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1
Gruberts, Dāvis, and Kristīne Vilcāne. "Floodwater storage capacity of the Middle Daugava floodplain." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (June 17, 2015): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2015vol2.251.
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<p>This study highlights the flood risk prevention services provided by the Middle Daugava river-floodplain system located downstream from Daugavpils City. Today, it acts as a principal storage area for floodwaters of the Daugava River during the spring floods, therefore diminishing the risk of flooding and related costs for urban municipalities like Jēkabpils and Pļaviņas located further downstream. Statistical analysis of hydrological data records of the Daugava River at Daugavpils and Jēkabpils during the top-10 flood events in 20<sup>th</sup> century are performed in order to quantify the largest daily discharge deficits between these two hydrological posts as well as to calculate the amount of floodwaters that could be intercepted by the entire floodplain area. The highest daily discharge deficit (2230 m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>) is used to calculate additional water level heights for Jēkabpils town if the floodplain did not intercept the floodwaters at all. Therefore, reduction of annual flood risk level provided by the existing river-floodplain system of the Middle Daugava River could be assessed from hydrological perspective as well as from the Ecosystem Services Concept point of view.</p>
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Idowu and Zhou. "Performance Evaluation of a Potential Component of an Early Flood Warning System—A Case Study of the 2012 Flood, Lower Niger River Basin, Nigeria." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11171970.
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Floods frequently occur in Nigeria. The catastrophic 2012 flood in Nigeria claimed 363 lives and affected about seven million people. A total loss of about 2.29 trillion Naira (7.2 billion US Dollars) was estimated. The effect of flooding in the country has been devastating because of sparse to no flood monitoring, and a lack of an effective early flood warning system in the country. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) to evaluate the hydrological conditions of the Lower Niger River Basin (LNRB) in Nigeria in terms of precipitation and antecedent terrestrial water storage prior to the 2012 flood event. Furthermore, we accessed the potential of the GRACE-based flood potential index (FPI) at correctly predicting previous floods, especially the devastating 2012 flood event. For validation, we compared the GRACE terrestrial water storage capacity (TWSC) quantitatively and qualitatively to the water budget of TWSC and Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO) respectively. Furthermore, we derived a water budget-based FPI using Reager’s methodology and compared it to the GRACE-derived FPI quantitatively. Generally, the GRACE TWSC estimates showed seasonal consistency with the water budget TWSC estimates with a correlation coefficient of 0.8. The comparison between the GRACE-derived FPI and water budget-derived FPI gave a correlation coefficient of 0.9 and also agreed well with the flood reported by the DFO. Also, the FPI showed a marked increase with precipitation which implies that rainfall is the main cause of flooding in the study area. Additionally, the computed GRACE-based storage deficit revealed that there was a decrease in water storage prior to the flooding month while the FPI increased. Hence, the GRACE-based FPI and storage deficit when supplemented with water budget-based FPI could suggest a potential for flood prediction and water storage monitoring respectively.
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Liu, Yizhuang, Shu-Qing Yang, Changbo Jiang, Muttucumaru Sivakumar, Keith Enever, Yuannan Long, Bin Deng, Usman Khalil, and Lingshi Yin. "Flood Mitigation Using an Innovative Flood Control Scheme in a Large Lake: Dongting Lake, China." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122465.
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A large lake plays an important role in mitigating flood disasters in its nearby regions during the flooding period; however, the effect is limited, because most of its storage capacity becomes dead storage prior to the arrival of the flood wave. In the current study, an innovative flood control scheme (IFCS) is applied to Dongting Lake (the second largest freshwater lake in China) to alleviate flood disasters. MIKE 21 FM was used to examine its feasibility to mitigate flood disasters. One of the largest floods in the 20th century, the 1998-type flood, was modelled and the maximum water levels with/without IFCS were compared. The result shows that the effective flood control storage could be at least doubled when compared with the natural condition once IFCS was applied. The peak flood level in the Dongting Lake could be lowered by at least 0.32 m at the Chenglingji station in the same flood passage of Dongting Lake. The case study reveals that, after applying IFCS, the hydraulic gates play a very important role in floodwater regulation and further study should be conducted to find the optimized operation for each gate in the flood control scheme system.
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Tong, Bingxing, Zhijia Li, Cheng Yao, Jingfeng Wang, and Yingchun Huang. "Derivation of the Spatial Distribution of Free Water Storage Capacity Based on Topographic Index." Water 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101407.
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Free water storage capacity, an important characteristic of land surface related to runoff process, has a significant influence on runoff generation and separation. It is thus necessary to derive reasonable spatial distribution of free water storage capacity for rainfall-runoff simulation, especially in distributed modeling. In this paper, a topographic index based approach is proposed for the derivation of free water storage capacity spatial distribution. The topographic index, which can be obtained from digital elevation model (DEM), are used to establish a functional relationship with free water storage capacity in the proposed approach. In this case, the spatial variability of free water storage capacity can be directly estimated from the characteristics of watershed topography. This approach was tested at two medium sized watersheds, including Changhua and Chenhe, with the drainage areas of 905 km2 and 1395 km2, respectively. The results show that locations with larger values of free water storage capacity generally correspond to locations with higher topographic index values, such as riparian region. The estimated spatial distribution of free water storage capacity is also used in a distributed, grid-based Xinanjiang model to simulate 10 flood events for Chenhe Watershed and 17 flood events for Changhua Watershed. Our analysis indicates that the proposed approach based on topographic index can produce reasonable spatial variability of free water storage capacity and is more suitable for flood simulation.
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Struthers, I., and M. Sivapalan. "A conceptual investigation of process controls upon flood frequency: role of thresholds." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 4 (July 6, 2007): 1405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1405-2007.
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Abstract. Traditional statistical approaches to flood frequency inherently assume homogeneity and stationarity in the flood generation process. This study illustrates the impact of heterogeneity associated with threshold non-linearities in the storage-discharge relationship associated with the rainfall-runoff process upon flood frequency behaviour. For a simplified, non-threshold (i.e. homogeneous) scenario, flood frequency can be characterised in terms of rainfall frequency, the characteristic response time of the catchment, and storm intermittency, modified by the relative strength of evaporation. The flood frequency curve is then a consistent transformation of the rainfall frequency curve, and could be readily described by traditional statistical methods. The introduction of storage thresholds, namely a field capacity storage and a catchment storage capacity, however, results in different flood frequency "regions" associated with distinctly different rainfall-runoff response behaviour and different process controls. The return period associated with the transition between these regions is directly related to the frequency of threshold exceedence. Where threshold exceedence is relatively rare, statistical extrapolation of flood frequency on the basis of short historical flood records risks ignoring this heterogeneity, and therefore significantly underestimating the magnitude of extreme flood peaks.
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Struthers, I., and M. Sivapalan. "Theoretical investigation of process controls upon flood frequency: role of thresholds." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 5 (October 26, 2006): 3279–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-3279-2006.
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Abstract. Traditional statistical approaches to flood frequency inherently assume homogeneity and stationarity in the flood generation process. This study illustrates the impact of heterogeneity associated with threshold non-linearities in the storage-discharge relationship associated with the rainfall-runoff process upon flood frequency behaviour. For a simplified, non-threshold (i.e. homogeneous) scenario, flood frequency can be characterised in terms of rainfall frequency, the characteristic response time of the catchment, and storm intermittency, modified by the relative strength of evaporation. The flood frequency curve is then a consistent transformation of the rainfall frequency curve, and could be readily described by traditional statistical methods. The introduction of storage thresholds, namely a field capacity storage and a catchment storage capacity, however, results in different flood frequency "regions" associated with distinctly different rainfall-runoff response behaviour and different process controls. The return period associated with the transition between these regions is directly related to the frequency of threshold exceedence. Where threshold exceedence is relatively rare, statistical extrapolation of flood frequency on the basis of short historical flood records risks ignoring this heterogeneity, and therefore significantly underestimating the magnitude of extreme flood peaks.
7
Maxwell, Connie M., Saeed P. Langarudi, and Alexander G. Fernald. "Simulating a Watershed-Scale Strategy to Mitigate Drought, Flooding, and Sediment Transport in Drylands." Systems 7, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems7040053.
