Academic literature on the topic 'Flood Storage Capacity'
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Journal articles on the topic "Flood Storage Capacity"
1
Gruberts, Dāvis, and Kristīne Vilcāne. "Floodwater storage capacity of the Middle Daugava floodplain." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (June 17, 2015): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2015vol2.251.
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<p>This study highlights the flood risk prevention services provided by the Middle Daugava river-floodplain system located downstream from Daugavpils City. Today, it acts as a principal storage area for floodwaters of the Daugava River during the spring floods, therefore diminishing the risk of flooding and related costs for urban municipalities like Jēkabpils and Pļaviņas located further downstream. Statistical analysis of hydrological data records of the Daugava River at Daugavpils and Jēkabpils during the top-10 flood events in 20<sup>th</sup> century are performed in order to quantify the largest daily discharge deficits between these two hydrological posts as well as to calculate the amount of floodwaters that could be intercepted by the entire floodplain area. The highest daily discharge deficit (2230 m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>) is used to calculate additional water level heights for Jēkabpils town if the floodplain did not intercept the floodwaters at all. Therefore, reduction of annual flood risk level provided by the existing river-floodplain system of the Middle Daugava River could be assessed from hydrological perspective as well as from the Ecosystem Services Concept point of view.</p>
2
Idowu and Zhou. "Performance Evaluation of a Potential Component of an Early Flood Warning System—A Case Study of the 2012 Flood, Lower Niger River Basin, Nigeria." Remote Sensing 11, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11171970.
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Floods frequently occur in Nigeria. The catastrophic 2012 flood in Nigeria claimed 363 lives and affected about seven million people. A total loss of about 2.29 trillion Naira (7.2 billion US Dollars) was estimated. The effect of flooding in the country has been devastating because of sparse to no flood monitoring, and a lack of an effective early flood warning system in the country. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) to evaluate the hydrological conditions of the Lower Niger River Basin (LNRB) in Nigeria in terms of precipitation and antecedent terrestrial water storage prior to the 2012 flood event. Furthermore, we accessed the potential of the GRACE-based flood potential index (FPI) at correctly predicting previous floods, especially the devastating 2012 flood event. For validation, we compared the GRACE terrestrial water storage capacity (TWSC) quantitatively and qualitatively to the water budget of TWSC and Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO) respectively. Furthermore, we derived a water budget-based FPI using Reager’s methodology and compared it to the GRACE-derived FPI quantitatively. Generally, the GRACE TWSC estimates showed seasonal consistency with the water budget TWSC estimates with a correlation coefficient of 0.8. The comparison between the GRACE-derived FPI and water budget-derived FPI gave a correlation coefficient of 0.9 and also agreed well with the flood reported by the DFO. Also, the FPI showed a marked increase with precipitation which implies that rainfall is the main cause of flooding in the study area. Additionally, the computed GRACE-based storage deficit revealed that there was a decrease in water storage prior to the flooding month while the FPI increased. Hence, the GRACE-based FPI and storage deficit when supplemented with water budget-based FPI could suggest a potential for flood prediction and water storage monitoring respectively.
3
Liu, Yizhuang, Shu-Qing Yang, Changbo Jiang, Muttucumaru Sivakumar, Keith Enever, Yuannan Long, Bin Deng, Usman Khalil, and Lingshi Yin. "Flood Mitigation Using an Innovative Flood Control Scheme in a Large Lake: Dongting Lake, China." Applied Sciences 9, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122465.
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A large lake plays an important role in mitigating flood disasters in its nearby regions during the flooding period; however, the effect is limited, because most of its storage capacity becomes dead storage prior to the arrival of the flood wave. In the current study, an innovative flood control scheme (IFCS) is applied to Dongting Lake (the second largest freshwater lake in China) to alleviate flood disasters. MIKE 21 FM was used to examine its feasibility to mitigate flood disasters. One of the largest floods in the 20th century, the 1998-type flood, was modelled and the maximum water levels with/without IFCS were compared. The result shows that the effective flood control storage could be at least doubled when compared with the natural condition once IFCS was applied. The peak flood level in the Dongting Lake could be lowered by at least 0.32 m at the Chenglingji station in the same flood passage of Dongting Lake. The case study reveals that, after applying IFCS, the hydraulic gates play a very important role in floodwater regulation and further study should be conducted to find the optimized operation for each gate in the flood control scheme system.
4
Tong, Bingxing, Zhijia Li, Cheng Yao, Jingfeng Wang, and Yingchun Huang. "Derivation of the Spatial Distribution of Free Water Storage Capacity Based on Topographic Index." Water 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101407.
