooding." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 1491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.486.
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Intense rainfall in urban areas often generates both pluvial flooding due to the limited capacity of drainage systems, as well as fluvial flooding caused by deluges from river channels. The concurrence of pluvial and fluvial flooding can aggravate their (individual) potential damages. To analyse the impact caused by individual and composite type of flooding, the SIPSON/UIM model, an integrated 1D sewer and 2D overland flow was applied to numerical modelling. An event matrix of possible pluvial scenarios was combined with hypothetic overtopping and breaching situations to estimate the surface flooding consequences in the Stockbridge area, Keighley (Bradford, UK). The modelling results identified different flooding drivers in different parts of the study area and showed that the worst scenarios resulted from synthesised events.
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Bertozzi, Cinalberto, and Fabio Paglione. "New advanced designed systems to ensure safeguard of the territory and preservation of water resources for irrigation." Economia agro-alimentare, no. 2 (September 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2-2020oa10413.
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The Burana Land-Reclamation Board is an interregional water board operating in three regions and five provinces. The Burana Land-Reclamation Board operates over a land area of about 250,000 hectares between the Rivers Secchia, Panaro and Samoggia, which forms the drainage basin of the River Panaroand part of the Burana-Po di Volano, from the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines to the River Po. Its main tasks are the conservation and safeguarding of the territory, with particular attention to water resources and how they are used, ensuring rainwater drainage from urban centres, avoiding flooding but ensuringwater supply for crop irrigation in the summer to combat drought. Since the last century the Burana Land-Reclamation Board has been using innovative techniques in the planning of water management schemes designed to achieve the above aims, improving the management of water resources while keeping a constant eye on protection of the environment.
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Jha, Manoj, and Sayma Afreen. "Flooding Urban Landscapes: Analysis Using Combined Hydrodynamic and Hydrologic Modeling Approaches." Water 12, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071986.
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The frequency and severity of floods have been found to increase in recent decades, which have adverse effects on the environment, economics, and human lives. The catastrophe of such floods can be confronted with the advance prediction of floods and reliable analyses methods. This study developed a combined flood modeling system for the prediction of floods, and analysis of associated vulnerabilities on urban infrastructures. The application of the method was tested on the Blue River urban watershed in Missouri, USA, a watershed of historical significance for flood impacts and abundance of data availability for such analyses. The combined modeling system included two models: hydrodynamic model HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center—River Analysis System) and hydrologic model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). The SWAT model was developed for the watershed to predict time-series hydrograph data at desired locations, followed by the setup of HEC-RAS model for the analysis and prediction of flood extent. Both models were calibrated and validated independently using the observed data. The well-calibrated modeling setup was used to assess the extent of impacts of the hazard by identifying the flood risk zones and threatened critical infrastructures in flood zones through inundation mapping. Results demonstrate the usefulness of such combined modeling systems to predict the extent of flood inundation and thus support analyses of management strategies to deal with the risks associated with critical infrastructures in an urban setting. This approach will ultimately help with the integration of flood risk assessment information in the urban planning process.
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Rangari, V. A., R. Gonugunta, N. V. Umamahesh, A. K. Patel, and C. M. Bhatt. "1D-2D MODELING OF URBAN FLOODS AND RISK MAP GENERATION FOR THE PART OF HYDERABAD CITY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-445-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Space for water is now becoming guiding principle of urban planning because urban flooding is the major problem facing by most of the cities in India. Urban development in developing countries like India usually occurs with high population concentrating in small areas, with poor drainage conditions. People occupy floodplain areas in low flood years and when larger flood occurs it causes high damage. The origin for urban floods is floodplains encroachment and unplanned drainage systems. Complexities in the urban environment and drainage infrastructure have an inherent influence on surface runoff. This runoff generates urban flooding which poses challenges to modeling urban flood hazard and risk. As like in river flooding satellite images are not available for unban flooding scenario. So better modelling provides minimizing loss of life and property. The present study focuses on recognizing the highly effected areas which are liable to flooding when extreme rainfall occurs for part of Hyderabad city (Zone XIII). The entire Hyderabad city is divided into 16 zones and each zone having details of existing drain network. A coupled 1D-2D flood modelling approach is used to identify flood prone areas and develop flood inundation and flood risk maps. 1D model for pilot area is developed using storm water management model (SWMM) and coupled with 2D PCSWMM. A web based GIS platform INPPINS is used to geo reference the existing network details and exported to 1D SWMM model. The model is simulated for extreme flood event occurred in past. The simulation run results identifies overflowing drainage nodes and flood inundation maps and risk maps prepared. The flood risk maps identify the low lying areas which need immediate attention in case of emergency. The overflowing nodes suggest the need of improvement of drainage in the area to safely dispose of the storm water and minimize the flooding.</p>
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Lima dos Santos, Cíntia Rafaela, Gisellia Muniz Da Silva, Kássia Carneiro Da Silva Santana, Kalinny Patrícia Vaz Lafayette, and Simone Rosa Da Silva. "Drenagem Urbana: Uma Análise de Vazão de Cheia para a Sub-Bacia do Rio Beberibe." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 15, no. 4 (July 19, 2022): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v15.4.p2104-2120.
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A bacia do rio Beberibe abrange quatro municípios de Pernambuco e tem significativa importância nos seus sistemas de drenagens urbana. O trecho do baixo Beberibe possui um adensamento populacional intenso, inclusive nas suas margens, que associado ao descarte irregular dos resíduos sólidos, polui e abstrói a calha do rio, que na ocorrência de picos de chuvas, resulta em alagamentos e inundações na área. Na intenção de minimizar esses transtornos, essa pesquisa visa analisar a vazão de cheia da sub-bacia do rio Beberibe, para implementar medidas estruturais e não estruturais de drenagem urbana sustentável. A metodologia utilizada consistiu em simular as vazões de cheia para tempos de retorno de 05 e 10 anos, a partir de hidrogramas de cheias gerados por meio do modelo ABC6. Os resultados demonstraram que a sub-bacia do rio Beberibe tende a uma vazão de pico de 46,61m³/s e 63,95 m³/s, respectivamente. Dessa forma, foram apresentadas áreas permeáveis disponíveis para implementação de reservatórios de detenção, para atuarem como medida de controle de enchente nos períodos de chuvas intensas, além de medidas não estruturais a serem implantadas no entorno do rio e para as comunidades ribeirinhas.Palavras chaves: águas pluvais; modelo hidrológico; alagamentos. Urban Drainage: A Flood Flow Analysis for the Beberibe River Sub-Basin using the ABC6 modelA B S T R A C TThe Beberibe river basin covers four municipalities in Pernambuco and has significant importance in its urban drainage systems. The lower Beberibe stretch has an intense population density, including on its banks, which, associated with the irregular disposal of solid waste, pollutes and drains the river channel, which in the event of rain peaks, results in flooding and flooding in the area. In order to minimize these disturbances, this research aims to analyze the flood flow of the Beberibe River sub-basin, to implement structural and non-structural sustainable urban drainage measures. The methodology used consisted of simulating the flood flows for return times of 05 and 10 years, from flood hydrographs generated through the ABC6 model. The results showed that the Beberibe River sub-basin tends to a peak flow of 46.61 m³/s and 63.95 m³/s, respectively. In this way, permeable areas available for the implementation of detention reservoirs were presented, to act as a flood control measure in periods of intense rainfall, in addition to non-structural measures to be implemented around the river and for riverside communities.Keywords: rainwater; hydrological model; floods.
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Kurbanov, S. O., N. V. Khanov, and O. N. Chernykh. "PROBLEMS AND WAYS FOR SOLVING ISSUES OF ENGINEERING PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF COASTAL DISTURBED LANDS OF URBAN TERRITORIES." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 1 (2023): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2023-1-38-46.
