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1
Sclavounos, Paul. "Floating Offshore Wind Turbines." Marine Technology Society Journal 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533208786829151.
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Wind is a rapidly growing renewable energy source, increasing at an annual rate of 30%, with the vast majority of wind power generated from onshore wind farms. The growth of these facilities, however, is limited by the lack of inexpensive land near major population centers and the visual impact caused by large wind turbines.Wind energy generated from floating offshore wind farms is the next frontier. Vast sea areas with stronger and steadier winds are available for wind farm development and 5 MW wind turbine towers located 20 miles from the coastline are invisible. Current offshore wind turbines are supported by monopoles driven into the seafloor or other bottom mounted structures at coastal sites a few miles from shore and in water depths of 10-15 m. The primary impediment to their growth is their prohibitive cost as the water depth increases.This article discusses the technologies and the economics associated with the development of motion resistant floating offshore wind turbines drawing upon a seven-year research effort at MIT. Two families of floater concepts are discussed, inspired by developments in the oil and gas industry for the deep water exploration of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The interaction of the floater response dynamics in severe weather with that of the wind turbine system is addressed and the impact of this coupling on the design of the new generation of multi-megawatt wind turbines for offshore deployment is discussed. The primary economic drivers affecting the development of utility scale floating offshore wind farms are also addressed.
2
Pham, Thanh-Dam, Minh-Chau Dinh, Hak-Man Kim, and Thai-Thanh Nguyen. "Simplified Floating Wind Turbine for Real-Time Simulation of Large-Scale Floating Offshore Wind Farms." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154571.
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Floating offshore wind has received more attention due to its advantage of access to incredible wind resources over deep waters. Modeling of floating offshore wind farms is essential to evaluate their impacts on the electric power system, in which the floating offshore wind turbine should be adequately modeled for real-time simulation studies. This study proposes a simplified floating offshore wind turbine model, which is applicable for the real-time simulation of large-scale floating offshore wind farms. Two types of floating wind turbines are evaluated in this paper: the semi-submersible and spar-buoy floating wind turbines. The effectiveness of the simplified turbine models is shown by a comparison study with the detailed FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) floating turbine model. A large-scale floating offshore wind farm including eighty units of simplified turbines is tested in parallel simulation and real-time software (OPAL-RT). The wake effects among turbines and the effect of wind speeds on ocean waves are also taken into account in the modeling of offshore wind farms. Validation results show sufficient accuracy of the simplified models compared to detailed FAST models. The real-time results of offshore wind farms show the feasibility of the proposed turbine models for the real-time model of large-scale offshore wind farms.
3
Barooni, Mohammad, Turaj Ashuri, Deniz Velioglu Sogut, Stephen Wood, and Shiva Ghaderpour Taleghani. "Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: Current Status and Future Prospects." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010002.
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Offshore wind energy is a sustainable renewable energy source that is acquired by harnessing the force of the wind offshore, where the absence of obstructions allows the wind to travel at higher and more steady speeds. Offshore wind has recently grown in popularity because wind energy is more powerful offshore than on land. Prior to the development of floating structures, wind turbines could not be deployed in particularly deep or complicated seabed locations since they were dependent on fixed structures. With the advent of floating structures, which are moored to the seabed using flexible anchors, chains, or steel cables, wind turbines can now be placed far offshore. The deployment of floating wind turbines in deep waters is encouraged by several benefits, including steadier winds, less visual impact, and flexible acoustic noise requirements. A thorough understanding of the physics underlying the dynamic response of the floating offshore wind turbines, as well as various design principles and analysis methods, is necessary to fully compete with traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels. The present work offers a comprehensive review of the most recent state-of-the-art developments in the offshore wind turbine technology, including aerodynamics, hydromechanics, mooring, ice, and inertial loads. The existing design concepts and numerical models used to simulate the complex wind turbine dynamics are also presented, and their capabilities and limitations are discussed in detail.
4
Ahmad, Aabas. "Load Reduction of Floating Wind Turbines Using Tuned Mass Dampers." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38178.
