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Journal articles on the topic 'Flocculated suspension'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Adachi, Yasuhisa, Motoyoshi Kobayashi, Tomonori Fukasawa, and Peter J. Scalesc. "Rheological Properties of Flocculated Colloidal Suspension." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 47, no. 4 (2010): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.47.230.

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2

MacDonald, Iain T., Christopher E. Vincent, Peter D. Thorne, and Benjamin D. Moate. "Acoustic scattering from a suspension of flocculated sediments." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118, no. 5 (May 2013): 2581–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20197.

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3

Dakskobler, Aleš, and Matjaz Valant. "Large-Scale Self-Assembly in Weakly-Flocculated Suspensions." Current Smart Materials 4, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405465804666190313153806.

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Background: Studies on the formation of colloidal crystals in concentrated suspensions have mainly been based on dispersed suspensions with a repulsive inter-particle potential of hard or nearly hard spheres. The self-assembly in weakly-flocculated suspensions has still been unrealized. Here, we report on the formation of ordered structures in concentrated suspensions of nearly-hard spherical particles with weakly-attractive inter-particle interactions that are an order of magnitude higher than the particles’ thermal energy. Methods: In our case, the self-assembly in such suspensions is not thermodynamically driven, but an external shear force must be applied. The driving force for the particles’ ordering is an increase in the inter-particle interactions. This manifests itself in a decrease in the average angle between the interparticle interaction direction and the applied shear stress direction. Results: For a successful ordering into a large-scale closed packed assembly, the external shear force must not exceed the inter-particle attractive interaction for the minimum possible average angle (as in the closed packed structures) but be high enough to enable the particles to move in the highly loaded suspension. Conclusion: The developed method for the self-assembly of the weakly flocculated systems can be applied very generally e.g. a control over a composition of heterogeneous colloidal crystals, manufacturing of the large-scale photonic crystals or preparation of very densely packed compacts of particles needed for the production of sintered ceramics.

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4

Lau, Y. L. "Modelling of single-grain and floc settling." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 2523–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-215.

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An analytical model of time-dependent settling in a suspension of finite depth is presented. The model correctly predicts the decrease in total concentration of three suspensions of fine sediments undergoing single-grain settling. The changes in grain-size spectra, in which decrease in concentration occurs mainly in sizes larger than the modal size, are also predicted. The model is used with data from the settling of flocculated suspensions to show that the rate of flocculation is approximately proportional to the second power of the concentration.

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5

Redlinger-Pohn, Jakob D., Melanie Mayr, Gregor Schaub, David Gruber, and Stefan Radl. "Fines mobility and distribution in streaming fibre networks: experimental evidence and numerical modeling." Cellulose 27, no. 16 (September 23, 2020): 9663–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03443-9.

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AbstractThe motion of flocculated fibres in a streaming suspension is governed by the balance of the network strength and hydrodynamic forces. With increasing flow rate through a channel, (1) the network initially occupying all space, (2) is then compressed to the centre, and (3) ultimately dispersed. This classical view neglects fibres-fines: we find that the distribution of these small particles differs in streaming suspensions. While it is known that fibre-fines can escape the fibre network, we find that the distribution of fibre-fines is non-homogenous in the network during compression: fibre-fines can be caged and retarded in the streaming fibre network. Hence, the amount of fibre-fines is reduced outside of a fibre network and enriched at the network’s interface. Aiming on selectively removing fibre-fines from a streaming network by suction, we identify a reduction of the fines removal rate. That documents a hindered mobility of fibre-fines when moving through the network of fibres. Additionally, we found evidence, that the mobility of fibre-fines is dependent on the fibre-fines quality, and is higher for fibrillar fines. Consequently, we suggest that the quality of fibre-fines removed from the suspension can be controlled with the flow regime in the channel. Finally, we present a phenomenological model to compute the length dependent fibre distribution in an arbitary geometry. For a fibre suspension channel flow we are able to predict a length-dependent fibre segregation near the channel’s centre. The erosion of a plug of long fibres was however underestimated by our model. Interestingly, our model with parameters fitted to streaming fibre suspension qualitatively agreed with the motion of micro-fibrillated cellulose. This gives hope that devices for handling flocculated fibre suspensions can be designed in the future with greater confidence.

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6

Hirata, Yoshihiro, Koichiro Matsushima, Shinichi Baba, Naoki Matsunaga, and Soichiro Sameshima. "Theoretical and Experimental Analyses of Colloidal Processing of Nanoparticles." Advances in Science and Technology 62 (October 2010): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.62.131.

