Journal articles on the topic 'Flood adaptation'
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1
Aerts, Jeroen. "A Review of Cost Estimates for Flood Adaptation." Water 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2018): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111646.
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Floods are the most devastating of global natural disasters, and flood adaptation measures are needed to reduce future risk. Researchers have started to evaluate the costs and benefits of flood adaptation, but information regarding the cost of different flood adaptation measures is often not available or is hidden in non-peer-reviewed literature. Recent review studies have explored cost estimates for different aspects of flood adaptation, such as nature-based solutions. This study aims to contribute empirical data regarding the cost of flood adaptation by compiling peer-reviewed literature and research reports. The focus is on construction costs and expenses for operation and maintenance. This paper integrates the unit cost information of six main flood adaptation measure categories: (1) the flood-proofing of buildings, (2) flood protection, (3) beach nourishment and dunes, (4) nature-based solutions for coastal ecosystems, (5) channel management and nature-based solutions for riverine systems, and (6) urban drainage. Cost estimates are corrected for inflation and converted to U.S. dollars (2016). Measures are described, and cost figures for both developed and developing countries are provided. The results of this study can be used as input for economic-assessment studies on flood adaptation measures.
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Anwar, Yaskinul, Iya Setyasih, and Dika Oktoberdinata. "Adaptation strategy community from exposure floods lake in the face of floods in Semayang Village, East Kalimantan, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 986, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/986/1/012053.
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Abstract Semayang Village is one of the villages located on the lake of Semayang which is inundated every flood season. Semayang lake is a flood exposure lake, where the increase in standing water can reach >10 meters during a flood with a flood duration of >2 months. The purpose of this study was to determine the adaptation strategy of the semayang villagers in dealing with floods. Data collection techniques used the Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) method and interviews. Interviews were collected from 30 respondents in Semayang Village that were affected by the flood. The results showed that the overall adaptation carried out by the community in Semayang Village using houses on stilts with almost the same model, and some residents make terraced houses. In addition, each house has a backup board to raise the floor of the house when the flood crosses the floor of the house. there is also a floating house system attached to a tree or building around the floating house. In order to protect the house buildings from waves, a wave barrier was also built at the village entrance gate from the lake. This strategy makes the villagers of Semayang never evacuate and move from Lake Semayang even though they are always affected by flooding every year.
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Nurulhuda, D., O. Purwani, and Musyawaroh. "Living with risk: Kampung Apung’s adaptation to flood." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 778, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/778/1/012013.
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Abstract This paper focuses on community strategy in slum areas to adapt to the flood in Jakarta that occur every year. Sea-level rise and land subsidence are some of the causes of Jakarta’s flood. Jakarta is affected by floods every year. Communities need a development strategy to be able to survive from the unpredictable floods each year. This paper aims to identify the application of community strategy as an effort to adapt to Jakarta’s flood in Kampung Apung, West Jakarta. Kampung Apung is one of the slum areas in Jakarta that has been affected by floods since 1995. The flood was caused by land subsidence and worsened by development around the kampung that ignore the environment in the ’90s. Now, Kampung Apung has been submerged in water as deep as 2 meters. This paper uses the descriptive-qualitative method. Data obtained from field observations, documents from the internet, and online interviews with the key informant in Kampung Apung. The result of the paper is to find a community strategy to living with flood in the slum area which is one of the efforts to be able to improve quality of life.
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Wijagsono, Ony, Chatarina Muryani, and Singgih Prihadi. "COMMUNITY RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION STRATEGY OF FLOOD DISASTERS IN TRUCUK DISTRICT, BOJONEGORO REGENCY." GeoEco 5, no. 2 (July 13, 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ge.v5i2.35648.
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<p>This study aims to determine (1) the level of community resilience to flooding in Trucuk District, Bojonegoro Regency in 2018; (2) community adaptation strategies to flood disasters in Trucuk District, Bojonegoro Regency in 2018; and (3) efforts to improve resilience and adaptation to flood disasters.</p><p>The population in this study were all villages in Trucuk District, Bojonegoro Regency. The sample used was flood-affected communities in each village by purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques using survey methods. Data collection was carried out by questionnaire and interview. Data analysis uses scorring techniques.</p><p>The results of the study are as follows. (1) Resilience of the Trucuk Subdistrict community against flooding has moderate resilience (52.86 - 62.38) and high resilience (65.89 - 75.13). the distribution of resilience is moderate namely there are 6 villages consisting of the village of Kandangan, Sumbang cucumber, Kanten, Pagerwesi, Padang, and Guyangan. For high resilience there are 6 villages consisting of Sumberjo, Mori, Tulungrejo, Trucuk, Sranak, and Banjarsari villages. (2) Adaptation strategies undertaken by the Trucuk District community in dealing with floods are physical and non-physical adaptations. The physical adaptation carried out by the community and the government is to improve physical conditions, such as elevating houses, repairing irrigation networks, building dams, and building embankments along rivers. Non-physical adaptation carried out by the community and the government is the existence of an early warning system in detecting the danger of flooding and community preparedness in dealing with floods, such as mutual cooperation and mutual assistance in all matters before and after the flood. (3) efforts to improve resilience and adaptation to flood disasters.</p>
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Hobeica, Liliane, and Adib Hobeica. "How adapted are built-environment professionals to flood adaptation?" International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 10, no. 4 (August 29, 2019): 248–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-06-2019-0029.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how architectural practices have been considering flood-risk adaptation within regular design activities. It relies on the assumptions that floods are hybrid phenomena that require actions in both the anthropic and hydrological domains to be successfully managed, and that floods’ spatial dimension can be subject to design to minimize the impacts of disasters. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on the conclusions of a research focussing on the design of flood-prone urban projects in Europe, within which 22 built-environment professionals (BEPs) were interviewed. The statements of these informants were examined through content analysis, as a means to reveal barriers and incentives that affect their perception and practice of dealing with floods through design. Findings Having different experiences with flood-related projects, the interviewees showed uneven degrees of sensitivity to manage floods through design. The analyses pinpoint that for BEPs to be up to the challenges associated with these projects, besides technical expertise, some soft skills are needed such as professional openness and a positive mindset. Originality/value This paper explores flood adaptation not only as a spatial challenge but also as a cultural change that needs to be embraced within flood risk management efforts.
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Nassor, Badriya S., and Makame O. Makame. "Assessing Community Adaptation Strategies to Floods in Flood-Prone Areas of Urban District, Zanzibar, Tanzania." Journal of Sustainable Development 14, no. 3 (April 19, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v14n3p95.
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Floods disasters around the world have increased for the last 20 years and affected billions of people. The same has been observed in Zanzibar, which resulted in severe impacts in many parts of the urban-west region and affected many people, threaten several lives and caused substantial economic losses. Therefore, this study intended to assess the community adaptation strategies to floods, the genesis of those strategies and the limiting factors for each adaptation strategies in flood-prone areas in the Urban District in Zanzibar, Tanzania. It involved 399 households. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire for heads of the households to assess their adaptation strategies. The study discovered that the community has been employing different adaptation strategies to reduce the floods risk at pre, during and after floods. Before flooding is cemented the floor, while during flooding moved to another place and after flooding did the structural repairs of their houses and recommendations to the government on providing necessary support are delineated.
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Faruk, Md Omar, and Keshav Lall Maharjan. "Factors Affecting Farmers’ Adoption of Flood Adaptation Strategies Using Structural Equation Modeling." Water 14, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 3080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14193080.
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Floods are a frequent disaster in Bangladesh, and farmers are the most at risk. Understanding how to improve the farmers’ flood adaption is important to reduce flood effects. Protection motivation theory (PMT) has been widely used to examine flood adaptation behavior, but there is still debate regarding the quantitative effect of PMT factors on flood adaption behavior, particularly in a geographically vulnerable context. This study integrates psychological aspects based on PMT to assess farmers’ flood adaptability. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect data from 359 farmers. We employed structural equation modeling to test a PMT model with mediation analysis. The results showed that farmers who perceive a higher flood risk and feel more fear of floods are more likely to implement flood adaptation measures. Similarly, farmers adopt more adaptive actions if they have higher self-efficacy and response efficacy. However, they are less likely to take adaptive actions if they are subject to maladaptation. Maladaptation plays a significant role as a mediating variable. These findings will act as recommendations for government agencies to design policy measures to strengthen flood risk management. The study supports the theory of protection motivation to understand farmers’ flood adaptation behavior. However, further study is required to enhance and generalize the existing model.