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Abstract: Offshore wind turbines have the potential to be an important part of the United States’ energy production profile in the coming years. In order to accomplish this wind integration, offshore wind turbines need to be made more reliable and cost efficient to be competitive with other sources of energy. To capitalize on high speed and highquality winds over deep water, floating platforms for offshore wind turbines have been developed, but they suffer from greatly increased loading. One method to reduce loadsin offshore wind turbines is the application of structural control techniques usuallyused in skyscrapers and bridges. Tuned mass dampers are one structural control system that have been used to reduce loads in simulations of offshore wind turbines. This thesis adds to the state of the art of offshore wind energy by developing a set of optimum passive tuned mass dampers for four offshore wind turbine platforms and byquantifying the effects of actuator dynamics on an active tuned mass damper design. The set of optimum tuned mass dampers are developed by creating a limited degree-of-freedom model for each of the four offshore wind platforms
5
Roddier, Dominique, and Joshua Weinstein. "Floating Wind Turbines." Mechanical Engineering 132, no. 04 (April 1, 2010): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-apr-2.
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This article discusses the functioning of floating wind turbines. The engineering requirements for the design of floating offshore wind turbines are extensive. Wind turbine design tools usually consist of an aerodynamic model (for flow around the blades) coupled with a structural code. Aero-elastic models used in the design of fixed turbines calculate all the necessary loading parameters, from turbine thrust and power generation, to blade and tower deflections. The design of floating structures usually involves hydrodynamics tools such as WAMIT Inc.’s software for studying wave interactions with vessels and platforms, or Principia’s DIODORE, to predict the hydrodynamic quantities, such as added mass, damping and wave exciting forces, which are used as a kernel in the time domain simulations. In marine projects, design tools typically need to be validated against model tests in a wave tank or basin. Such work is performed frequently, and scaling laws are very well defined.
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Li, Jiawen, Jingyu Bian, Yuxiang Ma, and Yichen Jiang. "Impact of Typhoons on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: A Case Study of Typhoon Mangkhut." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050543.
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A typhoon is a restrictive factor in the development of floating wind power in China. However, the influences of multistage typhoon wind and waves on offshore wind turbines have not yet been studied. Based on Typhoon Mangkhut, in this study, the characteristics of the motion response and structural loads of an offshore wind turbine are investigated during the travel process. For this purpose, a framework is established and verified for investigating the typhoon-induced effects of offshore wind turbines, including a multistage typhoon wave field and a coupled dynamic model of offshore wind turbines. On this basis, the motion response and structural loads of different stages are calculated and analyzed systematically. The results show that the maximum response does not exactly correspond to the maximum wave or wind stage. Considering only the maximum wave height or wind speed may underestimate the motion response during the traveling process of the typhoon, which has problems in guiding the anti-typhoon design of offshore wind turbines. In addition, the coupling motion between the floating foundation and turbine should be considered in the safety evaluation of the floating offshore wind turbine under typhoon conditions.
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Pham, Thi Quynh Mai, Sungwoo Im, and Joonmo Choung. "Prospects and Economics of Offshore Wind Turbine Systems." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 35, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26748/ksoe.2021.061.
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In recent years, floating offshore wind turbines have attracted more attention as a new renewable energy resource while bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines reach their limit of water depth. Various projects have been proposed with the rapid increase in installed floating wind power capacity, but the economic aspect remains as a biggest issue. To figure out sensible approaches for saving costs, a comparison analysis of the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) between floating and bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines was carried out. The LCOE was reviewed from a social perspective and a cost breakdown and a literature review analysis were used to itemize the costs into its various components in each level of power plant and system integration. The results show that the highest proportion in capital expenditure of a floating offshore wind turbine results in the substructure part, which is the main difference from a bottom-fixed wind turbine. A floating offshore wind turbine was found to have several advantages over a bottom-fixed wind turbine. Although a similarity in operation and maintenance cost structure is revealed, a floating wind turbine still has the benefit of being able to be maintained at a seaport. After emphasizing the cost-reduction advantages of a floating wind turbine, its LCOE outlook is provided to give a brief overview in the following years. Finally, some estimated cost drivers, such as economics of scale, wind turbine rating, a floater with mooring system, and grid connection cost, are outlined as proposals for floating wind LCOE reduction.
8
Maimon, Aurel Dan. "Floating offshore wind turbines - technology and potential." Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi. Fascicula XI, Construcţii navale/ Annals of "Dunărea de Jos" of Galati, Fascicle XI, Shipbuilding 43 (December 15, 2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/annugalshipbuilding.2020.43.11.
