Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Flood adaptation'
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Pravin, Avni. "Environmental Justice and Flood Adaptation: A Spatial Analysis of Flood Mitigation Projects in Harris County, Texas." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24540.
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Although literature on flood risk and environmental justice investigates the link between race and ethnicity and vulnerability to floods, few studies examine the distribution of flood mitigation amenities. This study analyzes census tract proximity to flood mitigation projects (FMPs) completed between 2012 and 2016 in Harris County, Texas to determine if a) project location is biased towards economic growth and the urban core; b) areas most impacted by previous floods are prioritized for drainage assistance; and c) if low-income and Latinx populations are being neglected. A spatial error regression analysis indicates that FMPs are significantly proximate to the urban core, net of other factors. Results also indicate no significant relationship between census tract-level Latinx composition, income status, and proximity to FMPs. Finally, built environment characteristics and locations of previous flooding had no significant effect on where projects were placed.
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Chawawa, Nancy Elsie. "Why do smallholder farmers insist on living in flood prone areas? : understanding self-perceived vulnerability and dynamics of local adaptation in Malawi." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31421.
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The Government of Malawi, through delegates from the Department of Disaster Management Affairs, has on several occasions advised smallholder farmers who live in flood prone areas to relocate to upland areas that are safe from floods. Smallholder farmers have refused to do so and continue to live in the flood prone areas despite experiencing on-going flooding. Smallholder farmers living in flood prone areas in Malawi insist that flash floods bring fertile soils from upland areas that enhance crop production in the flood prone areas. These fertile soils allow smallholder farmers to grow a variety of crops, fruits and vegetables throughout the year, some of which they sell. Within this context, my research critically explores how smallholder farmers perceive their vulnerability to floods and seeks to understand the factors and processes that motivate them to live in the flood prone areas. It also examines the realities and dynamics of local adaptation in the flood prone areas in Malawi through opportunities, challenges, barriers and limitations. The research uses 57 in-depth interviews, a household survey involving 227 households, participant observations and 12 focus group discussions with smallholder farmers. Findings show that firstly, smallholder farmers are not ready to abandon their land and relocate upland because floods are part of their lives and livelihood strategies. Secondly, that power dynamics at household and community levels based on gender roles and culture need to be understood and accounted for in local adaptation strategies in order to effectively enhance local adaptive capacity. Thirdly, that social networks and interdependence between the smallholder farmers living in flood prone areas and those living in upland areas play a significant role in the adoption of local adaptation strategies and adaptation to floods and droughts through temporary migration. This thesis reveals that the perception and extent of vulnerability to floods is dynamic and differentiated based on several factors. The thesis also reveals that local adaption is a complex process such that in some cases, the realities of power dynamics at both the household and community level affects local adaptive capacity to floods. Transformational adaptation that incorporates specific and contextual adaptation strategies is therefore recommended as one of the best approaches towards achieving successful adaptation to climate variability and resilience.
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Iacob, Oana. "Natural flood management : an ecosystem based adaptation response for climate change." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/d0a9eb21-dbcb-40a0-ab5f-b36ca2e94041.
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Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing civil society. Scientific evidence indicates the likelihood of greater variability and more frequent extremes of temperature and precipitation which will result in increased flood risk and corresponding social, economic and environmental impacts. Complementing more traditional structurally-based engineering interventions, an important additionaladaptation strategy is through natural flood management (NFM). NFM seeks to utilise natural processes (i.e. by promoting higher infiltration through land management practices) to attenuate flood peaks. Such measures have wider significance in the context of Ecosystem based Adaptation (EbA), to deliver highly beneficial solutions as they provide important benefits in relation to runoff rates but also in terms of wider environmental aspects (e.g. water quality, biodiversity). The present study used a holistic approach to evaluate the effectiveness of NFM options in reducing the flood risk for the current and future climate with a consideration also for the wider delivery of ecosystem services. Tarland Burn catchment (NE Scotland) was used as a platform to explore individual adaptation options through woodland expansion (distinguishing between coniferous and deciduous) and drainage schemes, together with land use scenarios that explore emergent socio-economic contexts. The distributed hydrological model WaSiM-ETH was utilised for the analysis linking land management options with climate projections obtained from UK Climate Projections (UKCP09). Modelling results showed that the magnitude of extreme weather events is expected to increase up to the end of the century with important implications for climate adaptation strategies. Woodland expansion could help attenuate the high flows, with the benefit for flood protection significantly higher for coniferous woodland compared to deciduous woodland and up to 1.5 more if woodland is located in lowland areas. However, modelling results suggested that there are potential negative impacts of afforestation on low flows (and hence water quality) which could exacerbate existing vulnerabilities. This may become an even greater issue in the future as summers are predicted to be drier and warmer. Improving the efficiency of the drainage network was seen to reduce the high flows, though the results are marginal for the winter when most floods occur. Modelling results suggested that climate change will eventually exceed the capacity of beneficial land use change by itself (through NFM measures) to avoid significant changes on catchment hydrology. This has important implications as other complementary engineered solutions may therefore be required to counteract the adverse impacts of climate change on flood risk. Moreover, the EbA assessments results indicated that NFM options may not always be ‘win-win’ solutions as commonly advertised (McShane et al., 2011). Instead trade-offs between the delivery of different services may be required and decisions should be aimed at maximizing benefits whilst minimizing the disbenefits. This novel approach highlighted that land use change should be carefully managed and the choices about land use and flood risk should always have at their core an enhancement of landscape resilience, particularly at the catchment scale.
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Quinn, Tara. "The role of place attachment in proactive and reactive adaptation to flood risk." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/49467/.
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This research examines the role of relationship with place in reactive and proactive adaptation to flood risk in England. There is currently little research into how floods affect relationship with place and how this relationship may determine adaptive behaviour. As the social limits to adaptation are increasingly recognised, theories about relationship with place offer a new perspective as to how flood risk is interpreted and acted on. This research examines how place attachment and place meaning interacts with flood risk at the household and community scale, and the role of place attachment in involvement in adaptation planning decisions. Fieldwork took place in two locations, Cumbria, where adaptation measures were in response to flooding that occurred in 2009 and Barnes, an area that is at risk of flooding and is part of the Thames Estuary 2100 plan that addresses flood risk in the coming century. Place attachment, place meaning, social capital and trust in institutions were examined using face-to-face surveys (n=380). In order to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between place and flood experience in-depth interviews were carried out with fourteen older adults in Cumbria. The study finds that place attachment predicts choices and behaviours in pro-active adaptation to flood risk. When adaptation is reactive the strength of the relationship between adaptation behaviour and place attachment weakens. Following a flood, place related meanings change, this research finds that social aspects of place become more important to the individual and shape how place is experienced and can act to increase adaptive capacity. These findings demonstrate the dynamic nature of relationship with place and suggest that place attachment plays a different role in involvement in adaptation decisions depending on whether behaviour is in anticipation of, or in reaction to, environmental risk.
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Williams, Erica. "Aquatecture : architectural adaptation to rising sea levels." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003290.
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Filípková, Monika. "Návrh protipovodňové ochrany na vybrané části toku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391938.
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The master’s thesis deals with the hydraulic analysis of the water flow capacity for the flood flow on the river Litava in the river kilometres 11,550 – 18,315 using the HEC-RAS 5.0.5 specifically 1D-2D numerical model. On the basic of flood areas, depths and speeds the results were evaluated and subsequently was created own proposal flood protection.
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Melville-Shreeve, Peter. "Rainwater harvesting for drought mitigation and flood management." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/30260.
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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) in the UK has seen a low level of uptake relative to similar settings such as Australia and Germany. The relatively low cost of municipal water in the UK limits the financial savings associated with RWH systems, especially in a domestic setting. Although financial benefits can be relatively low (in terms of reduced water bills), academic and practitioner studies have demonstrated the potential for RWH to significantly reduce potable water demands at typical UK houses. Hence, increased uptake of RWH has potential to contribute to mitigating droughts in water scarce regions. Stormwater management in the UK is receiving increasing attention at all levels; from grass-roots sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) such as downpipe disconnections and raingardens; through to implementation of urban realm attenuation schemes and continued development of guidance from UK policy makers. The public realm nature of most SuDS presents a need for partnership approaches to be fostered between infrastructure mangers and the general public. The application of RWH as a technology within the SuDS management train has been limited in the UK as policy makers have taken the view that RWH tanks may be full at the start of a design storm, and thus the potential for attenuation and peak discharge reduction has been largely ignored. However, in the last few years there has been a shift in emphasis; from RWH perceived purely as a water demand management technology to a focus on its wider benefits e.g. mitigating surface water flooding through improved stormwater management. RWH systems examined in this thesis are now available which offer multiple benefits to both end-users and water service providers. The application of RWH in a dual purpose configuration (to displace potable water demands and control stormwater discharges) has seen increasing interest during the development of this thesis. However, the successful design of RWH as a stormwater management tool requires a series of calculations to be completed. To date, practitioners have frequently relied upon low-resolution heuristic methods which lead to a small range of configurations being deployed, with minimal demonstrable stormwater control benefits. In this thesis, full details of novel and traditional RWH technologies were identified and described. Empirical data was collected, both in laboratory conditions and at field sites, to identify the real world operating characteristics of a range of RWH configurations. Additionally a new time series evaluation methodology was developed to enable RWH systems to be designed and analysed. This method quantifies water demand benefits and also focusses on stormwater management metrics (i.e. largest annual discharge and total discharge volume per year). The method was developed to enable a range of RWH configurations to be evaluated at a given site. In addition, a decision support tool (RainWET) was developed and tested which enabled the methods to be deployed in real world settings. The application of the RainWET software allowed a UK-wide, time series analysis of RWH configurations to be completed and the holistic benefits of a range of dual purpose RWH systems to be analysed and described. Evidence from the UK study suggests that a traditional RWH installation (3000l storage, 300l/day demand and 60m2 roof) installed at a house in a water scarce region (London, SAAR 597mm) was able to fully mitigate stormwater overflows over a 20 year analysis whilst providing a mean water saving of 31,255l/annum. An equivalent system located in the wettest region studied (Truro, SAAR 1099mm) saw mean reductions in the largest annual storm of 62% (range 35-86%) whilst satisfying a mean rainwater demand of 50,912l/annum. The study concluded that suitably designed dual purpose RWH systems offered better stormwater management benefits than those designed without a stormwater control device. In addition, the integration of smart RWH controls were shown to maximise stormwater control benefits with little or no reduction in a system’s ability to satisfy non-potable water demands.
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jaeger, Caroline. "Progressive and Conservative Efforts in Climate Change Flood Adaptation: A Study of Four Coastal States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1310.