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The problems of engineering protection of territories from flooding and flooding by flood waters of rivers are relevant for many regions of Russia, including for the Moscow region, where the project of creating the science town «Big Serpukhov» is being implemented. At the same time, serious obstacles arose related to the flooding of a significant part of the territories of the coastal zones of the Serpukhov region. Here, most of the agricultural land is in a disturbed and degraded state, it needs to be restored using phytomeliorative measures. In order to solve the problems and obstacles that have arisen, scientific programs have been drawn up to study and survey the existing state of all territories and objects of the science city being formed. And also – water bodies (Oka and Nara rivers), which are sources of flooding of coastal areas and settlements. The results of the analysis of materials previously made by the authors of developments and inventions on the engineering protection of coastal territories and objects are presented from the point of view of the possibility of their use in solving the problems of fl ooding the lands of the science city. The developments and inventions that can be effectively used in solving the issues of engineering protection and environmental arrangement of the flooded territories of the science city are briefly demonstrated. The results of preliminary studies confirm the high efficiency and manufacturability of the use of bioengineering systems for the protection and development of coastal zones. The creation and implementation of bioengineering systems based on natural and safe artifi cial materials will reduce the material costs of construction and will contribute to the restoration of water protection and other disturbed zones in compliance with environmental requirements. A preliminary assessment of the impact of the dam on the Nara River in a hydrodynamic accident on the parameters of the fl ood zone in the left-bank part of the clusters and districts of Serpukhov showed that in the implementation of the most likely accident scenario, the emergency situation may be local in terms of material damage and municipal in terms of territoriality.
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Bertrand, N., B. Jefferson, and P. Jeffrey. "Cross sectoral and scale-up impacts of greywater recycling technologies on catchment hydrological flows." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 5 (April 1, 2008): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.176.
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With the growth of urban areas and climate change, decisions need to be taken to improve water management. This paper reports an assessment of the impact of greywater recycling systems on catchment scale hydrological flows. A simulation model developed in InfoWorks CS (Wallingford Software Ltd) was used to evaluate how river flows, sewer flows, surface runoff and flooding events may be influenced when grey water recycling systems of different number and scale are implemented in a representative catchment. The simulations show the effectiveness of greywater recycling systems in reducing total wastewater volume and flood volume. However, no hydraulic impacts due to implementation of greywater was identified by the model.
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Kostianoy, Andrey G., Sergey A. Lebedev, Dmitry M. Soloviev, and Yalcin Tepe. "On river plumes along the Turkish coast of the Black Sea." Ecologica Montenegrina 25 (November 8, 2019): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.25.7.
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Heavy rains have become a serious problem for the coastal zone of the Krasnodar Territory of the Russian Federation and the Black Sea coast of Turkey. They lead to a significant increase in water levels in rivers, flooding of villages and even large cities, damage to urban and tourist infrastructure, roads and railways, bridges, beaches, flushing of garbage and sewage into rivers. This leads to environmental problems and even loss of life. River runoff forms river plumes in the coastal zone of the sea, which, depending on wind speed and direction, speed and direction of coastal currents, river runoff and density difference with sea water, can have various forms and spread in different directions from the mouth of the river, as well as participate in mesoscale and sub-mesoscale circulation of coastal waters. River plumes significantly affect the quality of sea water and the sanitary and epidemiological situation on the beaches of the resort area of Krasnodar Territory and Turkey. The situation is aggravated by the fact that sewage systems are in poor condition in cities or are completely absent in most of small villages along rivers and the coastal zone. After heavy rains, wastewater very often reaches the sea and poses a serious threat to human health. The purpose of this study is to use satellite remote sensing to demonstrate the behavior of river plumes along the Black Sea Turkish coast.
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Hernández, Julio Cesar Morales, Oscar Frausto Martinez, Bartolo Cruz Romero, Jorge Ignacio Chavoya Gama, and Fátima Maciel Carrillo González. "Susceptibility to Flooding of Urban Areas Puerto Vallarta - Mexico." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170305.
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The Mexican Pacific coast is frequently affected by meteorological systems that cause rain. These events are beneficial when they precipitate in the internal valleys of the basins and water is captured from the highlands by filtration, recharging the aquifers, and allowing surface runoff through rivers and runoffs that are the natural sources of freshwater. On the other hand, these systems are adverse when they precipitate in excess, and additionally, they are associated with bad decisions and urban planning errors that put at risk the life and patrimony of some social sectors, this aspect has become a national security issue for the authorities. The region of Bahia de Banderas has a rainwater drainage network through open-pit channels that partially cover the urban area, a situation that puts the population and its assets at risk since rain considered common causes significant puddles, a situation that is progressively worsening, but the great danger of an extraordinary amount of rain, as has occurred in the past, is represented by the hydrological basins that cross or are adjacent to it, an aspect that will be discussed in greater detail in this article.
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Birkinshaw, Stephen J., Chris Kilsby, Greg O’Donnell, Paul Quinn, Russell Adams, and Mark E. Wilkinson. "Stormwater Detention Ponds in Urban Catchments—Analysis and Validation of Performance of Ponds in the Ouseburn Catchment, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK." Water 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 2521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182521.
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The impact of stormwater drainage and detention ponds on flooding is assessed using statistical analysis and physically based computer simulation of a 45-year case study for a peri-urban catchment. In 1978, the 54 km2 Ouseburn catchment in Newcastle upon Tyne was impacted by the connection of a new 2.1 km2 residential development, directly to the Ouseburn River, via a stormwater drain, which reduced the time to peak and increased flood risk. Further residential developments of 1.6 km2 have been built since 2004, again with separated sewer systems, but this time linked to stormwater detention ponds before draining into the Ouseburn River. Detailed analysis of the data, confirmed with computer simulation, shows that in contrast with the 1978 intervention, these new developments had only a minimal effect on the flows in the Ouseburn River, in fact achieving a small reduction in peak flows for large events. This study assesses the post-construction efficiency of such systems, and we show that the stormwater detention ponds are working as designed.
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Pregnolato, Maria, Andrew O. Winter, Dakota Mascarenas, Andrew D. Sen, Paul Bates, and Michael R. Motley. "Assessing flooding impact to riverine bridges: an integrated analysis." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 1559–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1559-2022.
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Abstract. Flood events are the most frequent cause of damage to infrastructure compared to any other natural hazard, and global changes (climate, socioeconomic, technological) are likely to increase this damage. Transportation infrastructure systems are responsible for moving people, goods and services, and ensuring connection within and among urban areas. A failed link in these systems can impact the community by threatening evacuation capability, recovery operations and the overall economy. Bridges are critical links in the wider urban system since they are associated with little redundancy and a high (re)construction cost. Riverine bridges are particularly prone to failure during flood events; in fact, the risks to bridges from high river flows and erosion have been recognized as crucial at global level. The interaction of flow, structure and network is complex, and not fully understood. This study aims to establish a rigorous, multiphysics modeling approach for the assessment of the hydrodynamic forces impacting inundated bridges, and the subsequent structural response, while understanding the consequences of such impact on the surrounding network. The objectives of this study are to model hydrodynamic forces as demand on the bridge structure, to advance a performance evaluation of the structure under the modeled loading, and to assess the overall impact at systemic level. The flood-prone city of Carlisle (UK) is used as a case study and a proof of concept. Implications of the hydrodynamic impact on the performance and functionality of the surrounding transport network are discussed. This research will help to fill the gap between current guidance for design and assessment of bridges within the overall transport system.
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Duy, Phan N., Lee Chapman, Miles Tight, Phan N. Linh, and Le V. Thuong. "Increasing vulnerability to floods in new development areas: evidence from Ho Chi Minh City." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-12-2016-0169.
