Journal articles: 'Flood irrigation'

1

Ton, Kees, and Kees de Jong. "Pump and flood irrigation." International Journal of Water Resources Development 6, no. 2 (June 1990): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900629008722461.

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Khatun, S., SU Ahmed, SMA Faiz, and AHM Mustafizur Rahmana. "Impacts of tillage operations and microirrigation practices on weed infestation of BRRI Dhan 28." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v24i2.46320.

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An experiment was conducted with BRRI dhan 28 following four irrigation treatments (flood, drip, alternate wetting and drying, sprinkler) and two tillage methods (conventional or puddled and unpuddled). Highest number of weed infestation over conventional tillage was observed when herbicide was not applied. Weed biomass was recorded maximum in sprinkler irrigation followed by alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and flood irrigation. The main type of weed in the rice field was sedges. Weed infestation at 20 and 40 days after herbicide application was found to be the highest due to sprinkler irrigation over AWD and flood irrigations. Unpuddled tillage showed lower weed number and biomass over the conventional puddle tillage. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 24(2): 131-136, 2015 (July)

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Mundy, GN, HR Jones, and WK Mason. "Nitrogen fixation activity by white clover pastures during flood irrigation cycles." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 3 (1988): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880409.

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The effect of flood irrigation on clover nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction activity) was investigated in unfertilized pastures and pastures fertilized with 100 kg N/ha as NH4N03. During the experiment acetylene reduction activities were monitored between successive flood irrigations. The rate of ethylene production increased with decreasing soil water content, peaking 13 days after irrigation. Measured nodule activity then declined, possibly owing to water stress. Nitrogen fertilizer reduced acetylene reduction activities to about half that of the unfertilized pastures. For most of the irrigation cycle acetylene reduction by the pasture was below the measured maximum.

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Mundy, GN, HR Jones, and WK Mason. "Corrigendum - Nitrogen fixation activity by white clover pastures during flood irrigation cycles." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, no. 3 (1988): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9880409c.

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The effect of flood irrigation on clover nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction activity) was investigated in unfertilized pastures and pastures fertilized with 100 kg N/ha as NH4N03. During the experiment acetylene reduction activities were monitored between successive flood irrigations. The rate of ethylene production increased with decreasing soil water content, peaking 13 days after irrigation. Measured nodule activity then declined, possibly owing to water stress. Nitrogen fertilizer reduced acetylene reduction activities to about half that of the unfertilized pastures. For most of the irrigation cycle acetylene reduction by the pasture was below the measured maximum.

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Adhikari, B., R. Verhoeven, and P. Troch. "Appropriate rehabilitation strategy for a traditional irrigation supply system: a case from the Babai area in Nepal." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 11 (December 1, 2009): 2819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.721.

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This paper studies primary canals of three traditional irrigation systems in the southern plains of Nepal. It offers a scientific interpretation of the indigenous technology applied to the systems, which facilitates to use the same channel network for irrigation, drainage and flood management. The flood management technology of the farmers by diverting as much discharge as possible to the field channels results in the reduction of discharge towards the downstream part of the main channel. It is depicted in the simulation study that uses the river analysis program HEC-RAS 4.0. A cascade of weirs is found to be the most cost effective and user-friendly option to upgrade these systems preserving the existing irrigation, drainage as well as flood management functions. This study suggests that the conventional irrigation design principles should be applied very cautiously with full knowledge of the existing socio-institutional setting, hydro-ecological regime and indigenous technology for upgrading any traditional irrigation system successfully. The indigenous flood management technology strengthens the emerging concept that the floods in the Ganges plain are to be managed, not controlled.

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Schutte, Brian J., Nina Klypin, and Manoj K. Shukla. "Influence of Irrigation Timing on Disturbance-Induced Reductions in Soil Seedbank Density." Weed Science 64, no. 4 (December 2016): 613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00191.1.

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Studies suggest that disturbance-induced reductions in soil seedbank density are diminished by periods of water scarcity after soil disturbance; however, this hypothesis has yet to be tested. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effects of increasing time between soil disturbance and flood irrigation on disturbance-induced reductions in soil seedbank density, and (2) to identify specific soil moisture levels that cause seedbank reductions under flood irrigation. Weed species in this study were junglerice, Palmer amaranth, and yellow foxtail. For Objective 1, artificial seedbanks with known numbers of seeds were disturbed 10, 3, or 0 d prior to flood irrigations under field conditions. For Objective 2, seeds were buried in soil mesocosms that were hydrated to specific soil water potentials (flooded, 0 kPa, −30 kPa, −60 kPa, and −180 kPa) and placed in laboratory conditions favorable for germination. For both objectives, seeds were recovered to determine the percentages of buried seeds that survived the disturbance or moisture treatments. Results for the field study indicated that soil disturbances reduced seedbank persistence of Palmer amaranth but did not affect seedbank persistence of junglerice and yellow foxtail. Disturbance-induced reductions in seedbank density were greatest when soil was disturbed 0 and 3 d prior to flood irrigations. For the laboratory study, results showed that waterlogged soil was not required for seedbank losses because rates of seedbank persistence were greater in saturated soils (0 kPa and flooded) compared to the lower moisture levels. These studies indicate that delays in irrigation can reduce the seedbank reduction potentials of soil disturbance events. Further, irrigation timing effects on disturbed soil seedbanks are likely to occur in all irrigation systems, including those that reduce the amount of water applied compared to flood irrigation.

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Rudrapur, Shreeshail, and B. L. Patil. "Impact of Border Strip and Flood Method of Irrigation on Wheat Cultivation in the Malaprabha Command Area of Karnataka." Journal of Agricultural Studies 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v3i2.7939.

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A study conducted in the Malaprabha command area revealed that border strip method of irrigation was found better in terms of yield, income and water savings in cultivation of wheat. The crop yield was higher in border strip method of irrigation (28.50 q/ha) over flood (20.90 q/ha). The net returns was also higher in border strip method of irrigation (Rs. 20851.01/ha) over flood (Rs. 8024.92/ha). The highest cost of irrigation was found in flood method of irrigation (Rs. 2898.47/ha) compared to border strip method of irrigation (Rs. 2051.13/ha). The highest water consumption was seen under flood method of irrigation (12.04 ha cm) followed by border strip method of irrigation (8.41 ha cm).