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Haer, Toon, W. J. Wouter Botzen, Vincent van Roomen, Harry Connor, Jorge Zavala-Hidalgo, Dirk M. Eilander, and Philip J. Ward. "Coastal and river flood risk analyses for guiding economically optimal flood adaptation policies: a country-scale study for Mexico." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2121 (April 30, 2018): 20170329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0329.
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Many countries around the world face increasing impacts from flooding due to socio-economic development in flood-prone areas, which may be enhanced in intensity and frequency as a result of climate change. With increasing flood risk, it is becoming more important to be able to assess the costs and benefits of adaptation strategies. To guide the design of such strategies, policy makers need tools to prioritize where adaptation is needed and how much adaptation funds are required. In this country-scale study, we show how flood risk analyses can be used in cost–benefit analyses to prioritize investments in flood adaptation strategies in Mexico under future climate scenarios. Moreover, given the often limited availability of detailed local data for such analyses, we show how state-of-the-art global data and flood risk assessment models can be applied for a detailed assessment of optimal flood-protection strategies. Our results show that especially states along the Gulf of Mexico have considerable economic benefits from investments in adaptation that limit risks from both river and coastal floods, and that increased flood-protection standards are economically beneficial for many Mexican states. We discuss the sensitivity of our results to modelling uncertainties, the transferability of our modelling approach and policy implications. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advances in risk assessment for climate change adaptation policy’.
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Oubennaceur, Khalid, Karem Chokmani, Florence Lessard, Yves Gauthier, Catherine Baltazar, and Jean-Patrick Toussaint. "Understanding Flood Risk Perception: A Case Study from Canada." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 3087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14053087.
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In recent years, understanding and improving the perception of flood risk has become an important aspect of flood risk management and flood risk reduction policies. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of flood risk in the Petite Nation River watershed, located in southern Quebec, Canada. A survey was conducted with 130 residents living on a floodplain in this river watershed, which had been affected by floods in the spring of 2017. Participants were asked about different aspects related to flood risk, such as the flood hazard experience, the physical changes occurring in the environment, climate change, information accessibility, flood risk governance, adaptation measures, and finally the perception of losses. An analysis of these factors provided perspectives for improving flood risk communication and increasing the public awareness of flood risk. The results indicated that the analyzed aspects are potentially important in terms of risk perception and showed that the flood risk perceptions varied for each aspect analyzed. In general, the information regarding flood risk management is available and generally understandable, and the level of confidence was good towards most authorities. However, the experiences of flood risk and the consequences of climate change on floods were not clear among the respondents. Regarding the adaptation measures, the majority of participants tended to consider non-structural adaptation measures as being more relevant than structural ones. Moreover, the long-term consequences of flooding on property values are of highest concern. These results provide a snapshot of citizens’ risk perceptions and their opinions on topics that are directly related to such risks.
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Hanif, Muhammad, Beben Graha Putra, Rizki Atthori Hidayat, Ravidho Ramadhan, Ahyuni Ahyuni, Afriyadi Afriyadi, Wan Shafrina Wan Moh Jaafar, Dedi Hermon, and Ernieza Suhana Mokhtar. "Impact of Coastal Flood on Building, Infrastructure, and Community Adaptation in Bukit Bestari Tanjungpinang." Jurnal Geografi Gea 21, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/gea.v21i2.38911.
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Coastal flood in Indonesia, namely as banjir rob, is a phenomenon that increases seawater to inundate around the tidal area. In Tanjungpinang, cases of coastal floods become a serious problem for people living in this area. This research aims to model the coastal flood inundation by modeling water inundation with a maximum level increase scenario. Its model was used to estimate coastal floods' impact on houses, buildings, and infrastructures with scenario 2 meters of sea-level rise. On the other hand, the budget loss for restoration was estimated to study the effort of community adaptations with the ECLAC RAB method and observation to understand community adaptation. It was found that the spatial model succeeded in zoning inundation areas, which had a significant impact on houses, buildings, worship places, schools, and industrial at many 4112 units. From this case, the budget loss for the restoration of the physical environment was estimated at around 61994014.75 USD. In addition, the survey revealed the existing condition before and after the coastal flood. Several community efforts for adaptation were developing houses on stilt and hoarding the lowest land on-site location for build houses.
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Oyebola, Oyediran O., Jackson Efitre, Laban Musinguzi, and Augustine E. Falaye. "Potential adaptation strategies for climate change impact among flood-prone fish farmers in climate hotspot Uganda." Environment, Development and Sustainability 23, no. 9 (February 9, 2021): 12761–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01183-1.
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AbstractClimate-induced floods are increasing in Africa. The need to evolve framework for adaptation to climate change impact (CCI) among flood-prone fish farmers necessitated this study. Based on availability, 60 farming active flood-experienced fish farmers were purposively selected from flood-prone (Gulu and Kibuku) regions in climate hotspot Uganda. These were assessed for CCI adaptation tendencies in their socioeconomics and farming operation/techniques (FOI) indices, CCI awareness, CCI adaptation strategies, and perceived required interventions (RIs) using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed through descriptive and multivariate regression tools. Respondents were mostly male, adults, educated, Christian, married, medium-sized family, social group members, 1–5 years’ experience, medium-sized farms, and government trained. Income was 1.0–6.0 million Ugx/year. In FOI, semi-intensive culture system, use of rainwater plus groundwater, small-sized (< 0.5 ha) ponds, ponds possession of inlets and outlets, seasonal farming and mixed culture/farming dominated. Most respondents were aware of CCI, while erratic rainfall with floods and prolonged drought mostly impacted farming. AS-Adaptation Strategy were changed stocking time and livelihood diversification. Communication technology and social group’s membership enhanced adaptation, while inadequate awareness constrains adaptation. Respondents’ RI(s) were tree planting, irrigation and pond perimeter trenching. Gender, government training, farm size, water sources and presence of inlet and outlets in ponds (FOI) predicted adaptation (R = 0.802, R2 = 0.64, P < 0.05). Some socioeconomic, technical and awareness indices could assist CCI flexibility. However, the statistically significant predictors of adaptation, identified adaptive strategies, constraints to adaptation and required interventions could be integrated into a framework for effective CCI adaptation for sustainable fish farming in flood-prone scenarios.
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Jongman, Brenden, Hessel C. Winsemius, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Erin Coughlan de Perez, Maarten K. van Aalst, Wolfgang Kron, and Philip J. Ward. "Declining vulnerability to river floods and the global benefits of adaptation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 18 (April 20, 2015): E2271—E2280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414439112.
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The global impacts of river floods are substantial and rising. Effective adaptation to the increasing risks requires an in-depth understanding of the physical and socioeconomic drivers of risk. Whereas the modeling of flood hazard and exposure has improved greatly, compelling evidence on spatiotemporal patterns in vulnerability of societies around the world is still lacking. Due to this knowledge gap, the effects of vulnerability on global flood risk are not fully understood, and future projections of fatalities and losses available today are based on simplistic assumptions or do not include vulnerability. We show for the first time (to our knowledge) that trends and fluctuations in vulnerability to river floods around the world can be estimated by dynamic high-resolution modeling of flood hazard and exposure. We find that rising per-capita income coincided with a global decline in vulnerability between 1980 and 2010, which is reflected in decreasing mortality and losses as a share of the people and gross domestic product exposed to inundation. The results also demonstrate that vulnerability levels in low- and high-income countries have been converging, due to a relatively strong trend of vulnerability reduction in developing countries. Finally, we present projections of flood losses and fatalities under 100 individual scenario and model combinations, and three possible global vulnerability scenarios. The projections emphasize that materialized flood risk largely results from human behavior and that future risk increases can be largely contained using effective disaster risk reduction strategies.
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Chanda Shimi, Annya, Gulsan Ara Parvin, Chaitee Biswas, and Rajib Shaw. "Impact and adaptation to flood." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 19, no. 3 (June 22, 2010): 298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653561011052484.
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Shaikh, MS, M. Shariot Ullah, MA Ali, and AKM Adham. "Flood Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation Around the Coastal Area of Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 6, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22040.