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The stability of dispersed and flocculated colloidal particles under 1 atm and applied pressure was discussed thermodynamically with the activity and chemical potential defined by Henry’s law and Raoult’s law. The calculated result under 1 atm is represented by a colloidal phase diagram as functions of surface potential and solid content of particles. Application of pressure accelerates the phase transition from dispersed to flocculated suspension. The phase transition pressure, which is observed in the applied pressure-suspension height relation during pressure filtration at a constant crosshead speed of piston, is affected by (1) particle concentration, (2) particle size, (3) surface potential, (4) degree of dissociation of polyelectrolyte dispersant and (5) applied electric field (DC and AC). The influence of above factors was discussed theoretically and experimentally.

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7

WEI, Xianfu, Takeshi AMARI, and Koichiro WATANABE. "Thermal Conductivity and Flocculated Structure of Suspension of Carbon Black." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi(Journal of the Society of Rheology, Japan) 19, no. 1 (1991): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology1973.19.1_25.

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8

GOTO, Suguru, Shoichi SHIMA, and Toyoharu NAWA. "A PREDICTION FOR FLOW CURVE HYSTERESIS OF FLOCCULATED CONCENTRATED SUSPENSION." Cement Science and Concrete Technology 64, no. 1 (2010): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14250/cement.64.545.

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9

GOTOH, Suguru, Tatsuki TANAKA, Masanobu ANDO, and Toyoharu NAWA. "RHEOLOGICAL MODEL FOR CONCENTRATED FLOCCULATED SUSPENSION BASED ON FRACTAL CONCEPT." Cement Science and Concrete Technology 68, no. 1 (2014): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.14250/cement.68.299.

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10

Landman, Kerry A., J. M. Stankovich, and Lee R. White. "Measurement of the filtration diffusivityD(φ) of a flocculated suspension." AIChE Journal 45, no. 9 (September 1999): 1875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690450905.

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11

Milligan, T. G. "An examination of the settling behaviour of a flocculated suspension." Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 33, no. 2 (March 1995): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(95)90003-9.

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12

Kishigawa, Kota, and Yoshihiro Hirata. "Packing density and consolidation energy of flocculated aqueous SiC suspension." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 26, no. 1-2 (January 2006): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2004.10.021.

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13

Fromant, G., F. Floc’h, A. Lebourges-Dhaussy, F. Jourdin, Y. Perrot, N. Le Dantec, and C. Delacourt. "In Situ Quantification of the Suspended Load of Estuarine Aggregates from Multifrequency Acoustic Inversions." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 8 (August 2017): 1625–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0079.1.

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AbstractThe study of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) transport is essential to understanding oceans and rivers, for their presence can impact the environment, from marine habitats or water quality degradations to important changes of the seabed morphology. Among a large number of surrogate techniques in traditional water sampling, acoustical methods have the advantage of providing nonintrusive measurements, with high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, the ability of fine-grained sediments to aggregate under the process of flocculation complexifies the interpretation of acoustical measurements. The objective of this paper is to design a simple backscattering model for flocculated sediment suspensions, in order to interpret the information provided by a multifrequency profiler and to retrieve both the concentration and the dominant size of a suspension of flocculated sediments in an estuarine context. In situ granulometry laser data, collected in the Aulne macrotidal estuary (France), showed that over the size distribution observed, a mean porosity of apparent particles in suspension can be used directly as input for model generation. The in situ acoustic signal was concurrently recorded at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 MHz, and then inverted using the nonnegative least squares algorithm after constraining the model with an optimal porosity, allowing for a discrete representation of the mass concentration distributed over several equivalent spherical radii. The inversion results are in good agreement with the in situ mass concentration obtained through in situ water samplings.

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14

Seo, Dongil, Wan Hee Im, Hye Jung Youn, and Hak Lae Lee. "The effects of process variables for GCC pre-flocculation on floc and handsheet properties." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-2012-27-02-p382-387.