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The purpose of this thesis is to understand the reasons for the varying adaptation policies in place for coastal states that will experience flooding as result of climate change. Responses to excessive precipitation and worsened flooding differ widely between predominantly conservative and predominantly progressive states. The levels of flooding aren’t fully known, but they are predicted to be increasingly catastrophic as climate change worsens. Coastal populations will only grow more vulnerable to flooding without adaptive measures put in place. Increasing green infrastructure is one of the most effective methods. Adaptation measures vary widely by state and more progressive states have greater amounts of adaptive measures in place. Conservative states have a long history that results in their lack of climate policy and environmental governance.
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Pariartha, I. Putu Gustave Suryantara. "Optimisation of climate change adaptation for urban stormwater management." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/127643/1/I%20Putu%20Gustave%20Suryantara_Pariartha_Thesis.pdf.
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This project was a step forward in developing new knowledge relating to the optimisation of the flood mitigation measures adaptation against climate change and urbanisation impacts by considering their uncertainty. The generic outcomes of this study are expected to contribute to the optimisation of design of flood mitigation measures into the future based on costs and the capability to reduce the flood damage.
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Ripiye, Ndenyangnde. "Natural Flood Management applications (NFM) : the role of local institutions." Thesis, Abertay University, 2016. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/9ffd6531-809a-45ac-a6a9-eeb8bd2f94bc.
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Natural Flood Management (NFM) is promoted as part of sustainable flood management (SFM) in response to climate change adaptation. Stakeholder engagement is central to this approach, and current trends are progressively moving towards a collaborative learning approach where stakeholder participation is perceived as one of the indicators of sustainable development. Within this methodology, participation embraces a diversity of knowledge and values underpinned by a philosophy of empowerment, equity, trust and learning. To identify barriers to NFM uptake, there is a need for a new understanding on how stakeholder participation could be enhanced to benefit individual and community resilience within SFM. This is crucial in the light of climate change threats and scientific reliability concerns. In contributing to this new understanding, this research evaluated eight (8) UK NFM case studies towards improving understanding of opportunities in involving communities in catchment-based working. An NFM strategy for participatory planning was developed from literature, findings from the UK studies and refined through a scenario development for a case study application in Taraba state, Nigeria using the constructivist model. Stakeholder and inter-agency collaboration for flood management in Taraba were investigated through interview methodology: 8 governmental agencies and 32 community leaders in Potentially Vulnerable Areas (PVA’s) of the state. Findings show some institutional weaknesses, which are seen to inhibit the development of adequate, flood management solution locally with damaging implications for vulnerable communities. The existences of weak institutional structures with poor coordination of the lead agency to effect change are identified as problematic within this context. Findings highlight a dominate top-bottom approach to management with very minimal public interactions. Current approaches are remedial with less emphasis on prevention and mitigation. The targeted approach suggested by the constructivist risk model is set against adaptive flood management and community development. The finding of the study suggests different agencies have different perspectives for “community participation”. It also shows communities in the case study area appear to be least influential, denied a real chance of discussing their situations and influencing the decision. This is against the background that the communities are located in the most productive regions, contributing massively to national food supplies. Stakeholder engagement and resilience planning underpin this research. The study explores dimensions of participation using the self-reliance and self –help approach to develop a methodology that facilitates reflections of currently institutionalised practices and the need to reshape spaces of interactions to enable empowered and meaningful participation. The results are discussed concerning practical implications for addressing interagency partnerships and conducting grassroots collaborations that empower local communities and seek solutions to development challenges.
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Wolff, Victoria H. "Storm smart planning for adaptation to sea level rise : addressing coastal flood risk in East Boston." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50122.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-69).
Regardless of how well we implement sustainability plans, now and in the future, the weight of scientific evidence indicates that mean sea level will continue to rise at an increasing rate over the next century. Thus, coastal lands and development lie in a precarious position, increasingly vulnerable to flood damage brought by storm surges and extreme weather events. In order to avoid disastrous losses of property, life, ecological health and social wellbeing, our cities and regions must quickly implement adaptation plans that consider plausible climate models. Coastal risk can be managed through rigid protections, soft landscape solutions, and land use decisions and regulations. In developing and implementing adaptation plans, it is important to understand the options and their applicability to different site contexts. Experts warn that today's once-in-a century flood will likely occur every two or three years by 2050!' However, Boston, like many other U.S. coastal cities, is in the early stages of devising adaptation plans that seek to reduce coastal flood risk from sea level rise. As implementation of adaptation plans may take several years or decades, Boston should act quickly to strategically consider its options. This thesis examines the effectiveness of different planning approaches to hazard mitigation in urban coastal areas and applies them to at-risk sites in East Boston under coastal flood scenarios for the years 2050 and 2100. Two sites in East Boston, one with a soft edge and one with a hard edge, create two distinct urban landscapes for design solutions.
(cont.) A menu of planning solutions that has been collected from a review of the literature and best practices is then used to inform design solutions to these problems. By applying contemporary predictions for sea level rise and the problem-specific expertise of coastal management to the site-specific realm of land use planning, I hope to provide a precedent and method for planners, particularly in the Boston area, to seriously incorporate sea level rise predictions into community discussions, regulations, and comprehensive plan making.
by Victoria H. Wolff.
M.C.P.
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Rasheed, Ashiq Mohamed. "Adaptation of water sensitive urban design to climate change." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/122960/1/Ashiq%20Mohamed_Rasheed_Thesis.pdf.
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This research developed mathematical models to generate reliable future rainfall data in small spatial and temporal scales, and used them to estimate future floods and water quality scenarios. Outcomes of the study suggested a substantial increase in the occurrences and the extent of future floods and the amount of pollutant that they carry. Outcomes will be highly valued in future-proofing urban flood mitigation measures and water sensitive urban design infrastructure.
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Jäkäläniemi, A. (Anne). "Adaptation, population viability and colonization-extinction dynamics of Silene tatarica in riparian habitats." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2005. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514278208.
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Abstract
Plants in riparian environments have to tolerate disturbances like floods and erosion. In the absence of disturbances, habitats will gradually become unfavorable for early-successional species. This can have fundamental consequences not only for adaptation at the individual level, but also for the viability of local populations as well as for the persistence of the species on a regional scale.
Silene tatarica is a rare perennial plant exposed to annual floods of the Oulanka River. After sand burial most plants formed vertical rhizomes and new meristems by bud ramification. The special anatomical features of these fleshy underground structures seemed to allow the plants to be very resilient against fast-flowing water. Seed structure may enhance long-distance dispersal by water. Selection gradients for plant height were positive at the individual and group levels, but for the number of stems they were in opposition, as selection at the group level favored a smaller number of stems. This can be associated with pollination and herbivory, since taller and larger plants often attract more pollinators and mammalian herbivores.
At the local level, population growth was most sensitive to the survival and growth of juvenile individuals. The populations showed different fates, and according to stochastic simulations some of them will disappear in the near future. Their colonization and extinction rates varied between the years, but their balance over the study period was positive. Small patches had the highest risk of extinction and recolonization of extinct patches was very rare. Elasticity analysis indicated that the survival of patches made a much greater contribution to patch dynamics than did the production of new patches.
The short-term dynamics of S. tatarica depend primarily on local dynamics but, in the long run, the species will track the availability of habitat, and its persistence will depend on successful colonizations. The amount of suitable habitat depends on river disturbance. Conservation of this species requires the creation of new suitable open sites for colonization, a dispersal process leading to successful colonizations, and favorable habitats for survival. These conditions can be maintained either by natural processes of river disturbance or by active conservation management.
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Lamb, Zachary B. (Zachary Beaird). "Making and unmaking the dry city : the design-politics of flood mitigation from infrastructural modernization to climate adaptation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120229.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Urban and Regional Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 264-280).
City leaders around the world are planning new infrastructure in response to the compound challenges of 1) flooding linked to climate change and 2) uneven urbanization. Advocates of contemporary flood mitigation efforts often frame their proposals as qualitatively different than the 'gray' levee and pump projects of previous generations. 20th century dry city infrastructural modernization projects promised to protect against flood hazards and enable urban growth, but they also had serious negative social and ecological consequences. New projects promise infrastructure that is 'green', flexible, and resilient. Building on changes in water management in the Netherlands, many recent projects around the world include a central role for designers and spatial planners. Though these new approaches have gained widespread favor, significant questions remain: Will these new flood mitigation efforts address the problems of previous generations or will they usher in more damaging mega-projects? How are the tools of design enabling and constraining transformative adaptation? To address these questions, this study analyzes the evolving politics of flood mitigation through a transnational case study of Dhaka and New Orleans, two levee-dependent cities that are considering sweeping changes to their flood mitigation strategies. The case studies use a range of data, including: archival research on flood mitigation and planning processes; field observations of built environment conditions; and interviews with residents, experts, and participants in recent planning processes. The study considers contemporary adaptation efforts in the context of historical flood mitigation and finds that, while emerging practices hold promise, there is reason for caution. By the end of the 20th century, both Dhaka and New Orleans had substantially similar systems of levees and pumps. The development of these dry city infrastructures was uneven, crisis-driven, and contested. Critics increasingly regarded levee-enabled growth as unwise and unjust. Though levee boosters promised that dry city infrastructures would bring modernization and orderly growth, once in place, each city's levees became embedded in broader socio-technical networks, or levee complexes, whose particular place-specific dynamics have created distinct patterns of uneven urbanization and vulnerability. The cases of Dhaka and New Orleans suggest that contemporary projects may not deliver their promised new paradigm of flood mitigation because: existing levee complexes are highly resistant to change; path-dependent dynamics bias planning towards 'big engineering'; and even those proposals that depart from previous practices are constrained by the entrenched material interests and epistemologies that have created the unwise and unjust patterns of the past. While the inclusion of designers offers the potential for improvements in urban flood mitigation projects, there are also serious challenges. When designers are not able or willing to grapple with the place-specific political contestations that come with major planning and infrastructure interventions, their tools can be used to depoliticize these processes, ignoring, obscuring, or rushing past the distributional impacts of flood and climate adaptation.
by Zachary Lamb.
Ph. D. in Urban and Regional Planning
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Simarmata, Hendricus Andy [Verfasser]. "Locally Embedded Adaptation Planning : A trilogy of adaptive knowledge of flood-affected people in Jakarta : A trilogy of adaptive knowledge of flood-affected people in Jakarta / Hendricus Andy Simarmata." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1109790449/34.
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Fox, Ashley. "The political ecology of community-based adaptation to flood risk in informal settlements: the case of a local community organisation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29750.