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Mundy, G. N., K. J. Nexhip, N. R. Austin, and M. D. Collins. "The influence of cutting and grazing on phosphorus and nitrogen in irrigation runoff from perennial pasture." Soil Research 41, no. 4 (2003): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02087.

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Runoff from flood-irrigated perennial pastures generally contains higher phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations than the irrigation water applied to the pastures. We examined the sources of P and N that could contribute to these elevated nutrient concentrations in runoff.The first experiment compared P and N losses in runoff from pasture cut to different residual pasture masses. Flow-weighted P and N concentrations and loads were about 100% higher from pasture cut to 47�mm above ground than from pasture standing at 155 mm. These results indicated that severely defoliated pasture may be a significant source of nutrients when flood irrigated.In the second experiment, pastures were defoliated at a single grazing with different stocking intensities and the flow-weighted P and N concentrations in runoff were determined during 4 successive flood irrigation events. Nitrogen and P concentrations in runoff after the first irrigation following defoliation were higher at the highest stocking intensity. However, the effect of the grazing on nutrient concentrations in runoff declined in subsequent irrigation events. A regression model fitted to the P data indicated that there was a significant linear increase in P concentrations with stocking density and a significant non-linear decline in concentrations with successive irrigations. A similar relationship for TKN concentrations in runoff at each stocking density over the 4 irrigation events was not found. An inconsistency of the TKN concentrations of the supply water between irrigation events possibly helped to mask a similar relationship between N concentrations in runoff and stocking density over the 4 irrigation events. We postulate that both animal excreta and the pasture itself can contribute to elevated nutrient concentrations in flood-irrigation runoff.

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Watson, D. J., and G. Drysdale. "Irrigation practices on north-east Victorian dairy farms: a survey." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 12 (2005): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03231.

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The north-east region of Victoria is an important water-harvesting catchment for gravity-fed irrigators downstream of Lake Mulwala. Dairy farmers are significant users of irrigation water in north-east Victoria but little was known about their irrigation practices and attitudes. A survey undertaken in 2000 collected data on irrigation practices and attitudes from 92% of the irrigating dairy farmers in the region. It found diversity in many aspects of irrigation amongst the region’s irrigated dairy farms, ranging from the proportion of the farm irrigated to the irrigation system used, and identified areas where improvements to irrigation practices could be made. More than 8 different irrigation systems were used in the region, and flood irrigation was the most commonly used. However, a large proportion (37%) of flood irrigators were contemplating changing to spray irrigation, mostly to long lateral hand move sprinkler irrigation, in an effort to improve water use efficiency. More than 50% of respondents did not meter irrigation water use, and 83% pumped water directly from rivers or creeks, with dams and dragline holes the next most common sources. Irrigation scheduling (when to start irrigating and the frequency of irrigation thereafter) and the amount of water to apply were generally based on knowledge and experience rather than on soil moisture monitoring equipment or use of evaporation rates. Most survey respondents recognised that their irrigation practices could improve and said that they would be interested in information to help them make more informed decisions about irrigation practices.

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He, Yujiang, Wenjing Lin, and Guiling Wang. "The effect of winter flood irrigation with saline water on groundwater in a typical irrigation area." Water Supply 15, no. 2 (November 20, 2014): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.121.

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Flood irrigation in the winter has been widely applied in northwest China for several years, but little attention has been paid to the flood irrigation program to date. In order to seek a reasonable irrigation quota, a flood irrigation experiment using two common quotas (1,800 and 1,200 m3 ha−1) was conducted in an area irrigated by saline water in the Nanjiang basin with shallow groundwater. Soil electrical conductivity in six treatments irrigated by saline water, with various salinity backgrounds, was investigated using Hydra and DDS-307 before and after flood irrigation. The results indicate that the quota of 12,00 m3 ha−1 was small enough to prevent soil salt from leaching out of the root zone. Although the quota of 1,800 m3 ha−1 may guarantee regular plant growth in the following year, it resulted in at least 267.2 g m−2 of salt entering the shallow groundwater. Therefore, flood irrigation had an important and profound effect on plants, soil environment, and shallow groundwater. The quota of flood irrigation in winter should be determined cautiously according to the hydraulic characteristics and salt background of the soil.

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Bibi, T., F. Nawaz, A. Abdul Rahman, and A. Latif. "FLOOD HAZARD ASSESSMENT USING PARTICIPATORY APPROACH AND WEIGHTED OVERLAY METHODS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-153-2019.

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Abstract. Unexpected growth of population and urbanization eventually leads towards disasters, might be natural or manmade for instance climate change, the rise in sea level, pollution, landslides, floods, etc. Subsequently, floods are the worst effects of agricultural revolution and comes up as a potential most natural hazard in the world. It couldn’t be stopped but the adverse impact can be minimized through structural and non-structural measures. Flood hazard mapping have a vital role and is an essential element of land use and pre-disaster planning. Moreover, the Earth Observation (EO) data can help to prepare the updated flood hazard maps by distant viewing. Pakistan have one of the greatest irrigation systems of the world and is the sixth largest populous country. However, having such a huge irrigation system is also a threat to overflow in heavy rains. The monsoon season in 2010, the unexpected heavy rainfall caused a massive flood which ultimately destroyed the agriculture, infrastructure in several districts all over the country. District Charsadda was affected severely by both riverine floods and flash floods in 2010. Furthermore, the floodplains of district is occupied by dense population showing the immense need to assess hazard zones to avoid additional losses. In this case study for the catchment area of River Kabul and River Swat, Charsadda, the flood hazard was identified using participatory approach and weighted overlay method. Results depict that more than 80% of the area was inundated during 2010 devastating flood in the UC Agra.

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12

Mitchell, Alan R., and M. Th van Genuchten. "Flood Irrigation of a Cracked Soil." Soil Science Society of America Journal 57, no. 2 (March 1993): 490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1993.03615995005700020032x.

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13

Moody, D. Sean, Steven E. Newman, and Douglas A. Hopper. "Pulse Irrigation Strategies for Poinsettias." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 584c—584. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.584c.