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Free water storage capacity, an important characteristic of land surface related to runoff process, has a significant influence on runoff generation and separation. It is thus necessary to derive reasonable spatial distribution of free water storage capacity for rainfall-runoff simulation, especially in distributed modeling. In this paper, a topographic index based approach is proposed for the derivation of free water storage capacity spatial distribution. The topographic index, which can be obtained from digital elevation model (DEM), are used to establish a functional relationship with free water storage capacity in the proposed approach. In this case, the spatial variability of free water storage capacity can be directly estimated from the characteristics of watershed topography. This approach was tested at two medium sized watersheds, including Changhua and Chenhe, with the drainage areas of 905 km2 and 1395 km2, respectively. The results show that locations with larger values of free water storage capacity generally correspond to locations with higher topographic index values, such as riparian region. The estimated spatial distribution of free water storage capacity is also used in a distributed, grid-based Xinanjiang model to simulate 10 flood events for Chenhe Watershed and 17 flood events for Changhua Watershed. Our analysis indicates that the proposed approach based on topographic index can produce reasonable spatial variability of free water storage capacity and is more suitable for flood simulation.
5
Struthers, I., and M. Sivapalan. "A conceptual investigation of process controls upon flood frequency: role of thresholds." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 4 (July 6, 2007): 1405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1405-2007.
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Abstract. Traditional statistical approaches to flood frequency inherently assume homogeneity and stationarity in the flood generation process. This study illustrates the impact of heterogeneity associated with threshold non-linearities in the storage-discharge relationship associated with the rainfall-runoff process upon flood frequency behaviour. For a simplified, non-threshold (i.e. homogeneous) scenario, flood frequency can be characterised in terms of rainfall frequency, the characteristic response time of the catchment, and storm intermittency, modified by the relative strength of evaporation. The flood frequency curve is then a consistent transformation of the rainfall frequency curve, and could be readily described by traditional statistical methods. The introduction of storage thresholds, namely a field capacity storage and a catchment storage capacity, however, results in different flood frequency "regions" associated with distinctly different rainfall-runoff response behaviour and different process controls. The return period associated with the transition between these regions is directly related to the frequency of threshold exceedence. Where threshold exceedence is relatively rare, statistical extrapolation of flood frequency on the basis of short historical flood records risks ignoring this heterogeneity, and therefore significantly underestimating the magnitude of extreme flood peaks.
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Struthers, I., and M. Sivapalan. "Theoretical investigation of process controls upon flood frequency: role of thresholds." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 5 (October 26, 2006): 3279–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-3279-2006.
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Abstract. Traditional statistical approaches to flood frequency inherently assume homogeneity and stationarity in the flood generation process. This study illustrates the impact of heterogeneity associated with threshold non-linearities in the storage-discharge relationship associated with the rainfall-runoff process upon flood frequency behaviour. For a simplified, non-threshold (i.e. homogeneous) scenario, flood frequency can be characterised in terms of rainfall frequency, the characteristic response time of the catchment, and storm intermittency, modified by the relative strength of evaporation. The flood frequency curve is then a consistent transformation of the rainfall frequency curve, and could be readily described by traditional statistical methods. The introduction of storage thresholds, namely a field capacity storage and a catchment storage capacity, however, results in different flood frequency "regions" associated with distinctly different rainfall-runoff response behaviour and different process controls. The return period associated with the transition between these regions is directly related to the frequency of threshold exceedence. Where threshold exceedence is relatively rare, statistical extrapolation of flood frequency on the basis of short historical flood records risks ignoring this heterogeneity, and therefore significantly underestimating the magnitude of extreme flood peaks.
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Maxwell, Connie M., Saeed P. Langarudi, and Alexander G. Fernald. "Simulating a Watershed-Scale Strategy to Mitigate Drought, Flooding, and Sediment Transport in Drylands." Systems 7, no. 4 (November 28, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems7040053.
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Drylands today are facing a landscape-scale water storage problem. Throughout the increasingly arid Southwest of the United States, vegetation loss in upland watersheds is leading to floods that scour soils and transport sediment that clogs downstream riparian areas and agricultural infrastructure. The resulting higher flow energies and diminished capacity to infiltrate flood flows are depleting soil water storage across the landscape, negatively impacting agriculture and ecosystems. Land and water managers face challenges to reverse the trends due to the complex interacting social and biogeophysical root causes. Presented here is an integrative system dynamics model that simulates innovative and transformative management scenarios. These scenarios include the natural and hydro-social processes and feedback dynamics critical for achieving long-term mitigation of droughts, flooding, and sediment transport. This model is a component of the Flood Flow Connectivity to the Landscape framework, which integrates spatial and hydrologic process models. Scenarios of support and collaboration for land management innovations are simulated to connect flood flow to the floodplains throughout the watershed to replenish soil storage and shallow groundwater aquifers across regional scales. The results reveal the management policy levers and trade-off balances critical for restoring management and water storage capacity to the system for long-term resilience.