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Drylands today are facing a landscape-scale water storage problem. Throughout the increasingly arid Southwest of the United States, vegetation loss in upland watersheds is leading to floods that scour soils and transport sediment that clogs downstream riparian areas and agricultural infrastructure. The resulting higher flow energies and diminished capacity to infiltrate flood flows are depleting soil water storage across the landscape, negatively impacting agriculture and ecosystems. Land and water managers face challenges to reverse the trends due to the complex interacting social and biogeophysical root causes. Presented here is an integrative system dynamics model that simulates innovative and transformative management scenarios. These scenarios include the natural and hydro-social processes and feedback dynamics critical for achieving long-term mitigation of droughts, flooding, and sediment transport. This model is a component of the Flood Flow Connectivity to the Landscape framework, which integrates spatial and hydrologic process models. Scenarios of support and collaboration for land management innovations are simulated to connect flood flow to the floodplains throughout the watershed to replenish soil storage and shallow groundwater aquifers across regional scales. The results reveal the management policy levers and trade-off balances critical for restoring management and water storage capacity to the system for long-term resilience.
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Gioia, A., V. Iacobellis, S. Manfreda, and M. Fiorentino. "Influence of infiltration and soil storage capacity on the skewness of the annual maximum flood peaks in a theoretically derived distribution." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 22, 2012): 937–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-937-2012.
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Abstract. Understanding the spatial variability of key parameters of flood probability distributions represents a strategy to provide insights on hydrologic similarity and building probabilistic models able to reduce the uncertainty in flood prediction in ungauged basins. In this work, we exploited the theoretically derived distribution of floods model TCIF (Two Component Iacobellis and Fiorentino model; Gioia et al., 2008), based on two different threshold mechanisms associated to ordinary and extraordinary events. The model is based on the hypotheses that ordinary floods are generally due to rainfall events exceeding a constant infiltration rate in a small source area, while the so-called outlier events responsible for the high skewness of flood distributions are triggered when severe rainfalls exceed a storage threshold over a large portion of the basin. Within this scheme, a sensitivity analysis was performed with respect to climatic and geomorphologic parameters in order to analyze the effects on the skewness coefficient and provide insights in catchment classification and process conceptualization. The analysis was conducted to investigate the influence on flood distribution of physical factors such as rainfall intensity, basin area, and particular focus on soil behavior.
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Lusinia, Shary, and Nugraha Rahmansyah. "Analysis of the Level of Vulnerability to Floods using the Method of Simple Moving Average (A Case Study of the City of Padang)." Jurnal KomtekInfo 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35134/komtekinfo.v7i3.84.
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Flood is the overflow of the river flow due to water exceed the storage capacity of the river, so that overflow and inundate the plains or the lower regions in the vicinity. Floods are natural disasters that often occur in Indonesia because it is located in the tropics. A lot of flood prone areas which have high population density, due to less understanding of the community regarding the geographic region. Floods often occur in the City of Padang caused by high rainfall in the upstream areas of the river and the topography is hilly so increase the speed of the flow of water to the lower plains. In this study, the author examines the factors of vulnerability to flood by using the method of Simple Moving Average with a parameter of the flood that used rainfall and long rainy days.
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Liang, Yulian, Yongli Wang, Yinjun Zhao, Yuan Lu, and Xiaoying Liu. "Analysis and Projection of Flood Hazards over China." Water 11, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051022.
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Floods have been experienced with greater frequency and more severity under global climate change. To understand the flood hazard and its variation in the future, the current and future flood hazards in the 21st century in China are discussed. Floods and their trends are assessed using the accumulation precipitation during heavy rainfall process (AP_HRP), which are calculated based on historical meteorological observations and the outputs of a global climate model (GCM) under three Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The flood-causing HRPs counted by the flood-causing critical precipitation (the 60% fractile of AP_HRP) capture more than 70% of historical flood events. The projection results indicate that the flood hazards could increase under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 and increase slightly under RCP2.6 during the 21st century (2011–2099). The spatial characteristics of flood hazards and their increasing trends under the three RCPs are similar in most areas of China. More floods could occur in southern China, including Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Fujian provinces, which could become more serious in southeastern China and the northern Yunnan province. Construction of water conservancy projects, reservoir dredging, improvement of drainage and irrigation equipment and enhancement of flood control and storage capacity can mitigate the impacts of floods and waterlogging on agriculture.
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Benito, G., B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, and O. Dahan. "Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 4 (April 8, 2011): 1185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1185-2011.
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Abstract. In this study we propose a multi-source data approach for quantifying long-term flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers. The methodology is applied to the Buffels River, at 9000 km2 the largest ephemeral river in Namaqualand (NW South Africa), a region with scarce stream flow records limiting research investigating hydrological response to global change. Daily discharge and annual flood series (1965–2006) were estimated from a distributed rainfall-runoff hydrological model (TETIS) using rainfall gauge records located within the catchment. The model was calibrated and validated with data collected during a two year monitoring programme (2005–2006) at two stream flow stations, one each in the upper and lower reaches of the catchment. In addition to the modelled flow records, non-systematic flood data were reconstructed using both sedimentary and documentary evidence. The palaeoflood record identified at least 25 large floods during the last 700 yr; with the largest floods reaching a minimum discharge of 255 m3 s−1 (450 yr return period) in the upper basin, and 510 m3 s−1 (100 yr return period) in the lower catchment. Since AD 1925, the flood hydrology of the Buffels River has been characterised by a decrease in the magnitude and frequency of extreme floods, with palaeoflood discharges (period 1500–1921) five times greater than the largest modelled floods during the period 1965–2006. Large floods generated the highest hydrograph volumes, however their contribution to aquifer recharge is limited as this depends on other factors such as flood duration and storage capacity of the unsaturated zone prior to the flood. Floods having average return intervals of 5–10 yr (120–140 m3 s−1) and flowing for 12 days are able to fully saturate the Spektakel aquifer in the lower Buffels River basin. Alluvial aquifer storage capacity limiting potential recharge by the largest floods is a common problem in arid environments, with the largest infiltration volumes favoured by increasing depth to groundwater levels.
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Oshikawa, Hideo, Yuka Mito, and Toshimitsu Komatsu. "An Experimental Study on Flood Control Capability of Dry Dams Constructed in a Series." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0467.
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The new Cascade concept of flood control is demonstrated in laboratory experiments in which upstream dams in a series of dams constructed along a river overflow from emergency spillways while the final downstream dam is required only to use its normal spillway and never do its emergency spillway. Multiple small dry dams lacking a slide gate in a normal spillway should be constructed in a series rather than as a single large dam to prevent flood disasters and to preserve the natural environment. Dry dams for flood control have recently been reviewed, planned, and built at sites in Japan. In this paper, we compare the Cascade method to conventional flood control in laboratory experiments conducted based on the condition that dams all have the same reservoir capacity. Results have shown that the Cascade method using multiple dry dams was considerably more effective than conventional flood control. Furthermore, the additional flood control effect of a dry dam equipped with closable and openable gate in its regular spillway was experimentally confirmed although there is no such kind of the gate on an ordinary dry dam. This new dry dam should be constructed in the river’s upper reaches away from the existing downstream storage dam needing still more its capacity for water utilization, thus ensuring the amount of water available by closing the regular spillway after the dry dam is filled to capacity. The flood control capacity of dams including the new dry dam is stronger than that of an ordinary storage dam thanks to the dry dam’s storage function.
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Shi, Heng Hua, Tao Chen, Guo Dong Wang, and Yong Liu. "The Relationship between the Urban Road Flood Protection Capacity and the Lake Sandbox Based on Internet of Things." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 1471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1471.
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The urban road flood protection capacity is related with a lot of elements such as human factors and natural environment as the lake. The lake can storage water temporarily and improves the urban road flood protection capacity. Based on Internet of Things technology, we establish an urban road drainage system sandbox with the near lake to simulate the relationship between the urban road flood protection capacity and the lake. The experiment simulates urban road drainage with the near lake in different rainfall level. Simulation results show that the near lake can obviously improve the urban road flood protection capacity in Heavy Rain and Rainstorm, and partly improve the urban road flood protection capacity heavy rainstorm and big heavy rainstorm. This can interchange for the urban road drainage system design to improve urban road flood protection capacity, promote the urban natural environment protection including the lake protection.
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Nakayama, Hirofumi, Takayuki Shimaoka, Kiyoshi Omine, Maryono, Plubcharoensuk Patsaraporn, and Orawan Siriratpiriya. "Solid Waste Management in Bangkok at 2011 Thailand Floods." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0456.