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This study was undertaken to investigate the strategies for flood disaster risk reduction and adaptation around the coastal area of Bangladesh. Education level and environmental awareness, family size, farm size, adaptation tools, loss due to flood disaster, adaptation tools and area of the rivers and canals of the localities were taken as independent variables. On the other hand, pre and post flood activities were considered as dependent variable of the study. Pre flood activities such as miking around the flood disaster areas reduced flood risk 44.2%, radio and TV bulletin 25.0%, enclosure tube-well by polythene bag 16.7% and shifting the people to cyclone center reduced flood risk 14.2%. However, post flood activities such as food and water supply contributed 48.3% and activities of medical rescue team (i.e. provide medicine, vaccination and saline) and agricultural inputs supply (i.e. seed, fertilizer, livestocks, fisheries) contributed the same percentage i.e. 25.8% to adapt flood disaster. These variables were tested to explore the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Education level and environmental awareness, family size, farm size, adaptation tools, loss due to flood disaster were significantly correlated with the pre and post flood activities for flood disaster risk reduction and adaptation around the coastal areas. The findings indicated that the lower the education level and environmental awareness of the coastal area people the lower is the activities (pre and post) during flood disaster in flood disaster risk reduction and adaptation. The findings also indicated that the pre flood preparation is not enough for flood disaster risk reduction and adaptation around the coastal area of Bangladesh and adaptation tools were not sufficient for flood disaster risk reduction and adaptation around the coastal area s of Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22040 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 53-57 2013
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Septian, Lukman Hendra, Agustinus Adib Abadi, and Allis Nurdini. "Strategi Adaptasi Bermukim dalam Merespon Banjir Rob di Tambak Lorok, Semarang." Review of Urbanism and Architectural Studies 20, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ruas.2022.020.02.13.
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Various adaptation strategy efforts have been made to reduce the impact due to the risk of environmental changes. Tidal flooding in the coastal area of Semarang is predicted to increase. Settlements affected by tidal flooding need to anticipate to reduce the risk of greater losses. The Tambak Lorok settlement is a phenomenon of resilience to live in a tidal flood disaster area. The purpose of this study is to explain the adaptation strategy of accommodation to settle in coastal areas affected by tidal floods in Tambak Lorok, Semarang with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection was carried out using a simple random sampling method with a questionnaire on 100 respondents of the Tambak Lorok community in 5 RW. The collected data are processed and interpreted by the methods of percentage description analysis and correlation analysis. It was concluded that the accommodation adaptation strategy for the Tambak Lorok community in responding to tidal flood disasters is influenced by factors of length of residence, monthly income, number of family members, perceptions of disasters, responses that have been carried out, regulations, and disaster characteristics. Adaptation to the adjustment is carried out by elevating the ground floor and increasing the height of the building structure. Behavioral adaptation is carried out by arranging the location of goods, and most people do not have a relocation plan.
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Leitold, Roxana, Javier Revilla Diez, and Van Tran. "Are we expecting too much from the private sector in flood adaptation? Scenario-based field experiments with small- and medium-sized firms in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam." Climatic Change 163, no. 1 (October 23, 2020): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02888-y.
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AbstractAdaptive governance approaches emphasize the crucial role of the private sector in enabling climate change adaptation. Yet, the participation of local firms is still lacking, and little is known about the conditions potentially influencing firms’ adaptation decisions and mechanisms that might encourage private sector engagement. We address this gap with an empirical analysis of the willingness of manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to participate financially in collective flood adaptation in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), a hotspot of future climate change risk. Using scenario-based field experiments, we shed light on internal and external conditions that influence potential investments in collective initiatives and explain what role SMEs can play in flood adaptation. We find that direct impacts of floods, perceived self-responsibility, and strong local ties motivate firms to participate in collective adaptation, whereas government support, sufficient financial resources, and previously implemented flood protection strategies reduce the necessity to act collectively. Here, opportunity costs and the handling of other business risks play a decisive role in investment decisions. This study shows that although private sector engagement appears to be a promising approach, it is not a panacea. Collective initiatives on flood adaptation need formal guidance and should involve local business networks and partnerships to give voice to the needs and capacities of SMEs, but such initiatives should not overstretch firms’ responsibilities.
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NYGREN, ANJA. "Socially Differentiated Urban Flood Governance in Mexico: Ambiguous Negotiations and Fragmented Contestations." Journal of Latin American Studies 48, no. 2 (August 28, 2015): 335–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x15001170.
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AbstractCities around the world are developing new ways of governing risks and vulnerabilities. In the new flood-governance measures, technological risk-prevention is linked to programmes of social resilience and cultural adaptation. By focusing on the catastrophic floods in the city of Villahermosa, Mexico, this article argues that new flood-governance strategies rely on complicated forms of neoliberal governance, in which flood governance is turned into a matter of adaptation and self-responsibilisation, while scant attention is paid to the socio-spatial distribution of vulnerabilities. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in three socially differentiated neighbourhoods of Villahermosa, this article demonstrates how flood-governance strategies and the residents' responses to them vary across the city and how the production of flood risk is connected to the uneven production of urban space. The institutional acts of governing aim to render certain population groups governable, whilst being unable to eradicate dispersed contestation efforts.
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Fuchs, Sven, Konstantinos Karagiorgos, Kyriaki Kitikidou, Fotios Maris, Spyridon Paparrizos, and Thomas Thaler. "Flood risk perception and adaptation capacity: a contribution to the socio-hydrology debate." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 6 (June 29, 2017): 3183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3183-2017.
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Abstract. Dealing with flood hazard and risk requires approaches rooted in both natural and social sciences, which provided the nexus for the ongoing debate on socio-hydrology. Various combinations of non-structural and structural flood risk reduction options are available to communities. Focusing on flood risk and the information associated with it, developing risk management plans is required but often overlooks public perception of a threat. The perception of risk varies in many different ways, especially between the authorities and the affected public. It is because of this disconnection that many risk management plans concerning floods have failed in the past. This paper examines the private adaptation capacity and willingness with respect to flooding in two different catchments in Greece prone to multiple flood events during the last 20 years. Two studies (East Attica and Evros) were carried out, comprised of a survey questionnaire of 155 and 157 individuals, from a peri-urban (East Attica) and a rural (Evros) area, respectively, and they focused on those vulnerable to periodic (rural area) and flash floods (peri-urban area). Based on the comparisons drawn from these responses, and identifying key issues to be addressed when flood risk management plans are implemented, improvements are being recommended for the social dimension surrounding such implementation. As such, the paper contributes to the ongoing discussion on human–environment interaction in socio-hydrology.
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Tasantab, Jerry Chati, Thayaparan Gajendran, Jason von Meding, and Kim Maund. "Perceptions and deeply held beliefs about responsibility for flood risk adaptation in Accra Ghana." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2020): 631–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-11-2019-0076.
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Purpose Climate change is predicted to increase the vulnerability of urban populations to flood hazards. Against this backdrop, flood risk adaptation has become pertinent. However, in Ghana, current flood risk management practice is fostered by a reactive culture. There is limited research on how communities and government agencies are engaging with flood risk adaptation in improving resilience. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse the culture of communities and agencies through the cultural theory of risk (CTR), towards understanding the flood risk adaptation in Accra, Ghana. Culture is deciphered using the beliefs held by residents and public agency officials. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative methodology, underpinned by the constructivist paradigm, was adopted to understand factors that influence flood risk adaptation in informal settlements. Data was gathered using household and institutional interviews in Glefe, Accra, Ghana. Findings The results show that both disaster risk management institutions and community members are deeply concerned about current and future flood risk. However, their cultural beliefs concerning flood risk and adaptation are contradictory, broadly framed by fatalist, individualist and hierarchist beliefs. The contradictory emergent beliefs contribute to a clash of expectations and create uncertainty about how to respond to flood risk, impacting the implementation of required adaptation measures. Developing a collaborative flood risk management framework and a shared understanding of adaptation approaches may be a better alternative. Originality/value This paper advances understanding of how culture influences flood risk adaptation in developing country context.
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S.Ferreira, Carla, Sandra Mourato, Milica Kasanin-Grubin, António J.D. Ferreira, Georgia Destouni, and Zahra Kalantari. "Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions in Mitigating Flood Hazard in a Mediterranean Peri-Urban Catchment." Water 12, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 2893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102893.
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Urbanization alters natural hydrological processes and enhances runoff, which affects flood hazard. Interest in nature-based solutions (NBS) for sustainable mitigation and adaptation to urban floods is growing, but the magnitudes of NBS effects are still poorly investigated. This study explores the potential of NBS for flood hazard mitigation in a small peri-urban catchment in central Portugal, prone to flash floods driven by urbanization and short but intense rainfall events typical of the Mediterranean region. Flood extent and flood depth are assessed by manually coupling the hydrologic HEC-HMS and hydraulic HEC-RAS models. The coupled model was run for single rainfall events with recurrence periods of 10–, 20–, 50–, and 100–years, considering four simulation scenarios: current conditions (without NBS), and with an upslope NBS, a downslope NBS, and a combination of both. The model-simulation approach provides good estimates of flood magnitude (NSE = 0.91, RMSE = 0.08, MAE = 0.07, R2 = 0.93), and shows that diverting streamflow into abandoned fields has positive impacts in mitigating downslope flood hazard. The implementation of an upslope NBS can decrease the water depth at the catchment outlet by 0.02 m, whereas a downslope NBS can reduce it from 0.10 m to 0.23 m for increasing return periods. Combined upslope and downslope NBS have a marginal additional impact in reducing water depth, ranging from 0.11 m to 0.24 m for 10– and 100–year floods. Decreases in water depth provided by NBS are useful in flood mitigation and adaptation within the peri-urban catchment. A network of NBS, rather than small isolated strategies, needs to be created for efficient flood-risk management at a larger scale.