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Gioia, A., V. Iacobellis, S. Manfreda, and M. Fiorentino. "Influence of infiltration and soil storage capacity on the skewness of the annual maximum flood peaks in a theoretically derived distribution." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 22, 2012): 937–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-937-2012.
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Abstract. Understanding the spatial variability of key parameters of flood probability distributions represents a strategy to provide insights on hydrologic similarity and building probabilistic models able to reduce the uncertainty in flood prediction in ungauged basins. In this work, we exploited the theoretically derived distribution of floods model TCIF (Two Component Iacobellis and Fiorentino model; Gioia et al., 2008), based on two different threshold mechanisms associated to ordinary and extraordinary events. The model is based on the hypotheses that ordinary floods are generally due to rainfall events exceeding a constant infiltration rate in a small source area, while the so-called outlier events responsible for the high skewness of flood distributions are triggered when severe rainfalls exceed a storage threshold over a large portion of the basin. Within this scheme, a sensitivity analysis was performed with respect to climatic and geomorphologic parameters in order to analyze the effects on the skewness coefficient and provide insights in catchment classification and process conceptualization. The analysis was conducted to investigate the influence on flood distribution of physical factors such as rainfall intensity, basin area, and particular focus on soil behavior.
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Lusinia, Shary, and Nugraha Rahmansyah. "Analysis of the Level of Vulnerability to Floods using the Method of Simple Moving Average (A Case Study of the City of Padang)." Jurnal KomtekInfo 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35134/komtekinfo.v7i3.84.
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Flood is the overflow of the river flow due to water exceed the storage capacity of the river, so that overflow and inundate the plains or the lower regions in the vicinity. Floods are natural disasters that often occur in Indonesia because it is located in the tropics. A lot of flood prone areas which have high population density, due to less understanding of the community regarding the geographic region. Floods often occur in the City of Padang caused by high rainfall in the upstream areas of the river and the topography is hilly so increase the speed of the flow of water to the lower plains. In this study, the author examines the factors of vulnerability to flood by using the method of Simple Moving Average with a parameter of the flood that used rainfall and long rainy days.
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Liang, Yulian, Yongli Wang, Yinjun Zhao, Yuan Lu, and Xiaoying Liu. "Analysis and Projection of Flood Hazards over China." Water 11, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051022.
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Floods have been experienced with greater frequency and more severity under global climate change. To understand the flood hazard and its variation in the future, the current and future flood hazards in the 21st century in China are discussed. Floods and their trends are assessed using the accumulation precipitation during heavy rainfall process (AP_HRP), which are calculated based on historical meteorological observations and the outputs of a global climate model (GCM) under three Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The flood-causing HRPs counted by the flood-causing critical precipitation (the 60% fractile of AP_HRP) capture more than 70% of historical flood events. The projection results indicate that the flood hazards could increase under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 and increase slightly under RCP2.6 during the 21st century (2011–2099). The spatial characteristics of flood hazards and their increasing trends under the three RCPs are similar in most areas of China. More floods could occur in southern China, including Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Fujian provinces, which could become more serious in southeastern China and the northern Yunnan province. Construction of water conservancy projects, reservoir dredging, improvement of drainage and irrigation equipment and enhancement of flood control and storage capacity can mitigate the impacts of floods and waterlogging on agriculture.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flood Storage Capacity"
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Rivera, Ramirez Hector David. "Flood control reservoir operations for conditions of limited storage capacity." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1464.
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The main objective of this research is to devise a risk-based methodology for
developing emergency operation schedules (EOS). EOS are decision tools that provide
guidance to reservoir operators in charge of making real-time release decisions during
major flood events. A computer program named REOS was created to perform the
computations to develop risk-based EOS. The computational algorithm in REOS is
divided in three major components: (1) synthetic streamflow generation, (2) mass
balance computations, and (3) frequency analysis. The methodology computes the
required releases to limit storage to the capacity available based on the probabilistic
properties of future flows, conditional to current streamflow conditions. The final
product is a series of alternative risk-based EOS in which releases, specified as a
function of reservoir storage level, current and past inflows, and time of year, are
associated with a certain risk of failing to attain the emergency operations objectives.