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As urbanisation rates increase in parallel with growing climate change concerns, African cities are increasingly required to explore and support adaptation planning that reduces climate risks for the most vulnerable. Informal settlements are particularly vulnerable to climate change due to their high density, limited service provision, and a lack of economic and political opportunities for residents. In Cape Town, informal settlements face disastrous floods every year in the rainy season due to their location on degraded, low-lying lands as a result of Apartheid spatial planning. This thesis explores how multi-scalar governance in Cape Town can either empower or undermine efforts at community-based adaptation (CBA) to flooding in informal settlements. Drawing on urban political ecology, this thesis assesses the potential for CBA to lead to wider transformation. Using a case study approach, it focuses on the informal settlement network (ISN), a community-based organisation of the urban poor. ISN members and other actors involved in flood management in Cape Town were interviewed to understand the flood management landscape and the relationships and dynamics that exist between the various actors. The analysis showed that the CoCT’s efforts at participatory planning reinforce the hegemonic power dynamics between government and communities, but that everyday governance practices can be used at a smaller-scale to enforce positive change. In reaction to top-down governmental processes, ISN uses insurgent planning to envision a more just city. They navigate sanctioned and un-sanctioned spaces of citizenship to drive development from the bottom-up. The community designed and spearheaded reblocking process (rearranging shacks in a settlement to allow for flood drainage and service delivery) is a powerful example of CBA and represents the potential of communitybased organisations to take steps towards transformation. In order to enable true transformative CBA, both the CoCT and ISN need to adjust the epistemological framing of their planning processes in order to address the drivers of vulnerabilities, rather than just the vulnerabilities themselves.
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Orangio, Christina. "Barriers to flood risk adaptation a case study of cross-scale collaboration in the informal settlement of Graveyard Pond, Philipi." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10947.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This study provides insight into the barriers of adapting to urban flooding as well as how flooding is responded to in informal settlements in order to increase adaptive capacity to future climate change. There is a growing concern over the increase in extreme events expected as part of climate change.
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Agdahl, Helen. "THE INTEGRATION PROCESS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FOR FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN SPATIAL PLANNING : DRAWING EXAMPLES FROM ÄLVSTADEN-GOTHENBURGBETWEEN 1999-2015." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138109.
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Due to climate change and natural variations in the hydrological cycle, global mean sea levels are increasing, causing the mean sea levels in different regions of the world to increase. In Sweden, coastal cities are facing rising water levels which is increasing flooding. The coastal community of Gothenburg, Sweden was identified the 18th most vulnerable city in the country both to flooding induced by water level rise and other climate change related impacts. Its location, in proximity of Lake Vänern, and in the mouth of the Göta River and its tributaries: Säveån, Mölndalsån and Lärjeån is heightening flood risk and vulnerability in the area. This thesis aims to contribute in comprehending the integration process of natural hazard and climate change adaptation for flood management in Älvstaden- central Gothenburg between 1999 and 2015. With the main objectives being” how the municipality of Gothenburg has applied the urban land use planning theory for the integration of natural hazard and climate change adaptation, with regards to adaptation for flood management in Älvstaden between 1999 and 2015? “What climate change adaptation policies for flood management have been implemented in Gothenburg within this time frame, and how the policies have been revised to match the reality of flood issues?” And “What improvements would be made in the integration process to better address adaptation for flood management?” A desk-based research and one case study approach was adopted for this study. The findings indicate that although the city has systematically used the steps involved in the integration process of natural hazard and climate change adaptation for flood management, it does not link the policies and the measures applied to adaptation for flood management. Which is an issue as it has led to the exclusion of vital functions of the integration process. Suggestions on how the integration process could be improved are provided.
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Isayeva, Anelya. "Managed realignment - a future climate change adaptation strategy in Sweden? Case studies from Swedish municipalities." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-175323.
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This thesis focuses on exploring the concept of managed realignment as a potential climate change adaptation strategy in Sweden. The empirics is based on the qualitative case study research within three Swedish municipalities of Trelleborg, Halmstad and Karlstad. The concept of territorial governance was used as the analysis framework for the empirical data. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to further research on managed realignment in Sweden, point out on current constraints and potentials of managed realignment within Swedish context and the current needs for making it a potential climate adaptation strategy in Sweden.
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Mugume, Seith Ncwanga. "Modelling and resilience-based evaluation of urban drainage and flood management systems for future cities." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18870.
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In future cities, urban drainage and flood management systems should be designed not only to reliable during normal operating conditions but also to be resilient to exceptional threats that lead to catastrophic failure impacts and consequences. Resilience can potentially be built into urban drainage systems by implementing a range of strategies, for example by embedding redundancy and flexibility in system design or rehabilitation to increase their ability to efficiently maintain acceptable customer flood protection service levels during and after occurrence of failure or through installation of equipment that enhances customer preparedness for extreme events or service disruptions. However, operationalisation of resilience in urban flood management is still constrained by lack of suitable quantitative evaluation methods. Existing hydraulic reliability-based approaches tend to focus on quantifying functional failure caused by extreme rainfall or increases in dry weather flows that lead to hydraulic overloading of the system. Such approaches take a narrow view of functional resilience and fail to explore the full system failure scenario space due to exclusion of internal system failures such as equipment malfunction, sewer (link) collapse and blockage that also contribute significantly to urban flooding. In this research, a new analytical approach based on Global Resilience Analysis (GRA) is investigated and applied to systematically evaluate the performance of an urban drainage system (UDS) when subjected to a wide range of both functional and structural failure scenarios resulting from extreme rainfall and pseudo random cumulative link failure respectively. Failure envelopes, which represent the resulting loss of system functionality (impacts) are determined by computing the upper and lower limits of the simulation results for total flood volume (failure magnitude) and average flood duration (failure duration) at each considered failure level. A new resilience index is developed and applied to link resulting loss of functionality magnitude and duration to system residual functionality (head room) at each considered failure level. With this approach, resilience has been tested and characterized for a synthetic UDS and for an existing UDS in Kampala city, Uganda. In addition, the approach has been applied to quantify the impact of interventions (adaptation strategies) on enhancement of global UDS resilience to flooding. The developed GRA method provides a systematic and computationally efficient approach that enables evaluation of whole system resilience, where resilience concerns ‘beyond failure’ magnitude and duration, without prior knowledge of threat occurrence probabilities. The study results obtained by applying the developed method to the case studies suggest that by embedding the cost of failure in resilience-based evaluation, adaptation strategies which enhance system flexibility properties such as distributed storage and improved asset management are more cost-effective over the service life of UDSs.
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Kalantari, Zahra. "Road structures under climate and land use change : Bridging the gap between science and application." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-140631.
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Future changes in climate and land use are likely to affect catchment hydrological responses and consequently influence the amount of runoff reaching roads. Blockages and damage to under-dimensioned infrastructure can be extremely costly for the regions affected. This study aims to produce scientifically well-founded suggestions on adaptation of road drainage systems to climate changes resulting in more frequent floods. This thesis demonstrates the need to integrate aspects of climate change and land use impacts into the planning and practice of road construction and maintenance in Sweden. Tools such as hydrological models are needed to assess impacts on discharge dynamics. Identifying a ‘best’ practically performing hydrological model is often difficult due to the potential influence of modeller subjectivity on calibration procedure, parameter selection, etc. Hydrological models may need to be selected on a case-by-case basis and have their performance evaluated on an application-by-application basis. The work presented here began by examining current practice for road drainage systems in Sweden. Various hydrological models were then used to calculate the runoff from a catchment adjacent to a road and estimate changes in peak discharge and total runoff resulting from simulated land use measures. Overall, the results indicate that the specific effect of land use measures on catchment discharge depend on their spatial distribution and on the size and timing of storm events. Scenarios comprising a changing climate up to 2050 or to 2100 and forest clear-cutting were used to determine whether the current design of road drainage construction is sufficient for future conditions. Based on the findings, the approach developed can be used for similar studies, e.g. by the Swedish Transport Administration in dimensioning future road drainage structures to provide safe and robust infrastructure. Furthermore, a statistical method was developed for estimating and mapping flood hazard probability along roads using road and catchment characteristics. The method allows flood hazards to be estimated and provides insight into the relative roles of landscape characteristics in determining road-related flood hazards. Overall, this method provides an efficient way to estimate flooding hazards and to inform the planning of future roadways and the maintenance of existing roadways.QC 20140130
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Lopes, Carina de Lurdes Bastos. "Flood risk assessment in Ria de Aveiro under present and future scenarios." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/16277.
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Doutoramento em FísicaFloods are a major threat to coastal regions, affecting millions of people, socioeconomic activities and natural ecosystems. Ria de Aveiro is a coastal lagoon, particularly threatened by floods, facing permanent changes motivated by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Consequently, the main aim of this study is to assess flood risk for floods of oceanic, fluvial and combined origin in Ria de Aveiro under present and future scenarios. This study also aims to propose and evaluate the effectiveness of structural measures on flood risk mitigation. These goals were achieved by applying the methodology Source - Pathway - Receptor, which is a multidisciplinary approach that comprised the following steps: 1) characterization of flooding drivers (oceanic and fluvial) through statistical analysis; 2) implementation, calibration and application of hydro/morphodynamic models to identify the flooding pathway and the flood extent; 3) assessment of flood damage by identifying the socio-economic and ecological assets exposed to flood hazard and determining flood risk by combining the probability and the adverse effects of flood events on assets. In addition, the effectiveness of flood barriers and changes in the lagoon central area geometry on flood risk mitigation was assessed. Results highlight that oceanic floods are consequence of signifcant sea levels induced by storm surge events (>0.4 m) and high tidal levels (>3.3 m), which increased in the last decades due to the general lagoon deepening motivated by dredging activities. These morphological changes increased the tidal prism, the tidal currents and the flood extent, increasing the threat to floods of oceanic origin. These endanger settlements and economic activities (mainly, agriculture, industry and commerce) located along the lagoon main channels margins as well as habitats in the lagoon central area. Floods of fluvial origin occur during adverse weather conditions, and endanger the rivers mouth adjacent regions causing damage in restricted settlements, economic activities (almost only agriculture) and farmland habitats. Besides the areas dominated by oceanic and fluvial forcing, the events of combined origin also affect the margins adjacent to the transition zones, once the flood water drainage is hindered by high sea levels. Although the uncertainties associated to the influence of anthropogenic actions on the lagoon geomorphology, it is predicted an/a increase/decrease of flood risk for events of oceanic/fluvial origin under future scenarios, as consequence of mean sea level rise/river discharges reduction predicted for the region. Finally, this work demonstrated the potential of hydrodynamic modelling for simulate the effectiveness of structural measures on flood risk mitigation, and consequently in supporting the decision making process underlying the flood risk management.