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Purpose Flooding is an emerging problem in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam, and is fast becoming a major barrier to its ongoing development. While flooding is presently of nuisance value, there is a growing concern that a combination of rapid urban expansion and climate changes will significantly exacerbate the problem. There has been a trend of population being rapidly accommodated in new urban areas, which are considered highly vulnerable to floods, while the development strategy by the local government still attracts more property investments into the three new districts on the right side of Saigon River. This paper aims to discuss the increase in the number of residences vulnerable to flooding, to underline the need for more appropriate future spatial development. For the vision, an application of compact and resilient theories to strategic planning and management of this city is proposed to reduce vulnerability. This paper also highlights the need to better understand growing vulnerability to floods related to urban expansion over low-lying former wetlands and the more important role of planning spatial development accompanied with transportation investment which can contribute to flooding resilience. Design/methodology/approach This research uses combined-methods geographical information system (GIS) analysis based on secondary data of flood records, population distributions, property development (with the details of 270 housing projects compiled as part of this research) and flooding simulation. This allows an integrated approach to the theories of urban resilience and compactness to discuss the implication of spatial planning and management in relevance to flooding vulnerability. Findings The flooding situation in HCMC is an evidence of inappropriate urban expansion leading to increase in flooding vulnerability. Although climate change impacts are obvious, the rapid population growth and associated accommodation development are believed to be the key cause which has not been solved. It was found that the three new emerging districts (District 2, 9 and ThuDuc) are highly vulnerable to floods, but the local government still implements the plan for attracted investments in housing without an integrated flooding management. This is also in line with the development pattern of many coastal cities in Southeast Asia, as economic development can be seen as a driving factor. Research limitations/implications The data of property development are diversified from different sources which have been compiled by this research from the basic map of housing investments from a governmental body, the Department of Construction. The number of projects was limited to 270 per over 500 projects, but this still sufficiently supports the evidence of increasing accommodation in new development districts. Practical implications HCMC needs neater strategies for planning and management of spatial development to minimize the areas vulnerable to floods: creating more compact spaces in the central areas (Zone 1) protected by the current flooding management system, and offering more resilient spaces for new development areas (Zone 2), by improving the resilience of transportation system. Nevertheless, a similar combination of compact spaces and resilient spaces in emerging districts could also be incorporated into the existing developments, and sustainable drainage systems or underground water storage in buildings could also be included in the design to compensate for the former wetlands lost. Social implications This paper highlights the need to better understand growing vulnerability to floods related to urban expansion over low-lying former wetlands and emphasizes the more important role of planning spatial development accompanied with transportation investment which can contribute to flooding resilience. Coastal cities in southeast countries need to utilize the former-land, whereas feasibility of new land for urban expansion needs to be thoroughly considered under risk of natural disasters. Originality/value A combination of compact spaces with improved urban resilience is an alternative approach to decrease the flooding risk beyond that of traditional resistant systems and underlines the increasingly important role of urban planning and management to combat the future impacts of floods.
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Quinlisk, Patricia, Mary J. Jones, Nathan A. Bostick, Lauren E. Walsh, Rebecca Curtiss, Robert Walker, Steve Mercer, and Italo Subbarao. "Results of Rapid Needs Assessments in Rural and Urban Iowa Following Large-scale Flooding Events in 2008." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 5, no. 4 (December 2011): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2011.82.
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ABSTRACTBackground: On June 8 and 9, 2008, more than 4 inches of rain fell in the Iowa-Cedars River Basin causing widespread flooding along the Cedar River in Benton, Linn, Johnson, and Cedar Counties. As a result of the flooding, there were 18 deaths, 106 injuries, and over 38 000 people displaced from their homes; this made it necessary for the Iowa Department of Health to conduct a rapid needs assessment to quantify the scope and effect of the floods on human health.Methods: In response, the Iowa Department of Public Health mobilized interview teams to conduct rapid needs assessments using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based cluster sampling techniques. The information gathered was subsequently employed to estimate the public health impact and significant human needs that resulted from the flooding.Results: While these assessments did not reveal significant levels of acute injuries resulting from the flood, they did show that many households had been temporarily displaced and that future health risks may emerge as the result of inadequate access to prescription medications or the presence of environmental health hazards.Conclusions: This exercise highlights the need for improved risk communication measures and ongoing surveillance and relief measures. It also demonstrates the utility of rapid needs assessment survey tools and suggests that increasing use of such surveys can have significant public health benefits.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:287–292)
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Acosta-Coll, Melisa, Andres Solano-Escorcia, Lilia Ortega-Gonzalez, and Ronald Zamora-Musa. "Forecasting and communication key elements for low-cost fluvial flooding early warning system in urban areas." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2021): 4143. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4143-4156.
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Fluvial flooding occurs when a river overspills its banks due to excessive rainfall, and it is the most common flood event. In urban areas, the increment of urbanization makes communities more susceptible to fluvial flooding since the excess of impervious surfaces reduced the natural permeable areas. As flood prevention strategies, early warning systems (EWS) are used to reduce damage and protect people, but key elements need to be selected. This manuscript proposes the monitoring instruments, communication protocols, and media to forecast and disseminate EWS alerts efficiently during fluvial floods in urban areas. First, we conducted a systematic review of different EWS architectures for fluvial floods in urban areas and identified that not all projects monitor the most important variables related to the formation of fluvial floods and most use communication protocols with high-energy consumption. ZigBee and LoRaWAN are the communication protocols with lower power consumption from the review, and to determine which technology has better performance in urban areas, two wireless sensor networks were deployed and simulated in two urban areas susceptible to fluvial floods using Radio Mobile software. The results showed that although Zigbee technology has better-received signal strength, the difference with LoRAWAN is lower than 2 dBm, but LoRaWAN has a better signal-to-noise ratio, power consumption, coverage, and deployment cost.
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Heritage, George, and Neil Entwistle. "Impacts of River Engineering on River Channel Behaviour: Implications for Managing Downstream Flood Risk." Water 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051355.
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Although knowledge of sediment transport has improved over the last 25 years, our understanding of bedload transfer and sediment delivery is still based on a limited set of observations or on models that make assumptions on hydraulic and sediment transport processes. This study utilises repeat lidar survey data of the River Caldew above the City of Carlisle in the UK to investigate the balance of erosion and deposition associated with channel switching from an engineered and managed single thread channel to a naturalising incipient wandering system. Over the 11-year survey period (four bankfull flood events) around 271,000 m3 of sediment were delivered to the river and floodplain and 197,000 m3 eroded suggesting that storage rates of around 7000 m3/annum occurred. The balance of erosion and deposition is influenced by channelisation with very restricted overbank sedimentation and only limited local and transient in-channel bar deposition along the engineered reach (8000 m3 eroded). This contrasts with the activity of the naturalising reach downstream where a developing wandering channel system is acting to store coarse sediment in-stream as large bar complexes and the associated upstream aggrading plane bed reaches and overbank as splay deposits (87,000 m3 stored). Such behavior suggests that naturalisation of channelised systems upstream of flood vulnerable urban areas can have a significant impact on sediment induced flooding downstream. This conclusion must, however, be moderated in the light of the relatively small volumes of material needed to instigate local aggradation in over-capacity urban channels.
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Pambudi, Andi Setyo. "PROBLEMSOF LOCAL FLOODS AND THEIR RELATION TO BOGOR CITY DRAINAGE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM." Indonesian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) 3, no. 1 (April 25, 2022): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/ijar.v3i1.178.
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Highland areas are not necessarily without flood problems, especially local flooding. The problem of poor drainage can be the cause of a local flood, as happened in Bogor City, West Java. Development evaluation related to local flooding in a city is an exciting topic to study further. The purpose of this evaluation is to answer the need for public information about the philosophy of flooding in the highlands, existing policies, and factors causing local flooding in Bogor City. The benefits of this analysis can also provide policymakers with input on strategic steps in the planning of urban drainage infrastructure systems, both in terms of physical channels, social approaches, and aspects of land carrying capacity within the ecological framework. The method used in this evaluation is in the form of literature studies and direct field observations of Bogor City's drainage infrastructure at specific points. The recommendation for the Bogor City government is to carry out comprehensive data collection and re-topography, namely by collecting data on buildings and drainage, determining the slope and height of the channel, and implementing risk management at each stage of its implementation. In addition, strict supervision and community participation in overseeing the development process and reducing waste disposal in the river supports the improvement of drainage development.
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Kirstein, Madeleine, Mathias Schaefer, Tanja Schnittfinke, Stefan Greiving, and Rouven Küsters. "Impacts of river flooding on urban agglomerations: a climate-impact analysis and the role of strategic planning for the Ruhr, Germany." Town Planning Review: Volume ahead-of-print ahead-of-print (August 1, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2021.22.
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In order to reveal the present and future flooding impacts on residential and mixed-use areas, a parallel modelling approach (PMA) was carried out. With the use of geo-information systems (GIS), temporal and spatial impacts can be quantified and visualised, while the results of the proposed method justify adequate regional planning strategies for the Ruhr, Germany. As an information system which is regularly updated within a cooperation process between the municipalities concerned, the so called ruhrFISְ of the Ruhr Regional Association (RVR) seems to be a promising approach to improve the evidence basis for adaptation actions.
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Porio, Emma. "Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation in Metro Manila." Asian Journal of Social Science 42, no. 1-2 (2014): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04201006.