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A large amount of municipal and industrial flood waste was generated during a 2011 monsoon in Thailand. This paper examines the generation and disposal of flood waste related to Thailand floods using data obtained through field surveys and interviews with involved organizations. As a result, problems with flood waste treatment were found. These included a shortage of waste collection capacity such as vehicles and boats under emergency conditions, a lack of appropriately designed temporary waste storage at waste transfer stations, a lack of recycling systems for the wood waste that dominated waste from flooding, and the possibility thatmixed disposal ofmunicipal and industrial waste introduced contamination. To improve flood waste treatment, some proposals were provided for the predisaster, disaster and post-disaster stages.
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Ochi, Toshihiko. "Flood and CSO Control Tanks: The Experience in the City of Nagoya." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0683.
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Topographical features of the City of Nagoya, characterized by flat land and hills in the eastern part, make storm drainage and flood control particularly important in this urban region. In the provision of land drainage, small and medium rivers in the City play an important role, but they generally lack adequate hydraulic capacity. Furthermore, there are sewered areas in the city where the local topography, characterized by depressions or sudden breaks in surface slopes between flat and inclining planes cause local flooding and water ponding. Consequently, the city has adopted a flood control program comprising construction of storage tanks in the areas susceptible to flooding, or where the hydraulic capacity of rivers is unreliable. The main concepts of this program include the construction of a variety of storage tanks designed to suit the local flood protection requirements. Scarcity of construction sites makes effective land utilization mandatory, so storage tanks are designed as facilities with dual functions serving as both flood and combined sewer overflow (CSO) controls, and, whenever feasible, the storage tanks are designed and implemented in conjunction with the existing facilities.
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Pramono, Irfan, and Endang Savitri. "Flash flood in Arau watershed, West Sumatera: a mitigation study." MATEC Web of Conferences 229 (2018): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822903002.
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Flash flood often occurs in West Sumatera. In spite of heavy rain, flash floods are also caused by the landslide in the riverside that blocks the river as a natural dam. The natural dam can be broken at any time, depending on storage capacity. Flash flood occurs when the dam is broken. The aim of the research is to mitigate flash floods based on parameters influencing flood and landslide. The research was conducted in Arau watershed, West Sumatera. Parameters that have a direct proportion of floods are maximum daily rainfall, watershed shape, river gradient, drainage density, slope, and land cover. Parameters influencing landslides are antecedent soil moisture, slope, geologic type especially fault line, soil depth, and land cover. GIS is used to analyze the factors influencing flood and landslide spatially. The results show that more than 50% of the Arau watershed are slightly high and high vulnerability due to its natural condition. Furthermore, the locations of fault, especially in the riverside, should be noticed because this location could become a natural dam causing flash flood. In order to reduce flash flood impact, the natural dam should be opened as soon as possible.
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Sun, Zhandong, Qun Huang, and Tom Lotz. "Evolution of Flood Regulation Capacity for a Large Shallow Retention Lake: Characterization, Mechanism, and Impacts." Water 12, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 2853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102853.
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The retention lake often plays an important role in flood mitigation through the water storage and the lake–river interactions. However, the evolution of real-time flood regulation capacity remains poorly characterized. Using wavelet decomposition and flood peak removing ratios, this study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the characterization, mechanism, and impacts of the flood regulation capacity in Dongting Lake. The results indicate that the change of flood regulation effect of the lake can be well reflected by the multi-year changes in the variances of the inflow and outflow runoffs. The wavelet decomposition indicates that the flood regulation of the lake is mainly functioned on the high-frequency floods with durations less than 32 days. The average yearly flood peak removing ratios range from 0.13 to 0.56, but no significant tendency changes on the effect of the flood regulation capacity has happened during the study period. The changes in maximum regulation volume reveal that the flood regulation of the Dongting Lake is mainly a passive process decided by the complex river–lake relationship and the interactions among different processes of discharge and sediment. The impacts from the large volume reduction caused by sedimentation in the lake is compensated by the increased flood controlling water level, which in turn have resulted in the new phenomenon of “normal discharge, high water level and disaster” in the lake regions after the 1990s. The significant impacts on the lake–river relationship caused by the sediment reallocation from the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) have further changed the hydrological regimes between the lake and the Yangtze River. Influenced by the new lake-river interaction pattern the discharge passing capacity downstream the outlet of the lake is becoming a key factor that affects the flood regulation capacity, which is leading to a shift of the flood pressures from the lake region to the downstream of Yangtze in the near future.
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Valentová, Jana, Petr Valenta, and Lenka Weyskrabová. "Assessing the retention capacity of a floodplain using a 2D numerical model." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-010-0021-1.
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Assessing the retention capacity of a floodplain using a 2D numerical modelThis paper presents a method for assessing the retention capacity of a floodplain in the course of flooding and for estimating the significance of its water storage for transforming a flood wave. The method is based on two-dimensional numerical modeling of the flood flow in a river channel and in the adjacent floodplains, and is suitable for cases when the morphology of the flooding area is variable and complex, e.g. broad inundation areas with meandering channels. The approach adopted here enables us to quantify the retention capacity for inundation areas of various characters and with various land uses, and provides a tool for estimating the efficiency of possible measures for increasing the water storage capacity of a floodplain. The retention capacity is estimated using an evaluation of a series of detailed flood flow modeling results; the flood wave transformation effect is predicted with the aim of creating a non-linear reservoir model. A parametric study of the floodplain retention capacity for the upper branch of the Lužnice River is presented here, and the results for the current state and for various hypothetical scenarios of changes in geometry and land use are evaluated and compared.
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Oshikawa, Hideo, Yuka Mito, and Toshimitsu Komatsu. "Study of Flood Control Capability and Advanced Application of Multiple Dams Constructed in Series." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0447.
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The new concept for flood control called ‘Cascade’ method which permits dams to overflow around an upstream region with a sequence of dams constructed in a river is proposed. Multiple small scale dry dams should be constructed in series instead of a large scale dam in order to prevent flood disaster and preserve the natural environment. Recently a flood control dam with a bottom outlet hole as its regular spillway, known as ‘dry dam’, has been reviewed, planned and built in some sites in Japan. Under a condition of a common reservoir capacity, the Cascade type flood control permitting upstream dams to overflow except for the most downstream dam in a river is compared with a conventional one not to overflow each dam in a numerical simulation. As a result, it is made clear that the Cascade method using multiple dry dams is much more effective than the conventional one. In this connection, the Cascade type flood control method permitting upstream dams to overflow from emergency spillways except for the most downstream dam can be applied to normal storage dams with slide gates operated conventionally. Therefore, it could become an effective adaptation method for the global warming problem since it is performed by only changing how to operate slide gates in existing storage dams constructed in series. In addition, we also propose a new type of dry dam that has a closable and openable gate for its regular spillway primarily to retain the water for the water utilization. The new type of dry dam, which should be constructed in the upper reach away from the existing downstream storage dam needing still more its capacity for water utilization, ensures the amount of water available for the use by closing the regular spillway after the new dry dam is at full capacity, and the flood control capacity of the dams including the new dry dam is stronger than that of the normal dams owing to the storage function with the new dry dam. The new dry dams may improve the water utilization, the flood control, and environmentfriendliness under the current condition in Thailand damaged by the severe flood in 2011.
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Jumadar, A. S., A. Pathirana, B. Gersonius, and C. Zevenbergen. "Incorporating infiltration modelling in urban flood management." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 5, no. 3 (June 20, 2008): 1533–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-5-1533-2008.
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Abstract. Increasing frequency and intensity of flood events in urban areas can be linked to increase in impervious area due to urbanization, exacerbated by climate change. The established approach of conveying storm water by conventional drainage systems has contributed to magnification of runoff volume and peak flows beyond those of undeveloped catchments. Furthermore, the continuous upgrading of such conventional systems is costly and unsustainable in the long term. Sustainable drainage systems aim at addressing the adverse effects associated with conventional systems, by mimicking the natural drainage processes, encouraging infiltration and storage of storm water. In this study we model one of the key components of SuDS, the infiltration basins, in order to assert the benefits of the approach. Infiltration modelling was incorporated in the detention storage unit within the one-dimensional urban storm water management model, EPA-SWMM 5.0. By introduction of infiltration modelling in the storage, the flow attenuation performance of the unit was considerably improved. The study also examines the catchment scale impact of both source and regional control storage/infiltration systems. Based on the findings of two case study areas modelled with the proposed options, it was observed that source control systems have a greater and much more natural impact at a catchment level, with respect to flow attenuation, compared to regional control systems of which capacity is equivalent to the sum of source control capacity at the catchment.
