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1
Richardson, Mark Damian. "Dynamically installed anchors for floating offshore structures." University of Western Australia. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0230.
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The gradual depletion of shallow water hydrocarbon deposits has forced the offshore oil and gas industry to develop reserves in deeper waters. Dynamically installed anchors have been proposed as a cost-effective anchoring solution for floating offshore structures in deep water environments. The rocket or torpedo shaped anchor is released from a designated drop height above the seafloor and allowed to penetrate the seabed via the kinetic energy gained during free-fall and the anchors self weight. Dynamic anchors can be deployed in any water depth and the relatively simple fabrication and installation procedures provide a significant cost saving over conventional deepwater anchoring systems. Despite use in a number of offshore applications, information regarding the geotechnical performance of dynamically installed anchors is scarce. Consequently, this research has focused on establishing an extensive test database through the modelling of the dynamic anchor installation process in the geotechnical centrifuge. The tests were aimed at assessing the embedment depth and subsequent dynamic anchor holding capacity under various loading conditions. Analytical design tools, verified against the experimental database, were developed for the prediction of the embedment depth and holding capacity.
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Nobakhti, Abbas. "Articulations in floating arrays." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251819.
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Fitzgerald, Colm J. "Time-domain simulations for floating structures." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14475.
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In this thesis numerical and analytical investigations of wave-structure interactions are conducted within the linearised theory of water waves. The primary objective of the thesis was to develop a numerical time-domain solution method capable of simulating wave-structure interactions in three-dimensions involving axisymmetric structures. Although the solution method was developed for three-dimensional problems, many two-dimensional interactions were also simulated using an existing time-domain solution method. The numerical method for obtaining the solution of the time-domain water wave problem combines a cubic spline boundary element method (BEM) which yields a solution to the boundary integral equation with a time-stepping algorithm to advance the solution in time. The assumption regarding the axisymmetric nature of the structural geometry results in significant simplifications of the governing boundary integral equation and allows the existing BEM implementation for two-dimensional problems to be used as the basis for the solution method. The time-advancement algorithm was implemented such that radiation, scattering and floating body interactions can be simulated. Despite the focus on the time-domain investigations, the interactions were also considered in the frequency-domain to complement the time-domain results and for the purposes of verification. The analytical frequency-domain investigations are particularly relevant to highly resonant interactions where the response of the fluid and structure is related to the location of the resonance in the complex frequency plane. The complementary frequency-domain analysis was utilised in the development of a damped harmonic oscillator model to approximate the transient fluid motions in resonant scattering interactions. Passive trapped modes which can be supported by both fixed and floating structures were discovered in frequency-domain uniqueness investigations in the water-wave problem for a floating structure and their existence was confirmed in both two and three dimensions using time-domain excitation simulations. Finally, the time-domain BEM code was utilised to simulate various wave-structure interactions of practical interest.
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Lubbad, Raed Khalil. "Some Aspects of Arctic Offshore Floating Structures." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12334.
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The present work highlights some aspects related to the analyses of Arctic offshore floating structures. This thesis consists of five papers, which can be divided into two main categories. One category deals with the dynamics of slender structures with an emphasis on the prediction and suppression of vortex induced vibrations (VIV), and the other category examines the process of interaction between sloping structures and sea ice with focus on developing a numerical model to simulate this process in real time. Slender structures, such as mooring lines and marine risers, are very important for the offshore petroleum industry, which is currently approaching deeper waters. Increasingly, attention has been focused on predicting the susceptibility of these structures to VIV. In this thesis, two asymptotic techniques namely, the local analysis and the WKB methods, were used to derive closed-form solutions for the natural frequencies and mode shapes of slender line-like structures. Both the top-tensioned nearly-vertical configuration and the catenary configuration were considered. The accuracy of the solutions derived was established through comparison with other analytic solution techniques and with results of numerical finite element solutions. The effects of the bending stiffness and the effects of approximating the tension variation as a linear function were discussed. Experimental data on the multi-modal in-line and cross-flow response behaviour of a towed catenary model were analysed to examine the usefulness of the solutions for predicting the response frequencies and envelopes due to VIV. Helical strakes are often used as a mitigating measure to suppress the VIV of slender structures. This thesis presented an innovative method to fit ropes helically to a riser in the installation phase. Such a procedure will help to overcome the handling problem associated with the use of conventional sharp-edged strakes. Experimental investigations were then performed to verify the efficiency of these ropes (round-sectioned helical strakes) in suppressing VIV. Systematic experimental investigations including twenty-eight configurations of round-sectioned helical strakes were tested in an attempt to find the most suitable strake configuration. The effects of varying pitch, the surface roughness and the ratio between the cross-flow and in-line natural frequencies on the efficiency of the proposed configuration of round-sectioned helical strakes were also investigated. The process of interaction between sea ice and offshore sloping structures (e.g., conical structures and ship-shaped structures) is quite complex. Modelling this process is very demanding and often computationally expensive, which typically hinders the chances for realtime simulations. This kind of simulation can be very useful for training personnel for Arctic offshore operations and procedures, for analysing the efficiency of various ice management concepts and as a part of the onboard support systems for station keeping. The challenge of meeting the real-time criterion was overcome in the present work. This thesis developed a numerical model to simulate the process of interaction between sea ice and sloping structures in real time. In this model, only level- and broken-ice features were studied. New analytical closed-form solutions were established and used to represent the ice breaking process. PhysX was used for the first time to solve the equations of rigid body motions with six degrees of freedom for all ice floes in the calculation domain. The results of the simulator were validated against experimental data from model-scale and full-scale tests. Accurate predictions of ice actions are also vital to optimise the design of the structures in the Arctic regions. A good understanding of the role of seawater in the process of interaction between the sloping structures and level ice will help to establish reliable models to estimate the ice forces. This work formulated both the static and dynamic bending problems for a floating wedge-shaped ice beam interacting with an offshore sloping structure. For the dynamic interaction, the effects of the water foundation on the bending failure of the ice were studied by comparing the results of an elastohydrodynamic approach with a model of a Winkler foundation. The thesis also investigated the breaking lengths of the ice wedges (i.e., the frequency of the ice loads) as a function of the ice thickness, the compression in the ice and the acceleration of the interaction.
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Kathiroli, S. "Optimisation of members of floating offshore structures." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235703.
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Carter, Benjamin. "Water-wave propagation through very large floating structures." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12031.
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Proposed designs for Very Large Floating Structures motivate us to understand water-wave propagation through arrays of hundreds, or possibly thousands, of floating structures. The water-wave problems we study are each formulated under the usual conditions of linear wave theory. We study the frequency-domain problem of water-wave propagation through a periodically arranged array of structures, which are solved using a variety of methods. In the first instance we solve the problem for a periodically arranged infinite array using the method of matched asymptotic expansions for both shallow and deep water; the structures are assumed to be small relative to the wavelength and the array periodicity, and may be fixed or float freely. We then solve the same infinite array problem using a numerical approach, namely the Rayleigh-Ritz method, for fixed cylinders in water of finite depth and deep water. No limiting assumptions on the size of the structures relative to other length scales need to be made using this method. Whilst we aren t afforded the luxury of explicit approximations to the solutions, we are able to compute diagrams that can be used to aid an investigation into negative refraction. Finally we solve the water-wave problem for a so-called strip array (that is, an array that extends to infinity in one horizontal direction, but is finite in the other), which allows us to consider the transmission and reflection properties of a water-wave incident on the structures. The problem is solved using the method of multiple scales, under the assumption that the evolution of waves in a horizontal direction occurs on a slower scale than the other time scales that are present, and the method of matched asymptotic expansions using the same assumptions as for the infinite array case.
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Zhang, Yahui. "Response statistics of a floating vessel in spreading seas." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609145.
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Lui, Tin-pak. "Modular floating factory experimental offshore building components prefabrication /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31987205.
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Mazaheri, Said. "Response based analysis of an FPSO due to arbitrary wave, wind and current loads." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289168.
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Ngai, Siu-kit Joanna. "Floating outdoor museum : journey through the historical path of Macau /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34613626.
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Fernandez, Rodriguez Emmanuel. "Analysis of floating support structures for marine and wind energy." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/analysis-of-floating-support-structures-for-marine-and-wind-energy(f4870ce2-b8b5-4c7e-ba7e-f91a1d3c4bc9).html.
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Bed connected support structures such as monopiles are expected to be impractical for water depths greater than 30 m and so there is increasing interest in alternative structure concepts to enable cost-effective deployment of wind and tidal stream turbines. Floating, moored platforms supporting multiple rotors are being considered for this purpose. This thesis investigates the dynamic response of such floating structures, taking into account the coupling between loading due to both turbulent flow and waves and the dynamic response of the system. The performance and loading of a single rotor in steady and quasi-steady flows are quantified with a Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) code. This model is validated for steady flow against published data for two 0.8 m diameter rotors (Bahaj, Batten, et al., 2007; Galloway et al., 2011) and a 0.27 m diameter rotor (Whelan and Stallard, 2011). Time-averaged coefficients of thrust and power measured by experiment in steady turbulent flow were in agreement with BEMT predictions over a range of angular speeds. The standard deviation of force on the rotor is comparable to that on a porous grid for comparable turbulence characteristics. Drag and added mass coefficients are determined for a porous disc forced to oscillate normal to the rotor plane in quiescent flow and in the streamwise axis in turbulent flow. Added mass is negligible for the Keulegan Carpenter number range considered ( less than 1). The drag coefficient in turbulent flow was found to decay exponentially with number, to 2±10% for values greater than 0.5. These coefficients were found to be in good agreement with those for a rotor in the same turbulent flow with disc drag coefficient within 12.5% for less than 0.65. An extreme-value analysis is applied to the measured time-varying thrust due to turbulent flow and turbulent flow with waves to obtain forces with 1%, 0.1% and 0.01% probability of exceedance during operating conditions. The 1% exceedance force in turbulent flow with turbulence intensity of 12% is around 40% greater than the mean thrust. The peak force in turbulent flow with opposing waves was predicted to within 6% by superposition of the extreme force due to turbulence only with a drag force based on the relative wave-induced velocity at hub-height estimated by linear wave theory and with drag coefficient of 2.0. Response of a floating structure in surge and pitch is studied due to both wave- forcing on the platform defined by the linear diffraction code WAMIT and due to loading of the operating turbine defined by a thrust coefficient and drag coefficient. Platform response can either increase or decrease the loading on the rotor and this was dependant on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the support platform. A reduction of the force on the rotor is attained when the phase difference between the wave force on the support and the surface elevation is close to ± and when the damping of the support is increased. For a typical support and for a wave condition with phase difference close to , the 1% rotor forces were reduced by 8% when compared to the force obtained with a rotor supported on a stiff tower.