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Climate change and flooding in Asian cities pose great challenges to the environmental and human security of the population and their governance systems. This paper examines the intersections of ecological-environmental and social vulnerability and the adaptive responses of urban poor communities and commercial-industrial establishments in Metro Manila to floods and other climate change-related effects, such as storm surges and sea-level rise (SLR). These weaken the communities’ ecological-environmental systems, threaten the well-being and security of the people and strain the resources of city governments. Disaggregating the ecological-environment vulnerabilities of a city/community according to specific places/spaces (or place-based vulnerabilities) that lead also to variable patterns among different groups (e.g., gender, income group, sector) of adaptive responses to flooding. Drawing a systematic sample of urban poor households and industrial-commercial establishments along the Pasig-Marikina River Basin of Metro Manila, this study utilised household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions (FGD) and secondary data sources, in analysing the sources of their vulnerability and adaptive responses. Existing studies generally focus on the vulnerability and adaptation of urban-rural populations and do not highlight the interaction of place-based vulnerabilities with sector-specific vulnerabilities that reconfigure flood impacts and responses among the urban poor communities and commercial-industrial establishments during and after floods. In particular, poor and female-headed households residing in highly degraded environments or places/spaces within and across urban poor communities suffered higher damages and losses compared to better-off households and establishments. The interaction of these drivers of vulnerability further heightens and compromises the environmental and human security needs of poor people, their communities and those in the private sector that local/national government agencies need to respond.
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Javadinejad, Safieh. "Causes and consequences of floods: flash floods, urban floods, river floods and coastal floods." Resources Environment and Information Engineering 4, no. 1 (2022): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/reie.2022.01.002.
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Undoubtedly, the flood is known as a natural disaster. But in practice, the flood is considered the most terrible natural disaster in terms of mortality and financial losses. In this regard, a worrying trend is the increasing trend of mortality and flood damage in the world in recent decades. The increase in population and assets in the floodplain the changes in hydro systems and the destructive effects of human activities have been a major cause of this trend. In this chapter, due to the importance of this natural phenomenon in the ZayandehRud basin, the general study of flood and its effective factors in creating it, based on library studies and reports, and the collection of flood statistics in the basin during a 40-year period and the damage caused by this flood, has been attempted. With the causes and factors influencing the flooding and also the use of EXCEL software for various damages caused by these floods in high risk cities of this basin, has been identified. In general, the cause of many floods in the central parts of Iran, including ZayandehRud basin, is high rainfall. The causes of these rainfall are also related to the Elenino and Lenina phenomenon, as well as the passage of low pressure systems, which after affecting a large amount of steam from the Mediterranean, affect the western parts of the province that overlooks the Zagros mountains.
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Campisano, Alberto, and Enrico Creaco. "Advances in Modeling and Management of Urban Water Networks." Water 12, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 2956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12112956.
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This Editorial presents a representative collection of 15 papers, presented in the Special Issue on Advances in Modeling and Management of Urban Water Networks (UWNs), and frames them in the current research trends. The most analyzed systems in the Special Issue are the Water Distribution Systems (WDSs), with the following four topics explored: asset management, modelling of demand and hydraulics, energy recovery, and pipe burst identification and leakage reduction. In the first topic, the multi-objective optimization of interventions on the network is presented to find trade-off solutions between costs and efficiency. In the second topic, methodologies are presented to simulate and predict demand and to simulate network behavior in emergency scenarios. In the third topic, a methodology is presented for the multi-objective optimization of pump-as-turbine (PAT) installation sites in transmission mains. In the fourth topic, methodologies for pipe burst identification and leakage reduction are presented. As for the Urban Drainage Systems (UDSs), the two explored topics are asset management, with a system upgrade to reduce flooding, and modelling of flow and water quality, with analyses on the transition from surface to pressurized flow, impact of water use reduction on the operation of UDSs and sediment transport in pressurized pipes. The Special Issue also includes one paper dealing with the hydraulic modelling of an urban river with a complex cross-section.
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Gagui, Fateh, Ali Redjem, Azzdine Ghachi, and Farouk Mezali. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of the concrete protection channel for the urban expansion area of the western part from the risk of flooding, the case of the city of M'sila - Algeria." Technium Social Sciences Journal 39 (January 8, 2023): 618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v39i1.8046.
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The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the completed concrete canal in the urban expansion area of the city of M’sila to prevent the flood risks of river Portem, by performing a hydraulic simulation using the 2D river simulation program HEC-RAS 2D and geographic information systems (SIG), in this research and after determining The water catchment, extraction of morphological characteristics, and calculation of the maximum flow quantity Qmaxm 3/s based on the series of rainfall data for the reed station for a period of 37 years after processing it spatially in geographic information systems. The areas exposed to the risk of flooding have a direct relationship with the period of return, so that an area of 9.98 hectares was recorded in the return period of 10 years, 12.72 hectares in 50 years, and 14.31 hectares in 100 years. The study also showed the importance of using HEC- RAS 2D and (SIG) in evaluating the efficiency of the concrete channel to prevent floods and contribute to decision-making to reduce the resulting disasters.
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Garcia, Denise, Gabriela Muñoz Meléndez, Armando Arteaga, Lina Ojeda-Revah, and Natalie Mladenov. "Greening Urban Areas with Decentralized Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: A Case Study of Ecoparque in Tijuana, Mexico." Water 14, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040596.
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In rapidly growing urban areas, such as Tijuana, Mexico, the presence of urban green spaces (UGSs) can help stem soil erosion, improve infiltration, slow runoff, decrease flooding, reduce air pollution, and mitigate climate change. In many water-scarce parts of the world, where centralized wastewater treatment is not accessible or practical, decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATSs) have the potential to supply the water needed for irrigating UGSs. Here, we first review UGS systems supported by DEWATSs and the water quality guidelines and challenges associated with implementing DEWATSs for urban greening in different countries, including Mexico. We also critically examine the linkages between the lack of UGSs in Tijuana, Mexico, extensive soil erosion, and failing sanitation infrastructure that has led to the infamously poor water quality in the Tijuana River. Tijuana’s Ecoparque Wastewater Treatment Facility, a low-energy, aerobic DEWATS, which collects, treats, and discharges residential sewage for localized landscape irrigation, demonstrates how DEWATSs can meet the water demands for urban greening in rapidly urbanizing cities. The aerobic decentralized treatment using a gravity-fed trickling biofilter resulted in a >85% removal of chemical oxygen demand and dissolved organic carbon. Prior to treatment facility upgrades, there was a ~2 log reduction in total coliform and Escherichia coli and a <20% decrease in ammonia from the influent to final effluent. After the addition of a maturation pond in 2020, the effluent met Mexico standards for irrigation reuse, with a ~4 log reduction in fecal coliforms from the influent to final effluent. Case study results demonstrated the potential for decentralized wastewater treatment to meet effluent standards for landscape irrigation, provide water for urban greening, and prevent pollution in the Tijuana River and other urban waterways.
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Cayamanda, Karen Joyce, and Mitchiko Lopez. "Community Resilience to Address Urban Vulnerabilities: A Case Study of Flood-prone Communities." International Review of Social Sciences Research 2, no. 3 (July 10, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53378/352898.
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Urban vulnerability is a priority concern and communities must build resiliency to respond to disasters and mitigate its negative impacts. This is a case study on the 2011 Matina flash flood affecting thousands of families in the following barangays: Matina Crossing, Matina Pangi and Matina Aplaya. The study areas are heavily populated, with business, and institutional establishments. Using the qualitative method, this paper highlights the vulnerabilities of the community and examined the role of risk communication and social capital that enable communities, groups and institutions respond quickly to the hazards of flooding. Review of literatures reveals that Davao City is a flood prone area, major tributaries drain towards the Davao Gulf. Affected families in these areas comprised 61.57% of the total affected families of the 2011 flash floods. The average number of households per family is 4.3, while the total number of casualties reached 29 – majority are women and children. Results of the study revealed that despite the lack of communication management protocols, there is a strong sense of social capital exhibited by communities, institutions and various groups involved in the emergency response. Inter-governmental, and cross boundary efforts for climate change adaptation initiatives to reduce vulnerabilities among communities must be factored in given the nature of ecosystems and river systems draining towards Davao Gulf. Further it is recommended that ecosystem-based and community-based adaptation be explored to build more resilient communities who able to with stand and reduce vulnerabilities during natural hazards such as flooding.