As inundações são uma das maiores ameaças às regiões costeiras, afetando milhões de pessoas, atividades socioeconómicas e ecossistemas. As lagunas costeiras, como a Ria de Aveiro, são sistemas de baixo relevo marginal, particularmente ameaçados por inundações, que enfrentam permanentes mudanças motivadas por fatores naturais e antropogénicos. Consequentemente, o presente estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar o risco de inundação para eventos de origem oceânica, fluvial e combinada na Ria de Aveiro em cenários presentes e futuros. É também objetivo deste trabalho propor e avaliar a eficiência de medidas estruturais na mitigação do risco de inundação. Para alcançar estes objetivos foi aplicada a metodologia Fonte - Percurso - Recetor, uma abordagem multidisciplinar que compreendeu a realização dos seguintes passos: 1) caracterização dos agentes forçadores de cheias (oceânicos e fluviais) através de análises estatísticas; 2) implementação, calibração e aplicação de modelos hidro/morfodinâmicos para identificação do percurso e extensão de inundação; 3) avaliação dos danos causados pelas inundações, através da identificação dos elementos socioeconómicos e ecológicos expostos ao perigo de inundação e do cálculo do risco combinando a probabilidade com os efeitos adversos das inundações nos elementos expostos. Adicionalmente avaliou-se a eficiência de barreiras de inundação e de alterações na geometria da área central da laguna na mitigação do risco de inundação. Os resultados evidenciam que as inundações de origem oceânica são consequência de elevações significativas no nível do mar induzidas por sobre-elevações de origem meteorológica (>0.4 m) e níveis de maré elevados (>3.3 m), os quais aumentaram na Ria de Aveiro nas últimas décadas em resposta ao aprofundamento generalizado da laguna motivado por dragagens nos canais principais. Estas alterações morfológicas aumentaram o prisma de maré, as correntes de maré e a extensão de inundação, aumentando a ameaça de inundações de origem oceânica. Estas ameaçam aglomerados populacionais e atividades económicas (principalmente agricultura, indústria e comércio) localizadas ao longo das margens dos canais principais e ainda habitats localizados na área central da laguna. As inundações de origem fluvial ocorrem em condições atmosféricas adversas e ameaçam as regiões adjacentes à foz dos rios, causando danos em pequenos aglomerados populacionais e atividades económicas (quase exclusivamente agricultura). Além das regiões de influência oceânica e fluvial, os eventos de origem combinada afetam particularmente as áreas adjacentes às zonas de transição, uma vez que aí a drenagem é dificultada pela sobre-elevação do nível do mar. Apesar das incertezas relacionadas com a infuência de atividades antropogénicas na geomorfologia da laguna, prevê-se uma intensificação/redução do risco de inundação de origem oceânica/fluvial em cenários futuros, como consequência do aumento do nível do mar/diminuição das descargas fluviais previstas para a região. Finalmente, este trabalho demonstrou o potencial da modelação hidrodinâmica para simular a eficiência de medidas estruturais na mitigação do risco de inundação, e consequentemente no suporte ao processo de tomada de decisão subjacente à gestão do risco de inundação.
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Rotimi, Dada J. "Development of a comprehensive systematic quantification of the costs and benefits (CB) of property level flood risk adaptation measures in England." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2014. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/22646/.
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Studies in the UK and elsewhere have identified that flooding comes with diverse impacts, ranging from significant financial costs (tangible) to social (intangible) impacts on households. However, it is not feasible for government spending on structural flood defences to adequately protect all at risk properties. Hence, the need for homeowners to take action in the form of investing in property level flood risk adaptation (PLFRA) measures to protect their properties has since been the subject of debate. However, the take-up of PLFRA measures remains low, due to factors such as financial constraints, aesthetics, emotional issues, and a lack of information on the actual cost and financial benefit of investing in the measures. Notably, previous research in this area has failed to include the value of intangible impacts such as health effects, meaning that the existing models do not reflect the full benefits of PLFRA measures. This in part is due to the inherent difficulty in monetising such intangible impacts. Nevertheless, evidence from the literature, indicates that knowledge of such impacts may be important in determining whether to invest in PLFRA measures. Based on a synthesis of the literature, a conceptual framework of the costs and benefits of PLFRA measures was developed. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey of homeowners who had experienced flood damage to their properties during the 2007 summer flood event. This data was combined with secondary data of the actual cost of reinstatement incurred in the aftermath of the 2007 flood event. By analysing these two data sets, the additional costs of resistance and resilience measures for four property types were established. The value of the intangible benefits of investing in PLFRA measures was found to be £653 per household per year representing an increase of 8% for resistance and 9% for resilience measures. Decision support lookup tables (DSLT) were developed so that homeowners can determine the cost effectiveness of PLFRA measures as pertaining to individual buildings; insurers can assess the level of potential financial benefit of adopting PLFRA measures by their customers, and perhaps offer incentives by way of premium reduction to encourage homeowners to invest in the measure. Flood risk assessment surveyors can determine the benefit cost ratio of taking up of PLFRA measures for their individual clients; thereby, enhancing the robustness of their professional advice. Most importantly, the DSLT has the potential to complement Government‘s effort in encouraging homeowners to invest in PLFRA measures.
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Omunga, Philip M. "Assessing plans that support urban adaptation to changing climate and extreme events across spatial scales." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18802.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Environmental Design and Planning Program
Lee R. Skabelund
Despite the growing number of urban adaptation planning initiatives to climate change hazards, there exist significant barriers related to implementation uncertainties that hinder translation of adaptation plans into actions, resulting in a widely recognized ‘planning-implementation gap’ across scales and regions. Bridging the planning-implementation gap will require overcoming implementation uncertainties by better understanding the relationships between the primary factors driving adaptation planning initiatives and emerging adaptation options across spatial scales. The modified Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response model published by Rounsevell, Dawson, and Harrison in 2010 provided a robust framework for identifying the primary factors driving adaptation planning initiatives and the emerging adaptation options related to risk of changing climate and flooding events in the urban context. Drawing on evidence from the systematic review of 121 adaptation planning case studies across North America, this research derived qualitative and quantitative data, which was subsequently analyzed using binary logistic regression to generate objective and generalizable findings. The findings of binary logistic regression models suggest that the choice of specific adaptation options (namely enhancing adaptive capacity; management and conservation; and improving urban infrastructure, planning, and development) may be predicted based on the assessment of primary factors driving adaptation planning initiatives (namely, anticipation of economic benefits; perceived threats to management and conservation of urban natural resources; support of human and social systems; and improvement of policy and regulations) in relation to the risk of changing climate and urban flooding events. This does not imply that other primary factors (namely information and knowledge; perceived funding and economic opportunities; evidence of climate change effects; and general concerns) have no or insignificant relationships with the selection of adaptation options, only that the review did not find evidence to support such claims. These study findings may offer useful guidance to the design and further development of planning and decision support tools that could be used for assessment of adaptation plans and selection of robust adaptation options that take account of uncertainties surrounding implementation of effective climate adaptation actions. Study findings can also inform evidence-based policy and investment decision making, especially in regions where urban adaptation plans are weak or absent.
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Richert, Claire. "Les décisions individuelles d'adaptation aux inondations : le cas de résidents en zones inondables dans le Sud de la France." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD001/document.
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En France, un habitant sur quatre est exposé aux inondations. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes donc intéressés aux mécanismes de l'adaptation individuelle à ces risques naturels. Plus précisément, nous avons examiné l'influence des caractéristiques des individus et de leurs situations par rapport aux risques sur leurs décisions d'adaptation. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une enquête quantitative auprès de 331 personnes résidant en zone inondable dans les départements de l'Aude et du Var. Le questionnaire utilisé lors de cette enquête a été développé à partir de la littérature et de l'analyse d'une enquête exploratoire par entretiens semi-directifs. D'après nos résultats, la perception de la menace liée aux inondations et la perception de la gravité de l'inondation vécue ont un effet positif sur les intentions d'adaptation, comme décrit dans la Protection Motivation Theory adaptée au domaine des inondations (Grothmann et Reusswig, 2006). Nos résultats suggèrent également l'existence d'une rétroaction négative de la mise en place d'une mesure de prévention sur la perception de la menace liée aux inondations. Cela invite à considérer avec prudence les relations observées empiriquement entre les perceptions et les décisions d'adaptation passées. De plus, nos résultats montrent une relation positive entre des indicateurs de la fréquence et de la sévérité des inondations et les perceptions de ces caractéristiques par les répondants. Comme ces perceptions ont un effet positif sur l'intention de s'adapter, cela signifie que les personnes les plus susceptibles de s'adapter sont celles qui sont exposées aux inondations les plus sévères et fréquentes dans l'échantillon étudié. Nous avons aussi examiné les relations entre les perceptions et les attitudes dans les domaines des risques financiers et d'inondation et étudié l'influence de ces variables sur l'adaptation individuelle. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé la sous-échelle psychométrique concernant les risques financiers de l'échelle DOSPERT (Weber et al., 2002; Blais et Weber, 2006) et développé une sous-échelle psychométrique sur le même modèle, mais qui concerne les risques d'inondation. Cette dernière présente des cohérences interne et externe satisfaisantes. L'analyse des données récoltées en utilisant les sous-échelles des domaines des risques financiers et d'inondation suggère que ces deux types de risques ont tendance à entrer en compétition. Ainsi, l'importance accordée par les individus aux risques financiers par rapport aux risques d'inondation semble avoir un effet négatif sur les intentions d'adaptation. En conséquence, les mesures de prévention ne peuvent pas être considérées comme des formes d'auto-assurance, qui permettent de réduire uniquement les risques de pertes financières. Ainsi, nos résultats suggèrent que l'adaptation individuelle dépend notamment des perceptions et attitudes des individus en ce qui concerne les risques financiers, les risques d'inondation, mais aussi de leurs perceptions concernant les moyens d'adaptation aux inondations. Or, d'après la théorie de l'amplification sociale du risque (Kasperson et al., 1988), les perceptions et attitudes peuvent être modifiées par l'expérience directe ou indirecte d'un risque. Nos résultats corroborent l'hypothèse selon laquelle le fait d'avoir vécu une inondation modifie les perceptions et attitudes non seulement dans le domaine des risques d'inondation, mais aussi dans celui des risques financiers. Pour examiner l'influence de l'expérience indirecte des inondations sur l'adaptation individuelle, nous avons développé un modèle théorique qui décrit les relations entre les composantes à considérer pour étudier la diffusion d'un moyen d'adaptation au sein d'un réseau social. Ce modèle prend notamment en compte les interactions socialesIn France, one in four inhabitants is exposed to floods. In this thesis, we studied the mechanisms that lead individuals to adapt to these natural risks. More specifically, we examined the influence of the characteristics of individuals and their situations relating to risks on their adaptation decisions. To do so, we conducted a quantitative survey of 331 inhabitants of flood-prone areas in the South of France. To design the questionnaire used in the quantitative survey, we relied on the literature and on the analysis of an exploratory qualitative survey. According to our results, the appraisal of the threat posed by floods and the perception of the severity of past experiences of such disasters have a positive effect on adaptation intentions, as described in the Protection Motivation Theory (Grothmann and Reusswig, 2006). Our results also suggest the existence of a negative feedback effect of past adaptation decisions on the appraisal of the threat posed by floods. Consequently, caution should be taken when interpreting the observed relations between perceptions and past adaptation decisions. Moreover, our results show a positive relation between indicators of the frequency and severity of floods and the respondents' perceptions of these features. Since these perceptions have a positive effect on the intention to adapt, it implies that the individuals who face the most frequent and severe floods are the most likely to adapt to these risks in our sample. We also examined the relations between perceptions and attitudes in the domains of financial and flood risks and studied the influence of these variables on individual adaptation to floods. To do so, we used the financial subscale of the DOSPERT psychometric scale (Weber et al., 2002; Blais and Weber, 2006) and developed a new subscale following this model, but relating to flood risks. The new subscale has acceptable internal and external consistencies. The analysis of the data collected using the flood and financial risks subscales suggests that these two types of risks tend to compete with each other. Hence, the importance granted by the respondents to financial risks compared to flood risks seems to have a negative effect on their adaptation intentions. Consequently, precautionary measures cannot be treated as types of self-insurance, which reduce only the risk of financial loss. Thus, our results suggest that individual adaptation to floods depends in particular on people's perceptions and attitudes regarding financial and flood risks, but also on their perceptions regarding the measures that can be taken to adapt to floods. According to the social amplification of risk framework (Kasperson et al., 1988), perceptions and attitudes can be modified by the first-hand or indirect experience of a risk. Our results support the hypothesis that first-hand flood experience changes attitudes and perceptions, not only in the flood domain, but also in the financial domain. To examine the role of indirect experience of floods on individual adaptation, we designed a theoretical model. It describes the relations between the components which can be taken into account to study the diffusion of an adaptation measure within a social network. In particular, social interactions are represented in this model
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Khambud, Rattikarn [Verfasser], Thomas A. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wunderlich, Markus [Gutachter] Disse, Thomas A. [Gutachter] Wunderlich, and Albert [Gutachter] Göttle. "Geodetic Support for Flood Risk Management in Thailand with Prevention and Adaptation Methods / Rattikarn Khambud ; Gutachter: Markus Disse, Thomas A. Wunderlich, Albert Göttle ; Betreuer: Thomas A. Wunderlich." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1153882647/34.