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Sönmez, Nurcan. "Investigating Wind Data and Configuration of Wind Turbines for a Turning Floating Platform." Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-148957.
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Wake interactions on a floating platform for offshore wind energy applications were investigated.The study is performed in collaboration with Hexicon AB which has a patent family for innovative floating platforms, which are able to turn automatically. The Jensen model is used for wake effect calculations and the simulations were performed in MATLAB. The present study starts with wind speed and wind direction data analysis for the specific site that Hexicon AB plans to construct its first platform. Data analysis is followed by wake interaction studies for H4-24MW type Hexicon AB platform. Wake interaction simulations were performed for three different cases. Fixed turbine and platform, Nacelle yawing and fixed platform and Nacelle yawing and turned platform. Different cases were investigated in order to see wake interactions for different wind directions. Wind direction effect on wake interactions were performed between _90_ and 90_ with an increment of 10_. After having the simulation results for Nacelle yawing and turned platform case the results were compared with ANSYS - CFX simulations results. The results didn’t match exactly but they were very close, which is an indicator to the validity of the Jensen Model. After finding out the possible behavior of wake interactions for different wind directions, power calculations were performed for the same three cases. In order to perform the power calculations the wake interactions for different wind directions were taken into account. In case of platform turning it was assumed that power losses were caused both by wake interactions and in case of thrusters activation. The losses that would be caused by different thrust forces on the turbine blades were not included. The last study was performed to suggest different layouts. In the second case, Nacelle yawing and fixed platform, it was found out that nacelle yawing for most of the angles is not possible because it creates wake regions in front of the rotor area. It was decided to propose new turbine configurations on the platform which are tolerant to different nacelle yawing angles. The simulations were run without considering any constructions limitations, meaning that the availability of platform structure was not included. The study is ended by performing some probabilistic results for platform turning behavior.
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Wong, Yanyi Liu. "Adaptation in standard CMOS processes with floating gate structures and techniques." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6788.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Electrical Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Nwogu, Okey. "Analysis of fixed and floating structures in random multi-directional waves." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29255.
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Offshore structures have traditionally been designed on the assumption of long-crested or uni-directional incident waves. Realistic sea states are however short-crested or multidirectional with a distribution of wave energy over both frequency and direction. The present thesis investigates the influence of the directional spreading of wave energy on the forces on fixed structures and motions of floating structures. The work is both theoretical and experimental, with the experiments carried out at the multi-directional wave basin of the Hydraulics Laboratory at the National Research Council in Ottawa.
Different methods of estimating directional wave spectra are evaluated using numerically synthesized time series of the water surface elevation and horizontal orbital velocities at a single location, and the maximum entropy method is found to provide the best directional resolution. The maximum entropy method is developed further to estimate directional wave spectra from an array of wave probes.
Expressions are developed for the spectral densities of the inline and transverse components of the force on a slender cylinder in random multi-directional waves, and for the probability distribution of the peaks of the corresponding resultant force. The former are based on a linearization of the Morison equation, while the latter is based on the assumption of a narrow-band spectrum. Experiments were carried out to measure the forces on a segmented vertical cylinder in random multi-directional waves. The theoretical expressions for the force spectral density and probability distribution match the measured data reasonably well. Reduction factors relating the forces in short-crested seas to the forces in long-crested seas are also presented. Experiments were also carried out with a moored floating barge in regular and random multi-directional waves. The experiments show an increase of the sway, roll, and yaw motions due to directional spreading, and a slight reduction of the pitch and first order surge motions. The second order, low frequency surge motions are however significantly reduced in multi-directional waves. Linear diffraction theory is used to predict the transfer functions for the first order surge, heave, and pitch motions of the barge. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the measured and predicted first order transfer functions. A procedure to compute the spectral density of the second order drift forces in multi-directional waves based on the concept of a bi-frequency, bi-directional quadratic transfer function is also presented.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Fakher, Sundes Juma. "Advanced study of pentacene-based organic memory structures." Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/advanced-study-of-pentacenebased-organic-memory-structures(5319a571-2c4c-4f90-a26c-fa5e7da82cfb).html.
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A systematic approach has been used to optimise the fabrication process of pentacene-based nonvolatile organic thin film memory transistors (OTFMTs) operating at low programming voltages. In the first part of this work, reliable, reproducible and hysteresis free organic metal-insulator-semiconductor (OMIS) devices and organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) were fabricated and characterised. All devices were based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(vinyl phenol) (PVP) as the organic insulators. The second part of this work focused on optimising the evaporation parameters to fabricate high-performance pentacene-based devices. About 50 nm thickness of pentacene film with a deposition rate of 0.03 nm s-1 on ~ 300 nm of PMMA was found to produce large, uniform and condense grains leading to high quality devices. OTFTs with high mobility of 1.32 cm2 V−1 s−1, on/off current ratio of 106, and negligible hysteresis and leakage current were demonstrated. The effect of the environment on the OTFTs obehaviour was also investigated. The bias stress effect was also investigated in terms of threshold voltage shift ΔVT at various conditions and times. The results show ΔVT increases with the increase of stress voltage. A negligible hysteresis is evident between the forward and reverse direction of the transfer characteristics and the shape of the transfer characteristics does not change with the bias stress. Floating gate memory structures with thin layer of gold, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were fabricated and characterised during this investigation. Hysteresis in memory structures was a clear indication of the memory effect and charge storage in these devices. Also, the hysteresis was centred close to 0 V for SWCNTs-based structures, which indicate that a low operation voltage is needed to charge the devices. A memory window of about 40 V was observed for AuNPs-based memory devices based on PVP; while the memory windows for devices based on PMMA with thin layer of Au and AuNPs floating gates were 22 V and 32 V, respectively. The electrical properties of the OTFMTs were improved by the use of the Au nanoparticles as the floating gate compared with that of an Au thin film. Using appropriate negative or positive voltages, the floating gate was charged and discharged, resulting in a clear shift in the threshold voltage of the memory transistors. Negative and positive pulses of 1 V resulted in clear write and erase states, respectively. Additionally, these organic memory transistors exhibited rather high carrier mobility of about μ = 0.319 cm2 V-1 s-1. Furthermore the data retention and endurance measurements confirmed the non-volatile memory properties of the memory devices fabricated in this study.
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Lui, Tin-pak, and 雷天柏. "Modular floating factory: experimental offshore building components prefabrication." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31987205.
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Vivekanandhan, Bagya. "Analysis on experimental and numerical modelling of floating structures using cfd codes." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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This research is focused on the study and analysis of dynamics of floating bodies. The research is carried out in two stages, an experimental process followed by a numerical process. At the first stage, Experimental tests were performed in the wave flume of the Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering at DICAM, University of Bologna. Two prototypes of floating bodies, a cylinder and a barge, were tested for catenary and spring mooring systems under regular and irregular wave conditions. For each tested wave, the wave-structure interaction was measured by means of wave gauges and the dynamic motion of the structure is observed by means of two GOPRO cameras, recording the movement of the object from the top side of the flume and from the lateral side. The second stage is begun with an numerical analysis that is implemented by means of a numerical model which is primarily based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The same wave conditions as used in the experimental tests are modeled using OpenFOAM, an open source platform for CFD practices. The OpenFOAM model includes a mesh of a wave flume within which a dynamic mesh is meshed. The role of this dynamic mesh is to contain the floating body and set boundaries for the motion of the floating body. The movements of the floating body with respect to the dynamic mesh is observed. The refinement of the Meshes plays a significant role in the simulation. BlockMesh refinement plays a vital role in the simulations. The OpenFOAM model is sensitive to the refinement of the meshes, hence, the overset mesh and the primary mesh are made sure to be of the equal refinement in order to obtain an accurate result.
At the end of the simulation, the experimental and numerical results from first and the second stage respectively are compared for an advance understanding of the wave-structure behavior under the given boundary conditions.
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Yan, Shiqiang. "Numerical simulation of nonlinear response of moored floating structures to steep waves." Thesis, City University London, 2006. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8501/.
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This thesis presents a newly developed Quasi Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Finite Element Method (QALE-FEM) for numerically simulating wave-body interaction problems based on the fully nonlinear potential theory. The boundary value problem in this model is solved by a finite element method (FEM). The main difference between this method and the conventional FEM is that the complex mesh is generated only once at the beginning of the calculation and is moved at all other time steps in order to conform to the motion of the free surface and structures. This feature allows one to use an unstructured mesh with any degree of complexity without the need of regenerating it every time step, which is generally inevitable and very costly. Due to this feature, the QALE-FEM has high computational efficiency when applied to problems associated with the complex interaction between large steep waves and structures since the use of an unstructured mesh in such a case is likely to be necessary. In order to achieve overall high efficiency, some numerical techniques, including the method to move interior nodes, the technique to redistribute the nodes on the free surface, the scheme to calculate velocities, are developed. To overcome the difficulty associated with the force and acceleration of freeresponse floating bodies, an ISITIMFB (Iterative Semi-Implicit Time Integration Method for Floating Bodies) iterative procedure is developed. The developed QALE-FEM method is applied to simulate the waves generated by a wavemaker and their interaction with sandbars on the seabed, waves generated by a floating body in forced motion, the response of a 2D or 3D freely floating body to a steep wave. Some of the results have been validated by analytical solutions, experimental data and numerical results from other methods. Satisfactory agreements are achieved. The convergence properties of this model in cases with or without floating bodies are all investigated. The nonlinearities associated with different cases are investigated. The mesh quality is also investigated using either qualitative or quantitative methods. The results show the mesh quality during long-period simulation is retained. The efficiency of the QALE-FEM method is finally discussed and compared with other methods. It is concluded that the QALE-FEM method is 10 times faster than the conventional FEM method in case with unstructured mesh and at least 7 times faster than the fast BEM methods for the fully nonlinear waves.
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Kazemi, Saeid. "Air gap response and potential deck impact analysis of floating offshore structures." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435637.
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Roth, Sherin. "THE POTENTIAL OF WATER - A CITY PLANNING PROJECT EXPLORING THE POSSIBILITIES OF FLOATING STRUCTURES." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298811.