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Three irrigation strategies [10% leaching, 0% leaching (pulse), and ebb-and-flood] and two constant liquid feed fertilizer treatments, 150 and 300 ppm N, were applied to poinsettias, `Freedom Red' and `V-17 Angelika Red', with a harvest date of November 25, 1995. There were no differences in plant dry weights among the three irrigation strategies at the 150 ppm N treatment. At 300 ppm N, 10% leaching irrigation grew plants with the greatest dry weights, followed by the ebb-and-flood treatment and the pulse treatment, respectively. The 10% leaching and ebb-and-flood plants had the greatest growth index, while the pulse treatment growth index was lower. Growth index was greatest for the 10% leaching strategy for `Freedom Red', while ebb-and-flood had the lowest index. The growth index was greater at 150 ppm N for `Freedom Red' compared to 300 ppm N. `V-17 Angelika Red' was not influenced by fertility level. Pulse irrigation grew marketable poinsettia plants at lower fertility levels.

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14

Ali, AHMZ, SU Ahmed, MM Rahman, and MK Rahman. "Assessment of drip and flood irrigation on biomass production, nutrient content and water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.)." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 25, 2013): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v22i1.46273.

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An experiment was conducted in wooden boxes to assess flood, surface and sub-surface drip irrigation on biomass production, nutrient content and water use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.). Four levels of irrigation treatments were applied: (i) SD1 = Drip irrigation pipe was set up on the surface of the soil ; (ii) SSD2 = Drip irrigation pipe was buried up to 5 cm depth; (iii) SSD3 = Drip irrigation pipe was buried up to 7.5 cm depth and (iv) FI = Flood irrigation was practiced without any drip irrigation pipe. Leaf area, leaf area index and biomass production of maize were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in SSD3 than SSD2 and FI treatments. Biomass production was 37.2, 41.1, 54.2 and 35.2 g in SD1, SSD2, SSD3 and FI treatments, respectively. Water use efficiency (WUE) was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher in surface and sub-surface drip irrigation than flood irrigation. Values for WUEs were 0.248, 0.298, 0.430 and 0.156 kg/m3 in SD1, SSD2, SSD3 and FI treatments, respectively. As a result, all three drip irrigation treatments enhanced water use efficiencies than flood irrigation. Comparing the three drip irrigation treatments, significantly (p < 0.05) higher nitrogen was found both in leaf and stem (3.3 and 3.8%) in sub-surface drip irrigation at 7.5 cm depth than flood irrigation (2.2 and 1.4%). Although, potassium contents in leaf and stem were not significantly different between the treatments, but had a tendency to be higher in drip irrigation treatments. Above all, drip irrigation performed better with higher water use efficiency. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 22(1): 47-54, 2013 (January)

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Sapkota, Anish, Amir Haghverdi, Claudia C. E. Avila, and Samantha C. Ying. "Irrigation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Review of Field-Based Studies." Soil Systems 4, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4020020.

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Irrigation practices can greatly influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of their control on soil microbial activity and substrate supply. However, the effects of different irrigation management practices, such as flood irrigations versus reduced volume methods, including drip and sprinkler irrigation, on GHG emissions are still poorly understood. Therefore, this review was performed to investigate the effects of different irrigation management strategies on the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) by synthesizing existing research that either directly or indirectly examined the effects of at least two irrigation rates on GHG emissions within a single field-based study. Out of thirty-two articles selected for review, reduced irrigation was found to be effective in lowering the rate of CH4 emissions, while flood irrigation had the highest CH4 emission. The rate of CO2 emission increased mostly under low irrigation, and the effect of irrigation strategies on N2O emissions were inconsistent, though a majority of studies reported low N2O emissions in continuously flooded field treatments. The global warming potential (GWP) demonstrated that reduced or water-saving irrigation strategies have the potential to decrease the effect of GHG emissions. In general, GWP was higher for the field that was continuously flooded. The major finding from this review is that optimizing irrigation may help to reduce CH4 emissions and net GWP. However, more field research assessing the effect of varying rates of irrigation on the emission of GHGs from the agricultural field is warranted.

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Jin, Xiaohui, Minjian Chen, Yumiao Fan, Long Yan, and Fang Wang. "Effects of Mulched Drip Irrigation on Soil Moisture and Groundwater Recharge in the Xiliao River Plain, China." Water 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121755.

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Mulched drip irrigation for maize cultivation has been widely implemented in the Xiliao River Plain in Northeast China in recent years. However, the effects of the change in irrigation method on soil water content and groundwater recharge in this area still remains uncertain. In this study, soil water content under mulched drip irrigation and flood irrigation was measured through field experiments. Soil water movement in the entire growing season under the two irrigation methods was simulated for the quantitative analysis of groundwater recharge by the Hydrus-2D model. Results showed that soil water content under mulched drip irrigation was generally larger than that of flood irrigation in the initial growth stage. However, an opposite trend was observed in the main growth stage. The simulated results indicated that the cumulative water fluxes of flood irrigation were greater than the values of mulched drip irrigation. Moreover, while infiltration depth under flood irrigation reached the maximum simulated depth (400 cm), infiltration depth under mulched drip irrigation was only 325 cm. The results of this study showed that mulched drip irrigation reduced the infiltration depth and groundwater recharge to some extent in the Xiliao River Plain. Such results are helpful in determining the influence of mulched drip irrigation on groundwater and can be a reference for the maintenance of the sustainability of regional groundwater in the large-scale promotion of mulched drip irrigation.

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Umair, Muhammad, Tabassum Hussain, Hanbing Jiang, Ayesha Ahmad, Jiawei Yao, Yongqing Qi, Yucui Zhang, Leilei Min, and Yanjun Shen. "Water-Saving Potential of Subsurface Drip Irrigation For Winter Wheat." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102978.

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Groundwater plays a major role in agro-hydrological processes in the North China Plain (NCP). The NCP is facing a water deficit, due to a rapid decline in the water table because of the double cropping system. A two crop (maize and wheat) rotation is required to balance the food supply and demand, which leads to an imbalance between evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation. Thus, there has been a decline of about 1.35 m yr−1 of groundwater (Luancheng Agroecosystem Experimental Station (LAES), NCP) during the last 10 years. Lysimeter experiments were conducted under different irrigation treatments (flood, surface drip, and subsurface drip) to account for ET in the selection of a suitable irrigation method. Subsurface drip irrigation reduced ET by 26% compared to flood irrigation, and 15% compared to surface drip irrigation, with significant grain yield and biomass formation due to decreased evaporation losses. Grain yield, yield components, and above ground biomass were similar in subsurface drip and flood irrigation. However, these biomass parameters were lower with surface drip irrigation. Furthermore, subsurface drip irrigation increased the crop water productivity (24.95%) and irrigation water productivity (19.59%) compared to flood irrigation. The subsurface irrigated plants showed an increase in net photosynthesis (~10%), higher intrinsic water use efficiency (~36%), lower transpiration rate (~22%), and saved 80 mm of water compared to flood irrigation. Our findings indicate that subsurface drip irrigation can be adopted in the NCP to increase water use efficiency, optimize grain yield, and minimize water loss in order to address scarcity.