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Abstract Pre-flocculation is a technique that aggregates filler particles by means of polyelectrolytes. The size of the filler flocs is a critical factor affecting the properties of the paper. Process variables including the concentration of the flocculants, the stirring speed, and the dilution of the suspension change the size of the flocculated fillers. Ground calcium carbonate and cationic polyacrylamide were used to investigate the influence of these variables on flocculation. The median particle size and size distribution were examined and the tensile and optical properties influenced by the floc size and ash levels were evaluated. The addition of high concentration C-PAM increased the median particle size. Stirring speeds in the range of 1000 ~ 3000 rpm were used to simulate various turbulent environments, and it was shown that high stirring speeds drastically decreased the floc size. Diluting and low speed stirring the flocculated GCC suspension was effective in keeping the particle size intact without disruption before sheet forming. Larger GCC flocs in the handsheets resulted in better mechanical properties.

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15

Amari, Takeshi, Kenji Uesugi, and Hiroaki Suzuki. "Viscoelastic properties of carbon black suspension as a flocculated percolation system." Progress in Organic Coatings 31, no. 1-2 (May 1997): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9440(97)00033-7.

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16

Wei, Xianfu, Takeshi Amari, and Koichiro Watanabe. "Thermal conductivity and flocculated structure of suspension of carbon black (abstract)." Journal of Rheology 36, no. 5 (July 1992): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.550298.

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17

Walsch, J., and S. Dultz. "Effects of pH, Ca- and SO4-concentration on surface charge and colloidal stability of goethite and hematite – consequences for the adsorption of anionic organic substances." Clay Minerals 45, no. 1 (March 2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2010.045.1.01.

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AbstractSoil solution chemistry, especially pH and the presence of multivalent ions, affects the surface charge (SC) of Fe oxides and accordingly colloidal stability and sorption properties. The SC of synthetic goethite and hematite was quantified in the presence of different electrolytes (NaCl, CaCl2, Na2SO4and CaSO4) by combining the streaming potential with polyelectrolyte titration. The point of zero charge (PZC) for goethite was observed at pH 8.2 and the stability field around the PZC, where colloids are flocculated, is more extended (±1 pH unit) than that of hematite with a PZC at pH 7.1 (±0.5 pH unit). The SC decreases with increasing SO4concentration, indicating adsorption of SO4on the oxide, whereas the presence of Ca increases the SC. At pH 4, the addition of 0.1 mmol l–1Na2SO4induced a decrease in SC from 1.5 to 0.380 μmolcm–2for goethite and from 0.85 to 0.42 μmolcm–2for hematite. In a suspension with 0.1 mmol l–1Na2SO4, the number of colloids is already reduced, and both oxides flocculate rapidly and completely at >0.5 mmol l–1Na2SO4. While the addition of SO4did not affect charge titrations with the cationic polyelectrolyte, the anionic polyelectrolyte formed complexes with Ca, resulting in an overestimation of positive SC. The electrolyte CaSO4is most efficient at keeping goethite and hematite in the pH range 4–10 in the flocculated state. Besides pH, the presence of multivalent ions should also be considered when predicting colloid mediated transport and adsorption properties of anionic substances by Fe oxides in soil systems.

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18

Fei Wu, Xu, and N. Kosaric. "Removal of Organochlorine Compounds in an Upflow Flocculated Algae Photobioreactor." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 5 (September 1, 1991): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0128.

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An upflow alum-flocculated algae photobioreactor was investigated for removal of toxic chlorinated organic compounds, chlorobenzene and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Biodegradation was evaluated by monitoring substrate disappearance and concurrent generation of artifacts. Chlorobenzene disappeared faster than 2,4-dichlorophenol. Relative rates of removal were greater by the live than by the dead algae biomass. In this study, gravity-concentrated, suspension-centrifuged, and alum-flocculated algae biomass cultures of Chlorella and Scenedesmus were used. In batch and continuous upflow photobioreactor experiments to treat wastewaters containing 50, 100, 200 (batch), and 1,000 mg/l (continuous) each of chlorobenzene and 2,4-dichlorophenol were applied to the bioreactors individually and also as a mixture. The continuous upflow photobioreactor system was found to be efficient, versatile, adaptable and easy to operate for removal and biodegradation of these organochlorine compounds.

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19

Ndejiko, Jibrin Mohammed, and Wan Rosmiza Zana Wan Dagang. "Flocculation behaviour of bioflocculant produced from chicken viscera." E3S Web of Conferences 90 (2019): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199001013.