The assumption is that once emergency operations are triggered by a flood event, the risk
associated with a particular EOS reflects the probability of exceeding a pre-established
critical storage level given that the same EOS is followed throughout the event. This
provides reservoir operators with a mechanism for evaluating the tradeoffs and potential
consequences of release decisions.
The methodology was applied and tested using the Addicks and Barker Reservoir
system in Houston, TX as a case study. Upstream flooding is also a major concern for
these reservoirs. Modifications to the current emergency policies that would allow
emergency releases based on the probability of upstream flooding are evaluated. Riskbased
EOS were tested through a series of flood control simulations. The simulations
were performed using the HEC-ResSim reservoir simulation model. Rainfall data
recorded from Tropical Storm Allison was transposed over the Addicks and Barker
watersheds to compute hypothetical hydrographs using HEC-HMS. Repeated runs of
the HEC-ResSim model were made using different flooding and residual storage
scenarios to compare regulation of the floods under alternative operating policies. An
alternative application of the risk-based EOS in which their associated risk was used to
help quantify the actual probability of upstream flooding in Addicks and Barker was also
presented.
2
Asp, Karl. "Water Storage Capacity and Flow Dynamics in a Papyrus Wetland, Uganda : Implications for Studies of Water Treatment Effects." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-1857.
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Hydrological investigations were performed in the Lubigi papyrus wetland in suburban Kampala, Uganda, impacted by human encroachment for settlement and agriculture. The first aim was to investigate the water flow variations and the dampening effect of the wetland. A second aim was to estimate the effective wetland volume and area, and relate this to the wetland function for treatment of the suburban runoff. A study site with well defined inflows and outflows was chosen, and three transects were cut through the papyrus to be able to study the water movement beneath the floating papyrus mat. Water flow measurements showed a flow dampening effect of the wetland on peak flows after rains, and the water balance revealed that the precipitation on the wetland was only 4 % of the inflow during the study. The tracer added at the inlet was rapidly detected downstream in the canal in the middle of the wetland, indicating a strong short-circuiting effect of the human made canal. At the outlet the tracer concentration was lower than the detection limit, suggesting a good mixing in the downstream part of the wetland, which was also supported by other water quality measurements in the transects. Ammonium-N concentrations at the inflow and outflow indicated a net export of ammonium-N, but the observed flow variations suggest that intensive water sampling campaigns are necessary for a proper evaluation of the water treatment function. The calculated effective volume and area amounted to 74 and 46 %, respectively, of the theoretically estimated, with a corresponding loss in the flow dampening and water treatment function of the wetland.
Rapporten är ett resultat av ett Minor Field Study stipendium finansierad av Sida.
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Kim, Tae Jin. "Modeling Reallocation of Reservoir Storage Capacity Between Flood Control and Conservation Purposes." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-05-398.
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Interest in converting portions of the large volumes of flood control storage
capacity in federal multiple-purpose reservoirs in Texas and elsewhere to water supply
and other conservation purposes has been growing for some time. Evaluation of storage
reallocations involving tradeoffs between flood control and conservation purposes in
multiple-purpose, multiple-reservoir systems represents a new area for applying the
Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) and Texas Water Availability Modeling
(WAM) System. A system of 12 multiple-purpose reservoirs operated by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers (USACE) and Brazos River Authority (BRA) was adopted as a case
study in this research to develop and test expanded WRAP/WAM-based methods for
analyzing modifications in reservoir storage allocations and related system operations.
The research consisted of the following tasks:
? The Brazos River Basin WRAP input dataset from the Texas WAM System (Brazos
WAM) has a 1940-1997 hydrologic period-of-analysis. The research included
developing and applying methods to extend the period-of-analysis to 1900-2007
providing a better representation of river basin hydrology. The methodology
developed could potentially be used to update the other river basin datasets in the
statewide WAM System.
? The Brazos WAM has 3,830 control points, 670 reservoirs, and hundreds of water
rights. The research included developing and applying methods to create a much easier-to-apply condensed dataset focused on the USACE/BRA reservoir system and
associated water rights that have only 48 control points and 14 reservoirs.
? The WRAP/WAM System was developed based on a monthly computational time
step. The research included applying developmental methodologies for converting a
monthly model to a daily time step that includes disaggregation of monthly
naturalized flows to daily flows, calibration of flow routing coefficients, and
incorporation of forecasting in the simulation.
? The WRAP/WAM System is designed for assessing water supply reliabilities and
stream flow and storage frequencies from the perspective of conservative purposes.
The research added flood risk indices to the WRAP modeling system in order to
address tradeoffs between flood control and conservation purposes.