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Devkota, Dinesh Chandra, Kamal Thapa, and Bhaskar Kharki. "Economic analysis of ecosystem based adaptation and engineering options: A case study from Udayapur, Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 3 (December 7, 2015): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v3i0.22733.
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Ecosystem services are vital to our well-being as they directly or indirectly support our survival and quality of life. But, the growing impact of climate change diminishes the benefit from ecosystem services. Therefore, identifying possible applicable adaptation options are inevitable to reduce the effect of climate change. The present research is based on a case study of Ksedi River watershed, Ajgada Village in Udaypur district of Nepal. The study demonstrates the comparison between different options to deal with flood and make a sound decision, based on economic rationale for long-term benefits. The present study compares ecosystem based adaptation options with engineering options using cost benefit analysis in order to protect village from flooding. Through stakeholder and expert consultations, ecosystem based adaptation options and economic options that are feasible in the village and catchment to mitigate the floods were listed. Economic analysis of these options and the different combinations were done using cost benefit analysis. Analysis was carried out for each of the different combination of options. Focus on ecosystem based adaptation options provide high benefit to cost return in terms of avoided damages and considering engineering options efficient in flood and erosion control in initial stage in spite of its high cost. The study suggests that reforestation in upland forest areas; plantation along riverbed and management of rangeland should be prioritized. Similarly, preparation of flood model, flood height damage curve and flood vulnerable maps specific to the site will help decision makers to implement site specific adaptation options.
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Kartika, Fara Dwi Sakti, Muhammad Helmi, and Amirudin. "Meta-analysis of community’s adaptation pattern with tidal flood in Pekalongan City, Central Java, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 125 (2019): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912509001.
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In the last two decades, northern coast Java Island occasionally experienced a tidal flood. One of area that affected by tidal flood is Pekalongan City, a small city in Central Java. Many studies have been conducted to investigate this issue. The area of investigation includes physical damage and people’s adaptation with tidal flood. This paper tries to explore people’s adaptation pattern in Pekalongan City with tidal flood. The meta-analysis approach was adopted as there are many papers that had investigated this phenomenon. This paper shows that community’s adaptation patterns in Pekalongan city tidal flood are divided into two response patterns, cognitive map and artifact patterns. These patterns have produced a new way of life or culture in the community. By understanding how people adaptation with tidal flood, hopefully, scientist and policymaker can bring more appropriate solution or policy to help people’s adaptation with tidal flood or how they minimize tidal flood effect in more sustainable way.
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Okaka, Fredrick Okoth, and Beneah D. O. Odhiambo. "Health vulnerability to flood-induced risks of households in flood-prone informal settlements in the Coastal City of Mombasa, Kenya." Natural Hazards 99, no. 2 (September 19, 2019): 1007–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03792-0.
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Abstract Floods have serious consequences on community well-being and health. This study was intended to address the health vulnerability of households in flood prone informal settlements in the coastal city of Mombasa in Kenya and their adaptation measures. Mombasa City has a history of floods, in the recent past, significant severe incidences of flooding events have already been experienced. However, there is dearth of evidence regarding vulnerability of households living in informal settlements in the city to the health risks of flooding and households’ coping mechanisms. The study participants were randomly drawn from three purposively selected informal settlements in Mombasa City. Health vulnerability was assessed in terms of flood exposure, flood sensitivity, and flood adaptive capacity. While adaptation measures were explored based on the autonomous steps that household have adapted in response to flooding. Primary data were collected using questionnaires, Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions. The findings showed that up to 40.8% of the households had a high level of vulnerability, 46.9% had a medium level, while only 12.3% had low level of vulnerability. The findings also showed that household characteristics, water, sanitation and environmental risk factors had an impact on the level of household vulnerability. As coping mechanisms, households had taken some adaptation measures like clearing trenches to unblock drainage channels and piling sand bags around the house. The study concludes that for poor people living in flood prone areas in urban setting, flood early warnings, flood preventive actions and long term mitigation strategies need to be strengthened since they are exposed to greater health problems. The findings of the study are expected to help communities and local support agencies to identify weaknesses, especially in adaptive capacities, and to indicate ways of reducing future health vulnerability of residents of informal settlements to flooding.
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Gbaa, Solomon. "Analysis of Flood Disaster Adaptation Strategies Among People of Guma Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria." Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 26, 2022): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52562/injoes.v2i2.415.
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Abstract – One of the most important issues in flood risk management is finding a way to cope with uncertainties. Despite centuries of experience with flood management, flood disasters become more frequent and are increasing in severity due to climate change. This work examined flood disaster adaptation strategies among the people of Guma Local Government Area, Benue State. Data on the demographic characteristics of respondents, flood frequency, duration, and impact of flood disasters on people of the study area, as well as flood mitigation and adaptation strategies, were obtained using a questionnaire. A total of 380 respondents were sampled using random sampling. The data were analyzed using frequencies and percentages and presented in tables. Results revealed that the respondents are susceptible to the impact of flood disasters due to their socio-demographic characteristics. Furthermore, the results show that the frequency of flood disasters is biennial while its duration is between one to two weeks. Flood also impacts both directly and indirectly, involving mostly destruction of farm crops, and disruption of transportation. Lastly, the results show that the respondents mostly clear-filled/blocked drainages around them to mitigate the impact of flood disasters and many of the respondents construct wooden bridges across drainages/gutters in order to adapt to flooding in their areas. The study recommends that non-flood-sensitive economic activities should be embraced to mitigate the impact of flooding in the study area. There should also be public enlightenment and sensitization on the need to adopt both structural and nonstructural measures of adapting to flood disasters as climate change continues to trigger more severe, and frequent floods.
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Kundzewicz, Zbigniew W., Iwona Pińskwar, and G. Robert Brakenridge. "Changes in river flood hazard in Europe: a review." Hydrology Research 49, no. 2 (May 26, 2017): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.016.
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Abstract Despite costly flood risk reduction efforts, material damage and death toll caused by river floods continue to be high in Europe. In the present review paper, after outlining a process-based perspective, we examine observed and projected changes in flood hazard. Spatial and temporal variability of large floods is analyzed, based on a time series of flood information, collected by the Dartmouth Flood Observatory in 1985–2016. Model-based projections of future flood hazard are critically reviewed. It is difficult to disentangle the climatic change component from strong natural variability and direct human impacts. The climate change impact on flood hazard is complex and depends on the river flood generation mechanism. It has not been possible to detect ubiquitous changes in flood characteristics in observation records in Europe, so far. However, we found an increasing tendency in the number of floods with large magnitude and severity, even if year-to-year variability is strong. There is a considerable spread of river flood hazard projections in Europe among studies, carried out under different assumptions. Therefore, caution must be exerted by practitioners in charge of climate change adaptation, flood risk reduction, risk insurance, and water resources management when accommodating information on flood hazard projections, under considerable uncertainty.
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Faruk, Md Omar, and Keshav Lall Maharjan. "Impact of Farmers’ Participation in Community-Based Organizations on Adoption of Flood Adaptation Strategies: A Case Study in a Char-Land Area of Sirajganj District Bangladesh." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 8959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148959.
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Community-based organizations (CBOs) are gaining popularity in Bangladesh as a tool for relaying flood risk information and adaptation strategies. However, to our knowledge, no attempts have been made to determine the impact of CBOs on farmers’ adoption of flood adaptation strategies. Therefore, in this paper, we identify the determinants that influence farmers’ decisions to participate in CBOs and how this participation impacts farmers’ adoption of flood adaptation strategies. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 359 farmers for the study. An endogenous switching regression model was applied to control for possible selection bias due to unobserved factors, while propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability-weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) were employed to test for the robustness of the results. The results reveal a positive selection bias, indicating that farmers with above-average flood adaptation strategies are more willing to participate in CBOs. Farmers’ flood experience, having children under 10 years, distance to the village center, and access to information mainly determine the participation in CBOs. It is also found that CBO participation significantly increases farmers’ adoption of flood adaptation strategies. ESR results show that farmers who participated in CBOs have 3.76 higher average flood adaptation strategies compared to CBO non-participation, and this finding is also consistent with PSM and IPWRA results. Therefore, policy intervention aimed at further strengthening and institutionalizing CBOs is necessary for successful flood adaptation.