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The flocculation performance of bioflocculant produced by Aspergillus flavus S44-1 grown on chicken viscera hydrolysate was investigated. The investigations were carried out using jar testing and kaolin clay suspension as model wastewater. The bioflocculant yielded a minimum of 83.1% efficiency in flocculating 2-12 g L-1 kaolin clay suspension over a wide temperature range (4-80 °C) and functioned maximally at neutral pH. The bioflocculant significantly flocculated different suspended particles such as activated carbon (92%), soil solid (94.8%), and algae (69.4%) at varying concentrations. Bridging mediated by cation is suggested as the main mechanism of flocculation by the present bioflocculant.

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20

Akther, S., J. Hwang, and H. Lee. "Sedimentation characteristics of two commercial bentonites in aqueous suspensions." Clay Minerals 43, no. 3 (September 2008): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.3.09.

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AbstractThe sedimentation characteristics of two commercial bentonites, Tixoton (organically treated) and Montigel-F (untreated), were investigated using a 3% w/v clay suspension at different concentrations (1, 3.5 and 10%) of NaCl and pH values (2, 7 and 12). Settling rates, floc diameters and sediment volumes were derived from changes in light transmittance using a Turbiscan Ma 2000 instrument.Both bentonite suspensions were unstable (flocculated) in NaCl solutions. The settling rate increased with increasing concentration of NaCl and was directly related to floc diameter. The sediment volume reduced with increasing NaCl concentrations, a result of greater double layer compression caused by increased ionic strength. At comparable salt concentrations, the organically-treated bentonite (Tixoton) settled at a much slower rate and had a greater sedimentation volume. The suspensions of both organically-treated and untreated bentonites were stable (dispersed) above pH 7 and unstable in acidic conditions. The settling rate for Tixoton under acid conditions was much smaller than that for the Montigel-F. Differences in sedimentation characteristics between the two bentonite samples are probably due to the presence of an anionic polymer (carboxymethyl cellulose: CMC) in Tixoton.The viscosity of the bentonite suspensions was also studied. The viscosity of the clay suspension is closely related to clay dispersivity in solution. The CMC was highly effective in increasing the viscosity of the bentonite suspensions, but only under neutral and alkaline conditions.

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21

Aziz, A. A., R. G. de Kretser, D. R. Dixon, and P. J. Scales. "The characterisation of slurry dewatering." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 8 (April 1, 2000): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0136.

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The dewatering of flocculated suspensions presents a significant challenge to water and waste water processing operations world-wide. Traditionally the dewatering process is enhanced through the use of flocculants or a surface chemical modifier to draw together fine particles and increase settling rates and sediment permeabilities, however, present methods of gauging chemical performance are somewhat empirical. Recently, Landman and White developed a theory of suspension filtration which incorporates the compressibility and permeability of a sediment into a filtration diffusivity, D(φ). D(φ) is a material property used to calculate the time scale of a dewatering process from first principles for a given set of process conditions i.e. final desired solids concentration, applied pressure, initial sediment height. A model alumina system and an alum water treatment sludge have been used to show the effect of flocculation conditions on compressibility, permeability (determined from filtration experiments) and the diffusivity, D(φ).

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22

Bommireddi, A., L. C. Li, D. Stephens, D. Robinson, and E. Ginsburg. "Particle Size Determination of a Flocculated Suspension Using a Light-Scattering Particle Size Analyzer." Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 24, no. 11 (January 1998): 1089–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03639049809089954.

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23

Gotoh, Suguru, and Toyoharu Nawa. "On Rheological Approach to Estimate Fractal Dimension of Aggregate in Concentrated and Flocculated Suspension." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 40, no. 4 (2012): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology.40.157.

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24

Berres, S., R. Bürger, A. Coronel, and M. Sepúlveda. "Numerical identification of parameters for a flocculated suspension from concentration measurements during batch centrifugation." Chemical Engineering Journal 111, no. 2-3 (August 2005): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.02.005.

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25

Ives, K. J. "Filtration of clay suspensions through sand." Clay Minerals 22, no. 1 (March 1987): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1987.022.1.05.

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AbstractThe filtration of suspensions containing clay and other particles in water is a common process in drinking water treatment. Such filtration processes are very efficient, producing clear water containing less than 1 mg/l from suspensions with particle concentrations of up to 100 mg/l. This filtration is not straining, but a process of collection of clay particles on the sand surfaces in the pores. The clays may range in size from sub-micron to ∼20 µm, and may be flocculated, and are retained in pores ∼200 µm in size within sand grains ∼500 µm in diameter. The collection process has three principal components (i) transport of clay particles across laminar water streamlines by diffusion, gravity and hydrodynamic forces, (ii) attachment by electrical or van der Waals' forces with hydrodynamic forces intervening, (iii) detachment by fluid shear or instabilities caused by arriving particles. Mathematical and physical models relate suspension concentration, quantity of deposit and permeability to depth in a filter, and time of operation. Fibre-optic endoscopes with CCTV enable video recordings to be made of the behaviour of clay particles in the filter pores, at magnifications up to 500 ×.