? The WRAP/WAM-based simulation study performed with the modified WAM
dataset developed in this research demonstrates the improvements in water supply
capabilities and tradeoffs with flood control associated with various reservoir storage
reallocation strategies and other modifications in reservoir system operations.
Book chapters on the topic "Flood Storage Capacity"
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"flood storage capacity." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 541. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_61784.
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"2147 flood storage capacity [n]." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning, 348. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_4836.
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BACHU, S., and J. SHAW. "CO2 storage in oil and gas reservoirs in western CanadaEffect of aquifers, potential for CO2-flood enhanced oil recovery and practical capacity." In Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies 7, 361–69. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044704-9/50037-9.
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Murtaza, Ghulam, Muhammad Saqib, Saifullah, Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Naveed, and Abdul Ghafoor. "Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts Through Treatment and Management of Low Quality Water for Irrigation in Pakistan." In Environmental and Agricultural Informatics, 1181–98. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9621-9.ch053.
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The Indus Plains of Pakistan are situated in arid to semi-arid climate where monsoon rains are erratic and mostly fall in the months of July and August. These rains are not only insufficient to grow even a single crop without artificial irrigation but also cause flood havoc very frequently that is associated with the climate change. The Indus river transports water for agriculture, industry and domestic usage within the basin and downstream. The Indus Basin is among the few basins severely affected by global warming and resulting climate change. The alteration in temporal and spatial patterns of rainfall has resulted in unexpected drought and floods. About 70 to 80% of total river flows occur in summer season due to snow melt and monsoonal rainfalls. Lack of storage reservoirs has decreased the ability to regulate flood water as well as its potential use during the drought season along with cheap hydro-electricity generation. The sedimentation in the system has limited the storage capacity of the existing three reservoirs by 28%. Consequently carry over capacity of these storage structures is only 30 days compared to 120 to 220 days in India and 900 days in Colorado Basin. Pakistan is facing shortage of good quality water due to competition among agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, this scenario will continue rather will further aggravate in future. According to the climate change scenario, the warming is reflected in the river-flow data of Pakistan, especially during the past 2-3 decades. To bridge the gap between fresh water availability and demand, ground water is being pumped to meet the irrigation requirements of crops. The pumped ground water (70-80%) is brackish and could become a sustainability issue in the long run. The prolonged agricultural uses of such water will deteriorate soils, crops and human living environments. Water quality parameters usually considered include electrical conductivity (EC) for total soluble salts, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) reflect the sodicity hazards. In order to limit or even to eliminate adverse effects of such waters, certain treatment and/or management options are considered as important pre-requisites. For bringing down high concentration of total soluble salts, dilution with good quality water is the doable practice. To decrease high SAR of irrigation water, a source of calcium is needed, dilution (with good quality water) will decrease SAR by the square root times of the dilution factor, while use of acids will be cost-intensive rather may adversely impact the soil health. For high RSC, dilution with low CO32-+HCO3- water will serve the purpose, addition of Ca-salts will raise Ca2++Mg2+ to bring a decrease in water RSC, while acids will neutralize CO32-+HCO3- to lower water RSC. Gypsum is the most economical and safe amendment while acids could also decrease RSC but at higher relative cost. City wastewater and seed priming in aerated gypsum solution is also presented. Such practices at small and/or large scale surely will help a lot to sustain the food security and the environment in the days to come where climate change has to be experienced round the world. Therefore, a well-coordinated program is necessary to create awareness among different sections of the society including the policy makers, general public, organizations, industrialists and farmers.
5
Murtaza, Ghulam, Muhammad Saqib, Saifullah, Muhammad Zia-ur Rehman, Muhammad Naveed, and Abdul Ghafoor. "Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts through Treatment and Management of Low Quality Water for Irrigation in Pakistan." In Reconsidering the Impact of Climate Change on Global Water Supply, Use, and Management, 84–101. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1046-8.ch006.