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"The main purpose of this paper is to present a short review of the actual progress on the floating offshore wind turbines. Floating offshore wind turbines have several advantages: overcoming the depth constraint, floating offshore wind turbines can be installed further offshore and therefore on the one hand have little or no visual impact from the coast, and on the other hand to take advantage of more constant and stronger winds, thus increasing the production efficiency of electricity. They are assembled to port and then transported to site with an ordinary tug, which can also bring them ashore for heavy maintenance or final dismantling. Floating wind power is the future of offshore wind power."
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Yang, Wenxian, Wenye Tian, Ole Hvalbye, Zhike Peng, Kexiang Wei, and Xinliang Tian. "Experimental Research for Stabilizing Offshore Floating Wind Turbines." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101947.
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Floating turbines are attracting increasing interest today. However, the power generation efficiency of a floating turbine is highly dependent on its motion stability in sea water. This issue is more marked, particularly when the floating turbines operate in relatively shallow water. In order to address this issue, a new concept motion stabilizer is studied in this paper. It is a completely passive device consisting of a number of heave plates. The plates are connected to the foundation of the floating wind turbine via structural arms. Since the heave plates are completely, rather than partially, exposed to water, all surfaces of them can be fully utilized to create the damping forces required to stabilize the floating wind turbine. Moreover, their stabilizing effect can be further amplified due to the application of the structural arms. This is because torques will be generated by the damping forces via the structural arms, and then applied to stabilizing the floating turbine. To verify the proposed concept motion stabilizer, its practical effectiveness on motion reduction is investigated in this paper. Both numerical and experimental testing results have shown that after using the proposed concept stabilizer, the motion stability of the floating turbine has been successfully improved over a wide range of wave periods even in relatively shallow water. Moreover, the comparison has shown that the stabilizer is more effective in stabilizing the floating wind turbine than single heave plate does. This suggests that the proposed concept stabilizer may provide a potentially viable solution for stabilizing floating wind turbines.
10
Raisanen, Jack H., Stig Sundman, and Troy Raisanen. "Unmoored: a free-floating wind turbine invention and autonomous open-ocean wind farm concept." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2362, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2362/1/012032.
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This paper contributes to emerging deep offshore wind literature by presenting the design for a novel free-floating offshore wind turbine for deep water use. The wind turbine uses one large underwater propeller to maintain its position and move as needed, while two small propellers turn the unit. This allows access to areas of high energy production potential in the open ocean out of reach to contemporary floating wind turbines, which are anchored to the seabed. An autonomous ocean-based wind farm concept is also presented. Together, the semi-autonomous wind turbines form a floating wind farm in the open ocean. A separate unit uses electricity from the wind turbines to produce climate-neutral fuels such as hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3) for transport and eventual use.
11
Luo, Ning Su. "Structural Control Issues in New Generation Offshore Wind Energy Plants." Advances in Science and Technology 83 (September 2012): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.83.167.
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A new constructive solution for the offshore wind power generation is to use floating wind turbines. An offshore wind farm situated sufficiently far away from the coast can generate more wind power and will have a longer operation life since the wind is stronger and more consistent than that on or near the coast. One of the main challenges is to reduce the fatigue of a floating wind turbine so as to guarantee its proper functioning under the constraints imposed by the floating support platforms. This paper will discuss the structural control issues related to the mitigation of dynamic wind and wave loads on the floating wind turbines so as to enhance the offshore wind power generation.
12
Senga, Hidetaka, Hiroki Umemoto, and Hiromichi Akimoto. "Verification of Tilt Effect on the Performance and Wake of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine by Lifting Line Theory Simulation." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 6939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196939.
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Renewable energy has received a lot of attention. In recent years, offshore wind power has received particular attention among renewable energies. Fixed-type offshore wind turbines are now the most popular. However, because of the deep seas surrounding Japan, floating types are more preferable. The floating system is one of the factors that raises the cost of floating wind turbines. Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) have a low center of gravity and can tilt their rotors. As a result, a smaller floating body and a lower cost are expected. A mechanism called a floating axis wind turbine (FAWT) is expected to further reduce the cost. FAWT actively employs the features of VAWT in order to specialize itself in the area of offshore floating-type wind turbines. The lifting line theory simulation was used in this study to discuss the performance of the FAWT under the tilted conditions and its wake field. The results show that a tilted VAWT recovers faster than an upright VAWT. This suggests that FAWTs can be deployed in high density and efficiently generate energy as an offshore wind farm using VAWTs.
13
Guo, Xiaojiang, Yu Zhang, Jiatao Yan, Yiming Zhou, Shu Yan, Wei Shi, and Xin Li. "Integrated Dynamics Response Analysis for IEA 10-MW Spar Floating Offshore Wind Turbine." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 4 (April 14, 2022): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040542.