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26

Pagnoux, Cécile, Nicolas Tessier-Doyen, Antoine Pringuet, Manuella Cerbelaud, and Pascual Garcia-Perez. "Influence of the suspension flocculated state on the microstructure of alumina spheres elaborated by colloidal granulation." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 29, no. 8 (May 2009): 1379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.09.007.

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27

Langer, Stefan J., Rudolf Klute, and Hermann H. Hahn. "Mechanisms of floc formation in sludge conditioning with polymers." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 8 (October 1, 1994): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0396.

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In flocculation of dilute suspensions a period of slow mixing is necessary to increase the probability of particle collisions that are necessary for flocculation to occur. When flocculating sludges, the collision frequency is so high that flocs are formed immediately after rapid mixing. However, controlled mixing of the flocculated sludge for some time period does improve dewaterability. The mechanisms that are involved have been studied in detail and the subject of this paper. The results show that after rapid mixing and initial floc formation there might still be polymer in solution, depending on polymer dose. Prolonged mixing results in breakage of large aggregates and in particle/floc surfaces that are not yet covered with polymers. Subsequently the excess polymer adsorbs onto these surfaces. From changes in sludge rheology one can see that within a period of about one half to one minute the bulk properties change dramatically. After the initial floc formation the suspension is in a state characterized by a three-dimensional network structure with strongly interacting, voluminous flocs. After the mixing period there are more discrete and less interacting flocs. Especially the properties of the filter cake from pressure filtration are then more favorable.

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28

Christensen, Morten Lykkegaard, Rasmus Rosenlund Petersen, and Lars Bjerg Jørgensen. "Simulation of sludge dewatering on belt filters." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 12 (June 1, 2010): 3162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.218.

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A mathematical model for belt filters was developed to determine optimum load rate and belt speed during drainage of flocculated biological sludge. Numerical simulations were performed for belt filters with and without plows, and the model fit experimental data well. Experiments showed that highly compressible cakes were formed during drainage, which was important. Due to cake compression, the final sludge dry matter content increased with load rates as long as the drainage time was sufficiently long. The dry matter content could be increased by stacking the cake at the end of the process. An optimum load rate was found. At high load rates, the drainage time was too short and the dry matter content decreased with load due to high cake resistance. The resistance could be lowered by mixing cake and suspension during the process.

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29

GOTO, Suguru, and Toyoharu NAWA. "PREDICTION FOR RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF CONCENTRATED AND FLOCCULATED SUSPENSION BASED ON FRACTAL AGGREGATE MODEL CONSIDERING AGGREGATION AND FRAGMENTATION." Cement Science and Concrete Technology 65, no. 1 (2011): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14250/cement.65.544.

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Avlani, Dhruti, Vaibhav Agarwal, Vansh Khattry, Gopa Roy Biswas, and Sutapa Biswas Majee. "EXPLORING PROPERTIES OF SWEET BASIL SEED MUCILAGE IN DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS AND SURFACTANT-FREE STABLE EMULSIONS." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2019v11i1.29877.

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Objective: The objective of the investigation was to isolate mucilage from sweet basil seeds and explore its physicochemical properties for the development of pharmaceutical suspensions and surfactant-free stable emulsions.Methods: Possible applications of sweet basil seed mucilage in the pharmaceutical field for dosage form development are being explored. The physicochemical and functional properties of the mucilage from the seeds of the Ocimum basilicum L. (Sweet basil) have been investigated for stabilization of suspensions and emulsions. The following analyses were performed: FTIR spectroscopy, phytochemical tests, XRD, swelling and rheological studies.Results: The analyses showed that the mucilage is rich in glucose, mannose, and xylose. High swelling index values varying from 100±10 to 200±13%, high water-holding capacity of 97.5±2.4 g/g mucilage and reasonable oil holding capacity of the mucilage (13.2±1.3 g/g mucilage) makes it an ideal candidate for utilization as viscosifier and stabilizer of suspensions and surfactant-free emulsions. Adult and paediatric paracetamol suspension formulations with 1%w/v mucilage have exhibited flocculated nature and good stability owing to its high sedimentation volume(F= 0.85-0.98) and good redispersibility. Sunflower oil emulsions prepared with 0.25%w/v mucilage demonstrated emulsion stability index of 105.714 on 5th day and extremely low creaming rate of 0.0004 cm/h thus confirming maximum stability compared to emulsions developed with 0.3-0.5% w/v mucilage.Conclusion: The mucilage isolated from Ocimum basilicum L. seeds may be regarded as a functional biomaterial for pharmaceutical use to ensure quality and stability of liquid dosage forms.