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Ibrahim, Nilam Ismi, Petrick Th Berhitu, and Ferad Puturuhu. "EVALUASI SISTEM DRAINASE DALAM UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN BANJIR (STUDI KASUS KELURAHAN HONIPOPU KOTA AMBON)." JURNAL GEOGRAFI Geografi dan Pengajarannya 20, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jggp.v20n2.p131-143.
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Urban drainage systems serve the disposal of excess water in a city by draining it through the soil surface or passing below the ground surface, to be discharged into rivers, lakes and the sea. The excess water can be in the form of rainwater, domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater. Therefore, in order to prevent flooding in urban areas, an urban drainage system must be integrated with sanitation, garbage, city flood control and also the state of the surrounding area. The objectives of this research are 1) to identify the drainage system that always causes flooding in Honipopu Village, Ambon City; 2) Determine the direction of the right drainage system in an effort to overcome flooding in Honipopu Village, Ambon City. Data collection methods used in this study include: observation, interview techniques, agency surveys, and documentation. Analysis of the data used is an analysis of the basic physical conditions of the research area, including slope, hydrology, nalysis of the data used is an analysis of the basic physical conditions of the research area, including slope, hydrology, rainfall conditions and land use. Drainage conditions in Honipopu Village are poor due to very high sedimentation and waste water discharge causing drainage to become shallow and also to inadequate drainage system. The direction of the drainage system in an effort to cope with flooding in the Honipopu village is the rehabilitation and normalization of drainage strategies.
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Abdelkarim, Ashraf, Ahmed Gaber, Ahmed Youssef, and Biswajeet Pradhan. "Flood Hazard Assessment of the Urban Area of Tabuk City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by Integrating Spatial-Based Hydrologic and Hydrodynamic Modeling." Sensors 19, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051024.
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This study deals with the use of remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GISs), hydrologic modeling (water modeling system, WMS), and hydraulic modeling (Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System, HEC-RAS) to evaluate the impact of flash flood hazards on the sustainable urban development of Tabuk City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Determining the impact of flood hazards on the urban area and developing alternatives for protection and prevention measures were the main aims of this work. Tabuk City is exposed to frequent flash flooding due to its location along the outlets of five major wadis. These wadis frequently carry flash floods, seriously impacting the urban areas of the city. WMS and HEC-HMS models and RS data were used to determine the paths and morphological characteristics of the wadis, the hydrographic flow of different drainage basins, flow rates and volumes, and the expansion of agricultural and urban areas from 1998 to 2018. Finally, hydraulic modeling of the HEC-RAS program was applied to delineate the urban areas that could be inundated with floodwater. Ultimately, the most suitable remedial measures are proposed to protect the future sustainable urban development of Tabuk City from flood hazards. This approach is rarely used in the KSA. We propose a novel method that could help decision-makers and planners in determining inundated flood zones before planning future urban and agricultural development in the KSA.
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Qomariyah, Siti. "Decentralized System of Greywater Recycling for Sustainable Urban Water Source (Case Study: Surakarta City-Indonesia)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 845 (July 2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.845.18.
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Fresh water resources have been depleted and polluted globally. Many developed countries have encouraged in using grey water recycling as an alternative water resource. Many developing countries are however very slow to adopt the need for the alternative. Surakarta City is the second largest city in Central Java Province, Indonesia. The city is experiencing in drought and flooding. Rivers and groundwater have been polluted as well. This paper recommended decentralized urban greywater management strategies with two greywater treatment systems i.e. Two-stage and Subsurface constructed wetland systems. The application of the systems could provide householders getting significant water saving, reducing the amount of wastewater entering the existing drainage channels, and improving surface and groundwater quality.
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Emmanuel Gwamna, David, Ahmed Chinade Abdullahi, Abolarin Sanjo Kazeem, and Isah Mohammed. "EVALUATION OF THE CAUSES OF FLOOD AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES IN KADUNA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NIGERIA." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 6 (October 1, 2021): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i06.006.
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Flood disaster has become a significant natural concern to so many rural and urban dwellers in different part of the world, with devastating effects that cannot be overemphasized. Previous studies have discussed causative factors and preventive measures of flooding. However, significant underpinning factors such flood incidence, hazard proximity and delineation of flood vulnerable areas which determine flooding severity and wide scale coverage are often obscured. The situation creates a knowledge gap which this study intends to fill by evaluating the causes of flood in Kaduna South Local Government Area and proffer mitigation strategies. The descriptive survey research design was employed in the study and a total 418 structured questionnaire was shared among residents and professionals in the built environment. Data was presented on tables and analyzed using the relative importance index ranking method so as to determine the severity of the factors that causes flooding and the mitigation measures that are appropriate to tackle the problem. The result of the study showed that 34.36% of the residents have experience flood at least 3 times in single rainy season, while 11.04% and 2.76% of the residents have experience flood at least 6 and 9 times respectively in a single season. Hazard proximity reveals 19.94% of residential buildings located are within 0.1-0.5 km and 13.49% are located within 0.5-1.0 km away from the flood source. Consequently, river overflow with a severity index of 0.31 is the highest cause of flooding in the study area, followed by poor drainage systems and heavy rainfall with Severity index of 0.29 and 0.28 respectively. The study also suggested mitigation measures as good drainage network and stop building on flood plains jointly rank first with a significance index of 0.30, building embankments and implement government policies on flood with 0.28 and 0.27 respectively. Therefore, the authority of Kaduna State Urban Planning and Development should ensure widening and desilting of drainages, the demolition of illegal structures built across the drainage channels and the implementation of government policies on flood.
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Dan-Jumbo, Nimi, Marc Metzger, and Andrew Clark. "Urban Land-Use Dynamics in the Niger Delta: The Case of Greater Port Harcourt Watershed." Urban Science 2, no. 4 (November 20, 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2040108.
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Cities in developing countries are urbanising at a rapid rate, resulting in substantial pressures on environmental systems. Among the main factors that lead to flooding, controlling land-use change offers the greatest scope for the management of risk. However, traditional analysis of a “from–to” change matrix is not adequate to provide information of all the land-use changes that occur in a watershed. In this study, an in-depth analysis of land-use change enabled us to quantify the bulk of the changes accumulating from swap changes in a tropical watershed. This study assessed the historical and future land-use/land-cover (LULC) dynamics in the River State region of the Niger Delta. Land-use classification and change detection analysis was conducted using multi-source (Landsat TM, ETM, polygon map, and hard copy) data of the study area for 1986, 1995, and 2003, and projected conditions in 2060. The key findings indicate that historical urbanisation was rapid; urban expansion could increase by 80% in 2060 due to planned urban development; and 95% of the conversions to urban land occurred chiefly at the expense of agricultural land. Urban land was dominated by net changes rather than swap changes, which in the future could amplify flood risk and have other severe implications for the watershed.
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Ronco, P., M. Bullo, S. Torresan, A. Critto, R. Olschewski, M. Zappa, and A. Marcomini. "KULTURisk regional risk assessment methodology for water-related natural hazards – Part 2: Application to the Zurich case study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 3 (March 27, 2015): 1561–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1561-2015.
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Abstract. The aim of this paper is the application of the KULTURisk regional risk assessment (KR-RRA) methodology, presented in the companion paper (Part 1, Ronco et al., 2014), to the Sihl River basin, in northern Switzerland. Flood-related risks have been assessed for different receptors lying on the Sihl River valley including Zurich, which represents a typical case of river flooding in an urban area, by calibrating the methodology to the site-specific context and features. Risk maps and statistics have been developed using a 300-year return period scenario for six relevant targets exposed to flood risk: people; economic activities: buildings, infrastructure and agriculture; natural and semi-natural systems; and cultural heritage. Finally, the total risk index map has been produced to visualize the spatial pattern of flood risk within the target area and, therefore, to identify and rank areas and hotspots at risk by means of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tools. Through a tailored participatory approach, risk maps supplement the consideration of technical experts with the (essential) point of view of relevant stakeholders for the appraisal of the specific scores weighting for the different receptor-relative risks. The total risk maps obtained for the Sihl River case study are associated with the lower classes of risk. In general, higher (relative) risk scores are spatially concentrated in the deeply urbanized city centre and areas that lie just above to river course. Here, predicted injuries and potential fatalities are mainly due to high population density and to the presence of vulnerable people; flooded buildings are mainly classified as continuous and discontinuous urban fabric; flooded roads, pathways and railways, most of them in regards to the Zurich central station (Hauptbahnhof) are at high risk of inundation, causing severe indirect damage. Moreover, the risk pattern for agriculture, natural and semi-natural systems and cultural heritage is relatively less important mainly because the scattered presence of these assets. Finally, the application of the KR-RRA methodology to the Sihl River case study, as well as to several other sites across Europe (not presented here), has demonstrated its flexibility and the possible adaptation of it to different geographical and socioeconomic contexts, depending on data availability and particulars of the sites, and for other (hazard) scenarios.