Full textAbstract:
The Indus Plains of Pakistan are situated in arid to semi-arid climate where monsoon rains are erratic and mostly fall in the months of July and August. These rains are not only insufficient to grow even a single crop without artificial irrigation but also cause flood havoc very frequently that is associated with the climate change. The Indus river transports water for agriculture, industry and domestic usage within the basin and downstream. The Indus Basin is among the few basins severely affected by global warming and resulting climate change. The alteration in temporal and spatial patterns of rainfall has resulted in unexpected drought and floods. About 70 to 80% of total river flows occur in summer season due to snow melt and monsoonal rainfalls. Lack of storage reservoirs has decreased the ability to regulate flood water as well as its potential use during the drought season along with cheap hydro-electricity generation. The sedimentation in the system has limited the storage capacity of the existing three reservoirs by 28%. Consequently carry over capacity of these storage structures is only 30 days compared to 120 to 220 days in India and 900 days in Colorado Basin. Pakistan is facing shortage of good quality water due to competition among agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, this scenario will continue rather will further aggravate in future. According to the climate change scenario, the warming is reflected in the river-flow data of Pakistan, especially during the past 2-3 decades. To bridge the gap between fresh water availability and demand, ground water is being pumped to meet the irrigation requirements of crops. The pumped ground water (70-80%) is brackish and could become a sustainability issue in the long run. The prolonged agricultural uses of such water will deteriorate soils, crops and human living environments. Water quality parameters usually considered include electrical conductivity (EC) for total soluble salts, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) reflect the sodicity hazards. In order to limit or even to eliminate adverse effects of such waters, certain treatment and/or management options are considered as important pre-requisites. For bringing down high concentration of total soluble salts, dilution with good quality water is the doable practice. To decrease high SAR of irrigation water, a source of calcium is needed, dilution (with good quality water) will decrease SAR by the square root times of the dilution factor, while use of acids will be cost-intensive rather may adversely impact the soil health. For high RSC, dilution with low CO32-+HCO3- water will serve the purpose, addition of Ca-salts will raise Ca2++Mg2+ to bring a decrease in water RSC, while acids will neutralize CO32-+HCO3- to lower water RSC. Gypsum is the most economical and safe amendment while acids could also decrease RSC but at higher relative cost. City wastewater and seed priming in aerated gypsum solution is also presented. Such practices at small and/or large scale surely will help a lot to sustain the food security and the environment in the days to come where climate change has to be experienced round the world. Therefore, a well-coordinated program is necessary to create awareness among different sections of the society including the policy makers, general public, organizations, industrialists and farmers.
6
Graf, William L. "Engineering Works." In Plutonium and the Rio Grande. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195089332.003.0010.
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The hydrologic, sedimentologic, and geomorphic processes of the Northern Rio Grande as outlined in the previous chapters do not operate under natural, undisturbed conditions. Numerous engineering structures and activities have modified the processes and forms, and so an explanation of the movement and storage of contaminants in the system requires knowledge of the channelization and dam construction in the region. Channelization works are usually directed toward controlling the horizontal position of the channel, keeping it aligned in an economically advantageous arrangement, and maintaining a clear path for floodwaters to prevent them from spilling over the banks. The imposition of an artificial, stable channel on a naturally unstable system is rarely completely successful, but even with partial success, the newly defined system is a radical departure from the natural one. Floodwaters usually flow through modified channels at higher velocities than they do through natural channels, and so they may transmit more sediment in the channel. Low flows, however, may deposit sediment in the engineered channel, thereby reducing its efficiency and raising its bed. The abandonment of previously active minor channels or braided sections provides new areas of colonization for riparian vegetation, which may enhance sedimentation when flows exceed the capacity of the designed channel. The construction of dams obviously disrupts river processes in the reservoir area but has indirect effects throughout the river system because of newly instituted controls on flood flows, normal low flows, and sediment discharges. The first engineering structures on the Rio Grande probably appeared about A.D. 1200. With the collapse of irrigation societies in the Salt and Gila River valleys in Arizona and in tributaries of the San Juan River in Colorado and New Mexico, migrants moved into the Rio Grande Valley. By the time of the Spanish incursions in the middle and late sixteenth century, the native population had developed extensive irrigation systems along the entire Northern Rio Grande to support numerous pueblos.4 Diversion works on the main stream probably consisted of brush and boulder structures that directed the water into canal entrances through the low banks. These structures probably washed away with each spring flood.
Conference papers on the topic "Flood Storage Capacity"
1
Paseka, Stanislav. "ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FLOOD WAVE UNCERTAINTY TO RESERVOIR FLOOD STORAGE CAPACITY." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/3.1/s12.007.
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Zheng Xiaoyan, Wang WenKe, Duan Lei, Yang Feng, and Zhang Jing. "Application of GMS in numerical simulation of valley flood storage capacity." In 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893176.
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Tamura, Masaaki, Takuji Nozawa, and Kaoru Kariya. "Study on Evaluation of Necessary Increase in Pump and Runoff Storage Capacity in the Existing Pipe Network for Flood Control Using Runoff Simulation." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)283.
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Springer, Zachary, and M. Keith Sharp. "The Potential of Night Sky Radiation for Humidity Control." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49138.