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Wind energy in the deep-sea area is more abundant and the capacity of wind turbines can be made larger. Therefore, the research on deep-sea floating offshore wind turbines will be the primary strategy for wind energy exploitation in the future. The spar-type platform depends on the characteristics of a small water plane, deep draft, and good stability, which has been applied to the commercial development of deep-sea wind energy. In the next ten years, the 10-MW wind turbine will become the mainstream class installed in the floating offshore wind turbine farm. Thus, it is very necessary to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth study on the 10-MW spar type floating offshore wind turbine. The direct-drive 10-MW offshore wind turbine was proposed by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in Wind Task 37 in 2019. In this paper, a spar-type platform is designed to support the IEA 10-MW reference wind turbines, and a nonlinear aero-hydro-servo-elastic numerical model is established using the FAST tool (which is developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL). Then, the accuracy of the wind turbine and the sensitivity of the controller are verified, and the natural periods of the floating offshore wind turbine are obtained by free-decay tests. The natural periods of the platform in six degrees-of-freedom are found to be within the range recommended by the design standard. The measured wind and wave data of the target site close to Fujian Province of China are used to evaluate the performance of the floating offshore wind turbine under the 100-, 50-, 5-, and 2-year-return stochastic weather conditions. The results indicate that the design of the spar platform is reasonable and has excellent hydrodynamic performance.
14
Jessen, Kasper, Kasper Laugesen, Signe M. Mortensen, Jesper K. Jensen, and Mohsen N. Soltani. "Experimental Validation of Aero-Hydro-Servo-Elastic Models of a Scaled Floating Offshore Wind Turbine." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 25, 2019): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061244.
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Floating offshore wind turbines are complex dynamical systems. The use of numerical models is an essential tool for the prediction of the fatigue life, ultimate loads and controller design. The simultaneous wind and wave loading on a non-stationary foundation with a flexible tower makes the development of numerical models difficult, the validation of these numerical models is a challenging task as the floating offshore wind turbine system is expensive and the testing of these may cause loss of the system. The validation of these numerical models is often made on scaled models of the floating offshore wind turbines, which are tested in scaled environmental conditions. In this study, an experimental validation of two numerical models for a floating offshore wind turbines will be conducted. The scaled model is a 1:35 Froude scaled 5 MW offshore wind turbine mounted on a tension-leg platform. The two numerical models are aero-hydro-servo-elastic models. The numerical models are a theoretical model developed in a MATLAB/Simulink environment by the authors, while the other model is developed in the turbine simulation tool FAST. A comparison between the numerical models and the experimental dynamics shows good agreement. Though some effects such as the periodic loading from rotor show a complexity, which is difficult to capture.
15
Kakuya, Hiromu, Takashi Shiraishi, Shigeo Yoshida, Tomoaki Utsunomiya, and Iku Sato. "Experimental results of floating platform vibration control with mode change function using full-scale spar-type floating offshore wind turbine." Wind Engineering 42, no. 3 (October 30, 2017): 230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x17737336.
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Floating offshore wind turbines have great potential for harvesting renewable energy sources since offshore wind is stronger and more stable than onshore wind. The foundations of floating offshore wind turbines are not rigidly fixed and it leads to vibration of the floating platform pitch angle. This vibration is caused by fast blade pitch angle motions of variable speed control for controlling rotor speed at rated values. This study proposes a control method to address this vibration, floating platform vibration control. This method extracts a natural frequency component of the vibration from the floating platform pitch angle signal by a band pass filter and controls the blade pitch angle on the basis of proportional–derivative control. Its key characteristic is changing control modes in accordance with electrical power. Experiments using a full-scale spar-type floating offshore wind turbine were performed, and results show that the proposed floating platform vibration control can suppress the vibration of floating platform pitch angle.
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Li, Junlai, Weiguo Wu, Yu Wei, Yu Shu, Zhiqiang Lu, Wenbin Lai, Panpan Jia, Cheng Zhao, and Yonghe Xie. "Study on Dynamic Response of Offshore Wind Turbine Structure Under Typhoon." Polish Maritime Research 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2022-0004.