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This project investigates the possibilities of building on water as a way to add valuable land to dense cities. By utilizing floating structures, I have made a proposal for a new city district on the water outside of Fisksätra, a suburb located 30 minutes east of Stockholm. My ambition was to create a diverse and lively area with business and dwellings that cater to people in all stages of life. The proposal stretches along the western coast of Fisksätra creating a connection between the center of the suburb and a neighboring town as well as making that stretch of the coast accessible for the public. Increasing the access to the water and the coastline has been one of the main goals of the project and the proposal has been made with the ambition to open up the water for both the inhabitants of the new district and the rest of Fisksätra.
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Yaghin, Mohammad Ali Lotfollahi. "Joint probabilities of responses to wave induced loads on monohull floating offshore structures." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/687.
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Ngai, Siu-kit Joanna, and 魏小潔. "Floating outdoor museum: journey through the historical path of Macau." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4500965X.
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Lau, S. M. "3D hydrodynamic analysis of first and second order forces on free floating structures with forward speed." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378314.
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Crema, Ilaria [Verfasser], and Hocine [Akademischer Betreuer] Oumeraci. "Oscillating water column wave energy converters integrated in very large floating structures / Ilaria Crema ; Betreuer: Hocine Oumeraci." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1175815357/34.
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CRIPE, BENJAMIN IAN. "ENERGY OF THE SEA: AN OFFSHORE MARINE RESEARCH FACILITY." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1179168023.
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Zhang, Jian. "Hydrodynamic behavior of packed-bed reactors on a floating platform : liquid distribution and drainage dynamics." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68634.
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Pour combler l'écart entre l'augmentation de la demande énergétique et l'épuisement de la production d'hydrocarbures onshore, l'exploitation des hydrocarbures offshore est de plus en plus envisagée, en particulier les gisements de gaz / pétrole dans les eaux plus profondes. En attendant, un grand nombre d'unités de traitement déployées pour la production d'hydrocarbures doivent respecter les contraintes environnementales conçues pour la protection maritime. Les systèmes tels que les réacteurs et les épurateurs à lit fixe embarqués deviennent inévitablement l'une des options les plus prometteuses pour atteindre ces deux objectifs. De nombreux efforts dans la littérature pour dévoiler l'hydrodynamique de l'écoulement multiphasé dans les lits garnis révèlent que des défis persistent soit dans leur conception / mise à l'échelle, soit dans leurs opérations. De plus, exposer ces réacteurs à des conditions marines difficiles telles que la convolution de la dynamique des navires et de l'hydrodynamique à l'intérieur des réacteurs à lit fixe conduit à des situations encore plus compliquées pour maintenir des performances de fonctionnement acceptables dans les conditions flottantes. Un grand nombre de preuves issues de la littérature a jusqu'à présent mis en évidence l'échec des colonnes garnies avec des garnissages aléatoires, des garnissages structurés ou des mousses à alvéoles ouvertes, pour empêcher la maldistribution des liquides dans les lits fixes destinés à fonctionner à bord de navires ou de platesformes flottantes. Les efforts de recherche doivent donc se poursuivre dans le but de trouver des composants internes robustes et capables de résilience contre la maldistribution des liquides dans les réacteurs / unités de séparation gaz-liquide. Ce projet de doctorat s’est proposé des recherches visant dans un premier temps de tester des internes disponibles commercialement pouvant préserver des performances similaires à celles des unités terrestres classiques. Au meilleur de notre connaissance, la sensibilité et la susceptibilité des réacteurs monolithes à une mauvaise distribution soumis à des conditions offshore n'ont pas encore été étudiées. Plutôt que de se concentrer uniquement sur une étude des lits monolithiques, le chapitre 1 opte pour une campagne expérimentale plus large comprenant un garnissage aléatoire et un garnissage en mousse à cellules ouvertes pour des comparaisons systématiques de la distribution des liquides en conditions flottantes. La distribution liquide des colonnes embarquées garnies de divers garnissages et pour une large plage de débit gaz / liquide est systématiquement comparée à l'aide d'un capteur à treillis métallique (WMS) et d'un émulateur hexapode à six degrés de liberté. La vraisemblance de conditions météorologiques extracôtières rudes pourrait menacer la sureté de l'exploitation des lits fixes, en particulier dans des situations extrêmes telles que des cyclones, des épisodes d'icebergs, etc. Pour assurer la sécurité du personnel et des installations, l’opération des colonnes garnies à bord doit être immédiatement interrompue pour éviter des problèmes de sécurité critiques sous de telles circonstances. Par conséquent, la base de connaissances sur la dynamique de drainage des liquides dans les lits flottants est iv essentielle pour assurer une vidange rapide du liquide. Néanmoins, l'étude de la dynamique du drainage liquide des lits fixes en conditions flottantes est à tout le moins rare. Par conséquent, le chapitre 2 se propose de comparer expérimentalement le drainage du liquide dans des colonnes garnies dans les conditions marines à celui observé dans une colonne statique verticale à l’instar des applications terrestres. En dehors de cela, l'influence des mouvements du navire (par exemple, cavalement, embardée, pilonnement, roulis, tangage, et lacet) à différentes amplitudes et périodes d'oscillation sur la dynamique de drainage des liquides est étudiée pour approfondir nos connaissances. Parallèlement à l'étude expérimentale, un modèle numérique Euler-Euler transitoire et en trois dimensions est utilisé en complément pour tenter de prédire la dynamique du drainage des liquides dans les lits flottants. D'autres facteurs susceptibles d'affecter la dynamique de drainage sont analysés par la simulation numérique. Ainsi, le chapitre 3 met en évidence l'influence globale des propriétés des liquides, de la structure du lit et des types de mouvement associé à la sollicitation marine. Par ailleurs, la campagne expérimentale en fournissant des données mesurables a permis de valider le modèle dans les conditions de roulis et de tangage testées au laboratoire.To fill the gap between increasing energy demand and depletion of onshore hydrocarbon production, offshore hydrocarbon exploitation is increasingly contemplated especially the gas/oil fields in the deeper water. Meantime, large amount of deployed processing units for hydrocarbon productions must comply with the environmental codes designated for maritime protection. Systems such as embarked packed-bed reactors and scrubbers inevitably become one of the most promising options to achieve both purposes. Numerous efforts in literature to unveil the hydrodynamics of multiphase flow in packed beds reveal that challenges persist either in their design/scale-up or during the operations. Moreover, exposing these reactors to harsh marine conditions such as the convolution of ship dynamics and hydrodynamics inside packed-bed reactors leads to even more complex situations to maintain the proper operation performance of packed-bed reactors under floating conditions. A lot of evidence from literature has pointed out the failure of random and structured packings and open-cell foams, to prevent liquid maldistribution in packed beds destined to operate on-board sailing ships and floating platforms. Research efforts must therefore continue in the quest for robust internals capable of resilience against liquid maldistribution in gas-liquid reactors/separation units. The proposed Ph.D. research aims at firstly following a sound path to adapt commercially existing internals being capable of preserving performance similar to landbased packed beds. To the best of literature exploring, the sensitivity and susceptibility of monolith reactors to maldistribution subjected to offshore conditions have yet to be investigated. Rather than focusing on a study of monolith beds alone, Chapter 1 opts for a broader experimental campaign including a random packing and an open-cell foam packing for the sake of systematic comparisons of the liquid distribution under floating conditions. Liquid distribution of embarked columns packed with various internals under wide gas/liquid flow range is systematically compared with the assistance of wire mesh sensor (WMS) and six-degree-of-freedom emulator hexapod. Severe offshore weather conditions threaten the operation safety of floating packed beds especially encountering extreme situations such as cyclone, iceberg episodes and so forth. To ensure the safety of staff and facilities, the onboard packed columns must be immediately shutdown to avoid critical safety concerns under such circumstances. Therefore, knowledgebase of liquid draining dynamics in floating packed beds is the essence to ensure timely discharge of liquid. Nevertheless, the study regarding liquid drainage dynamics of packed beds under floating conditions is scarce to say the least. Then, Chapter 2 compares liquid draining of packed columns embarking on floating platforms with static land-based one experimentally. Other than that, the influence of ship motions (e.g., roll, roll & pitch, heave etc.) with different oscillation amplitudes and periods on liquid draining dynamics is investigated to deepen the insights. vi In parallel with the experimental study, a 3D transient Euler-Euler CFD model is employed as a supplementary analysis to further deepen the understanding of liquid drainage dynamics in floating packed beds. More factors possibly affecting the draining dynamics are exploited by numerical simulation. Consequently, Chapter 3 highlights the comprehensive influence of liquid properties, bed structure and moving types instead of focusing on impact of movements alone. Meanwhile, with sufficient body of experimental campaign, the validity and accuracy of model are strongly endorsed.
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Douteau, Louis. "CFD simulation with anisotropic mesh adaptation : application to floating offshore wind turbines." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDN0003.
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Le calcul des performances et des efforts appliqués sur une éolienne offshore est actuellement réalisé à l'aide d’outils basés sur des approches quasi-statiques. Ces approches sont intéressantes pour leur vitesse de calcul, elles sont cependant perfectibles suivant la méthode de mise en oeuvre et suivant les cas de chargement étudiés. Une approche alternative consiste à utiliser la modélisation CFD. Cette thèse s’intéresse à des méthodes d’une haute précision, ayant le potentiel de fournir des écoulements et efforts précis. La plateforme logicielle hautement parallélisée ICI-tech est utilisée dans cette thèse. Elle se base sur une résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes dans une approche multi-échelle, effectuée à l’aide d’éléments finis stabilisés. La représentation des phases dans le domaine de calcul est réalisée grâce à une méthode frontières immergées. Des implémentations ont été réalisées dans ICI-tech afin de pouvoir simuler des éoliennes flottantes. L’interaction fluide-structure et un bassin de houle numérique ont notamment été considérés. Un processus de vérification et validation s’est intéressé au comportement du solveur dans des conditions reproduisant celles impactant des éoliennes flottantes. Le niveau de précision atteint par les écoulements à haut Reynolds et la propagation de champs de houle s’est avéré être décevant. L’influence du maillage anisotrope sur les résultats obtenus a été quantifiée. Plusieurs pistes visant à améliorer la précision des simulations ont été introduitesThe simulation of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) is a tool to help this technology reach an industrial scale. Nowadays, low-precision numerical methods are used for the dimensioning of the structures, as they involve a reduced computational effort. This PhD thesis focused on the development of highly-accurate numerical methods, with a potential to provide a thin description of the flows and efforts around FOWTs. The simulations presented in this thesis have been realized on the highly-parallelized software platform ICI-tech. A resolution of the Navier- Stokes equations in a Variational MultiScale formulation is performed using Stabilized Finite Elements. The representation of the different phases in the computational domain is achieved using immersed boundary methods. Several numerical tools have been implemented in ICItech towards an application to the simulation of FOWTs. A fluid-structure interaction paradigm has been set up, and a numerical wave tank has been defined. Verification and validation studies have been realized to assess the solver results for environmental conditions representative of those observed for operating FOWT. The accuracy achieved for both the aerodynamics at high Reynolds numbers and the propagation of wave fields has been disappointing. The influence of the anisotropic meshing on the results presented has been quantified. Several options aiming at increasing the accuracy of the simulations have been discussed
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Motamed, Dashliborun Amir. "Performance of multiphase packed-bed reactors and scrubbers on offshore floating platforms: hydrodynamics, chemical reaction, CFD modeling and simulation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30439.