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Kim, Hyun Il, Jae Young Lee, Kun Yeun Han, and Jae Woong Cho. "Applying Observed Rainfall and Deep Neural Network for Urban Flood Analysis." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.1.339.
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Urban flooding primarily occurs due to flash floods in low-lying regions or insufficient capacity of drainage systems. Urban inundation has become more dangerous to residents because of an increase in impermeable areas, uncertainties in urban sewage planning, and the accumulation of sedimentation in drainage pipes. As an urban watershed with a drainage system and an urbanized river is complicated, a specific time interval is required for the preparation and processing of urban runoff analysis. To allow for rapid simulations of urban runoff estimation during heavy rainfall, a deep neural network model that imitates the conditions of a 6-h duration rainfall was developed in this study. Ten different statistical aspects for each rainfall event were considered as input data, and the total accumulated overflow from a manhole was calculated at intervals of 10 min using storm water management model (SWMM). To verify the accuracy of the results from SWMM, the results obtained from a two-dimensional hydraulic model and an inundation trace map were compared. The computational times for the deep neural network and rainfall data-based models proposed in this study were estimated to be within 1 s, whereas the simulation using SWMM required 14 min. The proposed deep learning model was tested using the total accumulated overflow for the rainfall event observed at Gangnam (400) automatic weather station on July 27, 2011. The simulated results agreed with the observed results in terms of the total accumulated discharge.
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Manandhar, Bikram, Shenghui Cui, Lihong Wang, and Sabita Shrestha. "Post-Flood Resilience Assessment of July 2021 Flood in Western Germany and Henan, China." Land 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2023): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030625.
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In July 2021, devastating floods occurred in western Germany and Henan, China, resulting in extreme loss of life and property damage. Despite the differences in context, climate change contributed to these events. Flood resilience generally means the system’s ability to recover from floods. A post-flood resilience assessment seeks to determine the impact of the flood on the area, the duration it took to recover, the effectiveness of the measures taken to reduce the risk of flooding, and ways to enhance flood resilience. The post-flood review capacity method was used to assess the event and calculate the flood resilience index. Western Germany experienced a 500-year return period flood in connection with the low-pressure system, Bernd, while Zhengzhou in Henan experienced a 1000-year return period flood with the influence of Typhoon In-Fa and the Western Pacific subtropical high. More than 107,000 people were affected in Germany, with 205 deaths that account for USD 40 billion in economic losses, whereas in Henan, 14.786 million people were affected, and 398 people died, which accounts for USD 18.9 billion in losses. Germany was more impacted and took longer to restore essential services than Henan, China. The flood resilience index shows that the resilience level of both countries is low. The severe rainstorms in Zhengzhou and the Ahr River Valley exposed weaknesses in urban disaster management, particularly in urban areas, such as subway flooding and risk communication with the public. The events highlighted the need to better understand risks and their consequences, early warning systems, preparedness, and emergency response.
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Villani, Giulia, Stefania Nanni, Fausto Tomei, Stefania Pasetti, Rita Mangiaracina, Alberto Agnetti, Paolo Leoni, et al. "The RainBO Platform for Enhancing Urban Resilience to Floods: An Efficient Tool for Planning and Emergency Phases." Climate 7, no. 12 (December 17, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7120145.
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Many urban areas face an increasing flood risk, which includes the risk of flash floods. Increasing extreme precipitation events will likely lead to greater human and economic losses unless reliable and efficient early warning systems (EWS) along with other adaptation actions are put in place in urban areas. The challenge is in the integration and analysis in time and space of the environmental, meteorological, and territorial data from multiple sources needed to build up EWS able to provide efficient contribution to increase the resilience of vulnerable and exposed urban communities to flooding. Efficient EWS contribute to the preparedness phase of the disaster cycle but could also be relevant in the planning of the emergency phase. The RainBO Life project addressed this matter, focusing on the improvement of knowledge, methods, and tools for the monitoring and forecast of extreme precipitation events and the assessment of the associated flood risk for small and medium watercourses in urban areas. To put this into practice, RainBO developed a webGIS platform, which contributes to the “planning” of the management of river flood events through the use of detailed data and flood risk/vulnerability maps, and the “event management” with real-time monitoring/forecast of the events through the collection of observed data from real sensors, estimated/forecasted data from hydrologic models as well as qualitative data collected through a crowdsourcing app.
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Dobbie, Meredith, Ruth Morgan, and Lionel Frost. "Overcoming Abundance: Social Capital and Managing Floods in Inner Melbourne during the Nineteenth Century." Journal of Urban History 46, no. 1 (February 14, 2017): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217692984.
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Before effective drainage and flood protection systems were built in the early twentieth century, areas of inner Melbourne close to the Yarra River were prone to flooding. An overabundance of water and a need to limit its impact on lives, livelihoods, and the built environment drove changes in the engineered structure of a rapidly growing city. Through a case study of a working-class district, we consider how private citizens, drawing on stocks of social capital, responded to major floods in 1863 and 1891. In addition to the process of “top-down” governing, as revealed in public documents, less visible “bottom-up” pressure from local communities played an important role in influencing improvements in water-related infrastructure, such as flood mitigation works. By the turn of the twentieth century, this local pressure increasingly manifested in a centralist approach to water management, whereby metropolitan-wide public authorities took greater charge of local environmental problems.
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Abidin, H. Z., H. Andreas, I. Gumilar, and J. J. Brinkman. "Study on the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 372 (November 12, 2015): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-115-2015.
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Abstract. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia located in the west-northern coast of Java island, within a deltaic plain and passes by 13 natural and artificial rivers. This megapolitan has a population of about 10.2 million people inhabiting an area of about 660 km2, with relatively rapid urban development. It has been reported for many years that several places in Jakarta are subsiding at different rates. The main causative factors of land subsidence in Jakarta are most probably excessive groundwater extraction, load of constructions (i.e., settlement of high compressibility soil), and natural consolidation of alluvial soil. Land subsidence in Jakarta has been studied using leveling surveys, GPS surveys, InSAR and Geometric-Historic techniques. The results obtained from leveling surveys, GPS surveys and InSAR technique over the period between 1974 and 2010 show that land subsidence in Jakarta has spatial and temporal variations with typical rates of about 3–10 cm year−1. Rapid urban development, relatively young alluvium soil, and relatively weak mitigation and adapatation initiatives, are risk increasing factors of land subsidence in Jakarta. The subsidence impacts can be seen already in the field in forms of cracking and damage of housing, buildings and infrastructure; wider expansion of (riverine and coastal) flooding areas, malfunction of drainage system, changes in river canal and drain flow systems and increased inland sea water intrusion. These impacts can be categorized into infrastructural, environmental, economic and social impacts. The risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta and their related aspects are discussed in this paper.
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Zou, Han, Chen Chen, Wei Xiao, and Lifu Shi. "Spatial-Temporal Evolution Relationship between Water Systems and Historical Settlement Sites Based on Quantitative Analysis: A Case Study of Hankou in Wuhan, China (1635–1949)." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 14614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114614.