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Liang, Yulian, Yongli Wang, Yinjun Zhao, Yuan Lu, and Xiaoying Liu. "Analysis and Projection of Flood Hazards over China." Water 11, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051022.

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Floods have been experienced with greater frequency and more severity under global climate change. To understand the flood hazard and its variation in the future, the current and future flood hazards in the 21st century in China are discussed. Floods and their trends are assessed using the accumulation precipitation during heavy rainfall process (AP_HRP), which are calculated based on historical meteorological observations and the outputs of a global climate model (GCM) under three Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The flood-causing HRPs counted by the flood-causing critical precipitation (the 60% fractile of AP_HRP) capture more than 70% of historical flood events. The projection results indicate that the flood hazards could increase under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 and increase slightly under RCP2.6 during the 21st century (2011–2099). The spatial characteristics of flood hazards and their increasing trends under the three RCPs are similar in most areas of China. More floods could occur in southern China, including Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Fujian provinces, which could become more serious in southeastern China and the northern Yunnan province. Construction of water conservancy projects, reservoir dredging, improvement of drainage and irrigation equipment and enhancement of flood control and storage capacity can mitigate the impacts of floods and waterlogging on agriculture.

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Griffin, James L., and Arnold M. Saxton. "Response of Solid‐Seeded Soybean to Flood Irrigation. II. Flood Duration." Agronomy Journal 80, no. 6 (November 1988): 885–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1988.00021962008000060009x.

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Warner, Jeroen. "Integration through Compartmentalization? Pitfalls of 'Poldering' in Bangladesh." Nature and Culture 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2010.050105.

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The article sketches the history of the Flood Action Plan 20 (FAP-20), an experiment with polder compartmentalization, seeking to integrate flood management, drainage, and irrigation, and make it more democratic in response to the destructive 1987 and 1988 floods in Bangladesh. As a transferred technology the project took too little cognizance of local physical, social, institutional, and economic context and practices to be able to work successfully. The project did bring previously unavailable amenities to the region that served as a shelter area in the floods of 1998.

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Kenngott, Kilian G. J., Kai Riess, Katherine Muñoz, Gabriele E. Schaumann, Constanze Buhk, and Dörte Diehl. "Flood Pulse Irrigation of Meadows Shapes Soil Chemical and Microbial Parameters More Than Mineral Fertilization." Soil Systems 5, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5020024.

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While mineral fertilization increases agricultural yields, it also bears the risk of contaminating non-target ecosystems and negatively affecting soil chemical parameters and microbial communities. This calls for alternative and more sustainable agricultural practices that reduce the use of fertilizers. Flood pulse irrigation could be an alternative to mineral fertilization of hay meadows, since it increases the yield with little or no application of fertilizer. However, the positive and negative implications of flood pulse irrigation on soil chemical parameters and particularly soil microbial communities are still largely unknown. In this study, we assessed shifts in soil microbial communities (SMC) as a response to changes in soil chemical parameters after flood pulse irrigation and/or fertilization of meadows. We determined soil chemical (Corg, Ntot, water extractable N, P, K, pH) and microbial (phospholipid-derived fatty acids, PLFA) parameters of 12 meadows in a 2 × 2 factorial design, comprising flood pulse irrigation and fertilization. Corg, Ntot, and water content as well as microbial biomass were higher in flood-irrigated than in non-flooded soils. Soil microbial biomass positively correlated with Corg, Ntot, and water extractable N. Gram-negative bacteria significantly increased, whereas the fungi/bacteria ratio significantly decreased in flood-irrigated soils compared to non-flooded soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were positively correlated with soil pH. Flood pulse irrigation seemed to promote the build-up of a larger soil carbon and nitrogen pool as well as higher water content and microbial biomass. By this, it potentially mitigated negative mineral fertilization effects such as changed soil pH and reduced carbon use efficiency. We conclude that flood pulse irrigation may represent a sustainable alternative to mineral fertilization.

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Adamczewski, Amandine, Thomas Hertzog, Mireille Dosso, Philippe Jouve, and Jean-Yves Jamin. "Can irrigation replace flood recession for crops?" Cahiers Agricultures 20, no. 1-2 (January 2011): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2011.0469.

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Wiedenfeld, Robert, and Robert Stubblefield. "FERTILIZER MOVEMENT AND SALT ACCUMULATION AS AFFECTED BY IRRIGATION METHOD AND GROUND COVER IN MELON PRODUCTION." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1173e—1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1173e.

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Plastic mulch ground cover and drip irrigation have produced substantial increases in yield and earliness of melons. However, such practices affect water movement, and nutrient and salt distribution in the soil. Salt levels in the soil after a melon crop using drip or flood irrigation increased in bare soil but decreased where plastic mulch had been used. Apparently capillary rise of water in response to surface evaporation brought salts up into the root zone. Very little of the applied N was detectable at the end of the study. However, enhanced early vine growth due to N application where drip irrigated but not where flood irrigated indicated that flood irrigation may have caused earlier N losses. Yield responses to N regardless of irrigation method indicated that early availability may have been most important. Yield increases were found for drip vs flood irrigation, and for plastic mulch vs bare soil, both of which may have been earliness effects; but the later treatments did not get the chance to catch up due to the occurrence of vine decline.

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Yan, Long, Min-jian Chen, Peng Hu, Di-li Li, and Yong Wang. "An analysis on the influence of precipitation infiltration on groundwater under different irrigation conditions in the semi-arid area." Water Supply 21, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): 1111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.011.