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Les systèmes flottants de production, stockage et de déchargement (FPSO) ont été introduits dans les secteurs d'exploitation des hydrocarbures offshore en tant qu'outils facilement déplaçables pour l’exploitation de champs de pétrole et de gaz de petites ‘a moyenne tailles ou lorsque ceux-ci sont éloignés des côtes ou en eaux profondes. Ces systèmes sont de plus en plus envisagés pour les opérations de traitement et de raffinage des hydrocarbures à proximité des sites d'extraction des réservoirs sous-marins en utilisant des laveurs et des réacteurs à lit fixe embarqués. De nombreuses études dans la littérature pour découvrir l'hydrodynamique de l'écoulement polyphasiques dans des lits garnis ont révélé que la maîtrise de tels réacteurs continue d’être un défi quant à leur conception /mise à l'échelle ou à leur fonctionnement. De plus, lorsque de tels réacteurs sont soumis à des conditions fluctuantes propres au contexte marin, l'interaction des phases devient encore plus complexe, ce qui entraîne encore plus de défis dans leur conception. Les travaux de recherche proposés visent à fournir des informations cruciales sur les performances des réacteurs à lit fixes à deux phases dans le cadre d'applications industrielles flottantes. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un simulateur de mouvement de navire de type hexapode avec des mouvements à six degrés de liberté a été utilisé pour simuler les mouvements des FPSO tandis que des capteurs à maillage capacitif (WMS) et un tomographe à capacitance électrique (ECT) couplés avec le lit garni ont permis de suivre en ligne les caractéristiques dynamiques locales des écoulements diphasiques. L'effet des inclinaisons et des oscillations de la colonne sur le comportement hydrodynamique des lits garnis biphasiques a été étudié, puis les résultats ont été comparés à leurs analogues terrestres correspondants (colonne verticale immobile). De plus, des stratégies opérationnelles potentielles ont été proposées pour atténuer la maldistribution des fluides résultant des oscillations du lit ainsi que pour intensifier le processus de réactions dans les réacteurs à lit fixe. Parallèlement aux études expérimentales, un modèle Eulérien CFD transitoire 3D a été développé pour simuler le comportement hydrodynamique de lits garnis polyphasiques sous des inclinaisons et des oscillations de colonnes. Enfin, pour compléter le travail expérimental, une étude systématique a été réalisée pour étudier les performances de capture de CO2 à base d'amines d’un laveur à garnissage (en vrac et structuré) émulant une colonne à bord des ...Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) systems have been introduced to offshore hydrocarbon exploitation sectors as readily movable tools for development of small or remote oil and gas fields in deeper water. These systems are increasingly contemplated for onboard treatment and refining operations of hydrocarbons extracted from undersea reservoirs near extraction sites using embarked packed-bed scrubbers and reactors. Numerous efforts in the literature to uncover the hydrodynamics of multiphase flow in packed beds have disclosed that such reactors continue to challenge us either in their design/scale-up or their operation. Furthermore, when such reactors are subjected to marine conditions, the interaction of phases becomes even more complex, resulting in further challenges for design and scale-up. The proposed research aims at providing important insights into the performance of two-phase flow packed-bed reactors in the context of floating industrial applications. To achieve this aim, a hexapod ship motion simulator with six-degree-of-freedom motions was employed to emulate FPSO movements while capacitance wire mesh sensors (WMS) and electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) coupled with the packed bed scrutinized on-line and locally the two-phase flow dynamic features. The effect of column tilts and oscillations on the hydrodynamic behavior of multiphase packed beds was investigated and then the results were compared with their corresponding onshore analogs. Moreover, potential operational strategies were proposed to diminish fluid maldistribution resulting from bed oscillations as well as for process intensification of heterogeneous catalytic reactions in packed-bed reactors. In parallel with the experiment studies, a 3D transient Eulerian CFD model was developed to simulate the hydrodynamic behavior of multiphase packed beds under column tilts and oscillations. Ultimately, a systematic experimental study was performed to address the amine-based CO2 capture performance of packed-bed scrubbers on board offshore floating vessels/platforms. Apart from gaining a comprehensive knowledge on the influence of translational and rotational movements on multiphase flows in porous media, oil and gas sectors and ship industry would benefit from the results of this work for design and scale-up of industrial reactors and scrubbers.
Unité flottante de production, de stockage et de déchargement
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Ebrahimi, Ali. "Effect analysis of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS ) Parameters in design and operation of Dynamic Positioning (DP) systems in floating offshore structures." Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102787.
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The objective of this thesis is to identify, which hazards and failures in operation process will affect Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety of floating offshore structures. The focus is on Dynamic Positioning (DP) system that has the responsibility of keeping the offshore structure in the upright position operation. DP system is one of the most critical subsystems on these types of structures in terms of safety of operation and failure risk costs. Reliability of the system in this thesis has been analyzed in qualitative and quantitativeb methods. In qualitative method to find the effective parameters on the reliability of the DPb system, Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM ) and its application as a main tool have been used. To achieve the aim it has been tried to define the events and accidents which could be generated by the identified hazards then tried to determine the consequences of the realized accidents. In this step three categories are taken in to account including, safety, operation, and equipment. Next phase should be concentrated on considering and analyzing the relevant processes and the root causes which result in the identified hazard. After clarifying all probable root causes it has been tried to prioritize the root causes and specifying the necessary preventive actions. The aim of this step is either decreasing the occurrence of root causes or increasing the detectability of hazards. In the last part quantitative method has been used to measure the amounts of Reliability, Availability and Maintainability of the system, based on MTBF and MTTR of different components of the system and it has been tried to present the solutions to improve system reliability based on components RCM tables. Further, assuming DP system as human- machine system safety assessment has been included to indicate human factors in the reliability of the system beside probable failure of the components of the system.
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Páleník, Branislav. "Návrh plovoucí betonové konstrukce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226747.
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The project aimed to familiarize yourself with the issue of floating structures, according to the procurement documents and knowledge acquired during studie, a study of existing floating structures. Review was conducted design adapted from documents. More space was devoted bottom structure in the assessment. Other structures designed only provisionally.
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Bocchi, Edoardo. "Compressible-incompressible transitions in fluid mechanics : waves-structures interaction and rotating fluids." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0279/document.
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Ce manuscrit porte sur les transitions compressible-incompressible dans les équations aux dérivées partielles de la mécanique des fluides. On s'intéresse à deux problèmes : les structures flottantes et les fluides en rotation. Dans le premier problème, l'introduction d'un objet flottant dans les vagues induit une contrainte sur le fluide et les équations gouvernant le mouvement acquièrent une structure compressible-incompressible. Dans le deuxième problème, le mouvement de fluides géophysiques compressibles est influencé par la rotation de la Terre. L'étude de la limite à rotation rapide montre que le champ vectoriel de vitesse tend vers une configuration horizontale et incompressible.Les structures flottantes constituent un exemple particulier d'interaction fluide-structure, où un solide partiellement immergé flotte à la surface du fluide. Ce problème mathématique modélise le mouvement de convertisseurs d'énergie marine. En particulier, on s'intéresse aux bouées pilonnantes, installées proche de la côte où les modèles asymptotiques en eaux peu profondes sont valables. On étudie les équations de Saint-Venant axisymétriques en dimension deux avec un objet flottant à murs verticaux se déplaçant seulement verticalement. Les hypothèses sur le solide permettent de supprimer le problème à bord libre associé avec la ligne de contact entre l'air, le fluide et le solide. Les équations pour le fluide dans le domaine extérieur au solide sont donc écrites comme un problème au bord quasi-linéaire hyperbolique. Celui-ci est couplé avec une EDO non-linéaire du second ordre qui est dérivée de l'équation de Newton pour le mouvement libre du solide. On montre le caractère bien posé localement en temps du système couplé lorsque que les données initiales satisfont des conditions de compatibilité afin de générer des solutions régulières.Ensuite on considère une configuration particulière: le retour à l'équilibre. Il s'agit de considérer un solide partiellement immergé dans un fluide initialement au repos et de le laisser retourner à sa position d'équilibre. Pour cela, on utilise un modèle hydrodynamique différent, où les équations sont linearisées dans le domaine extérieur, tandis que les effets non-linéaires sont considérés en dessous du solide. Le mouvement du solide est décrit par une équation intégro-différentielle non-linéaire du second ordre qui justifie rigoureusement l'équation de Cummins, utilisée par les ingénieurs pour les mouvements des objets flottants. L'équation que l'on dérive améliore l'approche linéaire de Cummins en tenant compte des effets non-linéaires. On montre l'existence et l'unicité globale de la solution pour des données petites en utilisant la conservation de l'énergie du système fluide-structure.Dans la deuxième partie du manuscrit, on étudie les fluides en rotation rapide. Ce problème mathématique modélise le mouvement des flots géophysiques à grandes échelles influencés par la rotation de la Terre. Le mouvement est aussi affecté par la gravité, ce qui donne lieu à une stratification de la densité dans les fluides compressibles. La rotation génère de l'anisotropie dans les flots visqueux et la viscosité turbulente verticale tend vers zéro dans la limite à rotation rapide. Notre interêt porte sur ce problème de limite singulière en tenant compte des effets gravitationnels et compressibles. On étudie les équations de Navier-Stokes-Coriolis anisotropes compressibles avec force gravitationnelle dans la bande infinie horizontale avec une condition au bord de non glissement. Celle-ci et la force de Coriolis donnent lieu à l'apparition des couches d'Ekman proche du bord. Dans ce travail on considère des données initiales bien préparées. On montre un résultat de stabilité des solutions faibles globales pour des lois de pression particulières. La dynamique limite est décrite par une équation quasi-géostrophique visqueuse en dimension deux avec un terme d'amortissement qui tient compte des couches limitesThis manuscript deals with compressible-incompressible transitions arising in partial differential equations of fluid mechanics. We investigate two problems: floating structures and rotating fluids. In the first problem, the introduction of a floating object into water waves enforces a constraint on the fluid and the governing equations turn out to have a compressible-incompressible structure. In the second problem, the motion of geophysical compressible fluids is affected by the Earth's rotation and the study of the high rotation limit shows that the velocity vector field tends to be horizontal and with an incompressibility constraint.Floating structures are a particular example of fluid-structure interaction, in which a partially immersed solid is floating at the fluid surface. This mathematical problem models the motion of wave energy converters in sea water. In particular, we focus on heaving buoys, usually implemented in the near-shore zone, where the shallow water asymptotic models describe accurately the motion of waves. We study the two-dimensional nonlinear shallow water equations in the axisymmetric configuration in the presence of a floating object with vertical side-walls moving only vertically. The assumptions on the solid permit to avoid the free boundary problem associated with the moving contact line between the air, the water and the solid. Hence, in the domain exterior to the solid the fluid equations can be written as an hyperbolic quasilinear initial boundary value problem. This couples with a nonlinear second order ODE derived from Newton's law for the free solid motion. Local in time well-posedness of the coupled system is shown provided some compatibility conditions are satisfied by the initial data in order to generate smooth solutions.Afterwards, we address a particular configuration of this fluid-structure interaction: the return to equilibrium. It consists in releasing a partially immersed solid body into a fluid initially at rest and letting it evolve towards its equilibrium position. A different hydrodynamical model is used. In the exterior domain the equations are linearized but the nonlinear effects are taken into account under the solid. The equation for the solid motion becomes a nonlinear second order integro-differential equation which rigorously justifies the Cummins equation, assumed by engineers to govern the motion of floating objects. Moreover, the equation derived improves the linear approach of Cummins by taking into account the nonlinear effects. The global existence and uniqueness of the solution is shown for small data using the conservation of the energy of the fluid-structure system.In the second part of the manuscript, highly rotating fluids are studied. This mathematical problem models the motion of geophysical flows at large scales affected by the Earth's rotation, such as massive oceanic and atmospheric currents. The motion is also influenced by the gravity, which causes a stratification of the density in compressible fluids. The rotation generates anisotropy in viscous flows and the vertical turbulent viscosity tends to zero in the high rotation limit. Our interest lies in this singular limit problem taking into account gravitational and compressible effects. We study the compressible anisotropic Navier-Stokes-Coriolis equations with gravitational force in the horizontal infinite slab with no-slip boundary condition. Both this condition and the Coriolis force cause the apparition of Ekman layers near the boundary. They are taken into account in the analysis by adding corrector terms which decay in the interior of the domain. In this work well-prepared initial data are considered. A stability result of global weak solutions is shown for power-type pressure laws. The limit dynamics is described by a two-dimensional viscous quasi-geostrophic equation with a damping term that accounts for the boundary layers
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Molwantwa, Jennifer Balatedi. "Floating sulphur biofilms structure, function and biotechnology." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004017.