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Kim, Youngjin, and Mooyoung Han. "Rainwater storage tank as a remedy for a local urban flood control." Water Supply 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.029.
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Surcharge runoff over the capacity of drainage pipes is one of main flood breaking factors in urban area. Change into larger pipes is costly and time consuming solution. Rainwater tanks can be a sustainable solution for the control of heavy runoff. The Rainfall-Storage-Drain(RSD) model is developed for the design of rainwater tanks of flood control. Design rainfall of Huff's distribution and runoff analysis on building rooftop makes inflow curves into the tanks. Through a water balance equation, tank volume versus peak flow curves can determine the minimum tank volume needed for controlled peak flow value of a design period. The case study in Seoul City shows a tank of 29 L/m2 can control the runoff of 30-years with the drainage pipes of 10-years design period. The RSD model can give simple and easy curves to understand for tank capacity determination in a local flood condition.
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Liu, Jianwei, and Can Zhang. "Identification of Risks and Estimation of Flood Storage in Ponds." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7348384.
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The article demonstrates methods for identification and assessment of risks for efficient utilization and storage of floodwater, which can be utilized in middle and lower reaches of rivers. Firstly, the methods of analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis were proposed, which can identify the main risk factors and associated losses during the storage of floodwater in ponds. The major factors of risk include uncertainty of benefit losses, uncertainty of calculation methods and parameters, long-term rainfall-runoff forecasting errors, scheduling decision, and implementation. Next, a two-dimensional estimation model used to get the risk rate of flood storage in ponds during different stages of flood including scenarios with and without control measures is developed. The identified risk factors were applied on an event of rainfall (200 mm) to evaluate the risk of flood storage in Cile pond. To conclude, the laws of risk in terms of space and time are demonstrated as follows: (1) in spatial dimension, the risk involved will be higher if flood storage capacity is great, and, (2) in temporal dimension, the risk involved will be higher if storage occurred earlier than anticipated. This article further concludes that if flood storage is greater, the risk loss associated with control measures will obviously be smaller than that without control measures.
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Gioia, A., V. Iacobellis, S. Manfreda, and M. Fiorentino. "Influence of soil parameters on the skewness coefficient of the annual maximum flood peaks." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 14, 2011): 5559–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-5559-2011.
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Abstract. Understanding the spatial variability of key parameters of flood probability distributions represents a strategy to provide insights on hydrologic similarity and building probabilistic models able to reduce the uncertainty in flood prediction in ungauged basins. In this work, we exploited the theoretically derived distribution of floods TCIF (Gioia et al., 2008), based on two different threshold mechanisms associated respectively to ordinary and extraordinary events. The model is based on the hypotheses that ordinary floods are generally due to rainfall events exceeding a threshold infiltration rate in a small source area, while the so-called outlier events, responsible of the high skewness of flood distributions, are triggered when severe rainfalls exceed a storage threshold over a large portion of the basin. Within this scheme, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to analyze the effects of climatic and geomorphologic parameters on the skewness coefficient. In particular, the analysis was conducted investigating the influence on flood distribution of physical factors such as rainfall intensity, soil infiltration capacity, and basin area, in order to provide insights in catchment classification and process conceptualization.
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Zhang, Hongping, Xinwen Cheng, Lei Jin, Dong Zhao, Tianjing Feng, and Kun Zheng. "A Method for Estimating Urban Flood-Carrying Capacity Using the VIS-W Underlying Surface Model: A Case Study from Wuhan, China." Water 11, no. 11 (November 8, 2019): 2345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112345.
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In 2016, 192 cities, including Wuhan, Nanjing, and Jiujiang, suffered from severe flooding, which raised social and government concerns in China. This paper proposes a method based on the underlying surface to estimate the urban flood-carrying capacity. First, water is extended into the underlying surface vegetation-impervious surface-soil (VIS) model to form the vegetation-impervious surface-soil and water (VIS-W) model. Second, the watershed is delimitated using a digital elevation model (DEM). Third, the natural water system’s storage capacity, including rivers, lakes, and puddles, is estimated. Using the rainfall–runoff hydrology model and the VIS-W model, the storing ability, the receiving ability, the discharge potential, and the emergency of pumping outward are assessed to derive the final flood-carrying capacity. Finally, the result is compared with data on the waterlogging points collected in July 2016 during a flood and waterlogging event in Wuhan. It is found that 84% of waterlogging points are located in the “weak” or “normal” areas, and 16% are located in the “strong” areas. Additionally, 99% of total waterlogging points are located upstream, based on the stream extracted by the DEM. This phenomenon indicates that Wuhan can mitigate flood disasters by fully utilizing the natural water system storage capacity to corporate the city’s drainage schedule.
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Liu, Zhi Qi, Jin Xi Lu, Jian Jiao, and Qing Zhang. "Determining the Flood Control Level of Small Reservoirs with Fuzzy Decision by Stages." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1753.
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The limited water level of reservoir by stage, fully consider the seasonal variations of the average annual precipitation characteristics in every reservoirs control catchment. Its not only ensuring the rational use of water resources, increasing economic and social benefits to the reservoir, but also ensuring the safety of flood control reservoir flood season, to protect people's lives and property. Determine flood limit level for small reservoir by installments should consider the balance between the economic benefits from improving the water level and the consumption of human and financial resources caused by the installments flood water level adjustment. At the same time, the water resources should be intelligent used in order to let the level of reservoir get in normal. This paper, according to the characteristics of small reservoir, calculated on the reservoir storage capacity can be increased basis of the existing flood control capacity through calculating the value of membership function during reservoir flood season. So that the new limited water level can be obtained after calculating the reservoir capacity increase according to the capacity-water level graph.
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Karar Ahmad, Md. "Flood Mitigation in Developing Countries: A Case Study of India." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.1.1378.
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Floods are the common natural disasters in most of the developing countries, and India isno exception.Due to the geographic and climatic conditions the country remains under threat. Floods have been recurrent phenomenon in many parts of India, causing loss of lives and public property and bringing untold misery to the people. The floods that occurred in India in 2013 were highly catastrophic based on the number of victims. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, IFRC (2013) continues to steer the evacuation efforts as well as in rescuing the stranded victims. Methods of structural control of floodwater can be grouped into four types; namely, storage, diversion, enhancing channel capacity, and constriction of the water within the channel. The following flood mitigation measures could be adopted to mitigate the adverse impacts of severe floods and to prevent normal floods. Flood walls are constructed out of materials such as concrete or steel in order to control the flow of flood waters and prevent the flooding of specific areas. The construction of floodwalls and embankments has been the traditional means of protecting low lying communities and infrastructure against flooding. Flood hazard maps contain information about the probability or magnitude of an event whereas flood risk maps contain additional information about the consequences. Flood insurance is one of the effective ways in order to cope with the aftermaths of flood events. The Indian government acknowledges the problems the country faces because of the various natural disasters that occur. Consequently, various agencies have been instituted to evaluate the country’s exposure to disasters and to develop ways of mitigating or managing the impacts of the disasters.
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Wu, Yueqiu, Liping Wang, Yanke Zhang, Jiajie Wu, Qiumei Ma, and Lisha Yue. "Application of Marginal Rate of Transformation in Decision Making of Multi-Objective Reservoir Optimal Operation Scheme." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031488.
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For reservoirs with combined storage capacity for flood control and beneficial purposes, there tends to be potential benefit loss when the flood control limited water level is used in medium and small floods. How to find the optimal water level scheme for profit-making and pursue the optimization of comprehensive benefits has always been a difficult problem in multi-objective reservoir optimal operation. Based on the principle of the maximum benefit obtained by the product conversion curve and the isorevenue line in microeconomics, taking flood control and power generation as two products of a reservoir, a multi-objective optimal operation scheme decision-making model is established to seek the highest water level scheme that can produce the maximum comprehensive benefits of flood control and power generation. A case study of the Three Gorges reservoir in the early flood season of a dry year shows that on the one hand, under the condition of deterministic inflow, the model can work out the optimal water level and the corresponding best equilibrium point for both flood control and power generation, and it can increase the total power output by 4.48% without reducing the flood control benefits; on the other hand, it can also obtain the dynamic control area of the maximum allowable water level for power generation considering inflow forecast error, which provides a theoretical reference for determining the starting water level in medium and small floods and utilizing flood resources.