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Abstract Floating offshore wind turbines are easily affected by typhoons in the deep sea, which may cause serious damage to their structure. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the dynamic response of wind turbine structures under typhoons. This paper took the 5MW floating offshore wind turbine developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) as the research object. Based on the motion theory of platforms in waves, a physical model with a scale ratio of 1:120 was established, and a hydraulic cradle was used to simulate the effect of waves on the turbines. The dynamic response characteristics of offshore wind turbines under typhoons are systematically studied. The research results clarified that the turbine structure is mainly affected by wave loads under typhoons, and its motion response reaches its maximum value under the action of extreme wave loads. The research results of this paper can provide reference value for the design of offshore wind turbine structures under typhoons.
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Li, Junlai, Weiguo Wu, Yu Wei, Yu Shu, Zhiqiang Lu, Wenbin Lai, Panpan Jia, Cheng Zhao, and Yonghe Xie. "Study on Dynamic Response of Offshore Wind Turbine Structure Under Typhoon." Polish Maritime Research 29, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2022-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Floating offshore wind turbines are easily affected by typhoons in the deep sea, which may cause serious damage to their structure. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the dynamic response of wind turbine structures under typhoons. This paper took the 5MW floating offshore wind turbine developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) as the research object. Based on the motion theory of platforms in waves, a physical model with a scale ratio of 1:120 was established, and a hydraulic cradle was used to simulate the effect of waves on the turbines. The dynamic response characteristics of offshore wind turbines under typhoons are systematically studied. The research results clarified that the turbine structure is mainly affected by wave loads under typhoons, and its motion response reaches its maximum value under the action of extreme wave loads. The research results of this paper can provide reference value for the design of offshore wind turbine structures under typhoons.
18
Crowle, A. P., and PR Thies. "Construction and installation engineering for floating wind turbines." MATEC Web of Conferences 355 (2022): 03068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235503068.
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The construction and installation engineering of floating offshore wind turbines is important to minimize schedules and costs. Floating offshore wind turbine substructures are an expanding sector within renewable power generation, offering an opportunity to deliver green energy, in new areas offshore. The floating nature of the substructures permits wind turbine placement in deep water locations. This paper investigates the construction and installation challenges for the various floating offshore wind types. It is concluded that priority areas for project management and design engineers minimising steel used in semi submersible construction, reducing the floating draft of Spars and for Tension Leg Platforms developing equipment for a safe installation. Specifically tailored design for construction and installation includes expanding the weather window in which these floating substructures can be fabricated, transported to and from offshore site and making mooring and electrical connection operations simpler. The simplification of construction methodology will reduce time spent offshore and minimise risks to installation equipment and personnel. The paper will include the best practice for ease of towing for offshore installation and the possible return to port for maintenance. The construction and installation process for a floating offshore wind turbine varies with substructure type and this will be developed in more detail in the paper. Floating offshore wind structures require an international collaboration of shipyards, ports and construction vessels, though to good project management. It is concluded that return to port for maintenance is possible for semi submersibles and barges whereas for Spars and TLP updated equipment is required to carry out maintenance offshore. In order to facilitate the construction and to minimize costs, the main aspects have to be considered i.e., the required construction vessel types, the distance from fit-out port to site and the weather restrictions.
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Yildiz, Nurullah, Hassan Hemida, and Charalampos Baniotopoulos. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Barge-Type Floating Wind Turbine and Comparison with Other Types of Wind Turbines." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 5656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185656.
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The intensive increase of global warming every year affects our world negatively and severely. The use of renewable energy sources has gained importance in reducing and eliminating the effect of global warming. To this end, new technologies are being developed to facilitate the use of these resources. One of these technological developments is the floating wind turbine. In order to evaluate the respective environmental footprint of these systems, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is herein applied. In this study, the environmental impact of floating wind turbines is investigated using a life cycle assessment approach and the results are compared with the respective ones of onshore and jacket offshore wind turbines of the same power capacity. The studied floating wind turbine has a square foundation that is open at its centre and is connected to the seabed with a synthetic fibre-nylon anchorage system. The environmental impact of all life cycles of such a structure, i.e., the manufacture, the operation, the disposal, and the recycling stages of the wind turbines, has been evaluated. For these floating wind turbines, it has been found that the greatest environmental impact corresponds to the manufacturing stage, whilst the global warming potential and the energy payback time of a 2 MW floating wind turbine of a barge-type platform is higher than that of the onshore, the jacket offshore (2 MW) and the floating (5 MW) wind turbines on a sway floating platform.