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Russell, Andrew, and Paul Sayers. "Assessing Future Flood Risk and Developing Integrated Flood Risk Management Strategies: A Case Study from the UK Climate Change Risk Assessment." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 27, 2022): 13945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113945.
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As Earth’s climate changes, individual nations must develop adaptation plans to respond to increasing or new climate risks. This study focuses on changing flood risk in England, UK, and examines the policy framework and actions that underpin England’s adaptation from a flood risk management (FRM) perspective. Specifically, the flood risk projections that fed into the UK’s Climate Change Risk Assessment were analysed alongside newly developed FRM adaptation portfolios that modified the flood risk projections to identify the potential of different measures to reduce Expected Annual Damages (EAD). The key findings indicate that: the range of EAD for all flood sources combined is projected to increase by 18–160% by the 2080s depending on the climate change, population growth and adaptation assumptions applied; adopting an enhanced adaptation approach presents an opportunity to manage much of the climate driven change in flood risk, particularly from river flooding; EAD from coastal flood risk shows the greatest increase relative to present day; and surface water flooding will become an increasingly more significant source of flood risk. Interpretation of the results in the context of the policy framework shows how greater coordination and integration of risk managers and interventions is required to improve adaptation planning.
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Rasdiana, Rasdiana, Roland A. Barkey, and Syafri Syafri. "Mitigasi Dan Adaptasi Bencana Banjir di Kecamatan Pallangga Kabupaten Gowa." Urban and Regional Studies Journal 4, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35965/ursj.v4i1.1213.
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Bencana banjir yang terjadi secara terus-menerus dapat menyebabkan berbagai kondisi yang apabila terjadi dapat menimbulkan berbagai kerentanan yang memerlukan pemikiran yang lebih dalam untuk mengantisipasi bencana banjir. Mitigasi dan Adaptasi Bencana Banjir di Kecamatan Pallangga Kabupaten Gowa bertujuan untuk memetakan tingkat kerentanan bencana banjir dan upaya mitigasi dan adaptasi yang tepat berdasarakan tingkat kerentanan bencana banjir di Kecamatan Pallangga. Sejalan dengan tujuan penelitian ini maka dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, untuk menentukan tingkat kerentanan dengan analisis spasial overlay dan skoring parameter penentu kerentanan banjir. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Kecamatan Pallangga diklasifikasi dalam tiga tingkat kerentanan bencana banjir meliputi rentan tinggi, rentan sedang dan rentan rendah serta arahan mitigasi dan adaptasi bencana banjir berdasarkan tingkat kerentanan. The floods disasters that occur continuously can cause various conditions which can cause a variety of vulnerabilities that require deeper thought to anticipate. Flood mitigation and adaptation in Pallangga District of Gowa aims to map the level of flood vulnerability and provide mitigation and adaptation directions based on the level of flood vulnerability in Pallangga. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods, to determine the level of vulnerability with spatial overlay analysis and weight scoring of parameters determining flood vulnerability. The results of this research are in Pallangga classified into three levels of vulnerability to flood disasters including high vulnerability, medium vulnerability and low vulnerability with directives flood mitigation and adaptation based on the level of vulnerability.
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Sultana, Rumana, S. Rafiqul Alam Rumi, and MA Hanif Sheikh. "Climate Change Induced Flood Risk and Adaptation in the Padma River Island, Bangladesh: A Local Scale Approach." Journal of Life and Earth Science 8 (August 22, 2014): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v8i0.20138.
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Assessment of hazard characteristics, exposure, vulnerability, resilience and risk at a local scale is an important tool for identifying the capacities of households and local communities to adapt with climate change induced flood. Repeated floods with different magnitudes under variable climatic conditions are great catastrophe for the people living in flood prone regions specifically in Islands. People, infrastructure and economy are highly exposed to flood and that results in devastating flood disaster. In the Padma river Islands frequent flooding makes the life and livelihoods of people vulnerable and this vulnerability is conditioned by different factors such as peoples physical, social, economic and environmental condition. The higher is the level of vulnerability the higher is the level of flood risk. Hence, peoples resilience can minimize the negative impacts of flood disaster. A composite risk index (related to the probability of occurrence of the event, magnitude of the event, quantity and cost of the element at risk, vulnerability and resilience) was prepared to realize the climate change induced flood disaster risk. Some adaptive strategies are explored to adapt with climate change induced flood risk. Finally, Local Scale Disaster Risk Model (LSDR) was proposed to present the framework of climate change induced flood disaster risk and adaption at a local scale. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v8i0.20138 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 8: 41-48, 2013
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Zhou, Qianqian, Guoyong Leng, and Maoyi Huang. "Impacts of future climate change on urban flood volumes in Hohhot in northern China: benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-305-2018.
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Abstract. As China becomes increasingly urbanised, flooding has become a regular occurrence in its major cities. Assessing the effects of future climate change on urban flood volumes is crucial to informing better management of such disasters given the severity of the devastating impacts of flooding (e.g. the 2016 flooding events across China). Although recent studies have investigated the impacts of future climate change on urban flooding, the effects of both climate change mitigation and adaptation have rarely been accounted for together in a consistent framework. In this study, we assess the benefits of mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and locally adapting to climate change by modifying drainage systems to reduce urban flooding under various climate change scenarios through a case study conducted in northern China. The urban drainage model – Storm Water Management Model – was used to simulate urban flood volumes using current and two adapted drainage systems (i.e. pipe enlargement and low-impact development, LID), driven by bias-corrected meteorological forcing from five general circulation models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 archive. Results indicate that urban flood volume is projected to increase by 52 % over 2020–2040 compared to the volume in 1971–2000 under the business-as-usual scenario (i.e. Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5). The magnitudes of urban flood volumes are found to increase nonlinearly with changes in precipitation intensity. On average, the projected flood volume under RCP 2.6 is 13 % less than that under RCP 8.5, demonstrating the benefits of global-scale climate change mitigation efforts in reducing local urban flood volumes. Comparison of reduced flood volumes between climate change mitigation and local adaptation (by improving drainage systems) scenarios suggests that local adaptation is more effective than climate change mitigation in reducing future flood volumes. This has broad implications for the research community relative to drainage system design and modelling in a changing environment. This study highlights the importance of accounting for local adaptation when coping with future urban floods.
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Munyai, Rendani B., Hector Chikoore, Agnes Musyoki, James Chakwizira, Tshimbiluni P. Muofhe, Nkosinathi G. Xulu, and Tshilidzi C. Manyanya. "Vulnerability and Adaptation to Flood Hazards in Rural Settlements of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 3490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243490.
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Climate change has increased the frequency of extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall leading to floods in several regions. In Africa, rural communities are more vulnerable to flooding, particularly those that dwell in low altitude areas or near rivers and those regions affected by tropical storms. This study examined flood vulnerability in three rural villages in South Africa’s northern Limpopo Province and how communities are building resilience and coping with the hazard. These villages lie at the foot of the north-eastern escarpment, and are often exposed to frequent rainfall enhanced by orographic factors. Although extreme rainfall events are rare in the study area, we analyzed daily rainfall and showed how heavy rainfall of short duration can lead to flooding using case studies. Historical floods were also mapped using remote sensing via the topographical approach and two types of flooding were identified, i.e., those due to extreme rainfall and those due to poor drainage or blocked drainage channels. A field survey was also conducted using questionnaires administered to samples of affected households to identify flood vulnerability indicators and adaptation strategies. Key informant interviews were held with disaster management authorities to provide additional information on flood indicators. Subsequently, a flood vulnerability index was computed to measure the extent of flood vulnerability of the selected communities and it was found that all three villages have a ‘vulnerability to floods’ level, considered a medium level vulnerability. The study also details temporary and long-term adaptation strategies/actions employed by respondents and interventions by local authorities to mitigate the impacts of flooding. Adaptation strategies range from digging furrows to divert water and temporary relocations, to constructing a raised patio around the house. Key recommendations include the need for public awareness; implementation of a raft of improvements and a sustainable infrastructure maintenance regime; integration of modern mitigations with local indigenous knowledge; and development of programs to ensure resilience through incorporation of Integrated Development Planning.
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Eze, Jude Nwafor, Coleen Vogel, and Philip Audu Ibrahim. "Assessment of Social Vulnerability of Households to Floods in Niger State, Nigeria." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 84 (October 2018): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.84.22.