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Xiong, Bin, Lihua Xiong, Jun Xia, Chong-Yu Xu, Cong Jiang, and Tao Du. "Assessing the impacts of reservoirs on downstream flood frequency by coupling the effect of scheduling-related multivariate rainfall with an indicator of reservoir effects." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 11 (October 30, 2019): 4453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4453-2019.
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Abstract. Many studies have shown that downstream flood regimes have been significantly altered by upstream reservoir operation. Reservoir effects on the downstream flow regime are normally performed by comparing the pre-dam and post-dam frequencies of certain streamflow indicators, such as floods and droughts. In this study, a rainfall–reservoir composite index (RRCI) is developed to precisely quantify reservoir impacts on downstream flood frequency under a framework of a covariate-based nonstationary flood frequency analysis using the Bayesian inference method. The RRCI is derived from a combination of both a reservoir index (RI) for measuring the effects of reservoir storage capacity and a rainfall index. More precisely, the OR joint (the type of possible joint events based on the OR operator) exceedance probability (OR-JEP) of certain scheduling-related variables selected out of five variables that describe the multiday antecedent rainfall input (MARI) is used to measure the effects of antecedent rainfall on reservoir operation. Then, the RI-dependent or RRCI-dependent distribution parameters and five distributions, the gamma, Weibull, lognormal, Gumbel, and generalized extreme value, are used to analyze the annual maximum daily flow (AMDF) of the Ankang, Huangjiagang, and Huangzhuang gauging stations of the Han River, China. A phenomenon is observed in which although most of the floods that peak downstream of reservoirs have been reduced in magnitude by upstream reservoirs, some relatively large flood events have still occurred, such as at the Huangzhuang station in 1983. The results of nonstationary flood frequency analysis show that, in comparison to the RI, the RRCI that combines both the RI and the OR-JEP resulted in a much better explanation for such phenomena of flood occurrences downstream of reservoirs. A Bayesian inference of the 100-year return level of the AMDF shows that the optimal RRCI-dependent distribution, compared to the RI-dependent one, results in relatively smaller estimated values. However, exceptions exist due to some low OR-JEP values. In addition, it provides a smaller uncertainty range. This study highlights the necessity of including antecedent rainfall effects, in addition to the effects of reservoir storage capacity, on reservoir operation to assess the reservoir effects on downstream flood frequency. This analysis can provide a more comprehensive approach for downstream flood risk management under the impacts of reservoirs.
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Yang, Zitong, Xianfeng Huang, Jiao Liu, and Guohua Fang. "Optimal Operation of Floodwater Resources Utilization of Lakes in South-to-North Water Transfer Eastern Route Project." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 4857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094857.
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In order to meet the demand of emergency water supply in the northern region without affecting normal water transfer, considering the use of the existing South-to-North Water Transfer eastern route project to explore the potential of floodwater resource utilization in the flood season of Hongze Lake and Luoma Lake in Jiangsu Province, this paper carried out relevant optimal operating research. First, the hydraulic linkages between the lakes were generalized, then the water resources allocation mode and the scale of existing projects were clarified. After that, the actual available amount of flood resources in the lakes was evaluated. The average annual available floodwater resources in 2003–2017 was 1.49 billion m3, and the maximum available capacity was 30.84 billion m3. Then, using the floodwater resource utilization method of multi period flood limited water levels, the research period was divided into the main flood season (15 July to 15 August) and the later flood season (16 August to 10 September, 11 September to 30 September) by the Systematic Clustering Analysis method. After the flood control calculation, the limited water level of Hongze Lake in the later flood season can be raised from 12.5 m to 13.0 m, and the capacity of reservoir storage can increase to 696 million m3. The limited water level of Luoma Lake can be raised from 22.5 m to 23.0 m (16 August to 10 September), 23.5 m (11 September to 30 September), and the capacity of reservoir storage can increase from 150 to 300 million m3. Finally, establishing the floodwater resource optimization model of the lake group with the goals of maximizing the floodwater transfer amount and minimizing the flood control risk rate, the optimal water allocation scheme is obtained through the optimization algorithm.
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Matsuoka, Ryo, and Shinichiro Oki. "Demonstration of Stormwater Management Technology by Short-Term Rainfall Prediction and Real-Time Runoff Analysis System Using Small X-Band Radar." Journal of Disaster Research 16, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2021.p0403.
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We developed a system that combines urban area rainfall radar (small X-band, dual-polarization radar), short-term rainfall prediction model, and real-time runoff analysis technology, and the demonstration study was conducted on the drainage districts in Fukui City and Toyama City. We demonstrated the effectiveness of the flood damage, by providing the real-time information on rainfall prediction, water level in sewerage pipes, and inland flood prediction to the operators of drainage pump of stormwater storage pipes, and residents in flood-prone areas. During the study for about two years, it was confirmed that the accuracy of the radar rainfall observation was comparable to that of the X-band dual-polarization Doppler weather radar managed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. In the operation of the drainage pump for the Tsukimiminori Stormwater Storage Pipe in Fukui City, we were able to secure the storage capacity for the next rainfall based on the forecast information by maximizing the drainage capacity of the discharge destination. In addition, it was also confirmed that the residents themselves could secure the lead time for setting up water-stop sandbags and moving their vehicles to higher ground.
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Clark, Robert A., Zachary L. Flamig, Humberto Vergara, Yang Hong, Jonathan J. Gourley, Daniel J. Mandl, Stuart Frye, Matthew Handy, and Maria Patterson. "Hydrological Modeling and Capacity Building in the Republic of Namibia." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 1697–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00130.1.
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Abstract The Republic of Namibia, located along the arid and semiarid coast of southwest Africa, is highly dependent on reliable forecasts of surface and groundwater storage and fluxes. Since 2009, the University of Oklahoma (OU) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have engaged in a series of exercises with the Namibian Ministry of Agriculture, Water, and Forestry to build the capacity to improve the water information available to local decision-makers. These activities have included the calibration and implementation of NASA and OU’s jointly developed Coupled Routing and Excess Storage (CREST) hydrological model as well as the Ensemble Framework for Flash Flood Forecasting (EF5). Hydrological model output is used to produce forecasts of river stage height, discharge, and soil moisture. To enable broad access to this suite of environmental decision support information, a website, the Namibia Flood Dashboard, hosted on the infrastructure of the Open Science Data Cloud, has been developed. This system enables scientists, ministry officials, nongovernmental organizations, and other interested parties to freely access all available water information produced by the project, including comparisons of NASA satellite imagery to model forecasts of flooding or drought. The local expertise needed to generate and enhance these water information products has been grown through a series of training meetings bringing together national government officials, regional stakeholders, and local university students and faculty. Aided by online training materials, these exercises have resulted in additional capacity-building activities with CREST and EF5 beyond Namibia as well as the initial implementation of a global flood monitoring and forecasting system.
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Głowski, Robert, and Robert Kasperek. "The grain size distribution of settled sediment within storage reservoir Otmuchów." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. Land Reclamation 49, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sggw-2017-0001.
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Abstract The grain size distribution of settled sediment within storage reservoir Otmuchów. The river Nysa Kłodzka is flowing through the flat-reduction Otmuchów. There are localized two storage reservoirs Otmuchów and Nysa. The first of these reservoirs have been constructed in the period 1928-1933 and the filling was completed in 1934. Reservoir Nysa was completed in 1971. Both reservoirs are located within walking distance of each other, creating since 1971 cascade. Reservoir Otmuchów is located above the Nysa reservoir what cause, that in the bowl of the Otmuchów reservoir, the significant part of transported by Nysa Kłodzka sediments is deposited. When established after the 1997 flood damming levels, summer and winter, the length of the reservoir Otmuchów is suitably from 4.5 to 5 km. At the maximum impoundment level and a maximal capacity of 130.45 million m3 the reservoir length reach approx. 7 km. From the analysis of the satellite image can be seen advancing silting of the reservoir Otmuchów especially in the estuary zone of the Nysa Kłodzka. Obtained archival data about changes of the sediment grain size distribution in the longitudinal reservoir profile cover only the region of the still capacity extending a distance of 3 km from the cross-section of the dam. In this zone the fine particles of the suspended load with characteristic diameters ranging from 0.030 to 0.088 mm were embedded. In 2010, the authors presented the results of preliminary analysis of the silting process of the reservoir Otmuchów. The authors pointed out that there is a lack of the data about the dimension of the particles embedded in the usable capacity and flood capacity reserve (above 3 km from the dam) causing visible on satellite photo silting. This paper presents the results of the sediment grain size distribution in the usable capacity of the reservoir and in the estuary region of the Nysa Kłodzka located in flood capacity reserve, obtained from the sediment samples analysis. Obtained results allowed to supplement the image of the particle size distribution of the sediment being deposited in the reservoir Otmuchów longitudinal profile and an evaluation of the parameters of mobility rubble with fixed diameters.