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Liu, Zhenqing, Yicheng Fan, Wei Wang, and Guowei Qian. "Numerical Study of a Proposed Semi-Submersible Floating Platform with Different Numbers of Offset Columns Based on the DeepCwind Prototype for Improving the Wave-Resistance Ability." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 25, 2019): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061255.
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DeepCwind semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines have been widely examined, and in some countries this type of floating offshore wind turbine has been adopted in the construction of floating wind farms. However, the DeepCwind semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines still experience large surge motion that limits their operational time. Therefore, in this study, a semi-submersible floating platform with different numbers of offset columns, but with the same total weight, based on the DeepCwind prototype is proposed. From the free-decay test, it was found that the number of the floating columns will affect the natural frequency of the platform. Furthermore, the regular wave test in the time domain and the irregular wave test in the frequency domain show that increasing the number of the floating columns will reduce the surge motion greatly, while the effects in the heave and pitch motions are not obvious.
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Afjeh, Abdollah A., Brett Andersen, Jin Woo Lee, Mahdi Norouzi, and Efstratios Nikolaidis. "Advanced Concept Offshore Wind Turbine Development." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 18, no. 5 (September 20, 2014): 728–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0728.
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Development of novel offshore wind turbine designs and technologies are necessary to reduce the cost of offshore wind energy since offshore wind turbines need to withstand ice and waves in addition to wind, a markedly different environment from their onshore counterparts. This paper focuses on major design challenges of offshore wind turbines and offers an advanced concept wind turbine that can significantly reduce the cost of offshore wind energy as an alternative to the current popular designs. The design consists of a two-blade, downwind rotor configuration fitted to a fixed bottom or floating foundation. Preliminary results indicate that cost savings of nearly 25% are possible compared with the conventional upwind wind turbine designs.
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Russell, A. J., M. Collu, A. McDonald, P. R. Thies, A. Mortimer, and A. R. Quayle. "Review of LIDAR-assisted Control for Offshore Wind Turbine Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2362, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2362/1/012035.
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Nacelle-mounted, forward-facing Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) technology is able to provide knowledge of the incoming wind so that wind turbines can prepare in advance, through feedforward control. LIDAR can aid in improving wind turbine performance across the full operating range, assisting with torque control in below rated wind speeds, pitch control in above rated wind speeds and yaw control for correctly aligning the turbine rotor with the incoming wind direction. The motivations are for decreasing structural loads, resulting in reduced maintenance and extended lifetimes of turbines and their components, and increasing power capture, both of which can lead to reductions in the levelised cost of energy. This paper provides a review of control strategies that have been employed for LIDAR-assisted turbine control. This paper reviews the computational and practical studies that have been performed for both bottom-fixed and floating turbines and the journey that the field has undertaken since its conceptualisation. Detail is provided of the key differences between fixed and floating offshore turbine dynamics. The paper concludes with guidance for future work within the field, with a focus on floating turbines, as the extent of the literature is scarce when compared to bottom-fixed. Suggestions are offered for how the future studies can better account for the current and future industry landscape. Opportunities for testing of LIDAR-assisted floating turbine control in the field, its benefits for floating substructure design, and the steps needed to be taken to ensure its increased utilisation on industrial projects are also discussed.
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Lee, Sang, Matthew Churchfield, Frederick Driscoll, Senu Sirnivas, Jason Jonkman, Patrick Moriarty, Bjόrn Skaare, Finn Nielsen, and Erik Byklum. "Load Estimation of Offshore Wind Turbines." Energies 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11071895.
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The influence of 3 MW Hywind-II wind turbine wakes from an upstream offshore floating wind turbine on a downstream turbine with a separation distance of seven rotor diameters was studied for a site in the Gulf of Maine. The turbines and the platforms were subjected to atmospheric boundary layer flows. Various sensitivity studies on fatigue loads with respect to the positions of the downstream turbine were performed and validated with a large-eddy simulation tool. In particular, the effect of various lateral positions of the downstream turbine relative to the upstream turbine were considered using time-series turbine wake data generated from the large-eddy simulation tool which served as an input to an aero-elastic wind turbine model to assess the loads. The load response from the rotor, tower, and the floating platform for the downstream turbine were sensitive to the lateral offset positions where turbines that were partially exposed to upstream turbine wakes yielded significant increases in the cyclic load range. For the given set of lateral positions for the downstream turbine, the largest damage equivalent load occurred when the turbine was one rotor diameter to the left of the centerline, when looking upstream, which is the position of the turbine fully exposed to upstream turbine wake. On the other hand, the fatigue load on the downstream turbine placed on the right side of the position fully exposed to the upstream turbine wake, yielded lower stress due to the non-symmetric shape of the turbine wake. The configuration associated with the largest damage equivalent loads was further investigated in a large-eddy simulation, modeling both the upstream and downstream turbines. It was found that the energy spectra at the blade rotational frequency were a magnitude order higher for the downstream turbine, especially for surge, heave, pitch, and yaw motion of the platform. The increase of the damage equivalent load for the flapwise blade root moment was 45% compared to the upstream turbine, which can potentially reduce the turbine service life time.