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Flood is known to cause devastating livelihood impacts, suffering and economic damages. To reduce the impact of floods, it is very important to identify and understand the socio-economic factors that determine people’s ability to cope with stress or change. Consequently, the study assesses the social vulnerability of the households to floods in Niger State, in order to provide the empirical evidence necessary for flood adaptation policies and strategies in the state. The data for the research were obtained from the household survey and Dartmouth Flood Observatory. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive and statistical analysis. The results show that flood events in the study area were caused by heavy rainfall, compounded by the opening of the Shiroro dam gate to release the excess flood in the reservoir. Moreover, results of Student “t” test and One-Way Analysis of Variance on socio-economic characteristics show that households’ major economic activities, educational status, household size, income distribution, and membership of cooperative society were significant at p < .05. Since the household respondents who depend primarily on farming, do not have formal education, family size > 10, do not belong to cooperative society and earn less that N21000 per month have higher mean frequency, thus, the predominant households were, therefore, farmers, illiterate, have large family size, poor, and have no access to loan. Thus, the socio-economic characteristics of the households in the study area contribute to their vulnerability to floods by reducing their coping capacity. Based on the results of the assessment, it is recommended that measures are taken to mainstream flood adaptation (livelihood diversification through finance and technical assistance like loans and capacity building) into the development process.
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Douka, Anastasia. "Adaptation Measures to Climate Change within the European Floods Directive (2007/60/EC)." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1 (September 3, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002038.
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Extreme weather conditions, attributed to climate change, include the increase in floods. The only available and appropriate response to the impacts of climate change already shown is adaptation. Adaptation is defined as the process of adjusting to climate change by taking appropriate action to prevent or minimize the damage it may cause. Within this framework, the EU 2007/60/EC Floods Directive foresees that the member states shall undertake preliminary flood risk assessments, taking into account inter alia the impacts of climate change on the occurrence of floods. The present paper aims at the identification of the existing legislative gaps in the Floods Directive taking into consideration the adaptation need regarding climate change.
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Jhong, Bing-Chen, Yasuto Tachikawa, Tomohiro Tanaka, Parmeshwar Udmale, and Ching-Pin Tung. "A Generalized Framework for Assessing Flood Risk and Suitable Strategies under Various Vulnerability and Adaptation Scenarios: A Case Study for Residents of Kyoto City in Japan." Water 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092508.
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This study proposes a generalized framework for the assessment of flood risk and potential strategies to mitigate flood under various vulnerability and adaptation scenarios. The possible causes of hazard, exposure and vulnerability in flood disaster were clearly identified by using a climate risk template. Then, levels of exposure and vulnerability with adaptive capacity and sensitivity were further defined by a quantification approach, and the climate risk maps were consequently provided. The potential possible climate adaptation strategies were investigated through the comparison of climate risk maps with diverse adaptation options. The framework was demonstrated in the Kyoto City in Japan with residents as a target population to reduce the flood risk. The results indicate that the government should pay attention to reducing the population in flood-prone areas and adopt diverse adaptation strategies to reduce the flood risk to the residents. Rainwater storage and green roofs as adaptation strategies as short-term planning options are recommended. The construction of detention ponds has been suggested to prevent flood risks in future as a part of the long-term planning process. In conclusion, the proposed framework is expected to be a suitable tool for supporting climate risk analysis in the context of flood disasters.
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HOFFMANN, CHRISTIN, and GUNTER STEPHAN. "REGIONAL FLOOD IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION IN A FEDERAL SETTING: A SPATIAL COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS FOR SWITZERLAND." Climate Change Economics 09, no. 02 (April 12, 2018): 1850001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201000781850001x.
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Climate change, a growing population and inappropriate land use may lead to a significant increase in the frequency, intensity and the duration of water-related extreme events. We aim (1) to gain a better understanding of the direct and indirect economic impacts of floods, (2) to analyze the issue of efficient flood adaption as well as the issue of financing adaptation in a federalist system, where local and national governmental authorities interplay in the provision of local public good adaptation. Our numerical thought experiments are based on a dynamic, spatial differentiated Ramsey type Computable General Equilibrium Model. Regions are determined by exposure and vulnerability to floods and are not identical with territorial units. Our results indicate: (1) general equilibrium effects caused by flood damages in vulnerable regions lead in regions of low vulnerability also to considerable welfare and GDP losses. (2) Providing local public good adaptation can at low economic costs significantly reduce negative impacts on welfare, GDP as well as the allocation of resources between regions and sectors. (3) Funding adaptation by imposing a regional land tax should be preferred to a national output tax or a combination of both with transfers from national to regional governments.
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Espada, Rudolf, Armando Apan, and Kevin McDougall. "Vulnerability assessment of urban community and critical infrastructures for integrated flood risk management and climate adaptation strategies." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 8, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 375–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-03-2015-0010.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to develop an integrated framework for assessing the flood risk and climate adaptation capacity of an urban area and its critical infrastructures to help address flood risk management issues and identify climate adaptation strategies. Design/methodology/approach Using the January 2011 flood in the core suburbs of Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia, various spatial analytical tools (i.e. digital elevation modeling and urban morphological characterization with 3D analysis, spatial analysis with fuzzy logic, proximity analysis, line statistics, quadrat analysis, collect events analysis, spatial autocorrelation techniques with global Moran’s I and local Moran’s I, inverse distance weight method, and hot spot analysis) were implemented to transform and standardize hazard, vulnerability, and exposure indicating variables. The issue on the sufficiency of indicating variables was addressed using the topological cluster analysis of a two-dimension self-organizing neural network (SONN) structured with 100 neurons and trained by 200 epochs. Furthermore, the suitability of flood risk modeling was addressed by aggregating the indicating variables with weighted overlay and modified fuzzy gamma overlay operations using the Bayesian joint conditional probability weights. Variable weights were assigned to address the limitations of normative (equal weights) and deductive (expert judgment) approaches. Applying geographic information system (GIS) and appropriate equations, the flood risk and climate adaptation capacity indices of the study area were calculated and corresponding maps were generated. Findings The analyses showed that on the average, 36 (approximately 813 ha) and 14 per cent (approximately 316 ha) of the study area were exposed to very high flood risk and low adaptation capacity, respectively. In total, 93 per cent of the study area revealed negative adaptation capacity metrics (i.e. minimum of −23 to <0), which implies that the socio-economic resources in the area are not enough to increase climate resilience of the urban community (i.e. Brisbane City) and its critical infrastructures. Research limitations/implications While the framework in this study was obtained through a robust approach, the following are the research limitations and recommended for further examination: analyzing and incorporating the impacts of economic growth; population growth; technological advancement; climate and environmental disturbances; and climate change; and applying the framework in assessing the risks to natural environments such as in agricultural areas, forest protection and production areas, biodiversity conservation areas, natural heritage sites, watersheds or river basins, parks and recreation areas, coastal regions, etc. Practical implications This study provides a tool for high level analyses and identifies adaptation strategies to enable urban communities and critical infrastructure industries to better prepare and mitigate future flood events. The disaster risk reduction measures and climate adaptation strategies to increase urban community and critical infrastructure resilience were identified in this study. These include mitigation on areas of low flood risk or very high climate adaptation capacity; mitigation to preparedness on areas of moderate flood risk and high climate adaptation capacity; mitigation to response on areas of high flood risk and moderate climate adaptation capacity; and mitigation to recovery on areas of very high flood risk and low climate adaptation capacity. The implications of integrating disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation strategies were further examined. Originality/value The newly developed spatially explicit analytical technique, identified in this study as the Flood Risk-Adaptation Capacity Index-Adaptation Strategies (FRACIAS) Linkage/Integrated Model, allows the integration of flood risk and climate adaptation assessments which had been treated separately in the past. By applying the FRACIAS linkage/integrated model in the context of flood risk and climate adaptation capacity assessments, the authors established a framework for enhancing measures and adaptation strategies to increase urban community and critical infrastructure resilience to flood risk and climate-related events.
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Madhuri, R., Y. S. L. Sarath Raja, K. Srinivasa Raju, Bonagiri Sai Punith, and Kondisetti Manoj. "Urban flood risk analysis of buildings using HEC-RAS 2D in climate change framework." H2Open Journal 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 262–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/h2oj.2021.111.