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Khambud, Rattikarn Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Wunderlich, Markus [Gutachter] Disse, Thomas A. [Gutachter] Wunderlich, and Albert [Gutachter] Göttle. "Geodetic Support for Flood Risk Management in Thailand with Prevention and Adaptation Methods / Rattikarn Khambud ; Gutachter: Markus Disse, Thomas A. Wunderlich, Albert Göttle ; Betreuer: Thomas A. Wunderlich." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:91-diss-20171215-1366957-1-4.
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Schinko, Thomas, Reinhard Mechler, and Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler. "A methodological framework to operationalize climate risk management: managing sovereign climate-related extreme event risk in Austria." Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-016-9713-0.
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Despite considerable uncertainties regarding the exact contribution of anthropogenic climate change to disaster risk, rising losses from extreme events have highlighted the need to comprehensively address climate-related risk. This requires linking climate adaptation to disaster risk management (DRM), leading to what has been broadly referred to as climate risk management (CRM). While this concept has received attention in debate, important gaps remain in terms of operationalizing it with applicable methods and tools for specific risks and decision-contexts. By developing and applying a methodological approach to CRM in the decision context of sovereign risk (flooding) in Austria we test the usefulness of CRM, and based on these insights, inform applications in other decision contexts. Our methodological approach builds on multiple lines of evidence and methods. These comprise of a broad stakeholder engagement process, empirical analysis of public budgets, and risk-focused economic modelling. We find that a CRM framework is able to inform instrumental as well as reflexive and participatory debate in practice. Due to the complex interaction of social-ecological systems with climate risks, and taking into account the likelihood of future contingent climate-related fiscal liabilities increasing substantially as a result of socioeconomic developments and climate change, we identify the need for advanced learning processes and iterative updates of CRM management plans. We suggest that strategies comprising a portfolio of policy measures to reduce and manage climate-related risks are particularly effective if they tailor individual instruments to the specific requirements of different risk layers. (authors' abstract)
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Speak, Andrew Francis. "Quantification of the environmental impacts of urban green roofs." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/quantification-of-the-environmental-impacts-of-urban-green-roofs(6dc863d5-53bd-462b-b37f-37faa9ae3db0).html.
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Urban populations worldwide are expanding rapidly and consequently a large number of people are becoming exposed to hazards inherent in cites. Phenomena such as the urban heat island can exacerbate the effects of heatwaves, and land surface sealing can lead to flash flooding. Cities are also the sites of enhanced air and water pollution from non-point sources such as concentrated motor vehicle use. Climate change predictions for the UK include increased winter precipitation and an increase in frequency of summer heatwaves. This will put further pressure on urban residents and infrastructure. Roof greening can be used within climate change adaptation schemes because green roofs have a range of environmental benefits which can help urban infrastructure become more sustainable. This thesis empirically quantifies several of these benefits, and the processes influencing them, by monitoring real green roofs in Manchester. A number of novel discoveries were made. Green roofs act as passive filters of airborne particulate matter. 0.21 tonnes of PM10 (2.3% of the inputs) could be removed from Manchester city centre in a maximum extensive green roof scenario. Species and site differences in particle capture were exhibited and related to morphology and proximity to sources respectively. An intensive green roof was able to lower the monthly median overlying air temperature at 300 mm by up to 1.06 oC. A combination of drought and mismanagement caused damage to the vegetation on one of the green roofs, with a subsequent reduction in the cooling effect. Daytime air temperatures were higher than over an adjacent bare roof for a larger proportion of the day than over the undamaged roof, and lower cooling was observed at night. A site-specific methodology was devised to monitor the rainwater runoff from an intensive green roof and an adjacent bare roof. Average runoff retention of 65.7% was observed on the green roof, compared to 33.6% on the bare roof. Season and rainfall amount had significant impacts on retention, however, many other explanatory variables such as Antecedent Dry Weather Period (ADWP) and peak rainfall intensity had no demonstrable, significant impact. Intensive roof construction on 10% of the rooftops in Manchester city centre would increase annual rainfall retention by 2.3%. The runoff was characterised with regards to heavy metals and nutrients. Nutrient levels were found to be not a significant problem for water quality, however, Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) values for protection of freshwater were exceeded for concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn. High metal concentrations within the sediments may be acting as sources of pollution, particularly in the case of Pb. The age of the green roof means that past atmospheric deposition of Pb could be contributing to the runoff quality. The multi-benefit aspect of green roofs is discussed in the light of the results of this thesis and recommendations made for policy makers and the green roof construction industry.
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Kadrnoška, Jakub. "Návrh úpravy toků s přihlédnutím k protipovodňové ochraně a revitalizaci." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392107.
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The diploma thesis focuses on the design of the flow adjustment, taking into account the flood protection and revitalization of the Leskava river. The first step is creating a computing model of a river section using the programme HEC_RAS. Based on results and the course, there is an adjustment proposed and the prevention of infiltrations in the intravilan.
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Sachikonye, Mwazvita Tapiwa Beatrice. "Natural resource use as a coping and adaptation strategy to floods of vulnerable populations in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018194.
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Many of the anticipated increased occurances of natural hazards are not only a consequence of climate change, but rather of rapid and widespread land cover change and the subsequent loss of the buffering capacity provided by healthy ecosystems against natural hazards. Unplanned and unmanaged developments in informal settlements limit government’s ability to mitigate and manage, pointing towards natural resources as being integral for vulnerable communities in developing countries to cope with and mitigate flood disasters. There is a lack of understanding on how natural resources contribute to resilience of vulnerable populations in the Eastern Cape and how they are impacted by these populations before, during and after a flood shock. There also exists a gap in knowledge on how natural resources can mitigate the physical impacts of flooding in South Africa, more so in the Eastern Cape province. Using household questionnaires and GIS techniques, the strategies that households used to recover from the October 2012-February 2013 flood shocks were investigated in informal settlements of three towns (Grahamstown, Port Alfred and Port St Johns). Within the vulnerability paradigm and the sustainable livelihood framework, the study also quantified and evaluated the relative contribution of natural resources to recovery strategies, and lastly, the study investigated how patterns of land use, state of natural vegetation and household topographical location exacerbated or diminished the physical impacts of flooding. This study found that natural resources contributed up to 70 percent to recovery of households from the flood shock, most of this being to reconstruction of housing structures after the flood, less so to economic recovery. It was also found that at a settlement scale the buffering effect of vegetation, although variable amongst settlements, was significant. Settlements that were dominated by dense bush and small trees experienced up to 46 percent less impacts on their property than those surrounded by bare gravel and impervious roofs with degraded environments. The main findings of the research show that natural resources reduce the vulnerability of households in informal settlements to flooding in two significant ways; by physically mitigating against damage to shelters and by also providing an emergency-net function that substitutes financial capital in households. Their inclusion in disaster management has the potential to encourage the sustainable livelihoods of the urban poor in the Eastern Cape
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Leitold, Roxana [Verfasser], Diez Javier [Gutachter] Revilla, and Boris [Gutachter] Braun. "Private sector engagement in flood risk reduction and climate change adaptation – Insights from manufacturing firms in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam / Roxana Leitold ; Gutachter: Javier Revilla Diez, Boris Braun." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1228534438/34.
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Verlynde, Nicolas. "De la perception du risque d'inondation aux propositions d'adaptation en territoire de côtes basses densément peuplées : le cas de la communauté urbaine de Dunkerque." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0500/document.