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31

Jin, Pengkang K., Xiaochang C. Wang, and Haixia Chai. "Evaluation of floc strength by morphological analysis and PDA online monitoring." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 10 (November 1, 2007): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.781.

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This paper established a method for the evaluation of floc strength by morphological analysis and PDA online monitoring. Theoretically, the binding force of a floc can be expressed as B=k1d2Df/3, where k1 is a coefficient, d is floc size and Df is the fractal dimension of the floc. In order to calculate the binding force under a given flocculation condition, a jar test was conducted and d and Df were measured by image analysis. A shear force was exerted on the grown flocs by introducing the flocculated suspension through a transparent tube where the velocity gradient value of the flow could be accurately controlled. As the tube was connected with a particle dispersion analyzer (PDA), the condition of floc breakage was online monitored and the critical condition was identified by analyzing the PDA outputs (FI curves). The binding force coefficient k1 could thus be determined, and the binding force B which represented the floc strength was evaluated. The validity of this method was proved by a series of experiments using aluminium sulphate as coagulant for the flocculation of humic substances.

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32

Zhou, Siping, and J. A. McCorquodale. "Mathematical modelling of a circular clarifier." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 3 (June 1, 1992): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-044.

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A numerical model has been developed to predict the velocity distribution and the concentration distribution for a nonuniform flocculated particle suspension for turbulent density stratified flow in secondary clarifiers. This model consists of a set of conservation equations for fluid mass and momentum and sediment concentration as well as a relationship for solids settling velocity. The turbulent stresses are calculated using the eddy-viscosity concept and the k-ε turbulence model. Since the strong local numerical instabilities near the reaction baffle lip, where the low-solids concentration surface return flow joins the high solids concentration bottom current, was successfully overcome in the iterative solution procedure, the calculation zone in this investigation can be extended to take into account the inlet zone of the clarifier. The model gave a satisfactory description of the influence of the density variations on the hydraulic regime and the solids concentration distribution in the clarifier. A good agreement was obtained between the experimental data and the numerical simulation. Key words: clarifier, numerical model, density stratification, turbulence.

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33

Leung, Wallace Woon-Fong. "Inferring in-situ floc size, predicting solids recovery, and scaling-up using the Leung number in separating flocculated suspension in decanter centrifuges." Separation and Purification Technology 171 (October 2016): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.07.010.

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34

Akers, R. J., A. G. Rushton, and J. I. T. Stenhouse. "Floc breakage: The dynamic response of the particle size distribution in a flocculated suspension to a step change in turbulent energy dissipation." Chemical Engineering Science 42, no. 4 (January 1987): 787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(87)80038-6.

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35

Seredkina, Olga R., Olesya V. Rakhimova, and Sergey V. Lanovetskiy. "INFLUENCE OF FLOCCULANT TYPE ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOCS IN CLAY-SALT SUSPENSIONS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 6 (May 13, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206306.6085.

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The results of studies on the effect of the flocculant type on the strength characteristics of floccules in clay-salt suspensions, obtained using a laser analyzer of particle size Lasentec D600L FBRM systems were presented in the article. The coefficients of strength and reduction of aggregates formed by polyacrylamide and its anionic and cationic copolymers were determined. Increasing the speed of mixing by using of polymers various types leads to the destruction of the formed aggregates in the flocculated suspension. The size of flocs induced by a cationic flocculant is reduced from 250 to 110 mm, for anionic and non-ionic flocculants - from 500 to 250 mm. The dependence of floc strength on the macromolecules adsorption mechanism on a solid surface was established. The decrease in hydrodynamic effects entails the partial restoration of floccules. It was shown that the recovery of flocs for all studied polymers was limited, which indicates a significant irreversibility of the aggregates destruction process. When using cationic flocculant, the ability to restore the aggregates is 2.5 times lower compared to anionic and non-ionic polymers. For nonionic and anionic polymers, the dependence of flocs coefficients of strength and recovery on the flocculant dosage was established. Dosage of cationic polymer does not affect these indicators. The dynamics of flocculation, destruction and reflocculation processes using various flocculants was considered. The influence of the charge type and polymer consumption on the mechanism of particles interaction was established. The potential possibility of using the obtained results to improve the technology of potassium chloride production at the stages of thickening and dehydrating clay-salt sludge was shown.