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Abstract The West Liaohe Plain is a typical semi-arid area, where the process of rainfall infiltration to replenish groundwater is a key link in its vertical hydrological cycle. In this paper, we compare and analyze the impact upon soil moisture movement and water infiltration after the shift of irrigation method from flood irrigation to mulched drip irrigation under mulch through setting up in-field in-situ observation points and carrying out groundwater depth dynamic observation. The results show that compared with mulched drip irrigation under mulch, flood irrigation has a stronger response to rainfall infiltration and a quicker response time in the rise of underground depth. With the decrease of groundwater level, the effect of rainfall infiltration to replenish groundwater is significantly weakened. In the flood irrigation area, the groundwater depth at about 8 m already has no obvious response to a small amount of rainfall. However, the groundwater depth at 6 m in the area of mulched drip irrigation under mulch already has no response to rainfall. Therefore, when groundwater extraction is carried out in irrigation areas, reasonable groundwater extraction levels should be designated in light of different irrigation methods to maintain the sustainable utilization of groundwater.

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Yang, Wenzhu, Yuehu Kang, Zhiwen Feng, Peng Gu, Huiyang Wen, Lijia Liu, and Yongqin Jia. "Sprinkler Irrigation Is Effective in Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Potato Field in an Arid Region: A Two-Year Field Experiment." Atmosphere 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050242.

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In arid and semi-arid regions, water-saving irrigation is the primary mode of local agricultural production. Since the chemical fertilizer is the principal source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, we present results from a two-year (2016–2017) field experiment on a potato field to verify the general influence of water-saving irrigation on N2O emissions. A split-plot experiment was established with two irrigation systems and two fertilizer treatments, which give a total of four treatments. Two different irrigation systems were investigated: (i) flood irrigation with nitrogen fertilizer (NF-FI) combined with a control without any fertilizer (C-FI) and (ii) overhead sprinkler irrigation with a nitrogen fertilizer (NF-SI) accompanied with a control without any fertilizer (C-SI). The N2O emissions of the fertilizer treatment were greater than those of the control under each irrigation system. In plots where the fertilizers were applied, using overhead sprinkler irrigation reduced the average cumulative N2O emissions between 40.72% and 59.65% compared with flood irrigation. This was mainly due to the lower amount of water applied and the lower availability of NO3−-N and NH4+-N of soil associated with an overhead sprinkler irrigation. This work shows that the overhead sprinkler irrigation is an effective strategy to use to save water and mitigate emissions of the atmospheric pollutants N2O in comparison to flood irrigation.

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Bushira, Kedir Mohammed, and Yassin Mohammed Abdule. "Spate Irrigation Potential Assessment for Ethiopian Watershed." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 7 (June 15, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n7p135.

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In the low lands of Logia sub basin, Ethiopia, because of shortage of rain to fully grow crops, irrigation is an obligation in general and the presence of seasonal rivers flowing in the region in particular makes flood utilization ideal for spate irrigation. The subjects of the present study were to assess the spate irrigation potential of Logiya watershed that has been brought under irrigation on the basis of flood water availability and land suitability. A GIS based technique combined with analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was applied to access the potential of the watershed for spate irrigation development. Potentially suitable sites for spate irrigation development were assessed for Maize, Sorghum and Tomato crops. Spate irrigation area was evaluated based on land use/cover, slope and soil suitability. CROPWAT software was used to estimate the reference crop evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, net irrigation and gross irrigation water requirement. The suitability model developed shows that only 26.15% of the total area falls under marginally to highly suitable categories for spate irrigation development. The Logiya seasonal river flow from July to October was 301.64 Mm3. However, the annual flood water available from the river was less than the total GIWR by 8.77 Mm3 during growing period. The surplus water available from the river before July might be stored and used for irrigation during water deficit period during growing seasons.

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27

Song, Jung-Hun, Moon Seong Kang, Inhong Song, and Sang Min Jun. "Water Balance in Irrigation Reservoirs Considering Flood Control and Irrigation Efficiency Variation." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 142, no. 4 (April 2016): 04016003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000989.

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Elliott, George C. "Imbibition of Water by Rockwool-Peat Container Media Amended with Hydrophilic Gel or Wetting Agent." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, no. 5 (September 1992): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.5.757.

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Water retention at effective water-holding capacity (EWHC) and container capacity (CCAP) were measured in four rockwool-peat potting media amended with a wetting agent and/or a hydrophilic gel in pots 12 cm tall containing 445 cm3 medium, and irrigated by capillary mat, flood-and-drain, trickle emitter, or overhead sprinkler. Water retention was measured by weighing. Irrigation was continued until EWHC (i.e., net water retention when no weight increase could be obtained by further irrigation) was reached. CCAP (i.e., net water retention following saturation and free drainage) was measured at the end of each experiment. Irrigation method and medium amendments significantly affected EWHC. Rank order of irrigation treatments was sprinkler ≥ trickle > flood and drain ≥ mat. Hydrophilic gel increased both EWHC and CCAP, while the wetting agent increased EWHC but decreased or had no effect on CCAP. Significant interactions of gel and wetting agent were observed in some media. EWHC was less than CCAP, and EWHC was better correlated with CCAP with trickle emitter and overhead sprinkler irrigation than with capillary mat and flood-and-drain irrigation.

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Akhmedov, Askar. "Result of subsoil irrigation research of alfalfa grown for green feed in Volgo-Akhtubinskaya flood plant." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 53, no. 2 (2008): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0802113a.

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Relevance of subsoil irrigation usage for growing feed crops on alluvial meadow soils is shown. Distribution of pjezometric pressure, along the water emitter line during the irrigating period, is analyzed. Formation of moisture patterns in the soil regarding the quantities of irrigating water and emitters design are considered. In order to define the characteristics of moisture patterns in the soil, depending on the quantities of irrigating water, the ratios of vertical water spreading Kv and forms Kf are calculated. Expediency of usage low irrigating rates is substantiated. As a result of research, mathematical relations were derived in order to define water outlays in the emitters made of pottery tubes with diameter 50 mm under water pressure at the line 0.1?0.7 m. It is determined that usage of subsoil irrigation allows increase of commercial crop harvest, significantly save water resources, labour and energy comparing to sprinkling.

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Perches, Mario, and Don Wilkerson. "ACCUMULATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS AS AFFECTED BY EBB AND FLOOD SUBIRRIGATION." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 851d—851. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.851d.