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Ambient energy sources, including ambient air, ground and night sky, have potential for space cooling. The night sky offers the lowest temperature and, therefore, the greatest potential across most of the US. Compared to a previous analysis that considered only the sensible cooling load, the objective of this new project was to evaluate the potential of night-sky radiation (NSR) to also serve the latent cooling load. ASHRAE standard 55 was used to establish the comfort limits (22°C for room temperature and 60% relative humidity). Condensation was evaluated as the mechanism for humidity reduction, thus the dew-point temperature, 13.9°C, corresponding to the ASHRAE limits was the maximum target temperature for night-sky cooling. Typical meteorological year (TMY3) weather data was used for eleven locations representing ASHRAE climate zones. Building heat gain, infiltration/ventilation requirements and night-sky radiator size were characterized by a load-to-radiator ratio LRR defined as the infiltration/ventilation volume flow rate times the ratio of building floor area to radiator area. Three values of LRR were evaluated: 0.35, 3.5 and 35 m/hr. Three thermal storage cases were considered: 1. Annual NSR cooling potential (seasonal storage), 2. Diurnal storage, and 3. The minimum storage capacity to serve the entire annual load, as well as the effects of capacity less than the minimum. To evaluate the effect of night-sky radiator temperature on storage capacity, six NSR temperatures Trad = 13.9 to −26.1°C were tested. Results showed that even in Miami, FL (the most challenging climate evaluated), annual NSR potential exceeded the total sensible and latent cooling load, at least for the lowest LRR and highest Trad. For diurnal storage, NSR could serve less than 20% of the load in the hot and humid southeast, but the entire load in the mountain west. The minimum storage capacity to meet the entire annual load corresponds to the capacity required to bridge the span of time without NSR availability during which the largest cooling load occurs. This capacity decreases with decreasing LRR and decreasing Trad. For the southeast, large capacity is required, but for Louisville, for instance, sufficient capacity is provided by the equivalent of as little as 0.05 m of water over the floor area of the building for LRR = 0.35 m/hr. These results demonstrate that for much of the US, night-sky radiation has the potential to serve the entire annual sensible and latent cooling load.
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Adegun, Adedamola, and Femi Rufai. "The Commercial Potentials of Underground Natural Gas Storage in Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207149-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Nigeria is the 2nd biggest natural gas producer in Africa, with much of it exported as LNG, some re-injected while a small fraction serves the domestic market. The volume supplied to the domestic market plays an outsized role in the energy mix and economy of Nigeria with over 90% supplied to thermal power plants and industrial clusters. As huge upstream gas projects continue to take Final Investment Decision, pipeline takeaway capacity grows and demand increases, the dependence on natural gas and preponderance in the energy mix will likely persist. Natural gas is the present and future of Nigeria's energy needs. The domestic gas industry is evolving but has been fraught with challenges. Oil and gas infrastructure are often disrupted and production shut-in, mostly triggered by infrastructure unavailablity, environmental concerns and prioritisation of hydro power generation during River Niger's white and black floods, all of which come at a cost to upstream producers. Gas producers are often compelled to curtail production of gas plants (associated and non-associated) to avoid environmental disasters and prohibitive gas flare penalties. Can underground gas storage (UGS) be an opportunity for gas producers to guarantee continued operations during disruptions and provide buffer for national strategic benefits? This paper seeks to explore the potential technical and economic dynamics of underground natural gas storage in Nigeria in the context of extant technical regulations, seasonal demand variations, gas flare penalties and local operating environment. The paper presents types of underground storages and recommends the most suitable, considers options for optimal location of UGS in Nigeria and undertakes an economic evaluation of a UGS project. The findings are further presented alongside the critical technical, regulatory and fiscal factors that may facilitate future investments and growth of underground gas storage in Nigeria.
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Abdo, Peter, B. Phuoc Huynh, Ali Braytee, and Rahil Taghipour. "Effect of Phase Change Material on Temperature in a Room Fitted With a Windcatcher." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10553.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Global warming and climate change have been considered as major challenges over the past few decades. Sustainable and renewable energy sources are nowadays needed to overcome the undesirable consequences of rapid development in the world. Phase change materials (PCM) are substances with high latent heat storage capacity which absorb or release the heat from or to the surrounding environment. They change from solid to liquid and vice versa. PCMs could be used as a passive cooling method which enhances energy efficiency in buildings. Integrating PCM with natural ventilation is investigated in this study by exploring the effect of phase change material on the temperature in a room fitted with a windcatcher. A chamber made of acrylic sheets fitted with a windcatcher is used to monitor the temperature variations. The dimensions of the chamber are 1250 × 1000 × 750 mm3. Phase change material is integrated respectively at the walls of the room, its floor and ceiling and within the windcatchers inlet channel. Temperature is measured at different locations inside the chamber. Wind is blown through the room using a fan with heating elements.