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Abstract The present study aims to assess flood depth, building risk analysis, and the effectiveness of various flood adaptation strategies to attenuate building risk caused by urban floods in climate change scenarios. A framework is proposed where a hydraulic model, Hydrologic Engineering Center's-River Analysis System 2D (HEC-RAS 2D), is applied for 2-dimensional flood modeling to estimate (a) submerged areas, (b) flood depth, and (c) building risk for extreme events corresponding to two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), 6.0 and 8.5. Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC), India, is chosen for demonstration. Percentages of buildings in GHMC under high, medium, and low risks for RCP 6.0 are 38.19, 9.91, and 51.9% in the respective order, and these are 40.82, 10.55, and 48.63% for RCP 8.5. Six flood proofing (FP) strategies (S1–S6) are proposed for attenuating building risk along with the required capital cost. The capital investment required for FP to achieve the ideal situation of no risk for all buildings (strategy S6) works out to Rs. 3,740 × 107 and Rs. 3,800 × 107 for RCPs 6.0 and 8.5. It is observed that the effect of adaptation strategies is significant.
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Koppa, Nisha, and Giriraj Amarnath. "Geospatial Assessment of Flood-Tolerant Rice Varieties to Guide Climate Adaptation Strategies in India." Climate 9, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9100151.
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Rice is the most important food crop. With the largest rain-fed lowland area in the world, flooding is considered as the most important abiotic stress to rice production in India. With climate change, it is expected that the frequency and severity of the floods will increase over the years. These changes will have a severe impact on the rain-fed agriculture production and livelihoods of millions of farmers in the flood affected region. There are numerous flood risk adaptation and mitigation options available for rain-fed agriculture in India. Procuring, maintaining and distributing the newly developed submergence-tolerant rice variety called Swarna-Sub1 could play an important role in minimizing the effect of flood on rice production. This paper assesses the quantity and cost of a flood-tolerant rice seed variety- Swarna-Sub1, that would be required during the main cropping season of rice i.e., kharif at a district level for 17 major Indian states. The need for SS1 seeds for rice production was assessed by developing a geospatial framework using remote sensing to map the suitability of SS1, to help stakeholders prepare better in managing the flood risks. Results indicate that districts of Bihar, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh will require the highest amount of SS1 seeds for flood adaptation strategies. The total estimated seed requirement for these 17 states would cost around 370 crores INR, less than 0.01 percent of Indian central government’s budget allocation for agriculture sector.
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Rahmad, Riki, Budi Rahmah Panjaitan, Denara Silaban, and Mugi Rahayu Muladi. "The Impact of Rob Flood and Community Adaptation in Coastal Area of Medan Belawan, Medan City, North Sumatra, Indonesia." JURNAL GEOGRAFI 9, no. 2 (August 8, 2017): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jg.v9i2.6902.
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This study aims to determine the impact of rob flood and adaptation of coastal communities in Medan Belawan District Medan City. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research method. The direct location of flooding review is at Jalan Serdang which belongs to Belawan I urban village. The result shows that the rob flood that hit Medan Belawan District has varying height. Several villages affected by the flood were Belawan I, Belawan II, Belawan Bahagia, Belawan Bahari, Belawan Sicanang and Bagan Deli. Rob flood occurs twice a day at around 02.00 am and 13.00 pm to 16.00 pm. Rob floods give impacts of damage to buildings especially shelter, increased salinity of water resources, damage to pond land, damage to work equipment or vehicles used by everyday people. Rob floods also disrupt the activities of fishers and traders because when the floods occur, fishers are forced to stop while fishing and income is reduced, as well as the supply of fish to the market. Community adaptation to rob floods in Medan Belawan District is adaptation to residential buildings and adaptation to the availability of clean water sources.Key words: coastal communities, rob flood, adaptationPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak banjir rob dan adaptasi masyarakat kawasan pesisir di Kecamatan Medan Belawan Kota Medan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif . Lokasi langsung peninjauan banjir ialah di Jalan Serdang yang termasuk kedalam Kelurahan Belawan I. Hasil penelitian menunjukkna bahwa banjir rob yang melanda Kecamatan Medan Belawan mempunyai ketinggian yang bervariasi. Beberapa kelurahan yang terkena banjir rob antara lain Kelurahan Belawan I, Kelurahan Belawan II, Kelurahan Belawan Bahagia, Kelurahan Belawan Bahari, Kelurahan Belawan Sicanang dan Kelurahan Bagan Deli. Banjir rob terjadi dua kali dalam sehari yakni sekitar pukul 02.00 pagi dan 13.00 siang hingga pukul 16.00 sore hari. Banjir rob memberikan dampak berupa kerusakan bangunan khususnya tempat tinggal, salinitas sumber air meningkat, kerusakan lahan tambak, kerusakan pada peralatan kerja atau kendaraan yang digunakan masyarakat sehari-sehari. Banjir rob juga mengganggu aktivitas nelayan dan pedagang karena saat banjir terjadi, nelayan terpaksa berhenti sementara melaut dan penghasilan pun berkurang, begitu juga dengan pasokan ikan ke pasar. Adaptasi yang dilakukan masyarakat terhadap banjir rob di Kecamatan Medan Belawan antara lain adaptasi pada bangunan tempat tinggal dan adaptasi pada ketersediaan sumber air bersih.Kata kunci : masyarakat pesisir, banjir rob, adaptasi
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Baylie, Melese Mulu, and Csaba Fogarassy. "Decision Analysis of the Adaptation of Households to Extreme Floods Using an Extended Protection Motivation Framework—A Case Study from Ethiopia." Land 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2022): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101755.
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Private extreme flood adaptation measures are cost effective and environmentally friendly. The objective of this study is to explore the major adaptation strategies, the determinants of the decisions of households to flood adaptation, specific prophylactic measures, and the constraints of these adaptation measures. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select the 337 samples for the study. As the data analysis showed, farm households adopted moving to high elevation places, selling cattle, seasonal migration, flood tolerant rice, planting trees, and the construction of a dike as adaptation measures to flood. The binary logistic regression results from both the socioeconomic and protection motivation theory (PMT) showed that marital status, sex, family size, off-farm income, previous flood experience, access to credit, and the average number of extension visits had a statistically significant positive influence on the flood adaptation decision of households. On the other hand, age, educational attainment, farm size, and access to extension played a negative but statistically insignificant role in flood adaptation decision. The scientific novelty of the paper is that its results revealed that not only the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households play a role in the decision-making reactions related to the flood, but also the psychological preparedness of the decision makers. The analysis also drew attention that, due to the mitigation of global influences, in the coming years, households can assume a much more decisive role in the process of local food supply. Therefore, in order to ensure safe supply, climate change-related measures and adaptation strategies must be defined very precisely. Dealing with this phenomenon must be part of social and business innovation as it can cause not only food supply problems but also various migration effects, which, in the short term, would result in the most serious damage to the social system.
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Kreibich, Heidi, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts, Heiko Apel, Giuseppe T. Aronica, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen, et al. "Adaptation to flood risk: Results of international paired flood event studies." Earth's Future 5, no. 10 (October 2017): 953–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017ef000606.
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Visessri, Supattra, and Chaiwat Ekkawatpanit. "Flood Management in the Context of Climate and Land-Use Changes and Adaptation Within the Chao Phraya River Basin." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 5 (August 1, 2020): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0579.
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Floods are a regularly occurring form of natural disaster in Thailand. They commonly occur during the monsoon season. Although the Chao Phraya River basin is strategically important because it accommodates several primary sectors that form the backbone of the Thai economy, it is vulnerable to flooding. The causes of flooding in this basin are both natural and human-induced. Climate and land-use changes are believed to be factors that elevated the severity of recent flood events. In 2011, Thailand suffered the worst floods in half a century; this is ranked as among the top five costliest natural disaster events in modern history. Thailand has developed a number of structural and non-structural measures to prevent devastating flood impacts. This paper reviews the flood management and adaptation measures within the Chao Phraya River basin, serving as a stepping stone towards sustainability.
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Hall, Jim W., Paul B. Sayers, Mike J. A. Walkden, and Mike Panzeri. "Impacts of climate change on coastal flood risk in England and Wales: 2030–2100." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1841 (February 22, 2006): 1027–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1752.
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Coastal flood risk is a function of the probability of coastal flooding and the consequential damage. Scenarios of potential changes in coastal flood risk due to changes in climate, society and the economy over the twenty-first century have been analysed using a national-scale quantified flood risk analysis methodology. If it is assumed that there will be no adaptation to increasing coastal flood risk, the expected annual damage in England and Wales due to coastal flooding is predicted to increase from the current £0.5 billion to between £1.0 and £13.5 billion, depending on the scenario of climate and socio-economic change. The proportion of national flood risk that is attributable to coastal flooding is projected to increase from roughly 50% to between 60 and 70%. Scenarios of adaptation to increasing risk, by construction of coastal dikes or retreat from coastal floodplains, are analysed. These adaptations are shown to be able to reduce coastal flood risk to between £0.2 and £0.8 billion. The capital cost of the associated coastal engineering works is estimated to be between £12 and £40 billion. Non-structural measures to reduce risk can make a major contribution to reducing the cost and environmental impact of engineering measures.