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Ebb and Flood systems provide an efficient means of sub-irrigating greenhouse crops. However, substrate accumulations of soluble salts can limit plant growth. Two treatment irrigation regimes, consisting of 1.70 EC and 0.86 EC, were applied to 7.0 cm pots filled with a standard peat:perlite growing medium. Treatment solutions were changed weekly. All containers were irrigated daily and substrate EC levels measured weekly in the upper, middle, and lower 2.33 cms of the container. Following 6 weeks of observation, mean EC substrate levels ranged from 1.23 mmhos/cm to 4.42 mmhos/cm. Significant differences occurred between the upper and middle/bottom portions of the container. There was also a significant interaction between treatment irrigation regimes, substrate layer and week. In both treatment regimes, salt accumulations in the middle and bottom layers of substrate were within acceptable levels for plant production.

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Mosier, AR, WS Meyer, and FM Melhuish. "Effect of irrigation method on the recovery of 15N fertilizer in a slowly permeable clay soil cropped with maize." Soil Research 24, no. 1 (1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9860001.

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A study using 15N~labelled fertilizer was initiated in a lysimeter facility to quantify the amount of N assimilated by maize plants and that which remained in the soil at the end of a cropping season. Maize was planted in 0.43 m2 by 1.35 m deep intact Marah clay loam soil cores removed from an improved pasture in mid-October 1983. Two irrigation treatments, flood-impounding water on the soil for up to 72 h, and control-applying enough water to prevent plant stress without ponding, were employed. The crop was harvested in early April 1984 and the amount of fertilizer- and soil-derived N in the plant and remaining in the soil was determined. Grain yields were reduced about 33% by flood irrigation. Although about 30 kg N ha-1 more fertilizer N was lost from the flood-irrigated system, the difference in N recovery between the flood- and control-irrigated soils was not sufficient to account for the reduced grain yield. Flood-irrigated plants were less efficient in transporting fertilizer N to the seed than were control irrigation plants. The data suggest that the reduced seed yield and total N content of maize plants grown under flood irrigation was metabolically controlled rather than being derived from a difference in soil mineral N content compared with control-irrigated soils.

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Reba, Michele L., and Joseph H. Massey. "Surface Irrigation in the Lower Mississippi River Basin: Trends and Innovations." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13970.

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HighlightsBetween 1950 and 2017, there was a 12-fold increase in irrigated area in Arkansas and a doubling in Louisiana.Groundwater provides over 90% of the irrigation water applied to the 4 Mha of cropland in the LMRB.Ongoing efforts to address aquifer declines have been multi-faceted and include those of producers, public (local, state, and federal) institutions, and private organizations.Irrigation water management innovations include precision grading, reduced-flood or no-flood rice irrigation, pump automation, computerized hole selection, flowmeter requirements, and permit-based water use limitations.Abstract. The Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB) is an agricultural region of national and international significance. The basin relies heavily on the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer to provide over 90% of the irrigation water applied to over four million hectares of cropland, with Arkansas using approximately 70% of the water and Mississippi and Missouri using approximately 15% each. Surface methods predominate, especially furrow irrigation using plastic lay-flat tubing in corn, cotton, peanut, and soybean and flood methods in rice. Irrigation extent has steadily increased by approximately 2% per year, such that irrigation withdrawals, combined with the region’s geology, have led to considerable aquifer declines in portions of Arkansas and Mississippi. Attempts to address these declines have been multi-faceted and include innovations in crop management and source water management, and programs in water resources management. Crop management innovations are focused on soybean and rice production and include precision grading, reduced-flood or no-flood rice irrigation, pump automation, and computerized hole selection. Adoption of these practices remains heavily reliant on field demonstrations and extension outreach. Source water management innovations include on-farm reservoirs, managed aquifer recharge, and regional-scale river diversions. Due to the concerted efforts of producers participating in regional and state programs, progress has been made in making surface irrigation more efficient and less reliant on groundwater. However, aquifer decline remains a challenge to the LMRB’s economy, ecology, and culture. Keywords: Aquifer decline, Irrigation, Lower Mississippi River Basin, Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, Surface water.

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Navarro, V., A. Yustres, M. Candel, and B. Garca. "Soil air compression in clays during flood irrigation." European Journal of Soil Science 59, no. 4 (August 2008): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01035.x.

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34

Schumann, A., and d. Nijssen. "Shortage and surplus of water in the socio-hydrological context." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 364 (September 16, 2014): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-364-292-2014.

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Abstract. Balancing the temporal variability of hydrological conditions in the long- and short-term is often essential for steady socio-economic conditions. However, this equilibrium is very fragile in many cases. Hydrological changes or socio-economic changes may destroy it in a short time. If we extend the bearing capacity of socio-hydrological systems we increase, in many cases, the harmful consequences of failures. Here, two case studies are discussed to illustrate these problems. The limited success at adapting water resources to increasing human requirements without consideration of the natural capacities will be discussed with the example of water use for irrigation in northeastern China. The demand for a new planning approach, which is based on a combination of monitoring, model-based impact assessments and spatial distributed planning, is demonstrated. The problems of water surplus, which becomes evident during floods, are discussed in a second case study. It is shown that flood protection depends strongly on expectations of flood characteristics. The gap between the social requirement for complete flood prevention and the remaining risk of flood damage becomes obvious. An increase of risk-awareness would be more sustainable than promises of flood protection, which are the basis for technical measures to affect floods and (or) to prevent flood damages.

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35

Roth, R. L., B. R. Gardner, and C. A. Sanchez. "GROWTH AND YIELD OF MATURE CITRUS CONVERTED TO PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 639b—639. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.639b.

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A study was conducted during four seasons to evaluate the performance of mature `Valencia' oranges converted to pressurized irrigation systems. Trickle, bubbler, spray, and sprinkler systems were all compared to the traditional flood-border irrigation. During the second year after conversion, trees irrigated by flood grew significantly more than trees irrigated by any of the pressurized systems. However, there were no differences in tree growth during the third and forth year, suggesting that the trees adapted to the new irrigation systems. Effects of irrigation treatments on leaf concentrations of N, P, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu were minimal. There were significant differences in orange yields among the irrigation treatments within years. However, average or total yields over the four year period did not vary by irrigation treatments. Similarly, there were no consistent differences in fruit or juice quality. Overall, results from this study indicate the mature citrus can be converted to pressurized irrigation systems with minimal effects on fruit yield and quality.