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When deciding on and creating their own settlement environment, humans’ relationships with water resources have evolved. From the earliest times when they observed water and learned about its characteristics and laws to create artificial rivers, to the gradual development and use of water resources to create water plants and pumping stations, to the management of water resources to set up customs and dams to prevent and manage water hazards.To lay the groundwork for more sustainable development of the relationship between humans and water in the city, it is important to understand and summarize this state of change. Wuhan, known as the “City of a Thousand Lakes”, is a typical case of studying the traditional relationship between Chinese people and water, and can better provide modern cities with the value of historical experience in sustainable development. Therefore, this study takes the Hankou town of Wuhan from 1635 to 1949 as the research object, uses historical maps and written materials as data sources, and creates a database of historical information based on the water system of Hankou and the sites of artificial settlements such as buildings and streets. It takes quantitative analysis and map visualization techniques of the GIS platform from the perspective of quantitative historical research. Firstly, it creates a database of historical information based on the water system of Hankou and the sites of artificial settlements such as buildings and streets. Secondly, it gives the quantitation about the human–water relationship in Hankou by applying the spatial analysis methods of buffer analysis. The study’s findings demonstrate that from 1635 to 1864 there were an increasing number of artificial settlement sites that were distributed along the water system, keeping a reasonable distance from the water; from 1684 to 1905, people constructed dikes to prevent flooding, which resulted in an increase in urban space; and from 1905 to 1949, the development of Hankou shifted toward the Hanjiang River and the Yangtze River. The procedure shows a change in the relationship between avoiding water and subsequently managing water and using water. The results of the study indicate the following: (1) Water is essential for the environment of human settlements. (2) Human activities have an impact on the structure of water systems. (3) There is a high degree of coupling between the Hankou urban water system and the sites of artificial settlements. It proves that the relationship between humans and water is very close in the process of modern urbanization in Hankou. In building a traditional habitat environment to regulate water, it is consistent with the ancient Chinese concepts of “harmony between man and nature” and “the best place to live is close to water conservancy but also avoid flood.” This paper is helpful for re-examining and establishing the harmonious relationship between humans and water to encourage sustainable urban growth and reshape the urban spatial environment with Chinese characteristics. It also provides a method based on quantitative analysis for studying the evolution history of urban settlement environments.
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Schuetze, T., and L. Chelleri. "Climate adaptive urban planning and design with water in Dutch polders." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 722–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.688.
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The existing water management in Dutch polders is based on independent water systems for each polder. These are featuring artificial stabilized ground and surface water levels. As a result of the local climate the water levels in the polders are not continuously at a constant level. To maintain a stable water table in the polders, the surplus of relatively clean rainwater has to be pumped away during the cold seasons into canals or rivers, which are located on a higher level. During the summer relatively polluted water from these waterways is led into the polders to top up the declining water levels. This procedure leads to various problems regarding water quantity and water quality. The described existing system is not adaptable to climate change and includes the risk of flooding, particularly from torrential rain. Therefore it is crucial to develop, preferably self-sufficient, rainwater management systems in the polders. They should allow the fluctuation of the water levels inside the polders for seasonal storage and flood control. The described concept is adopted in the present water policy in the Netherlands as well as in research and recent urban development projects in Dutch polders.
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Ronco, P., M. Bullo, S. Torresan, A. Critto, R. Olschewski, M. Zappa, and A. Marcomini. "The KULTURisk Regional Risk Assessment methodology for water-related natural hazards – Part 2: Application to the Zurich case study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 7 (July 11, 2014): 7875–933. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-7875-2014.
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Abstract. The main objective of the paper is the application of the KULTURisk Regional Risk Assessment (KR-RRA) methodology, presented in the companion paper (Part 1, Ronco et al., 2014), to the Sihl River valley, in Switzerland. Through a tuning process of the methodology to the site-specific context and features, flood related risks have been assessed for different receptors lying on the Sihl River valley including the city of Zurich, which represents a typical case of river flooding in urban area. After characterizing the peculiarities of the specific case study, risk maps have been developed under a 300 years return period scenario (selected as baseline) for six identified relevant targets, exposed to flood risk in the Sihl valley, namely: people, economic activities (including buildings, infrastructures and agriculture), natural and semi-natural systems and cultural heritage. Finally, the total risk index map, which allows to identify and rank areas and hotspots at risk by means of Multi Criteria Decision Analysis tools, has been produced to visualize the spatial pattern of flood risk within the area of study. By means of a tailored participative approach, the total risk maps supplement the consideration of technical experts with the (essential) point of view of the relevant stakeholders for the appraisal of the specific scores and weights related to the receptor-relative risks. The total risk maps obtained for the Sihl River case study are associated with the lower classes of risk. In general, higher relative risks are concentrated in the deeply urbanized area within and around the Zurich city centre and areas that rely just behind to the Sihl River course. Here, forecasted injuries and potential fatalities are mainly due to high population density and high presence of old (vulnerable) people; inundated buildings are mainly classified as continuous and discontinuous urban fabric; flooded roads, pathways and railways, the majority of them referring to the Zurich main train station (Hauptbahnhof), are at high risk of inundation, causing huge indirect damages. The analysis of flood risk to agriculture, natural and semi-natural systems and cultural heritage have pointed out that these receptors could be relatively less impacted by the selected flood scenario mainly because their scattered presence. Finally, the application of the KR-RRA methodology to the Sihl River case study as well as to several other sites across Europe (not presented here), has demonstrated its flexibility and possible adaptation to different geographical and socio-economic contexts, depending on data availability and peculiarities of the sites, as well as for other hazard scenarios.
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Ikemoto, Fumiko, Kosuke Sakura, and Adrián Torres Astaburuaga. "The Influence of Historical Irrigation Canals on Urban Morphology in Valencia, Spain." Land 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070738.
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As one of the fundamental natural resources of life, water and its management within ecosystems has always been the most crucial aspect of any settlement. Prior to urban modernization, water was sourced upstream from rivers or groundwater, supplying settlements, with the runoff being drained further downstream or to sea, creating a series of water flows; our livelihood coexisted with this series. In the rapid city growth led by modernization, due to the creation of uniform and homogeneous new urban areas, water flow became separated for each purpose and began to be specifically manipulated for, and by, human society. This study was designed as one of a series of research projects aiming to highlight the relationship between the historical hydraulic systems and the more recent urban spatial structure, with the focus on Valencia, one of the medium sized cities in Spain. Valencia is ideal as a case study due to the historical mechanisms of hydraulic systems still partially in use, such as irrigation canals in its agricultural regions and sewage canals in its urban areas. In more recent years, the ancient canals and the rivers that were neglected or buried, due to pollution and/or flooding concerns, began to regain significance in the face of the growing interest in and necessity of restructuring green spaces in the city as well as the preservation of the city’s unique identity and history, along with its remaining/evolving ecosystems. The purpose of our research is to interpret the interaction between Valencia’s urban morphology and its historical irrigation systems, particularly its waterways. The target period is from the modernization in the 20th century to their present conditions.
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Fernandes Junior, Francisco Erivaldo, Luis Gustavo Nonato, Caetano Mazzoni Ranieri, and Jó Ueyama. "Memory-Based Pruning of Deep Neural Networks for IoT Devices Applied to Flood Detection." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 7506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227506.
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Automatic flood detection may be an important component for triggering damage control systems and minimizing the risk of social or economic impacts caused by flooding. Riverside images from regular cameras are a widely available resource that can be used for tackling this problem. Nevertheless, state-of-the-art neural networks, the most suitable approach for this type of computer vision task, are usually resource-consuming, which poses a challenge for deploying these models within low-capability Internet of Things (IoT) devices with unstable internet connections. In this work, we propose a deep neural network (DNN) architecture pruning algorithm capable of finding a pruned version of a given DNN within a user-specified memory footprint. Our results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can find a pruned DNN model with the specified memory footprint with little to no degradation of its segmentation performance. Finally, we show that our algorithm can be used in a memory-constraint wireless sensor network (WSN) employed to detect flooding events of urban rivers, and the resulting pruned models have competitive results compared with the original models.
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Gomes, Thiago Lappicy Lemos, Maria Elisa Leite Costa, and Sérgio Koide. "Use of hydrologic and hydraulic modeling for optimizing an existing detention pond." Ciência e Natura 45 (July 11, 2023): e11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x64143.
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In Brasilia the local regulations limit the maximum flow rate per unit area discharged in rivers by drainage systems. The purpose of this work is to analyze the possibility of optimizing the use of an existing detention pond, known to be oversized, by directing to it the stormwaters of adjacent areas not attended by any urban drainage system. SWMM, a hydrologic and hydraulic model, was used to design a new urban drainage system and to analyze it with the detention pond at the outlet. As a result, the new system designed complies with all local regulations including maximum flood peak for the design critical rainfall. However, the original drainage system for the area needs improvements considering that there were flooded manholes for all rainfall events tested. The flooding is clearly seen with the 2D modelling. It is shown that the existing detention pond can attend the studied area by adapting part of its area. This study showed the importance of hydrological and hydraulic modelling in urban drainage to manage this system and to propose sustainable measures – such as ponds.