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36

Yu, Huarong, Fangshu Qu, Zijian Wu, Junguo He, Hongwei Rong, and Heng Liang. "Front-face fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (FF-EEM) for direct analysis of flocculated suspension without sample preparation in coagulation-ultrafiltration for wastewater reclamation." Water Research 187 (December 2020): 116452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116452.

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37

Ghazali, Muhamad Ezral Bin, Yanuar Argo, Harumichi Kyotoh, and Yasuhisa Adachi. "Effect of the concentration of NaCl and cylinder height on the sedimentation of flocculated suspension of Na-montmorillonite in the semi-dilute regime." Paddy and Water Environment 18, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10333-019-00783-6.

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38

Castillo, Claudia, Christian F. Ihle, and Ricardo I. Jeldres. "Chemometric Optimisation of a Copper Sulphide Tailings Flocculation Process in the Presence of Clays." Minerals 9, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100582.

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The presence of fine and ultra-fine gangue minerals in flotation plants can contribute to sub-optimal valuable ore recovery and incomplete water recycling from thickeners, with the performance of the latter equipment relying on adequate flocculation. In order to study the dependence of the flocculation process on the suspension-flocculant mixing conditions, a series of experiments—chosen using chemometric analysis—were carried out by varying mixing conditions, solid concentration, water salinity and flocculant dosage. To this purpose, two different tailings (both featuring coarse and fine content) were considered and a response surface methodology based on a Doehlert experimental design was used. The results suggest that the operational conditions to optimise the flocculated tailings settling rate and the suspended solids that report to a thickener overflow are not necessarily the same. This is a reasonable outcome, given that the settling rate depends on the coarse aggregates generated in the slurry, while the overflow solids content is governed both by either fine particle content (and its characteristics) or small aggregates. It is inferred that to maximise dewatering performance two stages should be involved—a separate treatment of the thickener overflow to remove fine content and thickening at optimal flocculant dosage to enhance this process.

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39

Osasa, Kunihisa, Masao Sambuichi, and Hideo Nakakura. "Electroflotation of flocculated suspensions." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 12, no. 2 (1986): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.12.206.

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40

Moodley, M., M. A. Johnston, J. C. Hughes, and L. W. Titshall. "Effects of a water treatment residue, lime, gypsum, and polyacrylamide on the water retention and hydraulic conductivity of two contrasting soils under field conditions in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Soil Research 42, no. 3 (2004): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03045.

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Water treatment residue (WTR), a waste by-product of the 'drinking' water treatment industry, consists mainly of clay and fine silt flocculated out of suspension by chemicals such as polyelectrolytes and aluminium sulfate. This residue was disposed of almost exclusively in landfill, but land treatment is increasingly being seen as a possible alternative for this form of waste. A key concern, however, is that should the WTR decompose to its constituent fractions, this could cause blockage of pores and decrease the hydraulic properties of soil. To test this hypothesis, 2 field experiments were established on physically contrasting soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Application rates from 0 to 1280 Mg/ha of WTR were compared with amendments of lime, gypsum, and polyacrylamide to determine their effects on water retention and hydraulic conductivity. Although after 3 years at one experiment and 2 years at the second differences between the WTR treatments were measurable, only the 1280�Mg/ha application rate was significantly different from the control. The chemical amendments that were applied purely as comparative treatments had no significant influence on either water retention or hydraulic conductivity. Neither soil showed any difference in readily available water content. The experiments showed that, in both soil types, the WTR increased water retention and hydraulic conductivity but that improvement in both of these properties was only significant at the 1280 Mg/ha application rate. Thus, very high amounts of WTR must be added to affect these physical properties of soils.

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41

Lawler, D. F., and J. A. Nason. "The scientific basis of flocculator design." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0708.