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L'inondation est l'un des principaux risques d'origine naturelle dans le monde. Face à ce risque amplifié par le changement climatique, penser les stratégies de gestion est devenu fondamental, particulièrement sur les côtes basses. La perception du risque, notion complexe renvoyant à des aspects cognitifs, sociaux, économiques et environnementaux, constitue un réel apport pour révéler les points de vulnérabilité des populations. Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse de la perception du risque d'inondation de la population de la communauté urbaine de Dunkerque. Sur ce territoire, situé sur une côte basse densément peuplée, urbanisée et historiquement concernée par l'inondation, une large enquête de perception a été menée auprès des habitants et des acteurs de la gestion du risque. Le but étant de mesurer leur perception du risque d'inondation et de mettre en évidence les différents facteurs qui l'influencent. L'enquête a été menée selon une méthodologie se situant à la croisée de plusieurs disciplines (géographie, sociologie, psychosociologie et économie). Les résultats mettent en évidence, dans la population : (1) une perception dissonante du risque d'inondation et une faible préoccupation à son sujet ; (2) des représentations spatiales du risque très différentes des officielles ; (3) l'influence de la perception du risque sur le consentement à payer pour s'en prémunir. Cette thèse fournit un apport pour les sciences cindyniques et la géographie des risques. Elle propose des adaptations pour diminuer la vulnérabilité de ces habitants face aux inondationsFlooding is one of the world's main natural hazards. In view of this risk, being amplified by climate change, management has become crucial, especially in low-lying coastal areas. Risk perception, as a complex notion referring to cognitive, social, economic and environmental aspects, is a real contribution to reveal the vulnerability points of populations. This PhD thesis adresses the analysis of the population's perception of the flood risk within the "Communauté Urbaine de Dunkerque". In this territory, located on a densely populated, urbanized and historically flood-affected low-lying coastal area, a large perception survey was carried out among inhabitants and risk management stakeholders. Its aim was to measure their flood risk perception and to bring to light various factors that influence it. The survey was conducted according to a methodology at the crossroads of several disciplines (geography, sociology, psychosociology and economics). The results highlight : (1) a discordant perception of this risk and a low concern ; (2) spatial risk representations very different from official ones ; (3) the influence of risk perception on willingness to pay to prevent themselves from risk. This thesis provides input to cindynics sciences and risk geography. It suggests adjustments to reduce these inhabitant's vulnerability to flood risk
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Zölch, Teresa Maria [Verfasser], Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Pauleit, Christine [Gutachter] Wamsler, Werner [Gutachter] Lang, and Stephan [Gutachter] Pauleit. "The potential of ecosystem-based adaptation: Integration into urban planning and effectiveness for heat and flood mitigation / Teresa Maria Zölch ; Gutachter: Christine Wamsler, Werner Lang, Stephan Pauleit ; Betreuer: Stephan Pauleit." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1151322237/34.
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Touili, Nabil. "Adaptation des zones côtières aux changements climatiques : Cadre opérationnel de renforcement de la résilience, appliqué à la gestion des risques d’inondation au niveau de l’estuaire de la Gironde, France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV104/document.
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Cette thèse doctorale porte sur la gestion des risques d’inondation et des capacités d’adaptation des zones côtières, notamment face au changement climatique. Le contexte actuel est tel que la vulnérabilité face aux aléas d’inondation est amplifiée par les phénomènes du changement climatique et par la forte exposition, des personnes et des biens, en zones à risques. Sous le cadre général du projet européen Theseus ’’Innovative technologies for safer European coasts in a changing climate’’, ce travail de recherche s’est, en particulier, appuyé sur une étude de cas en France : l’estuaire de la Gironde.L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer un cadre alternatif d’adaptation de la gestion des inondations, à l’égard des incertitudes liées au contexte climatique.Dans cet objectif, cette recherche est partie d’une étude d’exploration, des perceptions locales vis-à-vis des inondations, pour analyser ensuite la gestion actuelle, sous forme de combinaison entre mesures structurelles et non structurelles.La publication d’articles scientifiques, contenus dans ce rapport, cristallise l’essentiel des résultats obtenus et illustre la démarche itérative de progression, entre le recueil des données du terrain et l’analyse des concepts théoriques.Cette thèse doctorale a abouti à la proposition d’un cadre opérationnel de renforcement de la résilience appliqué à l’aménagement du territoire, aux systèmes d’alerte, aux plans d’évacuation, aux plans de continuité de fonctionnement, aux programmes d’assurance et à la gestion du post-traumaThis PhD thesis deals with the flood risk management and the adaptation capacities of coastal areas, in regard of the climate change.Currently, the flood hazard vulnerability is aggravated by both the climate change phenomenon and the huge exposure, of people and assets, in risk areas. In the general framework of Theseus european project, this research work has particularly focused on the Gironde estuary, in France, as a case study.The aim of this work is to provide an alternative framework of adaptation for the flood risk management, in regard of the climate change related uncertainties.In this order, our research is initiated by anexploratory study , of the local perception toward the flood hazard, followed by the analysis of the current flood risk management, as a set of structural and nonstructural measures.The published papers, included in this report, summarize our results and illustrate our iterative approach between the field data collection and the theoretical concepts analysis.This thesis research has led to put forward an operationnal framework to enhance the resilience applied to land use planning, warning systems and evacuation plans, business recovery plans, insurance programs and post trauma management
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Sun, Jie. "Intelligent flood adaptative contex-aware system." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC076/document.
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A l’avenir, l'agriculture et l'environnement vont pouvoir bénéficier de plus en plus de données hétérogènes collectées par des réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCSF). Ces données alimentent généralement des outils d’aide à la décision (OAD). Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons spécifiquement aux systèmes sensibles et adaptatifs au contexte basés sur un RCSF et un OAD, dédiés au suivi de phénomènes naturels. Nous proposons ainsi une formalisation pour la conception et la mise en œuvre de ces systèmes. Le contexte considéré se compose de données issues du phénomène étudié mais également des capteurs sans fil (leur niveau d’énergie par exemple). Par l’utilisation des ontologies et de techniques de raisonnement, nous visons à maintenir le niveau de qualité de service (QdS) des données collectées (en accord avec le phénomène étudié) tant en préservant le fonctionnement du RCSF. Pour illustrer notre proposition, un cas d'utilisation complexe, l'étude des inondations dans un bassin hydrographique, est considéré. Cette thèse a produit un logiciel de simulation de ces systèmes qui intègre un système de simulation multi-agents (JADE) avec un moteur d’inférence à base de règles (Jess)In the future, agriculture and environment will rely on more and more heterogeneous data collected by wireless sensor networks (WSN). These data are generally used in decision support systems (DSS). In this dissertation, we focus on adaptive context-aware systems based on WSN and DSS, dedicated to the monitoring of natural phenomena. Thus, a formalization for the design and the deployment of these kinds of systems is proposed. The considered context is established using the data from the studied phenomenon but also from the wireless sensors (e.g., their energy level). By the use of ontologies and reasoning techniques, we aim to maintain the required quality of service (QoS) level of the collected data (according to the studied phenomenon) while preserving the resources of the WSN. To illustrate our proposal, a complex use case, the study of floods in a watershed, is described. During this PhD thesis, a simulator for context-aware systems which integrates a multi-agent system (JADE) and a rule engine (Jess) has been developed.Keywords: ontologies, rule-based inferences, formalization, heterogeneous data, sensors data streams integration, WSN, limited resources, DSS, adaptive context-aware systems, QoS, agriculture, environment
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Henshaw, Thomas L. "Morphological adaptations of soybean in response to early season flood stress." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0011761.
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Zhu, Tingju. "Climate change and water resources management : adaptations for flood control and water supply /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Phanthuwongpakdee, Nuttavikhom. "Living with floods : moving towards resilient local-level adaptation in central Thailand." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/living-with-floods(18ea7be2-4db4-4fd8-afda-1e99525dee83).html.
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Through the bifocal-conceptual lens of political ecology and pragmatism, this thesis aims at capturing qualitatively the complexity of flood hazard and the expansion of the range of adaptation choice in Thailand. By investigating the perception of risk and the processes of adaptation within the local Thai context, it presents findings from fieldwork conducted in three communities (suburban, desakota and rural) in Central Thailand. This research helps define pathways to an expanded range of choice for flood management in Thailand. Empirical data suggest that although the residents and local officials view flooding as an unwelcome normal occurrence, changes in people’s lifestyles in a modern society have altered how they perceive flooding. Depending on the areas, elements such as political conflicts and climate change have, in addition, weakened local flood response mechanisms. In its attempts to deal effectively with flooding, even after the 2011 Mega- Flood, the government has been inclined towards resorting to technological fixes and has been favouring policies meant to generate wealth for offsetting losses. Larger social, economic, political, historical, and cultural aspects have mostly been ignored. Participants, however, incorporate these elements into their responses and tend to perceive a wide array of choices. These findings suggest that amid the changing landscape, the locals are not passive. They have been using numerous strategies to help them adapt to flood events. However, several socio-cultural factors hinder them from expressing their views and force them to adopt limited strategies. To facilitate adaptation, we need to understand the material and discursive elements that shape local flood experiences. This can only be done through public engagement. Indeed, by talking to the participants, it became apparent that in order to expand the range of adaptation choice and to strengthen local resilience, it is important to (i) encourage preparedness and risk awareness; (ii) promote traditional knowledge; (iii) highlight the role of religion; and (iv) strengthen the role of local government.
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Landa, Mendez Naia. "ADAPTATION TO URBAN FLOODS BY PLANNING AND DESIGN : GUIDELINES FOR AN ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT TO URBAN FLOODS AND STORM WATER USE TAKING AS A CASE STUDY THE CITY OF BILBAO." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147008.
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The aim of this study is to propose a set of adaptive strategies and design solutions to manage floods and storm water in cities from the perspective of an architect and urban planner, based on empirical evidence and the level of effectiveness of the suggested measures. The study takes as an example the city of Bilbao due to its high risk of suffering fluvial and pluvial flooding exacerbated by tidal variations and see level rise projections. Based on the application of adaptation strategies grounded on the use of green solutions and innovative design, scientific literature and ongoing initiatives an projects in cities have been reviewed to prepare a complete state-of-the-art of measures and experiences to minimize the risk of flooding and provide co-benefits to Climate Change such as fresh water storage, biodiversity, water treatment, quality public spaces, etc. The applicability of this inventory of solutions is analyzed in detail for the case study of Bilbao, taking into account the current situation with regard: a) plans, b) stakeholders involved, c) needs and d) opportunities, and in order to give a respond to the lack of concreteness of many of the existing proposals against adaptation to Climate Change and flooding. The result are four different projects in hotspot areas of the city that put into practice the previously gathered measures organized in drainage systems (from the source to the downstream control). Recommendations are suggested for plans (General Master Plan) and policies to accompany the physical solutions and to set a complete basis for its operative use by public institutions (Bilbao City Council) or even professional practitioners (architects, urban designers, landscape architects, engineers). In sum, the paper seeks to propose alternatives to the traditional defensive approach of flooding prevention by implementing measures that provide other benefits for cities against Climate Change.
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Barnes, Laquita Dawn. "Aging in place: functional environments: a survey and case study in Floyd County, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45085.
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The problem addressed in this study was: What home modifications are made to residential environments to meet the functional capabilities of the aging in place audience? The study was conducted in two phases. In Phase I 102 Floyd
County, Virginia, adults 65 years of age or older were interviewed in order to identify their task capabilities and identify the modifications being made to meet their environmental needs and task capabilities. Phase II consisted of a case study of six females taken from the Phase I sample group. This section of the study focused on the modifications identified in Phase I, the techniques
used, and the reasons they were made.