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Mine wastewaters generated during active production operations, and decanting streams following mine closure have major environmental impacts, and volumes requiring treatment are expected to increase substantially as the South African mining industry matures. Biological treatment of mine waters has been the subject of increasing interest, where sulphate reducing bacteria are employed for the reduction of sulphate to sulphide, precipitation of metals and the production of alkalinity. However, the sulphide if not removed from the system can be oxidised back to sulphate. As a result there have been limitations especially in the provision of technological options that are sustainable over the long-term, where the total sulphur (in its different forms) can be removed from the system. These, however, are the subject of a number of constraints including, importantly, the process capability to remove reduced sulphur from the treated stream, in one of its oxidation states, and thus linearise the biological sulphur cycle. This remains a major bottleneck in the development of biological wastewater treatment technology. Floating sulphur biofilms are observed as surface layers in numerous aquatic sulphide-rich environments, and it has been suggested that they play a role in the biological cycling of sulphur. The use of sulphur biofilms for the removal of elemental sulphur was identified in this study as a possible means for addressing the technological bottleneck, especially in passive wastewater treatment systems. There is, however, little documented information in the literature on the structure of floating sulphur biofilms, the microbial species responsible for their occurrence or bio-process applications of the system. A linear flow channel reactor was developed to simulate natural conditions and enabled the study of floating sulphur biofilm under controlled laboratory conditions. It was observed that these biofilms developed through three distinct stages termed Thin, Sticky and Brittle films. A microprobe study showed the presence of a steep Redox gradient established across (260 to 380 μm) depth of the floating sulphur biofilm of ~ 0 to -200 mV (top to bottom), which correlated with pH and sulphide gradients across the system. Structural investigations embedded in an exopolymeric matrix containing clearly defined channels and pores. Sulphur crystals were found to develop within the biofilm and above a certain size these disengaged and then settled in the liquid phase below the biofilm. These features, together with the ability of the biofilm to remain suspended at the air/water interface thus provide the surface requirement, and indicate that these structures may be understood as “true” biofilms. In order to study an apparent functional differentiation within the floating sulphur biofilm system, a method was developed to expand its various components over a 13 cm length of agarose tube and across which an oxygen/sulphide gradient was established. This was done by inserting a sulphide plug in the bottom of the tube, overlaying this with the biofilm mixed and suspended in agarose and leaving the tube to open air. After allowing for growth, the different components of the microbial population occurring at various levels across the oxygen/sulphide gradient were sampled. The microbial population was found to resort in distinct functional layers. Aerobes including Acidithiobacillus and Azoarcus, Acidithiobacillus, Thiothrix, Thiovirga and Sulfurimonas were found in the upper oxidised layer. Aerobe and facultative anaerobes such as Chryseobacterium, Bacteroides and Planococcus were found in the middle and heterotrophic anaerobes such as Brevundimonas and uncultured anaerobes were found in the bottom anoxic layer. This enabled the development of a first descriptive structural/functional model accounting for the performance of floating sulphur biofilms. The potential of the floating sulphur biofilm for use as a bioprocess unit operation for sulphide removal in lignocellulose-based low-flow passive systems for acid mine drainage wastewater treatment was investigated. The linear flow channel reactor was scaled up and it was shown that the optimum sulphide removal of 74 % and sulphur recovery of 60 % could be achieved at 20 °C. In a further scale up of the linear channel reactor, the floating sulphur biofilm reactor was developed and operated. Sulphide removal and sulphur recovery of 65 and 56 % respectively was measured in the process. An understanding of the nature and function of floating sulphur biofilms and the further development of their potential application in sulphide removal in aquatic systems may provide a useful contribution to the treatment of acid mine drainage and other sulphidic wastewaters.
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Leroy, Vincent. "Aérodynamique instationnaire pour l'analyse de la tenue à la mer des éoliennes flottantes." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0050/document.
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La simulation numérique des éoliennes flottantes est essentielle pour le développement des Energies Marines Renouvelables. Les outils de simulation classiquement utilisés supposent un écoulement stationnaire sur les rotors. Ces théories sont généralement assez précises pour calculer les forces aérodynamiques et dimensionner les éoliennes fixes (à terre ou en mer) mais les mouvements de la plateforme d’une éolienne flottante peuvent induire des effets instationnaires conséquents. Ceux-ci peuvent par exemple impacter la force de poussée sur le rotor. Cette thèse de doctorat cherche à comprendre et à quantifier les effets de l’aérodynamique instationnaire sur la tenue à la mer des éoliennes flottantes, dans différentes conditions de fonctionnement. L’étude montre que les forces aérodynamiques instationnaires impactent les mouvements de la plateforme lorsque le rotor est fortement chargé. Les modèles quasi-stationnaires arrivent néanmoins à capturer la dynamique des éoliennes flottantes avec une précision suffisante pour des phases de design amont. Les éoliennes flottantes à axe vertical sont elles aussi étudiées pour des projets offshore puisqu’elles pourraient nécessiter des coûts d’infrastructure réduits. Après avoir étudié l’influence de l’aérodynamique instationnaire sur la tenue à la mer de ces éoliennes, une comparaison est menée entre éoliennes flottantes à axe horizontal et à axe vertical. Cette dernière subit une importante poussée aérodynamique par vents forts, induisant de très grands déplacements et chargementsAccurate numerical simulation of thesea keeping of Floating Wind turbines (FWTs) is essential for the development of Marine Renewable Energy. State-of-the-art simulation tools assume a steady flow on the rotor. The accuracy of such models has been proven for bottom-fixed turbines, but has not been demonstrated yet for FWTs with substantial platform motions. This PhD thesis focuses on the impact of unsteady aerodynamics on the seakeeping of FWTs. This study is done by comparing quasi-steady to fully unsteady models with a coupled hydro-aerodynamic simulation tool. It shows that unsteady load shave a substantial effect on the platform motion when the rotor is highly loaded. The choice of a numerical model for example induces differences in tower base bending moments. The study also shows that state of the art quasi-steady aerodynamic models can show rather good accuracy when studying the global motion of the FWTs. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) could lower infrastructure costs and are hence studied today for offshore wind projects. Unsteady aerodynamics for floating VAWT sand its effects on the sea keeping modelling have been studied during the PhD thesis,leading to similar conclusions than for traditional floating Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs). Those turbines have been compared to HAWTs. The study concludes that, without blade pitch control strategy, VAWTs suffer from very high wind thrust at over-rated wind speeds, leading to excessive displacements and loads. More developments are hence needed to improve the performance of such floating systems
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Nematbakhsh, Ali. "A Nonlinear Computational Model of Floating Wind Turbines." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/170.