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Wang, Ting, Jun Hua Zhang, Shu Kui Chen, Huai Bao Ma, and Kun Peng Li. "Experimental Study on Zhenshui Sand Bar and its Treatment in Xiaolangdi Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 2318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2318.
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Zhenshui is the biggest tributary of Xiaolangdi Reservoir and its original storage capacity is 1.767 billion m3. By October 2010, the amount of sediment in Zhenshui reached 0.1691 billion m3, and the sand bar at Zhenshui estuary was 7m in height. Influenced by operational mode of reservoir and terrain, the formation of sand bar has certain inevitabilities. The sand bar can prevent water and sediment exchange between mainstream and tributary, and the internal storage capacity of tributary is not effectively used. The experimental result shows that during the later sediment retaining period, some small reservoirs can be built at the end of Zhenshui. By restoring water during the high water level in non-flood season in these small reservoirs and discharging flow during the low water level in flood season to scour sand bar, the tributary and main channel in Xiaolangdi Reservoir can be linked up in long term, service efficiency and life of tributary storage can be increased.
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Dr. S. Smys, Dr. Abul Basar, and Dr. Haoxiang Wang. "CNN based Flood Management System with IoT Sensors and Cloud Data." December 2020 2, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jaicn.2020.4.001.
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Water is one of the basic resource need for every human in the world. The improper management of water storage system can lead a human life to any extent. As a result of technology development, the proposed model is developed to manage the water storage systems like dam and lake through remotely placed sensor signals. The sensors which are placed in the storage places gives the strength and storage capacity of the dam and lakes. Similarly the sensors which are placed at the sender dam or lake are used to predict the incoming water level to the receiver lake. This improves the prediction rate of flood in the river paths and this prediction allows the incoming dam to send off some waters outside to allocate some space for incoming waters. The data which are generated by the connected dams are stored in a cloud space for analyzing the water flow management. The sensors connected in a lake or dam is connected with IoT platform to avoid wire connections. Hence this model avoids sudden floods during rainy conditions and it ensures the physical strength of the lake and dam by continuous monitoring process.
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Shahsavan, R., and M. Shourian. "Determination of the optimal capacity of a reservoir considering the effects of flood control volume change on its performance (case study: Darband dam, Iran)." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.057.
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Water storage using dams is a perfect solution for agricultural, industrial, drinking water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power generation, and other purposes. Integrated management of water resources involves the development, management, protection, regulation and beneficial use of surface- and ground- water resources. The reliability of water supply reservoirs depends on several factors, e.g. the physical characteristics of the reservoir, the time series of river discharge, climatic conditions, the amount of demand, and the method of operation. If a portion of a dam's volume is kept empty for flood control, the confidence values of taking the bottom water demand will be reduced. In this paper, a yield-storage model developed in a MATLAB software environment is used to determine the optimal capacity of Darband dam in northeast Iran (the study phase). The reservoir's performance with respect to demand downstream, e.g. from industry and agriculture, and for potable use, was studied, and the results compared for scenarios in flood control volume change conditions. The results show that, for a capacity of 80 Mm3, the reliability values for meeting agricultural, environmental, and potable water demand are estimated at 0.922, 0.927, and 0.942, respectively. If the reservoir's capacity is changed from 80 to 350 Mm3, the reliability values increase by only about 7%.
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Erryanto, Sandi, Ussy Andawayanti, and Ery Suhartanto. "Analysis of Sedimentation for The Optimization of Lempake Dam Operations for Flood Control for The City of Samarinda, Province of East Kalimantan." Civil and Environmental Science 004, no. 01 (April 1, 2021): 010–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2021.00401.2.
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The Lempake Dam currently functions as a dam that provides raw water for irrigation and clean water, besides its indirect functioning as the only flood control dam in the Karangmumus sub-watershed. Current conditions indicate that the Lempake Reservoir has experienced decreased capacity from year to year. At the normal water level, the reservoir capacity of Lempake Reservoir in 2013 was 0.76 million m3 and in 2018 was 0.39 million m3. Therefore, efforts are needed to control reservoir sedimentation and reservoir operations to allow the Lempake Dam to continue to function as a flood control reservoir. This study was carried out by analyzing the volume of sedimentation in the reservoir using the ArcGIS program and analyzing the flood hydrograph at the site by flood routing at the Pasar Segiri River, optimizing reservoir operations, and mapping flood inundation using the RAS Mapping program (HEC-RAS). The results showed that the storage volume in 2020 is predicted to be 0.241 million m3 with an annual sediment rate of 0.074 million m3. From the flood routing analysis and optimization of reservoir operations, the cross-sectional capacity of the river in Pasar Segiri (safe limit elevation +3.30 m) is insufficient for a flood discharge of a return period of more than 2 years (more than 222.14 m3/sec) for Scenario 1, and of more than 5 years (more than 320.48 m3/sec) for Scenario 2
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Kusumastuti, D. I., I. Struthers, M. Sivapalan, and D. A. Reynolds. "Threshold effects in catchment storm response and the occurrence and magnitude of flood events: implications for flood frequency." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 4 (August 20, 2007): 1515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1515-2007.
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Abstract. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the effects of selected catchment storage thresholds upon runoff behaviour, and specifically their impact upon flood frequency. The analysis is carried out with the use of a stochastic rainfall model, incorporating rainfall variability at intra-event, inter-event and seasonal timescales, as well as infrequent summer tropical cyclones, coupled with deterministic rainfall-runoff models that incorporate runoff generation by both saturation excess and subsurface stormflow mechanisms. Changing runoff generation mechanisms (i.e. from subsurface flow to surface runoff) associated with a given threshold (i.e. saturation storage capacity) is shown to be manifested in the flood frequency curve as a break in slope. It is observed that the inclusion of infrequent summer storm events increases the temporal frequency occurrence and magnitude of surface runoff events, in this way contributing to steeper flood frequency curves, and an additional break in the slope of the flood frequency curve. The results of this study highlight the importance of thresholds on flood frequency, and provide insights into the complex interactions between rainfall variability and threshold nonlinearities in the rainfall-runoff process, which are shown to have a significant impact on the resulting flood frequency curves.
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Kusumastuti, D. I., I. Struthers, M. Sivapalan, and D. A. Reynolds. "Threshold effects in catchment storm response and the occurrence and magnitude of flood events: implications for flood frequency." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 5 (October 23, 2006): 3239–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-3239-2006.
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Abstract. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the effects of selected catchment storage thresholds upon runoff behaviour, and specifically their impact upon flood frequency. The analysis is carried out with the use of a stochastic rainfall model, incorporating rainfall variability at intra-event, inter-event and seasonal timescales, as well as infrequent summer tropical cyclones, coupled with deterministic rainfall-runoff models that incorporate runoff generation by both saturation excess and subsurface stormflow mechanisms. Changing runoff generation mechanisms (i.e. from subsurface flow to surface runoff) associated with a given threshold (i.e. saturation storage capacity) are shown to be manifested in the flood frequency curve as a break in slope. It is observed that the inclusion of infrequent summer storm events increases the temporal frequency occurrence and magnitude of surface runoff events, in this way contributing to steeper flood frequency curves, and an additional break in the slope of the flood frequency curve. The results of this study highlight the importance of thresholds on flood frequency, and provide insights into the complex interactions between rainfall variability and threshold nonlinearities in the rainfall-runoff process, which are shown to have a significant impact on the resulting flood frequency curves.
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Liu, Yajing, Yan Zhou, Jianing Yu, Pengcheng Li, and Liuqi Yang. "Green Space Optimization Strategy to Prevent Urban Flood Risk in the City Centre of Wuhan." Water 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111517.