The findings indicate that 26% of the adults in the study were experiencing difficulty with at least one Activity of Daily Living, 33% were experiencing difficulty with at least one Instrumental Activity of Daily Living. However, like many older adults, these individuals had a relatively high function level and wanted to stay in their home as long as possible. Modifications are being made in order to equalize the participants' function level and the characteristics of the living environment.
Housing education programs should be targeted toward the elderly and their family members and provide more information relating to aging in place. Professionals in housing and related fields should have the knowledge
necessary to advise clients on making decisions to help insure their ability to live independently as they age.Master of Science
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Gofas, Salas Elena. "Manipulation of the illumination of an Adaptive Optics Flood Illumination Ophthalmoscope for functional imaging of the retina in-vivo High loop rate adaptive optics flood illumination ophthalmoscope with structured illumination capability In vivo near-infrared autofluorescence imaging of retinal pigment epithelial cells with 757 nm excitation." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS195.
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L’œil étant la seule fenêtre optique transparente de notre corps, il donne un accès unique à l’observation de réseaux neuronaux et vasculaires. Mais aujourd’hui une nouvelle ère s’ouvre pour l’imagerie haute résolution, qui ne doit plus se contenter de donner accès aux structures des tissus, mais aussi d’en apprécier les fonctions. En effet, on peut trouver dans l’imagerie rétinienne des biomarqueurs du fonctionnement de l’ensemble du corps humain. Des maladies neurodégénératives (Parkinson,Alzheimer) ou l’hypertension artérielle pourraient être ainsi précocement diagnostiquées par une imagerie de haute précision de la rétine. L’optique adaptative, adaptée à l’imagerie rétinienne dès 1997, a amélioré nettement la résolution spatiale des images rétiniennes entraînant la multiplication des études de rétine par ophtalmoscope. Elle a notamment été couplée avec l’ophtalmoscope à balayage, qui devint le choix le plus populaire par sa supériorité en résolution spatiale et sectionnement optique par rapport au plein champ. Cependant, contrairement aux systèmes à balayage, l’ophtalmoscope plein champ produit des images grand champ à forte cadence d’acquisition et sans distorsion. Dans mon travail de thèse, j’ai cherché à montrer qu’un tel système, associé à des modalités d’imagerie jouant sur la géométrie d’éclairement, pourrait apporter à la recherche sur la rétine. Pour atteindre cet objectif ambitieux, nous avons modifié l’ophtalmoscope plein champ construit au Centre Hospitalier National des Quinze-Vingts avec un traitement d’image spécifique et deux nouveaux instruments inspirés de la microscopie plein champ. Nous avons intégré ces instruments dans le trajet d’illumination de l’ophtalmoscope afin de manipuler la géométrie de l’éclairage de la rétine. Ces nouvelles implémentations nous permettent de mettre en œuvre des techniques d’imagerie plus avancées, comme par exemple l’imagerie en champ sombre ou l’angiographie non invasive en proche infrarouge. Ces modalités d’imagerie ont été exploitées pour imager la rétine de façon fonctionnelle. Nous nous sommes intéressés principalement à la fonction de couplage de lumière des photorécepteurs et à la perfusion sanguineAs the only transparent optical window of our body, the eye gives a unique access to the observation of neural and vascular networks. Today however, a new era is opening up for high-resolution imaging, which should no longer be limited to giving access to tissue structures, but may also tackle their functions. In fact, biomarkers for the functioning of the whole human body can be found in retinal imaging. Neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's) or arterial hypertension could thus be diagnosed early by high precision imaging of the retina. In my thesis work, I intended to show how the full-field ophthalmoscope, associated to imaging modalities adjusting geometrical settings of the illumination, could contribute to research on the retina. To achieve this ambitious goal, we modified the full-field ophthalmoscope built at the National Hospital Center of Quinze-Vingts with a specific image processing and two new instruments inspired by full-field microscopy. We have integrated these instruments into the illumination path of the ophthalmoscope to manipulate the geometry of the retinal illumination. These new implementations allow us to make use of more advanced imaging techniques, such as dark field imaging or noninvasive near infrared angiography. These imaging modalities have been exploited to image the retina functionally. We focused mainly on the light coupling function of photoreceptors and on blood perfusion
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Wall, Thomas A. "A risk-based assessment tool to prioritize roadway culvert assets for climate change adaptation planning." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50393.
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There is growing concern in the United States and abroad that changes in climate may have serious adverse impacts on communities and their civil infrastructure systems. In response, governments and agencies have begun to investigate adaptation: actions taken to reduce the vulnerability or increase the resiliency of natural and human systems in light of expected climate change. In the transportation sector, adaptation planning has predominantly pursued risk-based strategies that seek to identify climate impacts, and assess infrastructure vulnerabilities across multiple asset types, in network-level planning. However, given the complexity of the myriad asset types of which engineered civil infrastructure systems are composed, these frameworks may not adequately address the unique concerns of these various individual asset types.
This research develops a risk-based framework to assess and prioritize at a network-level the risks of highway culvert assets to the projected impacts of climate change, specifically focusing on increases in extreme precipitation, and the associated potential for flooding. The framework is applied in a series of case studies using culvert management data provided by four state DOTs, and national climate change projection and infrastructure datasets. The framework developed proposes a new characterization of infrastructure climate change risk, based upon the catastrophe model, to address the need for qualitative approaches to risk given the uncertain nature of climate change, and the sometimes sparse inventory and attribute data for various assets. This characterization proposes three “dimensions” of infrastructure climate risk (climate change impact exposure, asset climate impact vulnerability, and asset criticality) to assign culvert asset priorities. The research develops a method to project the geospatial extent and changes in magnitude of extreme precipitation events; it also develops two measures of culvert vulnerability to increased flow conditions based upon data collected in general culvert management activities.
This research demonstrates that existing data sources can be reasonably combined in an analytical assessment framework to identify climate change impact risks to highway culvert assets, providing an additional resource to the existing climate change adaptation planning and risk management toolkit in the transportation infrastructure sector, and also laying a foundation for further refinement of these methods. The results of this research demonstrate that existing climate change projection data, when used alongside culvert inventory and attribute data, provides a reasonable means by which to analyze the projected exposure of culvert assets to climate change impacts. This research also demonstrates that existing culvert management data provides a reasonable foundation upon which to assess the relative vulnerability of culverts to increased flow conditions, although additional research is necessary to develop these methods. The structure of the proposed framework provides a viable means by which quantitative climate change projections, asset vulnerability, and asset criticality data can be combined in a mixed-methods approach to qualitatively characterize climate change impact risks to highway culvert assets despite uncertainty in climate change projections and other inputs.
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Böttle, Markus [Verfasser], and Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Kropp. "Coastal floods in view of sea level rise : assessing damage costs and adaptation measures / Markus Böttle ; Betreuer: Jürgen Peter Kropp." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-91074.
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Böttle, Markus [Verfasser], and Jürgen Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Kropp. "Coastal floods in view of sea level rise : assessing damage costs and adaptation measures / Markus Böttle ; Betreuer: Jürgen Peter Kropp." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1219514039/34.
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Thorn, Jessica Paula Rose. "Ecosystem services, biodiversity and human wellbeing along climatic gradients in smallholder agro-ecosystems in the Terai Plains of Nepal and northern Ghana." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3319dafc-5b0c-436a-b653-a623fc3e8de4.
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Increasingly unpredictable, extreme and erratic rainfall with higher temperatures threatens to undermine the adaptive capacity of food systems and ecological resilience of smallholder landscapes. Despite growing concern, land managers still lack quantitative techniques to collect empirical data about the potential impact of climatic variability and change. This thesis aims to assess how ecosystem services and function and how this links with biodiversity and human wellbeing in smallholder agro-ecosystems in a changing climate. To this end, rather than relying on scenarios or probabilistic modelling, space was used as a proxy for time to compare states in disparate climatic conditions. Furthermore, an integrated methodological framework to assess ecosystem services at the field and landscape level was developed and operationalised, the results of which can be modelled with measures of wellbeing. Various multidisciplinary analytical tools were utilised, including ecological and socio-economic surveys, biological assessments, participatory open enquiry, and documenting ethnobotanical knowledge. The study was located within monsoon rice farms in the Terai Plains of Nepal, and dry season vegetable farms in Northern Ghana. Sites were selected that are climatically and culturally diverse to enable comparative analysis, with application to broad areas of adaptive planning. The linkages that bring about biophysical and human changes are complex and operate through social, political, economic and demographic drivers, making attribution extremely challenging. Nevertheless, it was demonstrated that within hotter and drier conditions in Ghana long-tongued pollinators and granivores, important for decomposition processes and pollination services, are more abundant in farms. Results further indicated that in cooler and drier conditions in Nepal, the taxonomic diversity of indigenous and close relative plant species growing in and around farms, important for the provisioning of ecosystem services, decreases. All other things equal, in both Nepal and Ghana findings indicate that overall human wellbeing may be adversely effected in hotter conditions, with a potentially significantly lower yields, fewer months of the year in which food is available, higher exposure to natural hazards and crop loss, unemployment, and psychological anxiety. Yet, surveys indicate smallholders continue to maintain a fair diversity of species in and around farms, which may allow them to secure basic necessities from provisioning ecosystem services. Moreover, farmers may employ adaptive strategies such as pooling labour and food sharing more frequently, and may have greater access to communication, technology, and infrastructure. Novel methodological and empirical contributions of this research offer predictive insights that could inform innovations in climate-smart agricultural practice and planning.
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Grünewald, Lydia A., and Eric Nilsson. "Grönare städer för en adaptiv framtid : En fallstudie av ett större fastighetsbestånds sårbarhet och anpassningsbehov i samband med översvämningar." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-167197.