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Devitt, Catherine, and Eoin O’Neill. "The framing of two major flood episodes in the Irish print news media: Implications for societal adaptation to living with flood risk." Public Understanding of Science 26, no. 7 (March 3, 2016): 872–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662516636041.
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Societal adaptation to flooding is a critical component of contemporary flood policy. Using content analysis, this article identifies how two major flooding episodes (2009 and 2014) are framed in the Irish broadsheet news media. The article considers the extent to which these frames reflect shifts in contemporary flood policy away from protection towards risk management, and the possible implications for adaptation to living with flood risk. Frames help us make sense of the social world, and within the media, framing is an essential tool for communication. Five frames were identified: flood resistance and structural defences, politicisation of flood risk, citizen as risk manager, citizen as victim and emerging trade-offs. These frames suggest that public debates on flood management do not fully reflect shifts in contemporary flood policy, with negative implications for the direction of societal adaptation. Greater discussion is required on the influence of the media on achieving policy objectives.
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Yusoff, Sarina, and Nur Hafizah Yusoff. "Disaster Risks Management through Adaptive Actions from Human-Based Perspective: Case Study of 2014 Flood Disaster." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 7405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127405.
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In Malaysia, floods are often considered a normal phenomenon in the lives of some communities, which can sometimes cause disasters to occur beyond expectations, as shown during the flood of 2014. The issue of flood disasters, which particularly impacts SDG 13 of the integrated Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), still lacks widespread attention from sociology researchers in Malaysia. Similarly, questions related to the welfare of victims, especially in regards to aspects of disaster management from a humanitarian perspective, are still neglected. This study aims to identify the adaptive actions through a solution from a humanitarian perspective in managing flood disaster risks. For the purpose of obtaining data, this study used a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and non-participant observation methods. A total of ten experts, consisting of the flood management teams involved in managing the 2014 flood disaster in Hulu Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia, were selected through a purposive random sampling method. The results showed that adaptive actions in managing flood disaster risks from a humanitarian point of view include the provision of social support, collective cooperation from the flood management teams, and adaptation efforts after the floods.
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Reynard, Nicholas S., Alison L. Kay, Molly Anderson, Bill Donovan, and Caroline Duckworth. "The evolution of climate change guidance for fluvial flood risk management in England." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, no. 2 (April 2017): 222–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133317702566.
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Floods are one of the biggest natural hazards to society, and there is increasing concern about the potential impacts of climate change on flood occurrence and magnitude. Furthermore, flood risk is likely to increase in the future not just through increased flood occurrence, but also through socio-economic changes, such as increasing population. The extent to which adaptation measures can offset this increased risk will depend on the level of future climate change, but there exists an urgent need for information on the potential impacts of climate change on floods, so that these can be accounted for by flood management authorities and local planners aiming to reduce flood risk. Agencies across the UK have been pro-active in providing such guidance for many years and in refining it as the science of climate change and hydrological impacts has developed. The history of this guidance for fluvial flood risk in England is presented and discussed here, including the recent adoption of a regional risk-based approach. Such an approach could be developed and applied to flood risk management in other countries, and to other sectors affected by climate change.
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Abebe, Yared Abayneh, Amineh Ghorbani, Igor Nikolic, Natasa Manojlovic, Angelika Gruhn, and Zoran Vojinovic. "The role of household adaptation measures in reducing vulnerability to flooding: a coupled agent-based and flood modelling approach." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 11 (November 14, 2020): 5329–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5329-2020.
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Abstract. Flood adaptation measures implemented at the household level play an important role in reducing communities' vulnerability. The aim of this study is to enhance the current modelling practices of human–flood interaction to draw new insights for flood risk management (FRM) policy design. The paper presents a coupled agent-based and flood model for the case of Hamburg, Germany, to explore how individual adaptation behaviour is influenced by flood event scenarios, economic incentives and shared and individual strategies. Simulation results show that a unique trajectory of adaptation measures and flood damages emerges from different flood event series. Another finding is that providing subsidies increases the number of coping households in the long run. Households' social network also has a strong influence on their coping behaviour. The paper also highlights the role of simple measures such as adapted furnishings, which do not incur any monetary cost, in reducing households' vulnerability and preventing millions of euros of contents damages. Generally, we demonstrate that coupled agent-based and flood models can potentially be used as decision support tools to examine the role of household adaptation measures in flood risk management. Although the findings of the paper are case-specific, the improved modelling approach shows the potential to be applied in testing policy levers and strategies considering heterogeneous individual behaviours.
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Reed, Tamsen, Lisa Reyes Mason, and Christine C. Ekenga. "Adapting to Climate Change in the Upper Mississippi River Basin: Exploring Stakeholder Perspectives on River System Management and Flood Risk Reduction." Environmental Health Insights 14 (January 2020): 117863022098415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178630220984153.
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In the Midwestern United States (US), river flooding is a climate change-related hazard that poses a significant threat to health, well-being and economic stability. The 2019 Midwest floods led to major flooding at every monitoring site along the Mississippi River, set record water levels at 42 sites, and resulted in an estimated $6.2 billion in infrastructure damage and recovery costs. Although the risks associated with increasing flooding in the Midwestern US have been well recognized, less is known about the adaptation challenges and opportunities in the region, particularly in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. This exploratory study examined stakeholder perspectives on river system management, flood risk reduction, and adaptation planning in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. We conducted in-depth interviews with flood management stakeholders between August and October 2019. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Five themes emerged from the interviews: (1) River flooding in the Midwestern US is a different experience than US coastal flooding; (2) River flooding in the Midwestern US is a regional experience that requires a regional response; (3) Local actors face constrained resources for flood risk protection and recovery; (4) Differentiated responsibility across levels of governments makes recovery and response difficult to navigate; and (5) Competing stakeholder goals challenge cooperative flood hazard management. Overall, these results suggest that locally focused adaptation efforts, while perhaps appropriate for coastal communities or more urban contexts, are suboptimal strategies for communities in the flood-prone river basins of the Midwestern US. Instead, structures and support for regional collaboration should be considered and pursued.
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Huang, Wei, Zhixian Cao, Minghai Huang, Wengang Duan, Yufang Ni, and Wenjun Yang. "A New Flash Flood Warning Scheme Based on Hydrodynamic Modelling." Water 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061221.
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Flash flooding is one of the most severe natural hazards and commonly occurs in mountainous and hilly areas. Due to the rapid onset of flash floods, early warnings are critical for disaster mitigation and adaptation. In this paper, a flash flood warning scheme is proposed based on hydrodynamic modelling and critical rainfall. Hydrodynamic modelling considers different rainfall and initial soil moisture conditions. The critical rainfall is calculated from the critical hazard, which is based on the flood flow depth and velocity. After the critical rainfall is calculated for each cell in the catchment, a critical rainfall database is built for flash flood warning. Finally, a case study is presented to show the operating procedure of the new flash flood warning scheme.
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Thieken, Annegret H., Guilherme Samprogna Mohor, Heidi Kreibich, and Meike Müller. "Compound inland flood events: different pathways, different impacts and different coping options." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 165–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-165-2022.
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Abstract. Several severe flood events hit Germany in recent years, with events in 2013 and 2016 being the most destructive ones, although dynamics and flood processes were very different. While the 2013 event was a slowly rising widespread fluvial flood accompanied by some severe dike breaches, the events in 2016 were fast-onset pluvial floods, which resulted in surface water flooding in some places due to limited capacities of the drainage systems and in destructive flash floods with high sediment loads and clogging in others, particularly in small steep catchments. Hence, different pathways, i.e. different routes that the water takes to reach (and potentially damage) receptors, in our case private households, can be identified in both events. They can thus be regarded as spatially compound flood events or compound inland floods. This paper analyses how differently affected residents coped with these different flood types (fluvial and pluvial) and their impacts while accounting for the different pathways (river flood, dike breach, surface water flooding and flash flood) within the compound events. The analyses are based on two data sets with 1652 (for the 2013 flood) and 601 (for the 2016 flood) affected residents who were surveyed around 9 months after each flood, revealing little socio-economic differences – except for income – between the two samples. The four pathways showed significant differences with regard to their hydraulic and financial impacts, recovery, warning processes, and coping and adaptive behaviour. There are just small differences with regard to perceived self-efficacy and responsibility, offering entry points for tailored risk communication and support to improve property-level adaptation.