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36

Wang, Haibo, Xin Li, and Junlei Tan. "Interannual Variations of Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency over an Oasis Cropland in Arid Regions of North-Western China." Water 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2020): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051239.

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The efficient use of limited water resources and improving the water use efficiency (WUE) of arid agricultural systems is becoming one of the greatest challenges in agriculture production and global food security because of the shortage of water resources and increasing demand for food in the world. In this study, we attempted to investigate the interannual trends of evapotranspiration and WUE and the responses of biophysical factors and water utilization strategies over a main cropland ecosystem (i.e., seeded maize, Zea mays L.) in arid regions of North-Western China based on continuous eddy-covariance measurements. This paper showed that ecosystem WUE and canopy WUE of the maize ecosystem were 1.90 ± 0.17 g C kg−1 H2O and 2.44 ± 0.21 g C kg−1 H2O over the observation period, respectively, with a clear variation due to a change of irrigation practice. Traditional flood irrigation generally results in over-irrigation, providing more water than actual crop requirements. Unlike flood irrigation, which can infiltrate into deep soil layers, drip irrigation can only influence the shallow soil moisture, which can lead to decreases of soil moisture of approximately 27–32% and 36–42% compared with flood irrigation for shallow and deep layers, respectively. Additionally, drip irrigation decreases evapotranspiration by 13% and transpiration by 11–14%, leading to increases in ecosystem and canopy WUE of 9–14% and 11%, respectively, compared to the traditional irrigation practice. Therefore, the drip irrigation strategy is an effective method to reduce irrigation water use and increase crop WUE in arid regions. Our study provides guidance to water-saving cultivation systems and has implications for sustainable water resources management and agriculture development in water-limited regions.

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Wright, G. C., R. L. Roth, and B. R. Gardner. "693 PB 271 ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF MATURE ORANGE TREES FOLLOWING CONVERSION FROM FLOOD TO PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 532b—532. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.532b.

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Mature `Campbell Nucellar Valencia' trees were converted from border flood irrigation to four pressurized irrigation systems. A border flood irrigation treatment was included as a control. Four years later, roots were collected from 62 holes (10 cm diameter × 120 cm) on a 60 cm grid on one side of each treated tree. For trickle irrigated trees, the highest concentration of roots was found around the emitters, particularly at 30 to 90 cm deep, but some roots appeared to be located below the 120 cm depth. Root distribution was similar for the basin irrigated trees, but the highest concentration of roots was found in a larger wetted area near the tree trunk. This treatment had the highest root concentrations, compared to all other treatments. Root distribution of trees irrigated by spray irrigation was similar to the basin treatment, except that root spread was not as extensive. Roots of trees irrigated by sprinkler and flood were distributed more randomly, and were more likely to extend past the drip line, compared to the other treatments. Root concentrations also declined with increasing depth.

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38

Elliott, George C. "WATER RETENTION IN SOILLESS POTTING MEDIA." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1099G—1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1099.

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Water retention was measured in soilless potting media irrigated by capillary mat, flood and drain, drip or overhead sprinkler. Media were amended with wetting agent or hydrophilic polymeric gel. Pots 12 cm high with a volume of 465 cm3 were loose-filled to the top with media. Potted media were wetted overhead with 120 ml water, then pots were randomly assigned to irrigation treatments. Capillary mat irrigation was continuous; other irrigation treatments were applied daily. Water retention was measured by weighing. Irrigation was continued until no further retention was measured. Water retention was significantly affected by irrigation method and medium amendments. Irrigation method followed the order overhead >= drip > flood and drain >= mat. Hydrophilic gel increased water retention, but in contrast to previous results, wetting agent did not, nor was any interaction of gel and wetting agent observed. Retention of water at container capacity, measured in situ at the end of each experiment, was significantly larger than actual retention.

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39

Elliott, George C. "WATER RETENTION IN SOILLESS POTTING MEDIA." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1099g—1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1099g.

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Water retention was measured in soilless potting media irrigated by capillary mat, flood and drain, drip or overhead sprinkler. Media were amended with wetting agent or hydrophilic polymeric gel. Pots 12 cm high with a volume of 465 cm3 were loose-filled to the top with media. Potted media were wetted overhead with 120 ml water, then pots were randomly assigned to irrigation treatments. Capillary mat irrigation was continuous; other irrigation treatments were applied daily. Water retention was measured by weighing. Irrigation was continued until no further retention was measured. Water retention was significantly affected by irrigation method and medium amendments. Irrigation method followed the order overhead >= drip > flood and drain >= mat. Hydrophilic gel increased water retention, but in contrast to previous results, wetting agent did not, nor was any interaction of gel and wetting agent observed. Retention of water at container capacity, measured in situ at the end of each experiment, was significantly larger than actual retention.

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40

Meus, Lorenzo D., Martina Muttoni, Alex C. Bartz, Tiago A. Kaminski, and Cleber M. Alberto. "CLASSIFICATION OF RICE GRAINS OF LOWLAND CULTIVARS GROWN UNDER FLOOD IRRIGATION AND SPRINKLER IRRIGATION." Engenharia Agrícola 38, no. 4 (August 2018): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v38n4p599-605/2018.

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41

Gault, RR, AL Bernardi, JA Thompson, JA Andrews, LW Banks, DM Hebb, and J. Brockwell. "Studies on alternative means of legume inoculation: appraisal of application of inoculant suspended in irrigation water (water-run inoculation)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 3 (1994): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940401.