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A new guideline for the design of flocculators is proposed. This guideline is to design continuous flow flocculators on the basis of the characteristic reaction time for the loss of one micrometre particles in the suspension. The most commonly used guideline at the present time is that of Camp, but later proposals by Ives and O'Melia expanded the Camp guideline and incorporated more complete knowledge of flocculation. The suggestion here continues that process, by accounting explicitly for the heterodisperse nature of typical suspensions and the multiple collision mechanisms for particles in determining a characteristic reaction time. While the historical guidelines have served the water treatment industry well for reasonably similar size distributions in waters destabilized by precipitating metal hydroxides, the proposed guideline should be more robust in considering other suspensions. In particular, the new guideline can account explicitly for the effects of nanoparticles on flocculation.

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Chen, Zhou, Yong Yang, Tengzhou Xu, Junfeng Hu, and Shaoqiang Liu. "Morphologies and characteristic of glass fiber suspensions basing on various beating speeds." Materials Express 9, no. 9 (December 1, 2019): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2019.1609.

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Glass fibers commonly flocculate in suspensions and slurries, which can be largely prevented by a beating process. In this paper, morphologies and characteristics of glass fiber suspensions resulting from various beating speeds are explored. By increasing the speed (ranging from 1500 revolutions to 12000 revolutions), glass fibers can be translated, rotated, bended and broken, which leads the drainage resistances of glass fiber suspensions increase dramatically from 19.5 °SR to 23.5 °SR, then fluctuate and settle close to 22.5 °SR. Decreasing the fiber length leads to reduction in fiber–fiber contact and improves the uniformity of fiber suspensions. The separation and random distribution of glass fibers decreases in the viscosity of the fiber suspension.

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43

Sanin, F. Dilek, and P. Aarne Vesilind. "Effect of centrifugation on the removal of extracellular polymers and physical properties of activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 8 (October 1, 1994): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0394.

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Activated sludge is a flocculated suspension of living and dead microorganisms enmeshed together in a polymer matrix along with some organic and inorganic materials. Extracellular polymers, main components of which are the polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids, act as a protective barrier to the living microbial community, and give the floc its integrity and rigidity. These polymers have been found to affect the dewatering and settling characteristics of activated sludge. Even though they were studied considerably in the past there is not a complete understanding of the relationship between the amount of polymer and changes in the physical properties of sludge. The purpose of this research is to observe the effects of centrifugal force on the extraction of the extracellular polymers from an activated sludge and to correlate the amount of polymer extracted to the subsequent physical properties of the sludge. Centrifugal forces of 2000, 5000, 8000, 11,000, 14,000, and 16,500 G were tested for their effects on the amount of extracellular polymer collected, as well as the final properties of sludge like viscosity, filterability, compactability and supernatant turbidity. Results were evaluated in comparison to those of an uncentrifuged control waste activated sludge. Removal of extracellular polymers seems to affect the viscosity of activated sludge. Filterability, as measured by the capillary suction time instrument, was affected by the extraction of polymers to a great degree. Results of the independent tests correlated well with each other and with the amount of polymers extracted. Results of this study have important implications on sludge pumping and dewatering.

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44

Goodwin, James W., and Paul A. Reynolds. "The rheology of flocculated suspensions." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 3, no. 4 (August 1998): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(98)80056-3.

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45

Landman, Kerry A., Lee R. White, and Maria Eberl. "Pressure filtration of flocculated suspensions." AIChE Journal 41, no. 7 (July 1995): 1687–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410709.

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46

Otsubo, Yasufumi. "Dilatant flow of flocculated suspensions." Langmuir 8, no. 9 (September 1992): 2336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la00045a043.

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47

Otsubo, Yasufumi, and Koichiro Watanabe. "Dynamic viscoelasticity of flocculated suspensions." Colloids and Surfaces 41 (January 1989): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(89)80060-5.

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48

Tsutsumi, Atsushi, Kunio Yoshida, Masayuki Yui, Satoru Kanamori, and Kazuhiro Shibata. "Shear viscosity behavior of flocculated suspensions." Powder Technology 78, no. 2 (February 1994): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(93)02800-p.

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49

Scales, Peter J., Ashish Kumar, Ben B. G. van Deventer, Anthony D. Stickland, and Shane P. Usher. "Compressional dewatering of flocculated mineral suspensions." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 93, no. 3 (January 29, 2015): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.22137.

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50

Goodwin, J. W., R. W. Hughes, S. J. Partridge, and C. F. Zukoski. "The elasticity of weakly flocculated suspensions." Journal of Chemical Physics 85, no. 1 (July 1986): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451580.

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