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Barbour, Jason P., and Douglas C. Hittle. "Modeling Phase Change Materials With Conduction Transfer Functions for Passive Solar Applications." In ASME 2003 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2003-44073.
Full textAbstract:
The use of passive solar design in our homes and buildings is one way to offset the ever-increasing dependence on fossil fuels and the resulting pollution to our air, our land, and our waters. A well-designed sunroom has the potential to reduce the annual heating loads by one-third or more. By integrating phase change materials (PCMs) into building elements such as floor tile and wallboard, the benefits of the sunroom can be further enhanced by providing enhanced energy storage. To maximize benefits from PCMs, an engineering analysis tool is needed to provide insight into the most efficient use of this developing technology. Thus far, modeling of the phase change materials has been restricted to finite difference and finite element methods, which are not well suited to inclusion in a comprehensive annual building simulation program such as BLAST or EnergyPlus (BLAST Support Office, 1991; Crawley et al, 2001). Conduction transfer functions (CTFs) have long been used to predict transient heat conduction in such programs (Sowell and Hittle, 1995). Phase changes often do not occur at a single temperature, but do so over a range of temperatures. The phase change energy can be represented by an elevated heat capacity over the temperature range during which the phase change occurs (Kedl, 1991). By calculating an extra set(s) of CTFs for the phase change properties, the CTF method can be extended to include the energy of phase transitions by switching between the two (or more) sets of CTFs. This method can be used to accurately predict the internal and external temperatures of PCM-containing building elements during transient heat conduction. The amount of energy storage and release during a phase transition can also be modeled with this method, although there may be some degree of inaccuracy due to switching between two or more sets of CTFs.
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Alissa, Husam A., Kourosh Nemati, Bahgat Sammakia, Alfonso Ortega, David King, Mark Seymour, and Russell Tipton. "Steady State and Transient Comparison of Perimeter and Row-Based Cooling Employing Controlled Cooling Curves." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48237.
Full textAbstract:
The perpetual increase of data processing has led to an ever increasing need for power and in turn to greater cooling challenges. High density (HD) IT loads have necessitated more aggressive and direct approaches of cooling as opposed to the legacy approach by the utilization of row-based cooling. In-row cooler systems are placed between the racks aligned with row orientation; they offer cool air to the IT equipment more directly and effectively. Following a horizontal airflow pattern and typically occupying 50% of a rack’s width; in-row cooling can be the main source of cooling in the data center or can work jointly with perimeter cooling. Another important development is the use of containment systems since they reduce mixing of hot and cold air in the facility. Both in-row technology and containment can be combined to form a very effective cooling solution for HD data centers. This current study numerically investigates the behavior of in-row coolers in cold aisle containment (CAC) vs. perimeter cooling scheme. Also, we address the steady state performance for both systems, this includes manufacturer’s specifications such as heat exchanger performance and cooling coil capacity. A brief failure scenario is then run, and duration of ride through time in the case of row-based cooling system failure is compared to raised floor perimeter cooling with containment. Non-raised floor cooling schemes will reduce the air volumetric storage of the whole facility (in this small data center cell it is about a 20% reduction). Also, the varying thermal inertia between the typical in-row and perimeter cooling units is of decisive importance. The CFD model is validated using a new data center laboratory at Binghamton University with perimeter cooling. This data center consists of one main Liebert cooling unit, 46 perforated tiles with 22% open area, 40 racks distributed on three main cold aisles C and D. A computational slice is taken of the data center to generalize results. Cold aisle C consists of 16 rack and 18 perforated tiles with containment installed. In-row coolers are then added to the CFD model. Fixed IT load is maintained throughout the simulation and steady state comparisons are built between the legacy and row-based cooling schemes. An empirically obtained flow curve method is used to capture the flow-pressure correlation for flow devices. Performance scenarios were parametrically analyzed for the following cases: (a) Perimeter cooling in CAC, (b) In-row cooling in CAC. Results showed that in-row coolers increased the efficiency of supply air flow utilization since the floor leakage was eliminated, and higher pressure build up in CAC were observed. This reduced the rack recirculation when compared to the perimeter cooled case. However, the heat exchanger size demonstrated the limitation of the in-row to maintain controlled set point at increased air flow conditions. For the pump failure scenario, experimental data provided by Emerson labs were used to capture the thermal inertia effect of the cooling coils for in-row and perimeter unit, perimeter cooled system proved to have longer ride through time.