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Water-run inoculation is a novel means of inoculating crop legumes with species of Rhizobium or Bradyrhizobiunz. Inoculant suspended in irrigation water is delivered into the seedbed. This procedure may be apt for situations when a farmer has limited time to sow a large area and more conventional and timeconsuming means of inoculation may create a bottleneck during sowing. Field experiments with water-run inoculation of irrigated soybeans were conducted at 2 sites using furrow or flood irrigation. With furrow irrigation immediately after sowing, rhizobia-laden water had to infiltrate the soil laterally a distance of about 18 cm to reach the seed sown in single rows on hills (parallel ridges). With flood irrigation before sowing, water needed to percolate vertically only 5 cm to sowing depth. A peat inoculant of B. japonicum remained uniformly in suspension during flow of irrigation water over periods of 45 min and distances of 80 m from the point where the inoculant was introduced. With furrow irrigation on a poorly structured red brown earth, water-run inoculation applied at the normal (commercially recommended) rate did not initiate a satisfactory soybean symbiosis and was inferior to the more conventional methods, seed coat and seedbed inoculation. Rhizobial colonisation of seedling rhizospheres was limited, nodulation was sparse, and low numbers of B. japonicum re-established in the soil after harvest. Symbiosis was improved by higher rates of inoculation and was particularly enhanced in an area where the irrigation water ponded for 3-4 h allowing more time for the rhizobia-laden water to percolate the soil. With flood irrigation on a grey clay, an approximately normal rate of water-run inoculation induced an effective symbiosis especially when compared with lower rates of inoculation. Substantial populations of rhizobia developed in soybean rhizospheres, plant growth and nitrogen (N) content were enhanced, and higher levels of N2 fixation led to increased levels of N in the seed. We conclude that water-run inoculation is not an appropriate means of legume inoculation in furrow-irrigated systems on poorly structured soils but it may be a practical option for inoculation of crop legumes grown under flood irrigation.

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Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, Muhammad Imran, Anwar-ul-Hassan Khan, Ali Fares, Jiří Šimůnek, Tanveer Ul-Haq, Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni, and Shafaqat Ali. "Performance of Spring and Summer-Sown Maize under Different Irrigation Strategies in Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052757.

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Pakistan is facing severe water shortages, so using the available water efficiently is essential for maximizing crop production. This can be achieved through efficient irrigation practices. Field studies were carried out to determine the dynamics of soil water and the efficiency of water utilization for maize grown under five irrigation techniques (flood-irrigated flatbed, furrow-irrigated ridge, furrow-irrigated raised bed, furrow-irrigated raised bed with plastic mulch, and sprinkler-irrigated flatbed). Spring and summer maize was grown for two years. The Irrigation Management System (IManSys) was used to estimate the irrigation requirements, evapotranspiration, and other water balance components for this study’s different experimental treatments based on site-specific crop, soil, and weather parameters. The results showed that the flood irrigation flatbed (FIF) treatment produced the highest evapotranspiration, leaf area index (LAI), and biomass yield compared to other treatments. However, this treatment did not produce the highest grain yield and had the lowest water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (WUEi) compared to the furrow-irrigated raised-bed treatment. The furrow-irrigated raised bed with plastic mulch (FIRBM) treatment improved grain yield, WUE, WUEi, and harvest index compared to the flood irrigation flatbed (FIF) treatment. The results showed a strong correlation between measured and estimated net irrigation requirements and evapotranspiration, with high r2 values (0.93, 0.99, 0.98, and 0.98) for the spring- and summer-sown maize. It was concluded that the FIRBM treatments improved the grain yield, WUE, and WUEi, which ultimately enhanced sustainable crop production. The growing of summer-sown maize in Pakistan has the potential for sustainable maize production under the semiarid and arid climate.

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Aldryhim, Y., and S. Al-Bukiri. "Effect of Irrigation on Within-Grove Distribution of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorous ferrugineus." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol8iss1pp47-49.

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The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorous ferrugineus (Oliv.) is the most important pest attacking date palm trees. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drip and flood irrigation on the within-grove distribution of RPW. The current study was started with the first appearance of the infestation to almost disappearance of the infestation. Results showed that more infested trees were detected in plots with flood irrigation. The number of infested trees in these plots represented 89% of the total infested trees. This study suggested that irrigation management and soil moisture are key factors in the dispersion of the RPW infestation and could be used as one of the integrated pest management tools.

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Jaynes, D. B. "Field Study of Bromacil Transport under Continuous-Flood Irrigation." Soil Science Society of America Journal 55, no. 3 (May 1991): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500030004x.

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45

Ohmoto, Terunori. "On Flood-Control and Irrigation Works by Kiyomasa Katou." HISTORICAL STUDIES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 18 (1998): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalhs1990.18.265.

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46

van den Akker, J., C. T. Simmons, and J. L. Hutson. "Salinity Effects from Evaporation and Transpiration under Flood Irrigation." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 137, no. 12 (December 2011): 754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000364.

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Schultz, Bart. "Role of Dams in Irrigation, Drainage and Flood Control." International Journal of Water Resources Development 18, no. 1 (March 2002): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900620220121710.

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48

Heatherly, Larry G., and H. C. Pringle. "Soybean Cultivars' Response to Flood Irrigation of Clay Soil." Agronomy Journal 83, no. 1 (January 1991): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300010053x.

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García-Garizábal, I., J. Causapé, and R. Abrahao. "Nitrate contamination and its relationship with flood irrigation management." Journal of Hydrology 442-443 (June 2012): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.03.017.

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Muhamad Tamyez, Puteri Fadzline, Natalie Christiane Isabella Gerth, Abdul Rahman Zahari, and Mohd Nizam Abdul Rashid. "Analyzing The Critical Factors for Humanitarian Response on Flood-Related Disaster." International Journal of Industrial Management 10 (March 5, 2021): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijim.10.1.2021.6057.

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Every year, thousands of people in Malaysia have to be moved out and be relinquished from their homes due to heavy rainfall and poor irrigation system that led to a flood situation especially on monsoon season. Thus, the current study aims to concentrate on the two central aspects of disaster management in the context of flood disaster management in Kuantan, Pahang by the means of a mixed-method approach. The effectiveness of communication mechanisms in the case of floods is assessed with quantitative analysis using descriptive design. On another note, this study also takes a closer look at the underlying logistical framework found in flood disaster contexts and identifies its critical success factors via a qualitative research technique. Using thematic analysis, in-depth semi-structured interviews are analysed to arrive at conclusions regarding the critical success factors. Findings on the effectiveness of disaster communication indicated that the communication between authorities, agencies, non-government organizations and flood victims are still in need of improvement particularly related to emergency updates and increasing community awareness on the right actions for upcoming floods. The study also proved that coordination, communication, knowledge, and preparedness are the critical success factors for humanitarian response in the case of flood management. It is vital to protect the communities from flood disaster; hence, a clear and precise standard operating procedure needs to be in place and must be integrated among all related agencies which will benefit the stakeholders.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flood irrigation'

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