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The dynamic motion of floating wind turbines is studied using numerical simulations. Floating wind turbines in the deep ocean avoid many of the concerns with land-based wind turbines while allowing access to strong stable winds. The full three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations are solved on a regular structured grid, using a level set method for the free surface and an immersed boundary method for the turbine platform. The tethers, the tower, the nacelle and the rotor weight are included using reduced order dynamic models, resulting in an efficient numerical approach which can handle nearly all the nonlinear wave forces on the platform, while imposing no limitation on the platform motion. Wind is modeled as a constant thrust force and rotor gyroscopic effects are accounted for. Other aerodynamic loadings and aero-elastic effects are not considered. Several tests, including comparison with other numerical, experimental and grid study tests, have been done to validate and verify the numerical approach. Also for further validation, a 100:1 scale model Tension Leg Platform (TLP) floating wind turbine has been simulated and the results are compared with water flume experiments conducted by our research group. The model has been extended to full scale systems and the response of the tension leg and spar buoy floating wind turbines has been studied. The tension leg platform response to different amplitude waves is examined and for large waves a nonlinear trend is seen. The nonlinearity limits the motion and shows that the linear assumption will lead to over prediction of the TLP response. Studying the flow field behind the TLP for moderate amplitude waves shows vortices during the transient response of the platform but not at the steady state, probably due to the small Keulegan-Carpenter number. The effects of changing the platform shape are considered and finally the nonlinear response of the platform to a large amplitude wave leading to slacking of the tethers is simulated. For the spar buoy floating wind turbine, the response to regular periodic waves is studied first. Then, the model is extended to irregular waves to study the interaction of the buoy with more realistic sea state. The results are presented for a harsh condition, in which waves over 17 m are generated, and linear models might not be accurate enough. The results are studied in both time and frequency domain without relying on any experimental data or linear assumption. Finally a design study has been conducted on the spar buoy platform to study the effects of tethers position, tethers stiffness, and platform aspect ratio, on the response of the floating wind turbine. It is shown that higher aspect ratio platforms generally lead to lower mean pitch and surge responses, but it may also lead to nonlinear trend in standard deviation in pitch and heave, and that the tether attachment points design near the platform center of gravity generally leads to a more stable platform in comparison with attachment points near the tank top or bottom of the platform.
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Kattoua, Khaled. "Floating production storage offloading unit structural fatigue analysis." Thesis, City University London, 2003. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/7657/.
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This thesis examines the fatigue behaviour of FPSO structures. It has been compiled as a result of theoretical, analytical and experimental study. The Finite Element approach has been utilized to analyse the FPSO's structure. It is intended that this particular work will enable further computer simulations for fatigue assessment to be carried out. The thesis starts with the development of the general arrangement, structure and typical details of the City FPSO. The applied loads are then reviewed and this includes the so called static loads due to cargo loading and still water pressure, and the green loads due to dynamic loads induced by the vessel behaviour on waves at sea. Response to local loads such as, external sea pressure, internal pressure due to the cargo and ballast, wave slamming loads, etc. is then determined. The effect of the top structural loads on the FPSO is discussed with some practical calculation of typical topside processing palates loads. SCF evaluation methods are considered together with a discussion of the effect of structural dimensioning of local details, the use of specially performed test results conducted on ship structure. In particular, the structural stress concentration factor at the web-toe associated with the max loading conditions is developed. Confirmation of validity of the SCFs theory is provided from an extensive appraisal of the literature and from laboratory tests of the structure in question. The experimental technique developed in this thesis is based upon geometrical analogy to the simplified Peterson's Neuber notch theory, applied to the system parametric equations of SCFs and the geometric relations. The experimental results are in general accordance with published results. This research includes a calibration method for S-N Curves required for typical fatigue sensitive details in FPSOs. It also provides improved information on the important link between S-N data and finite element analysis for fatigue life assessment using a linear cumulative damage formulation.
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Gilfillan, Joanne Criseyde. "The structure and microbiology of floating sulphide oxidising biofilms." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003962.
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Floating sulphur biofilms are observed as surface layers in numerous aquatic sulphide-rich environments, and apparently play an important role in the cycling of sulphur in its various oxidation states. In addition to the conversion of sulphide to sulphur and/or sulphate species, it has been suspected that subsequent reduction back to sulphide may occur within the floating sulphur biofi1m in organic-rich environments. The use of sulphur biofilms for the harvesting of elemental sulphur from wastewater treatment systems has also been suggested. There is, however, little documented information in the literature on the structure of floating sulphur biofilms, or the microbial species responsible for their occurrence. In this study, floating sulphur biofilms were generated in a continuous flow baflle reactor and their structure was examined using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that they occur as layered structures with morphologically distinct bacterial forms present in different layers of the biofilm. The biofilpl structure was also found to be dynamic, with structural changes observed as feed conditions were altered. An enriched culture derived from the biofi1m demonstrated rates of sulphide oxidation comparable to values reported in the literature for liquid culture systems. The microbiology of the biofi1m was studied using traditional plate culture techniques and analysis ofrRNA genes. Identification of plate culture isolates as representatives of the biofi1m community proved to be limited, leading to a PeR-based cloning approach. The majority of the organisms present in the sulphur biofi1m were classified as species in the genus ~eudomonas, and a number of other bacterial species whose sulphide oxidising capacity has been noted previously. Surprisingly, only 2% of the clone library consisted of Thiobacillus spp., and no sulphate reducing bacteria were identified in the biofilm at all. These results indicate that in organic sulphide-rich environments facultative chemolithoheterotrophic bacterial forms predominate in floating sulphur biofilms, and that the complete biological cycling of sulphur may not occur in these systems.
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Ercolanelli, Julien. "Étude numérique et expérimentale d'un système couplé stabilisateur et récupérateur d'énergie des vagues Experimental and numerical investigation of sloshing in anti-roll tank using effective gravity angle Experimental and numerical assessment of the performance of a new type passive anti-roll stabilisation system." Thesis, Brest, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENTA0008.
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Le développement de Geps Techno est basé sur un concept innovant de structure flottante destinée à produire de l'énergie électrique à partir de plusieurs sources d'énergies marines renouvelables dont la source houlomotrice. Le système houlomoteur développé par Geps Techno repose sur la mise en circulation d'eau et la création d'un tourbillon en son sein. En profitant du phénomène de carène liquide, le concept est également déclinable en un système de stabilisation de navire ou de toute autre plateforme flottante. L'objectif à court terme de la société est le développement de cette technologie permettant la stabilisation et la récupération de l'énergie des vagues et pour lequel il reste des verrous technologiques à lever afin d'arriver à la viabilité et la rentabilité du système. Pour cela, Geps Techno a lancé en octobre 2015 le projet IHES (Integrated Harvesting Energy System) qui consiste à construire un démonstrateur de son concept de plateforme houlomotrice. Le projet IHES est un des projets de la feuille de route du plan "Navires écologiques" de la Nouvelle France Industrielle. Il est soutenu par Bpifrance dans le cadre du programme d'Investissements d'Avenir - Projets Industriels d'Avenir. Afin de maîtriser les objectifs de stabilisation et de récupération d'énergie, Geps Techno étudie les volets technologiques nécessaires permettant de passer de l'énergie disponible au niveau des vagues jusqu'à celle disponible au niveau de la turbine du houlomoteur. Les travaux de thèse soutenus par Fourestier en mai 2017 portaient sur un premier volet "Définition et contrôle des écoulements internes au système houlomoteur". A l'aide d'une modélisation des fluides numériques, ces derniers ont abouti à des modèles opérationnels caractérisant les écoulements internes. La présente thèse Cifre s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux de Fourestier et traite d'un second volet "Modélisation du système couplé plateforme / houlomoteur". L'ensemble de ces travaux devra aboutir à un code de calcul opérationnel et corrélé à des résultats expérimentaux permettant d'étudier l'écoulement interne et le comportement du flotteur soumis à la houleGeps Techno's development is based on an innovative concept of a floating structure intended to produce electrical energy from several renewable marine energy sources, including wave power. The wave power system developed by Geps Techno is based on circulating water and creating a vortex within it. By taking advantage of the liquid hull phenomenon, the concept can also be used as a stabilization system for a ship or any other floating platform. The short-term objective of the company is the development of this technology allowing the stabilization and recovery of wave energy and for which there remain technological obstacles to be removed in order to achieve the viability and profitability of the system. To do this, in October 2015 Geps Techno launched the IHES (Integrated Harvesting Energy System) project, which consists of building a demonstrator of its wave power platform concept. The IHES project is one of the projects of the roadmap of the "Ecological ships" plan of New Industrial France. It is supported by Bpifrance within the framework of the Investments for the Future - Industrial Projects for the Future program. In order to master the objectives of stabilization and energy recovery, Geps Techno is studying the technological aspects necessary to switch from the energy available at wave level to that available at the wave turbine turbine. The Ph.D. thesis work supported by Fourestier in May 2017 focused on a first part "Definition and control of internal flows in the wave power system". Using CFD modeling, the latter resulted in operational models characterizing internal flows. This Cifre Ph.D. thesis follows on from Fourestier's work and deals with a second part "Modeling of the coupled platform / wave power system". All of this work should lead to an operational computer code correlated with experimental results making it possible to study the internal flow and the behavior of the float subjected to swell
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Spraul, Charles. "Suivi en service de la durée de vie des ombilicaux dynamiques pour l’éolien flottant." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0007/document.
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Le travail présenté vise à mettre en place une méthodologie pour le suivi en service de la fatigue mécanique pour l’ombilical dynamique d’un système EMR flottant. L’approche envisagée consiste à simuler à l’aide d’outils numériques la réponse de l’ombilical aux cas de chargement observés sur site. Le post-traitement des résultats de ces simulations devant permettre d’accéder à différentes quantités d’intérêt en tout point du câble. Pour quantifier et réduire l’incertitude sur la réponse calculée de l’ombilical ce dernier doit être instrumenté. Un certain nombre de paramètres du modèle numérique feront alors l’objet d’une calibration régulière pour suivre l’évolution des caractéristiques de l’ombilical susceptibles d’évoluer. Dans ce contexte ce manuscrit présente et compare différentes méthodes pour analyser la sensibilité de la réponse de l’ombilical aux paramètres susceptibles d’être suivis. L’objectif est notamment d’orienter le choix des mesures à mettre en oeuvre. L’analyse en composantes principales permet pour cela d’identifier les principaux modes de variation de la réponse de l’ombilical en réponse aux variations des paramètres étudiés. Différentes approches sont également envisagées pour la calibration des paramètres suivis,avec en particulier le souci de quantifier l’incertitude restante sur le dommage. Les méthodes envisagées sont coûteuses en nombre d’évaluations du modèle numérique et ce dernier est relativement long à évaluer. L’emploi de méta-modèles en substitution des simulations numériques apparait donc nécessaire, et là encore différentes options sont considérées. La méthodologie proposée est appliquée à une configuration simplifiée d’ombilical dans des conditions inspirées du projet FLOATGENThe present work introduces a methodology to monitor fatigue damage of the dynamic power cable of a floating wind turbine. The suggested approach consists in using numerical simulations to compute the power cable response at the sea states observed on site. The quantities of interest are then obtained in any location along the cable length through the post-treatment of the simulations results. The cable has to be instrumented to quantify and to reduce the uncertainties on the calculated response of the power cable. Indeed some parameters of the numerical model should be calibrated on a regular basis in order to monitor the evolution of the cable properties that might change over time. In this context, this manuscript describes and compares various approaches to analyze the sensitivity of the power cable response to the variations of the parameters to be monitored. The purpose is to provide guidance in the choice of the instrumentation for the cable. Principal components analysis allows identifying the main modes of power cable response variations when the studied parameters are varied. Various methods are also assessed for the calibration of the monitored cable parameters. Special care is given to the quantification of the remaining uncertainty on the fatigue damage. The considered approaches are expensive to apply as they require a large number of model evaluations and as the numerical simulations durations are quite long. Surrogate models are thus employed to replace the numerical model and again different options are considered. The proposed methodology is applied to a simplified configuration which is inspired by the FLOATGEN project
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Di, Pietro Joshua (Joshua Michael). "Structural analysis and design of floating wind turbine systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50575.