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Lumbangaol, Boris Karlop, Agustinus Purna Irawan, and Wati A. Pranoto. "Performance Review of Sustainable Urban Drainage System with Lid Concept." IJEBD (International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Development) 5, no. 4 (July 31, 2022): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijebd.v5i4.1908.
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Purpose: Land conversion reduces infiltration areas and increases runoff that causes flooding and inundation. Efforts to reduce the impact are very important to minimize economic losses. However, large-scale attempts by widening rivers and land acquisition are difficult to implement, especially in urban areas. It requires the management of rainwater runoff at the source. The new paradigm for sustainable urban drainage systems is the LID (low impact development) concept, which approaches hydrology as a framework, considers micromanagement, and controls rainwater at its source.
Design/methodology/approach: It also uses simple non-structural methods to create a multifunctional area.
Findings: LID can handle the flood water level and volume as well as the rise and fall of the base flow that will be released to the downstream site and filter waste. Its application consists of several units that depend on local needs, such as porous and semi-permeable pavements, retention and detention reservoirs, wetlands, infiltration trench, ditch, gulley, and well. It also includes a rooftop reservoir, green roofing, rainwater reuse, underground reservoir, grassed strips, and bioswale.
Originality/value: This paper is an original work.
Paper type: Research paper
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Jaslow, David, Derek Zecher, Ryan Synnestvedt, Kevan Melly, and Ryan Overberger. "A New Strategy for Swiftwater Rescue from Roadways during Urban and Small Stream Flash Flooding." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s65—s66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001468.
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Introduction:The swiftwater rescue (SWR) concept of operations (CONOPS) is to access as many victims as quickly as possible using strategies and tactics that maximize safety and minimize risk to all involved. “Reach, throw, row, go” has defined the primary water rescue strategy for 50+ years. However, this paradigm, originally designed for rescue from swimming pools, ponds and lakes, slow-moving rivers, and the ocean, is not conducive to SWR incidents involving submerged vehicles, which is the most common scenario during urban and small stream flash flooding.Aim:To present a new SWR strategy for urban and small stream flood response.Methods:Water rescue strategies and tactics were mapped against the SWR CONOPS to determine which ones are most likely to be successful in the rescue of victims trapped in submerged vehicles.Results:Rescue should be attempted via high water vehicles (HWVs) whenever possible, followed by watercraft and “go rescues” using advanced line systems techniques and/or tethered rescuers, dependent on incident characteristics. Positioning HWVs at the incident site permits rescuers to access victims quickly from the rear or sides of the vehicle, thereby reducing rescuer time in floodwaters. Multiple sequential rescues can be made since victims are held and medically monitored in the cargo area rather than transporting them to shore individually.Discussion:SWR from submerged vehicles is unique among emergency incidents because neither shelter-in-place nor self-evacuation are tenable options until the water recedes. "Reach" and "throw" rescue attempts are only possible if the victim is close to shore. Watercraft operations, whether motorized or manually pulled, can be technically complex, require numerous rescuers, and typically take 30-60 minutes per vehicle. Use of HWVs meets the CONOPS for SWR on flooded roadways since this strategy facilitates the rescue of multiple victims quickly while reducing the time rescuers spend in the water.
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Alencar, Juliana De, Daniela Rizzi, Lívea Pereira, Ivna Gadelha Diógenes Vasconcelos, Thais Goya Peduto, Lessandro Morini Trindade, Vanessa Constansa Becker, Murillo Henrique de Souza, and Ronaldo Gonçalves Madureira. "Blue and green infrastructure proposal for an urban watershed in São Paulo to peak flow reduction." Revista Eletrônica em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologia Ambiental 23 (June 27, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2236117038535.
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The critical issue of floods in Brazilian cities is a consequence of an accelerated and disordered occupation and urbanization process, which results in excessive soil waterproofing, removal of riparian vegetation, silting of rivers and streams, water pollution, among others. In the last decades, the use of conventional drainage techniques has resulted in many problems, due to the fast flow of water to downstream and the pollutant loads that flow to the watercourses. Through Green Infrastructure it is possible to promote urban rainwater storage and infiltration, reducing the probability of flooding, and allowing for the retention of pollutants and consequent improvement of water quality in urban water systems. In this study, the application of Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) techniques for the reduction of peak flow and improve the water quality are proposed for the Jacarezinho watershed, located in the Municipality of São Paulo. Hydrological simulations of the proposed solutions indicated a reduction of about 36% of the peak flow, which highlights the relevance of BGI. Unlike the Brazilian conventional drainage that practice the construction of monofunctional flood storage reservoirs (called in Brazil as “piscinões”), the BGI also promotes a harmonious and balanced interaction between the population and the urban landscape.
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Apel, H., O. M. Trepat, N. N. Hung, D. T. Chinh, B. Merz, and N. V. Dung. "Combined fluvial and pluvial urban flood hazard analysis: method development and application to Can Tho City, Mekong Delta, Vietnam." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 8 (August 26, 2015): 4967–5013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-4967-2015.
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Abstract. Many urban areas experience both fluvial and pluvial floods, because locations next to rivers are preferred settlement areas, and the predominantly sealed urban surface prevents infiltration and facilitates surface inundation. The latter problem is enhanced in cities with insufficient or non-existent sewer systems. While there are a number of approaches to analyse either fluvial or pluvial flood hazard, studies of combined fluvial and pluvial flood hazard are hardly available. Thus this study aims at the analysis of fluvial and pluvial flood hazard individually, but also at developing a method for the analysis of combined pluvial and fluvial flood hazard. This combined fluvial-pluvial flood hazard analysis is performed taking Can Tho city, the largest city in the Vietnamese part of the Mekong Delta, as example. In this tropical environment the annual monsoon triggered floods of the Mekong River can coincide with heavy local convective precipitation events causing both fluvial and pluvial flooding at the same time. Fluvial flood hazard was estimated with a copula based bivariate extreme value statistic for the gauge Kratie at the upper boundary of the Mekong Delta and a large-scale hydrodynamic model of the Mekong Delta. This provided the boundaries for 2-dimensional hydrodynamic inundation simulation for Can Tho city. Pluvial hazard was estimated by a peak-over-threshold frequency estimation based on local rain gauge data, and a stochastic rain storm generator. Inundation was simulated by a 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model implemented on a Graphical Processor Unit (GPU) for time-efficient flood propagation modelling. All hazards – fluvial, pluvial and combined – were accompanied by an uncertainty estimation considering the natural variability of the flood events. This resulted in probabilistic flood hazard maps showing the maximum inundation depths for a selected set of probabilities of occurrence, with maps showing the expectation (median) and the uncertainty by percentile maps. The results are critically discussed and ways for their usage in flood risk management are outlined.
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Rudko, G., and Ye Yakovlev. "Modern factories of regional engineering-geological conditions of Ukraine changes." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2020.1.15-26.
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The article analyzes modern regional changes in engineering and geological conditions of Ukraine due to the complex impact of technogenesis and global climate changes. This is primarily due to the predominance of loess and loamy loess rocks in the upper part of the geological section (up to 65 % of the state) in the formation of technogenic-geological systems “technogenic object-geological environment”. Regional regulation of surface runoff (a cascade of reservoirs of the Dnieper River, up to 38000 pounds, network of channels) significantly disrupted the water-energy exchange of rocks within the upper zone of the geological environment, intensified regional changes of geomechanical parameters (compressive strength, adhesion, angle of a slope) to the factors of global climate change (increasing magnitude and uneven rainfall, warming etc.).
The authors evaluated the new processes of changes in engineering-geological parameters of loesses and loamy loess’ rocks due to the disturbances of their mass-energy (water-heat) transfer, the influence of seismic stresses, complex transformations of the geological environment of industrial-urban agglomerations. The performed analysis showed that changes in engineering-geological conditions are most actively developingwithin the sites of industrial-urban agglomerations, which is caused by the complex action of water and heat losses from engineering networks, changes in relief, geodynamic impacts of transport and construction works. Maximum changes of engineering-geological conditions within towns and settlements are observed in the developed (“old”) mining areas during the flooding of mines, subsidence of surface.
It is shown that a new model of the State Engineering-Geological Map of Ukraine is needed, scientific substantiation of the maximum permissible changes of the engineering-geological parameters of the geological environment for different technogenic-geological systems “technogenic object-geological environment”.