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Samtidigt som översvämningsrisken redan är hög på många platser i Sverige, förväntas översvämningar och skyfall förekomma mer frekvent i framtiden. Urbana dagvattensystem klarar idag oftast inte av de extrema förhållanden av översvämningar som förekommer och innebär därmed att den byggda miljön blir hårt utsatt. Behovet av att anpassa den byggda miljön blir tydligare i och med att översvämningar förväntas öka med tiden. Fastighetsägare idag saknar verktyg och strategier för klimatanpassning och då det primära ansvaret för att anpassa fastighetsbestånden i kommunerna läggs på fastighetsägarna själva, finns det ett starkt behov av verktyg och stöd för klimatanpassning hos privata sektorer och större fastighetsägare. Denna uppsats syftar till att identifiera vilka egenskaper byggnader har och i vilka kombinationer dessa gör ett fastighetsbestånd sårbart inför översvämningar. I fallstudien har flera metoder använts för att bedöma risker hos Stångåstadens fastighetsbestånd och identifiera möjliga anpassningsalternativ. En del av fallstudien utgörs av en expertworkshop bestående av forskare på Linköpings Universitet samt anställda på Stångåstaden där en värdering av byggnadernas egenskaper och en diskussion kring åtgärder har genomförts. Uppsatsens resultat visar bland annat att byggnaders sårbarhet förekommer i en kombination av olika egenskaper. I Stångåstadens fastighetsbestånd är byggnadens läge i förhållande till omgivningen samt känslig utrustning i källare en kombination av egenskaper som gör byggnaderna sårbara. Diskussionen innefattar ett åtgärdsförslag för att minska översvämningsrisken i Johannelunds centrum i Linköping, som är ett av Stångåstadens mest sårbara områden. I diskussionen ställs även uppsatsens resultat mot tidigare forskning inom fältet för att tydliggöra likheter och skillnader, samt påvisa vikten av samverkan för klimatanpassning hos fastighetsbolag. En av slutsatserna är att kartläggning på byggnadsnivå fungerar väl för byggnaders exponering och känslighet, men är inte optimal för kartläggning av fastighetsbolagets anpassningsförmåga.While the flood risk in many places in Sweden is already high, flooding and rainfall are expected to become increasingly common in the future. Urban stormwater systems today are usually unable to cope with the extreme conditions of floods that occur, thus the built environment is severely exposed. The need to adapt the built environment is becoming much clearer as floods are expected to increase over time. Property owners today often lack tools and strategies for climate adaptation and since the primary responsibility for adapting property portfolios in municipalities is placed upon property owners themselves, there is a strong need for climate adaptation and support for private sectors and large property owners. This thesis aims to identify qualities of buildings and in what combination these make a property portfolio vulnerable to floods. In this case study, a number of methods have been used to assess risks of Stångåstadens’ property portfolio and identify possible adaptation options. Part of the case study consists of an expert workshop with researchers at Linköping University and employees at Stångåstaden where an assessment of the qualities of the buildings and a discussion of adaptation measures have been carried out. The thesis’s results show amongst other things that buildings vulnerability are presented by a combination of qualities. In Stångåstadens property portfolio the building’s elevation in relation to surroundings and sensitive equipment in the basement a combination of qualities that contribute to the buildings vulnerability. The discussion involves an action proposal to minimize the flood risk in Johannelunds centrum in Linköping, which is one of Stångåstadens most vulnerable areas. In the discussion the thesis’s result will also be compared with earlier research in the field to clarify similarities and differences, as well as to demonstrate the need of cooperation for climate adaptation amongst property owners. One of the conclusions is that the mapping on building levels are suitable for exposure and sensitivity, but is not optimal for mapping property owners adaptability.
SAMBO: Stöd för Aktörssamverkan och Mångfunktionell anpassning av Bostadsområden
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Egute, Nayara dos Santos. "Quando a água sobe: análise da capacidade adaptativa de moradores do Jardim Pantanal expostos às enchentes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-09032016-152038/.
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A capacidade adaptativa às enchentes diz respeito à capacidade inerente de indivíduos ou de um sistema de se ajustar aos efeitos desse evento e lidar com ele, de modo a moderar seus danos potenciais. A cidade de São Paulo é particularmente vulnerável às enchentes devido ao seu histórico de uso e ocupação do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a capacidade adaptativa a partir da realidade local de moradores do Jardim Pantanal, localizado na zona leste do município de São Paulo às várzeas do rio Tietê, a fim de propor ações que possam contribuir na construção dessa capacidade. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de levantamento documental e bibliográfico, entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise das transcrições, codificação, e categorização dos dados. As capacidades adaptativas genérica e específica nos níveis organizacionais individual e de sistema são baixas, e entre os determinantes da capacidade adaptativa às enchentes os recursos financeiros, a vulnerabilidade urbana e as estratégias de enfrentamento foram considerados os mais importantes, em nível individual. A falta de recursos, a irregularidade de rendimentos e a ausência de diversificação na fonte de renda limitam as opções disponíveis de moradia em áreas regulares e dificultam a mobilização de recursos para a adoção de medidas preventivas e de recuperação pós-evento. A vulnerabilidade urbana expressa-se pela ocupação em área irregular, onde não são realizados investimentos em medidas de infraestrutura por parte dos moradores, que poderiam reduzir a exposição aos impactos das enchentes, pois não se sabe até quando poderão permanecer na área. As estratégias de enfrentamento demonstram ter caráter apenas reativo sem qualquer planejamento, sendo decididas e tomadas reativamente quando a água sobe. Tendo em vista os aspectos observados, a construção da capacidade adaptativa às enchentes no Jardim Pantanal requer: a) entrosamento entre as medidas de adaptação autônomas (do indivíduo) e as planejadas (do sistema); b) ações de adaptação antecipatórias, mais do que responsivas; e c) medidas de adaptação de curto e longo prazos que considerem as vulnerabilidades que surgiram durante o período de adaptação.Adaptive capacity to floods means the inherent capacity of individuals or systems to adjust and cope with its effects, in order to moderate potential damages. The city of São Paulo is particularly vulnerable to floods due to its history of occupation and land use. The goal of this research was to analyze the adaptive capacity in the local reality of the Jardim Pantanal residents, located in the east zone of the municipality of São Paulo, at the bed of Tietê River, in order to propose actions that can contribute in building this capacity. The research was developed through bibliographical and documental research, semi-structured interviews, transcript analysis, coding and categorization of data. Generic and specific adaptative capacities in the individual and system organizational levels are low, and among the determinants of adaptive capacity to floods, financial resources, urban vulnerability and coping strategies are considered the most important at the individual level. The lack of resources and the instability and lack of diversification of income sources limit the options available in regular housing areas and make it difficult to mobilize resources for the adoption of preventive and post-event recovery measures. Urban vulnerability is due to illegal land occupation, where investments in infrastructure, which could reduce the exposure to the impacts of floods, are not made by residents, because they dont know for how long they will be able to stay in the area. Coping strategies were found to have only a reactive character, without any planning, being decided and taken reactively when the water rises. Given the observed aspects, building adaptive capacity to floods in Jardim Pantanal requires a) understanding between autonomous (individual) and planned (system) adaptation measures; b) anticipatory rather than responsive adaptation actions; and c) short and long-term adaptation measures to consider the vulnerabilities arising during the adaptation period.
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Matos, Silva Cabral Maria. "Public space design for flooding: Facing the challenges presented by climate change adaptation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400001.
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The urban phenomenon of floods is recurrent and is expected to be aggravated in the near and distant future, not only in light of climate change projections, but also if flood management approaches continue the path of “business as usual”.
Facing this problem-matter, this research proposes the design of public spaces as a key component in the adaptation to current and expected urban flood events.
Climate change adaptation endeavours have already entered the urban agenda and are influencing urban planning and public space design approaches. This emerging tendency is further prompting new flood management paradigms that acknowledge the practice of integrating ecosystems and the natural water cycle.
This research develops a solution-directed process, which is particularly attentive to design and envisions a direct application in contemporary practice. Its main objective is to develop a conceptual framework of flood adaptation measures applicable in the design of public spaces. A framework that aims to offer a wide range of systematized conceptual solutions, in order to promote and facilitate the initial stages of a public space project with flood adaptation capacities. Its relevance and applicability are tested in the case of the municipality of Lisbon.
Overall, by approaching the subject of urban flooding through public space design, conventional responses, practiced through singular and segregated disciplinary approaches, are confronted with the rich and wide-ranging and interdisciplinary benefits brought by public space.El fenómeno urbano de las inundaciones es recurrente y se espera que se agrave en el futuro cercano y lejano, no sólo a la luz de las proyecciones de cambio climático, pero también si los enfoques de la gestión de inundaciones continúan el camino de "business as usual". Enfrentando esta temática, la investigación propone el diseño del espacio público como un componente clave en la adaptación a los eventos de inundación urbana actuales y estimados. Los esfuerzos de adaptación a los cambios climáticos ya han entrado en la agenda urbana y están influyendo en el planeamiento urbano y en el diseño del espacio público. Esta tendencia emergente está también impulsando nuevos paradigmas de gestión de inundaciones que reconocen la práctica de la integración de los ecosistemas y del ciclo natural del agua. La tesis desarrolla un enfoque dirigido a la práctica, prestando una especial atención al diseño y previendo una aplicación directa en el proyecto contemporáneo. Su objetivo principal es desarrollar un marco conceptual de las medidas de adaptación a inundaciones aplicables en el diseño de los espacios públicos. Un marco que ofrezca una amplia gama de soluciones conceptuales sistematizadas, con la finalidad de promover y facilitar las etapas iniciales de un proyecto de espacio público con las capacidades de adaptación a inundaciones. Su relevancia y aplicabilidad son testadas en el caso del ayuntamiento de Lisboa. En síntesis, al abordar el tema de las inundaciones urbanas a través del diseño del espacio público, las respuestas convencionales, practicadas aisladamente en ámbitos disciplinares estrictos, se enfrentan a los beneficios amplios e interdisciplinarios aportados por el espacio público.
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Beskow, Tua. "Hip impact of the FE-model THUMS : Model adaptation and validation followed by an evaluation of the KTH developed shock absorbing floor system." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknik och hälsa (STH), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-194412.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Fall accidents leads to an average of three deaths a day in Sweden. The high mortality and morbidity associated with falls among elderly is due to a high risk of falling caused by impaired mobility, sight and balance in combination with increased vulnerability as a result of fragile bones as well as comorbid conditions. Researchers at the department of Neuronics at KTH has developed a shock-absorbing floor that aim to reduce the risk of fall related fractures. The floors has shown promising results in mechanical drop tests but requires further analysis before it can be implemented in retirement homes. The goal of this master thesis is to refine, adapt and validate the finite element model THUMS 4.02 for fall simulations. The model will then be used to analyze the shock absorbing ability of various floor systems. Model adaptations included modification of the material properties of the adipose tissue and cartilage in the hips and implantation of tied internal contacts. Validation was performed against data from two experimental studies selected in a literature study, dynamic impact with isolated pelvis and lateral hip impact of complete PMHS. The experimental setups were reproduced in LS-Dyna and relatively close agreement for the force curves could be displayed in both cases. The model also showed realistic force response for fall simulations and a force reduction with up to 23% in simulation to the KTH developed floor system, differences could be seen for different fall positions of the model. Fall simulations agreed well with clinically and scientifically documented fracture loads and patterns. Further studies needs to be performed to further validate the model and analyze effect of different geometrical properties of floor system.