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Thesis (S.M. in Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-140).
As oil supply rates approach potential maximums and the global detrimental effects of carbon emitting energy technology are becoming more comprehensively understood, the world is searching for environmentally benign energy technology which can be reliably and economically harvested. Deep water offshore wind is a vast, reliable and potentially economical energy source which remains globally untapped. In order to harvest this resource, potential floating turbine systems must be analyzed and designed for economic production and deployment, reliable operation, and adequate service life. The Laboratory of Ship and Platform Flow (LSPF) has created trusted hydrodynamic modeling software used to perform a Pareto Optimization which resulted in an optimized Floating Wind Turbine (FWT) design which is a Tension Leg Platform (TLP); hereto called MIT TLP-1. This thesis details the structural design aspects of Floating Wind Turbines (FWT) in a rationally based optimization approach for incorporation into existing LSPF hydrodynamic optimization approaches. A steel structural design is created based on the geometry and loading of the MIT TLP-1 for a 10m significant wave height. The design is based on similar system analysis, classic linear structural theory, American Bureau of Shipping rules and American Petroleum Institute recommended practices. The design is verified using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The results of this work show that the MIT TLP-1 design is technically feasible from a structural integrity, performance and producibility standpoint.
by Joshua Di Pietro.
S.M.in Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
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Pham, Hong-Duc. "Modélisation et Suivi en Service des Lignes d’Ancrages des Éoliennes Flottantes." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0030.
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On propose dans ce travail une méthodologie pour le suivi en service des lignes d'ancrage des éoliennes flottantes. Tout d’abord, une expression empirique de la raideur dynamique d'un câble en nylon est obtenue à partir des données d'essais dans la littérature. Une procédure pratique de modélisation est proposée en tenant compte de la raideur axiale dynamique non-linéaire des câbles en nylon. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la prédiction de la durée de vie des lignes d’ancrages. Des méthodes avancées pour l’analyse de fatigue dans le domaine fréquentiel et la simulation des réponses non-linéaires sont donc également étudiées afin de réaliser une estimation rapide de la fatigue et de la résistance dans un cadre fiabiliste. La présente méthodologie vise à faciliter la prise de décisions concernant la maintenance ou le remplacement des lignes en fonction du niveau de fiabilité estimé à différents instantsIn this work a methodology for service life monitoring of mooring lines of floating wind turbines is proposed. First, an empirical expression of dynamic stiffness of a nylon rope is obtained from the testing data in the literature. A practical modeling procedure is proposed which allows accounting for the non-linear dynamic axial stiffness of nylon mooring ropes. The second part is devoted to the prediction of fatigue life of mooring lines. Cutting-edge methods for fatigue analysis in frequency domain and for simulation of nonlinear mooring response are investigated in order to perform a quick fatigue estimate and strength check in a reliability framework. The present methodology aims to support making decisions regarding maintenance or replacement of lines based on the level of reliability estimated during the expected service life
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Hacene-Djaballah, Nouri. "Floating floor attenuation of impact structure-borne sound in timber construction." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4598.
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Thesis (M.S.)--George Mason University, 2009.Vita: p. 42. Thesis director: Girum Urgessa. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil, Environmental, and Infrastructure Engineering. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 12, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 39-41). Also issued in print.
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Robinson, Nigel James. "The wind induced vibration and fatigue of floating roofs on oil storage tanks." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335158.
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Arnal, Vincent. "Modélisation expérimentale d'une éolienne flottante par une approche "sofware-in-the-loop"." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDN0037.
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Les outils de calcul actuels pour la modélisation numérique multi-physique (vent, vagues, courant, etc.) d’une éolienne flottante ont besoin de validations par des campagnes expérimentales. L’objectif de ce travail est le développement et la validation d’un dispositif expérimental dédié aux essais en bassin à houle d’une éolienne flottante, en se concentrant sur la représentation des efforts du vent. Pour cela, une approche hybride combinant modélisations physique et numérique est développée, appelée “software-in-the-loop” (SIL). Le développement des différentes briques composant un système SIL inclut (i) la sélection et le développement du modèle numérique (ii) le dimensionnement du système de reproduction des efforts (actionneurs) et (iii) la définition de l’environnement temps-réel pour l’intégration du modèle numérique, le contrôle des actionneurs, et l’acquisition des grandeurs mesurables. Pour caractériser et identifier les performances du système SIL, des méthodologies dédiées sont développées. Des bancs d’essais spécifiques sont construits, et des essais en bassin d’une éolienne flottante sont réalisés. Ces essais en bassins sont ensuite comparés à des simulations couplées aéro-hydro-servo structure pour investiguer les hypothèses du modèle d’efforts hydrodynamiquesActual calculation tools for the multi physical numerical modeling (wind, waves, current, etc.) of a floating wind turbine need validation through experimental campaigns. The objective of this work is the development and validation of an experimental apparatus dedicated to floating wind turbines wave tank testing, focusing on the representation of wind turbine forces. A hybrid approach combining physical and numerical modeling is developed, called “software-in-the-loop” (SIL). The development of the different subsystems of an SIL system includes (i) the selection and development of the numerical model (ii) the design of the force reproduction system (actuators) and (iii) the definition of the real time environment for the integration of the numerical model, the control of actuators, and the data acquisition. To characterize and identify the performances of the SIL system, dedicated methodologies are developed. Specific test benches are built, and wave tank tests of a floating wind turbine are carried out. These wave tank tests are then compared to coupled aero-hydro-servo structure simulations to investigate the hypotheses of the hydrodynamic force model
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Bussolati, Federico. "Modèle multi-échelle de la fatigue des lignes d’ancrage câblées pour l’éolien offshore flottant." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLN041/document.
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La fonction principale des systèmes d'ancrage des éoliennes offshore flottantes est de limiter les mouvements du support. Les lignes d'ancrage qui les composent sont typiquement constituées de chaînes, de câbles aciers, de câbles synthétiques ou d'une combinaison de ces composants.Dans cette thèse, on se concentre sur les câbles en acier qui permettent de réduire le poids et d'augmenter la résistance en tension par rapport aux chaînes. Leur dimensionnement dépend des chargements en tension et flexion, liés aux mouvements du flotteur sous l'action de la mer et du vent.L'objectif de la thèse est le développement d'un nouveau modèle numérique pour prédire la durée de vie en fatigue des câbles d'ancrage d'une éolienne offshore flottante. Il doit notamment simuler les glissements relatifs entre les fils au cours d'une flexion du câble. Des résultats d'essais de tension-flexion de la littérature ont en effet montré que la première rupture est localisée près du plan neutre de flexion, où ces déplacements relatifs sont les plus grands. Cet effet majeur sur la durée de vie du câble n'est pas pris en compte par les lois de fatigue en tension-tension des normes de design offshore actuelles.Il faut aussi remarquer que l'utilisation d'un modèle détaillé de câble dans une démarche de dimensionnement à la fatigue représente un vrai défi. Le nombre élevé d'interactions de contact à modéliser, de l'ordre de plusieurs milliers par mètre de câble, et le grand nombre de cas de chargement rendent ce type de calculs très coûteux.Les chargements qui sont utilisés dans le modèle local de câble sont issus de calculs globaux réalisés à l'aide d'un logiciel multiphysique (Deeplines). Ce logiciel permet de simuler les conditions environnementales (vent, houle, courant) appliquées sur l'ensemble de la structure offshore.Nous montrons que le comportement non linéaire en flexion du câble, lié aux interactions de contact entre les fils, n'influence pas significativement les résultats du modèle global. Cette observation justifie une démarche de type descendante, les calculs globaux pouvant être réalisés en première étape. Les évolutions temporelles des tensions et courbures globales sont appliquées uniformément sur le fil central du modèle local du câble. La continuité du câble est représentée par des conditions de périodicité reliant les sections de bord à des points internes du modèle situés sur la même position circonférentielle. Les fils sont modélisés par des éléments poutres. On obtient les contraintes généralisées sur les fils, les forces de contact et les glissements relatifs. Des premières analyses ont montré que les déplacements relatifs entre les fils restent petits dans notre cadre d'application. Afin de réduire le coût calcul, nous avons développé un nouvel élément de contact entre poutres non parallèles, avec un appariement fixe de contact, dans l'hypothèse de petits glissements mais en grands déplacements et grandes rotations. Des tests numériques montrent l'amélioration obtenue, avec un résultat plus proche d'un modèle de référence qui considère un contact surfacique. De plus, le nouveau modèle réduit significativement le coût calcul et se montre plus robuste en convergence, ce qui s'avère crucial pour un calcul de fatigue. Les sorties du modèle local sont ensuite utilisées pour prédire un état de contrainte 3D, en exploitant des solutions analytiques de contact entre corps cylindriques. Finalement, un critère de fatigue multiaxial de la littérature est appliqué pour évaluer le risque en dommageThe main function of mooring systems of floating offshore wind turbines is to ensure station keeping. The mooring lines can be composed of chains, wire ropes, synthetic ropes, or even a combination of them. In this thesis we focus on wire ropes, whose advantage over chain is to sustain high tension at a lower weight. Their design must consider the successive tension and bending loading induced by the floater movement for various wind and waves conditions.The thesis purpose is to develop a new numerical model, dedicated to the prediction of fatigue damage in mooring wire ropes of a floating wind turbine. In particular it has to simulate the relative movements between the wires when the rope is bent. Results from free-bending fatigue tests in the literature show the importance of these effects, since the first rupture is localized near the neutral plane, where fretting is more important. This phenomenon affecting the fatigue life is not considered by fatigue criteria of current offshore standards, which are related to tension-tension loading.It is worth noting that the use of a detailed model of wire rope in a fatigue design procedure represents a real challenge. The high number of contact interactions to be modeled, which are several thousands per meter of rope, and the large amount of loading cases make this type of computations extremely time-consuming.The loading used in the developed local model of wire rope is obtained from global computations performed with a dedicated multiphysics software (Deeplines). This software allows to simulate the environmental conditions (wind, waves, current) applied on the whole structural system.Some preliminary computations showed that the nonlinear bending behavior of the wire rope, linked to the wire contact interactions, does not significantly affect the output of the global model. This observation justifies the use of a top-down scheme, with a prior computation of the global scale.The global scale tension and curvature are then uniformly imposed on the central wire of the local model. The continuity of the rope is represented by periodic conditions which link the end sections to points within the model, at the same circumferential locations. The wires are modeled by beam elements. The outputs at the local scale are the stress resultants on the wires, and the contact forces and relative displacements at contact locations.Small sliding between the wires has been observed from first numerical analysis, for a representative loading case. Therefore, in order to reduce the computational cost of the wire rope model, a new node-to-node contact element has been developed, dedicated to the modeling of contact between non-parallel beams with circular cross section. It assumes fixed contact pairing and finite rotations. Numerical benchmarks and experimental tests on wire ropes show the improvement with results closer to a reference surface-to-surface model, when compared to standard algorithm for the simulation of contact between beams. Moreover, the new model reduces significantly the CPU cost and is also more robust, which is crucial for fatigue life estimates.The outputs of the local scale model are then used to obtain the complete 3D stress state by means of analytical solutions of contact between solids with cylindrical shape. Finally, a multiaxial fatigue criterion is applied in order to assess the safety of the system
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Mancilla, Alarcón Cristhian A. "Hydrodynamic loadings and responses of a floating guardwall a fluid-structure interaction problem /." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2005. http://library.msstate.edu/content/templates/?a=72.