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Changing the water permeability ratio of urban underlying surface helps alleviate urban flood. This paper designs the swale identification experiment to modify the flood-submerging simulation experiment based on the SCS-CN model and proves that the results generated by the modified experiment better reflect the realities. The modified flood-submerging simulation experiment is then applied to downtown Wuhan to obtain the quantitative data. The data are used to quantify the catchment capacities of the lots. Based on the rainfall collection capacities, the maximum surface rainfall runoff volume that would not cause flood is arrived at using the rainfall runoff formula. The maximum runoff volume represents the rainwater storage capacities of the lot based on the proportion of the green space that is identified within the study area. The results suggest that this rainwater storage capacity evaluation model works efficiently to identify the urban areas with flood risks and provides the rainwater runoff thresholds for different areas. Adjustments in the spatial patterns and proportions of the green space help ensure that the rainwater runoff volume is below the thresholds, thus contributing to the prevention and control of the urban flood risks.
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USUTANI, Tomohide, and Makoto NAKATSUGAWA. "UTILIZATION OF THE STORAGE CAPACITY OF A BASIN FOR FLOOD CONTROL BY A DAM." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 67, no. 4 (2011): I_535—I_540. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.67.i_535.
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Fitra, Bayu Purnama, Slamet Imam Wahyudi, and Gata Dian Asfari. "HIDROLOGICAL SIMULATION OF THE RIVERS’ FLOOD CONTROL IN SUBDISTRIC WONOKERTO IN PEKALONGAN REGENCY." Pondasi 23, no. 2 (August 17, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/pondasi.v23i2.11208.
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Abstract: Flooding problem still become serious problem in subdistrict Wonokerto of Pekalongan regency. There are six rivers that have the potential caused flooding in setelment area. In this research, the researcher wanted to do hydrological simulation at six rivers in Wonokerto. The hydrological simulation is done by calculating the inflow in the river in the form of flood discharge hydrograph design with nakayasu method, and evaluate the capacity of river catchment to flood discharge. Based the results research on six rivers, it is known that the river capacity is not able to accommodate the flood discharge when enters the river. The River water are also known unable to flow by gravity caused of rob dikes that isolated the river water to flow into the sea, therefore to prevent overflow in the river needs and to prevent overflow and to control the river water level a pumping in rivers.Keywords: Hydrological Simulation, River Flood Control, Storage Evaluation, Pumping
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Fitra, Bayu Purnama, and M. Faiqun Niam. "HIDROLOGICAL SIMULATION OF THE RIVERS’ FLOOD CONTROL IN SUBDISTRIC WONOKERTO IN PEKALONGAN REGENCY." Pondasi 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/pondasi.v24i2.7644.
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ABSTRACT:Flooding problem still become serious problem in subdistrict Wonokerto of Pekalongan regency. There are six rivers that have the potential caused flooding in setelment area. In this research, the researcher wanted to do hydrological simulation at six rivers in Wonokerto. The hydrological simulation is done by calculating the inflow in the river in the form of flood discharge hydrograph design with nakayasu method, and evaluate the capacity of river catchment to flood discharge. Based the results research on six rivers, it is known that the river capacity is not able to accommodate the flood discharge when enters the river. The River water are also known unable to flow by gravity caused of rob dikes that isolated the river water to flow into the sea, therefore to prevent overflow in the river needs and to prevent overflow and to control the river water level a pumping in rivers.Keywords: Hydrological Simulation, River Flood Control, Storage Evaluation, Pumping
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Ran, Da Chuan, Wen Yi Yao, Zhan Bin Li, and Quan Hua Luo. "Study on Sediment Reduction Effect by Soil Retaining Dam with Different Storage Capacity Allocation Proportion in Dali River Watershed." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 1462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.1462.
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Analysis and study were carried out by means of mathematical statistics on sediment reduction effect by soil retaining dam with different storage capacity allocation proportion in Dali river watershed of the Yellow River. The results indicate that, sediment reduction by large, middle and small soil retaining dam account for 80.1%, 14.6%, 5.3% of the total reduction; the sediment reduction benefit has reached its maximum since 1990s, amounting to 30.2%, with corresponding storage allocation proportion of 1.84:2.37:5.79.Dam and reservoir have obvious influence on the correlation between rainfall and sediment in the river watershed, sediment transport is reduced by 10 million ton corresponding to annual average flood season rainfall of 350mm in the watershed. Within the sediment reduction capability of soil retaining dam, the sediment reduction volume increase with more rainfall in the flood season, having the feature of the more incoming sediment is, the more sediment reduction will be.
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Hidayat, Fahmi, Pitojo T. Juwono, Agus Suharyanto, Alwafi Pujiraharjo, Djoko Legono, Dian Sisinggih, David Neil, Masaharu Fujita, and Tetsuya Sumi. "Assessment of Sedimentation in Wlingi and Lodoyo Reservoirs: A Secondary Disaster Following the 2014 Eruption of Mt. Kelud, Indonesia." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 3 (May 29, 2017): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0617.
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Wlingi and Lodoyo reservoirs in the Brantas River basin, Indonesia, provide numerous benefits including reliable irrigation water supply, flood control, power generation, fisheries and recreation. The function of both reservoirs particularly in relation to flood control has declined due to severe sedimentation that has reduced their storage capacities. The sedimentation in Wlingi and Lodoyo reservoirs is mainly caused by sediment inflow from the areas most affected by ejecta from eruptions of Mt. Kelud, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia. The main objective of this research is to assess the sedimentation problem in Wlingi and Lodoyo reservoirs, particularly as they are affected by eruptions of Mt Kelud. We performed reservoir bathymetric surveys and field surveys after the most recent eruption of Mt. Kelud in February 2014 and compared the results with surveys undertaken before the eruption. The assessment revealed that both reservoirs were severely affected by the 2014 eruption. The effective storage capacity of Wlingi reservoir in March 2013 was 2.01 Mm3and the survey in May 2015 indicated that the effective storage of Wlingi reservoir had decreased to 1.01 Mm3. Similarly, the effective storage capacity of Lodoyo reservoir in March 2013 was 2.72 Mm3, reduced to 1.33 Mm3in May 2015. These findings underpin the analysis of the impacts of the secondary disaster due to reservoir sedimentation following the volcanic eruption and the implications for mitigating and managing the risks for sustainable use of reservoirs to control floods, supply water, generate electricity, etc. To cope with the extreme sedimentation problem in Wlingi and Lodoyo reservoirs, diverse sediment management strategies have been applied in these reservoirs and their catchments. However sediment disaster management strategies for both reservoirs, an integral part of the Mt. Kelud Volcanic Disaster Mitigation Plan, require continuous maintenance and recurrent operations, and ongoing evaluation and improvement.
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Ahmed, Hassan, Norio Tanaka, and Nobuyuki Tamai. "Flow modeling and analysis of compound channel in river network with complex floodplains and groynes." Journal of Hydroinformatics 13, no. 3 (October 26, 2010): 474–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2010.020.
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Presented here are flow simulations of a network of natural rivers flanked by one or two large and complex floodplains with impermeable groynes and bridge embankments using one- and quasi-two-dimensional dynamic flow models. The effects of the large floodplain storage capacity, momentum transfer interaction and apparent shear stress at the vertical interface between the main channel and floodplain on the flow-simulated discharge and water depth values could be well explained. The two models were tested and validated in the Arakawa River basin, Kanto Region, Japan. The simulated results show that the large floodplain storage capacity greatly affected the flow discharge and water depth results and cannot be neglected. The quasi-two-dimensional river flow model was used in a flow simulation of a compound channel with complex floodplains with groynes and gave more acceptable results. In the simulated case, the average reduction in flood discharge using floodplain groynes was about 7–15%. Thus, floodplain groynes can be effective for flood protection and attenuation.
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Benito, G., B. A. Botero, V. R. Thorndycraft, M. Rico, Y. Sánchez-Moya, A. Sopeña, M. J. Machado, and O. Dahan. "Rainfall-runoff modelling and palaeoflood hydrology applied to reconstruct centennial scale records of flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 6 (December 21, 2010): 9631–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-9631-2010.