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Mancilla, Alarcon Cristhian Abelardo. "Hydrodynamic Loadings and Responses of a Floating Guardwall: A Fluid-Structure Interaction Problem." MSSTATE, 2005. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04052005-152645/.
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The hydrodynamic pressures acting on a floating guardwall can be considered to be a fluid-structure interaction problem. In this research, the fluid-structure system is decoupled assuming that the effects of the structural response on the fluid load pattern are negligible. Therefore, initially, the effects of the flow and pressure distribution, due to the presence of the structure, were computed and then used as boundary conditions for the structural analysis of the guardwall. The deformation of the guardwall was then used to recompute the fluid loads. Because the fluid loading did not change significantly, the decoupling is considered to be valid. In order to obtain the hydrodynamic pressures, an existing 2-D finite element model ? HIVEL2D ? was used with the lock wall being represented by a pressure field on the water surface. The structural system was modeled using the ANSYS finite element program.
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Liu, Yuanchuan. "A CFD study of fluid-structure interaction problems for floating offshore wind turbines." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2018. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30597.
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As one of the fastest growing renewable energy sources, wind energy is playing an increasingly important part in addressing the climate change and energy crisis issues the world is currently facing. The abundance of wind resource in offshore areas makes them a popular choice for turbine installation. In the past few years, several floating wind projects have emerged where wind turbines are installed far offshore in deepwater sites on moored platforms. Compared to land-based or offshore fixed-bottom wind turbines, an FOWT is a fully coupled system where the wind turbine with flexible blades and the floating platform with its mooring system interact with each other in wind and waves, which makes old design tools inadequate. This work aims to develop a fully coupled high-fidelity aero-hydro-mooring-elastic analysis tool, and to better understand the sophisticated fluid-structure interactions for FOWTs. The numerical tool developed in this work takes advantage of the open source CFD toolbox OpenFOAM to accurately solve wind turbine aerodynamics and floating platform hydrodynamics, and utilises the open source MBD code MBDyn for structural dynamics within a multibody framework while modelling flexible bodies based on a nonlinear beam theory. Coupling of these two solvers is achieved by establishing an interface library to exchange data with the help of the TCP/IP protocol. Additionally, to tackle the complex mesh movement in FOWT simulations, a mesh motion solver is developed in OpenFOAM by combining the sliding mesh technique and the dynamic mesh morphing method. A mooring system analysis module comprising a quasi-static method and a lumped-mass based dynamic approach is also implemented to simulate mooring lines in an FOWT system. A series of test cases is firstly studied to validate the various features of the tool, including basic fluid flow solving, modelling of wind turbine aerodynamics, hydrodynamic analysis of a floating structure with its mooring system, dynamic analysis of a riser or mooring line and coupled analysis of flow induced vibration of a flexible beam. The developed tool is then applied to analyse FSI problems of FOWTs under three different scenarios. Firstly, a coupled aero-hydro-mooring analysis is carried out for the OC4 semisubmersible FOWT under regular waves and uniform wind speed. Blade flexibility is ignored, and mooring lines are solved using the quasi-static method. Interactions between the moored platform and the wind turbine are investigated, focusing on of platform motion on the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine and the impacts of wind turbine aerodynamics on the responses of the floating platform and its mooring system. Subsequently, an aeroelastic analysis is conducted for the NREL 5-MW offshore wind turbine with flexible blades under uniform wind speed. Effects of blade flexibility on wind turbine aerodynamics and structural responses are studied using the developed CFD-MBD tool. The floating platform supporting the turbine is not directly modelled for simplicity and the influence of platform motion responses on the turbine are analysed via imposing a prescribed surge motion to the turbine base. Fully coupled aero-hydro-mooring-elastic analysis is lastly carried out for the OC4 semi-submersible FOWT under a combined wind/wave condition to demonstrate the capabilities of the developed CFD-MBD tool. Responses of the floating system are investigated in terms of platform hydrodynamics, mooring system dynamics, wind turbine aerodynamics and blade structural dynamics. Interactions between the FOWT and fluid flow are analysed by visualising results obtained via the CFD approach.
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Sousa, Josà Arimateia Cavalcante de. "Cathodic protection semisubmersÃveis floating metal chambers for water catchment. Case Study: Weir GaviÃo." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11364.
Full textAbstract:
As part of the water resources policy of the state of CearÃ, in Northeast Brazil,
COGERH, as an operational instrument, has among its tasks the distribution of bulk water for
various uses. Among the water systems that COGERH operates are the pumping stations,
which are responsible for supplying water for cities, industries, irrigation, etc. It is vital that
these structures operate satisfactorily and efficiently. Among the many devices that make up
the pumping stations are the semisubmersible floating metal chambers that are located on the
water surface of the reservoirs, providing support to the pumps and motors such that they can
be set and operated reliably and efficiently. However, these structures are made from steel and
therefore are subject to severe corrosion processes, making it necessary for the painting of the submerged areas to ensure the necessary protection to avoid oxidation of them. As painting alone is not a process that ensures 100% efficiency in terms of coating and has a relatively short lifespan, complementary processes are necessary to ensure safe protection against corrosion. Among these processes is the Cathodic Protection, which ensures that, while a difference in electrochemical potential is being generated between the structure to be protected and a sacrificial anode, the structure will not undergo corrosion processes. For this study, it has been designed and installed an Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System with a potential ON of protection of -2.67 Volts (DC) for the Pumping Station known as "EB GaviÃoâ chosen due to its strategic importance within the state infrastructure of water resources, responsible for supplying water for major cities and industries.
Keywords :Dentro da polÃtica dos recursos hÃdricos do estado do CearÃ, no Nordeste do Brasil, a COGERH, como instrumento operacional, tem entre suas atribuiÃÃes a distribuiÃÃo de Ãgua bruta para usos diversos. Dentre os sistemas que a COGERH operacionaliza estÃo as estaÃÃes de bombeamento, as quais sÃo responsÃveis por abastecer cidades, indÃstrias, irrigantes, etc. à fundamental que tais estruturas operem de forma satisfatÃria e eficiente. Dentre os muitos equipamentos que compÃem as estaÃÃes de bombeamento estÃo Ãs cÃmaras metÃlicas flutuantes emisubmersÃveis que se localizam na superfÃcie de Ãgua dos reservatÃrios, dando sustentaÃÃo para que as bombas e motores possam ser fixados e operados de forma confiÃvel e eficiente. No entanto estas estruturas, por serem de aÃo, estÃo sujeitas a processos de corrosÃo severos, fazendo-se necessÃrio que a pintura das Ãreas submersas assegurem a proteÃÃo necessÃria para que nÃo haja oxidaÃÃo das mesmas. Como a pintura nÃo à um processo que garante uma eficiÃncia de 100% e termos de revestimento e tem uma vida Ãtil relativamente curta, fazem-se necessÃrios processos complementares para uma segura proteÃÃo anti-corrosÃo. Dentre esses processos està a ProteÃÃo CatÃdica que assegura que enquanto estiver sendo gerada uma âdiferenÃa de potencial eletroquÃmicoâ entre a estrutura a ser protegida e um anodo de sacrifÃcio a estrutura nÃo sofrerà severos processos de corrosÃo. Neste estudo foi dimensionado e instalado um Sistema de ProteÃÃo CatÃdica por Corrente Impressa assegurando um potencial ON de proteÃÃo de -2,67 Vcc para a estaÃÃo de bombeamento denominada âEB GaviÃoâ pela importÃncia estratÃgica que ocupa dentro da infraestrutura estadual de recursos hÃdricos, fazendo parte de sistema responsÃvel pelo abastecimento de importantes cidades e indÃstrias.
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Heidari, Shayan. "Economic Modelling of Floating Offshore Wind Power : Calculation of Levelized Cost of Energy." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Industriell ekonomi och organisation, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36130.
Full textAbstract:
Floating offshore wind power is a relatively new technology that enables wind turbines to float above the sea level, tied by anchors at the seabed. The purpose of this work is to develop an economic model for the technology in order to calculate the total cost of a planned wind farm. Cost data are retrieved from reports and academic journals available online. Based on these data, a model in Microsoft Excel is developed which calculates the Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for floating wind power plants as a function of several input values. As an addition to this model, financing offshore projects are described using literature study and by doing interviews with three major companies, currently investing in offshore wind. As a result, the model allows the user to calculate Capital expenditures, Operating expenditures and LCOE for projects at any given size and at any given site. The current LCOE for a large floating offshore wind farm is indicated to be in the range of 138-147 £/MWh. The outline from interviews was that today there is no shortage of capital for funding wind projects. However, in order to attract capital, the governmental regulatory of that market has to be suitable since it has a crucial impact on price risks of a project.
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Glasgo, Victor. "Some Structural Results for Convex Bodies: Gravitational Illumination Bodies and Stability of Floating Bodies." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1586291378035804.
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