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Abstract. In this study we propose a multi-source data approach for quantifying long-term flooding and aquifer recharge in ungauged ephemeral rivers. The methodology is applied to the Buffels River, at 9000 km2 the largest ephemeral river in Namaqualand (NW South Africa), a region with scarce stream flow records limiting research investigating hydrological response to global change. Daily discharge and annual flood series (1965–2006) were estimated from a distributed rainfall-runoff hydrological model (TETIS) using rainfall gauge records located within the catchment. The model was calibrated and validated with data collected during a two year monitoring programme (2005–2006) at two stream flow stations, one each in the upper and lower reaches of the catchment. In addition to the modelled flow records, non-systematic flood data were reconstructed using both sedimentary and documentary evidence. The palaeoflood record identified at least 25 large floods during the last 700 yr; with the largest events reaching a minimum discharge of 255 m3 s−1 (450 yr return period) in the upper basin, and 510 m3 s−1 (100 yr return period) in the lower catchment. Since 1925 AD, the flood hydrology of the Buffels River has been characterised by a decrease in the magnitude and frequency of extreme events, with palaeoflood discharges five times greater than the largest modelled floods during the period 1965–2006. Large floods generated the highest hydrograph volumes, however their contribution to aquifer recharge is limited as this depends on other factors such as flood duration and storage capacity of the unsaturated zone prior to the flood. Floods reaching flows associated with 5–10 yr return periods (120–140 m3 s−1) and flowing for 12 days are able to fully saturate the Spektakel aquifer in the lower Buffels River basin.
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Hua, Yue, Guangwen Ma, and Gengxin Yang. "Studies on Cooperative Emergency Regulation of Over-level Floods of Cascade Reservoirs." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601122.
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Affected by global climate change, the frequency of extreme weather events increases in China, and the suddenness, harmfulness and unpredictability of the flood disaster exceeding the designed level are more serious. As a result, emergency response problems facing cascade reservoirs are increasingly prominent, among which the dam break or consecutive break is the greatest threat to cascade reservoirs. In case of floods exceeding the designed level, cooperative emergency regulation of cascade reservoirs is an effective method to develop the comprehensive benefit of reservoirs. In this paper, the criterion of minimizing the highest water level is chosen as the objective function of the cooperative emergency regulation model in cope with floods exceeding the designed level, with the progressive optimality algorithm adopted to solve the function. Moreover, the related emergency regulation plan is conductively explored. In addition, the Pubugou Reservoir, Shenxigou Reservoir, and Zhentouba I Reservoir on the Dadu River are taken as examples to regulate and calculate the flooding process, which verifies the validity and reliability of the preceding model. According to the results, by means of cooperative emergency regulation of cascade reservoirs, each reservoir pre-discharges water in the early flood to maximize the storage capacity, thus coping with the possibly coming flood, minimizing the water level of each reservoir, and effectively ensuring flood control safety for cascade reservoirs. The research results are of great theoretical significance and engineering practice value for establishing the emergency regulation mechanism to cope with floods exceeding the designed level for cascade reservoirs in each river basin. CLC number: TV321 Document code: A
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Yao, Xiaojun, Shiyin Liu, Meiping Sun, Junfeng Wei, and Wanqin Guo. "Volume calculation and analysis of the changes in moraine-dammed lakes in the north Himalaya: a case study of Longbasaba lake." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 210 (2012): 753–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j048.
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AbstractGlacial lake outburst flood hazards in the Himalayan region have received considerable attention in recent years. Accurate volume estimation for glacial lakes is important for calculating outburst flood peak discharge and simulating flood evolution. Longbasaba lake, a potentially dangerous moraine-dammed lake, is located on the north side of the Himalaya. Its depth was surveyed using the SyQwest Hydrobox™ high-resolution echo sounder, and 6916 measurements were collected in September 2009. The maximum and average depths of the lake were 102 ± 2 and 48 ± 2 m, respectively. The morphology of the lake basin was modeled by constructing a triangulated irregular network, and the lake was found to have a storage capacity of 0.064 ± 0.002 km3. Multi-source remote-sensing images from Landsat MSS, Landsat TM/ETM+ and Terra ASTER and a topographic map were digitized to delineate the outlines of the lake between 1977 and 2009. The results indicate that the length and area of the lake have increased during the past 32 years, with a drastic expansion occurring since 2000. Based on volume and area data of Longbasaba lake in different periods, we deduced an empirical equation of the lake volume-area relationship that can be used to calculate the storage capacity of similar moraine-dammed lakes in the Himalayan region.
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Raja Mohamad, Raja Nurul Mardhiah, and Wan Hussain Wan Ishak. "FORECASTING THE FLOOD STAGE OF A RESERVOIR BASED ON THE CHANGES IN UPSTREAM RAINFALL PATTERN." Journal of Technology and Operations Management 14, Number 2 (December 28, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jtom2019.14.2.5.
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Flood is amongthe major disasters in Malaysia. Flood occurs whenthe existing waterways areunable to support large amountsof waterduring heavy rain seasons. Reservoirshavebeen used as one of the flood mitigation approachesin the country. A reservoir can hold excessive water to ensure water flow tothedownstream area is under the safe capacity of the waterway. However, due to the needs of the society, a reservoir also serves other purposes such as water supply and recreation. Therefore, reservoir water storage should be maintained to satisfy water usage,and at the same time,the water needsto be released to reserve space forincoming water. This conflict causesproblemsto reservoir operatorswhen making the water release decision. In this paper, a forecasting model wasproposed to forecast the flood stage of a reservoir based on the upstream rainfall pattern. This model couldbe used by reservoir operatorsin the early decision-makingstageofreleasingwater before the reservoir reaches its maximum capacity. Simultaneously,the reservoir water level could be maintainedfor other uses. In this study, the experiments conducted provedthat an Artificial Neural Network is capable ofproducingan acceptable performance in terms of its accuracy.
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Froidevaux, P., J. Schwanbeck, R. Weingartner, C. Chevalier, and O. Martius. "Flood triggering in Switzerland: the role of daily to monthly preceding precipitation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 3 (March 25, 2015): 3245–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-3245-2015.
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Abstract. Determining the role of different precipitation periods for peak discharge generation is crucial for both projecting future changes in flood probability and for short- and medium-range flood forecasting. We analyze catchment-averaged daily precipitation time series prior to annual peak discharge events (floods) in Switzerland. The high amount of floods considered – more than 4000 events from 101 catchments have been analyzed – allows to derive significant information about the role of antecedent precipitation for peak discharge generation. Based on the analysis of precipitation times series, we propose a new separation of flood-related precipitation periods: (i) the period 0 to 1 day before flood days, when the maximum flood-triggering precipitation rates are generally observed, (ii) the period 2 to 3 days before flood days, when longer-lasting synoptic situations generate "significantly higher than normal" precipitation amounts, and (iii) the period from 4 days to one month before flood days when previous wet episodes may have already preconditioned the catchment. The novelty of this study lies in the separation of antecedent precipitation into the precursor antecedent precipitation (4 days before floods or earlier, called PRE-AP) and the short range precipitation (0 to 3 days before floods, a period when precipitation is often driven by one persistent weather situation like e.g. a stationary low-pressure system). Because we consider a high number of events and because we work with daily precipitation values, we do not separate the "antecedent" and "peak-triggering" precipitation. The whole precipitation recorded during the flood day is included in the short-range antecedent precipitation. The precipitation accumulating 0 to 3 days before an event is the most relevant for floods in Switzerland. PRE-AP precipitation has only a weak and region-specific influence on flood probability. Floods were significantly more frequent after wet PRE-AP periods only in the Jura Mountains, in the western and eastern Swiss plateau, and at the exit of large lakes. As a general rule, wet PRE-AP periods enhance the flood probability in catchments with gentle topography, high infiltration rates, and large storage capacity (karstic cavities, deep soils, large reservoirs). In contrast, floods were significantly less frequent after wet PRE-AP periods in glacial catchments because of reduced melt. For the majority of catchments however, no significant correlation between precipitation amounts and flood occurrences is found when the last three days before floods are omitted in the precipitation amounts. Moreover, the PRE-AP was not higher for extreme floods than for annual floods with a high frequency and was very close to climatology for all floods. The weak influence of PRE-AP is a clear indicator of a short discharge memory of Prealpine, Alpine and Southalpine Swiss catchments. Our study nevertheless poses the question whether the impact of long-term precursory precipitation for floods in such catchments is not overestimated in the general perception. We conclude that the consideration of a 3–4 days precipitation period should be sufficient to represent (understand, reconstruct, model, project) Swiss Alpine floods.