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Aird, Jeanie, Evan Gaertner, and Matthew Lackner. "Dynamic prescribed-wake vortex method for aerodynamic analysis of offshore floating wind turbines." Wind Engineering 43, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x18819897.
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A prescribed-wake vortex model for evaluating the aerodynamic loads on offshore floating turbines has been developed. As an extension to the existing UMass analysis tool, WInDS, the developed model uses prescribed empirical wake node velocity functions to model aerodynamic loading. This model is applicable to both dynamic flow conditions and dynamic rotational and translational platform motions of floating offshore turbines. With this model, motion-induced wake perturbations can be considered, and their effect on induction can be modeled, which is useful for floating offshore wind turbine design. The prescribed-wake WInDS model is shown to increase computational efficiency drastically in all presented cases and maintain comparable accuracy to the free wake model. Results of prescribed-wake model simulations are presented and compared to results obtained from the free wake model to confirm model validity.
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Bashetty, Srikanth, and Selahattin Ozcelik. "Review on Dynamics of Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Platforms." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 6026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196026.
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This paper presents a literature review of the dynamics of offshore floating wind turbine platforms. When moving further offshore, there is an increase in the capacity of wind power. Generating power from renewable resources is enhanced through the extraction of wind energy from an offshore deep-water wind resource. Mounting the turbine on a platform that is not stable brings another difficulty to wind turbine modeling. There is a need to introduce platforms that are more effective to capture this energy, because of the complex dynamics and control of these platforms. This paper highlights the historical developments and progresses in the design of different types of offshore floating wind turbine platforms needed for harvesting the energy from offshore winds. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the platform types with the design challenges are discussed. The major types of floating platforms included in this study are tension leg platform (TLP) type, spar type, and semisubmersible type. This study reviews the previous work on the dynamics of the floating platforms for a single turbine and multiple turbines under various operating environmental conditions. The numerical methods to analyze the aerodynamics of the wind turbine and hydrodynamics of floating platforms are discussed in this paper. This paper also investigates the performance of analytical wake loss models of Jensen, Larsen, and Frandsen that can provide guidelines for using these wake models in future applications. There are still a lot of challenges that need to be addressed to study the accurate behavior of floating platforms operating under combined wind–wave environmental conditions. With the current technological advancements, the offshore floating multi-turbine platform can be a potential solution to harness the abundant offshore wind resource. Based on this literature review, recommendations for future work are suggested.
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Xiao, Shuolin, and Di Yang. "Large-Eddy Simulation-Based Study of Effect of Swell-Induced Pitch Motion on Wake-Flow Statistics and Power Extraction of Offshore Wind Turbines." Energies 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071246.
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In this study, the effects of ocean swell waves and swell-induced pitch motion on the wake-flow statistics and power extraction of floating wind turbines are numerically investigated. A hybrid numerical model coupling wind large-eddy (LES) and high-order spectral-wave simulations is employed to capture the effects of ocean swell waves on offshore wind. In the simulation, 3 × 3 floating wind turbines with prescribed pitch motions were modeled using the actuator disk model. The turbulence statistics and wind-power extraction rate for the floating turbines are quantified and compared to a reference case with fixed turbines. Statistical analysis based on the phase-average approach shows significant swell-correlated wind-velocity variations in both cases, and the swell-induced pitch motion of floating turbines is found to cause oscillations of wind-turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress, as well as an increase of vertical velocity variance in the near-wake region. Swells also cause periodic oscillation in extracted power density in the fixed turbine case, and the turbine pitch motion in the floating turbine case could further modulate this oscillation by shifting the phase dependence by about 180 degrees with respect to the swell-wave phase.
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Xu, B. F., T. G. Wang, Y. Yuan, and J. F. Cao. "Unsteady aerodynamic analysis for offshore floating wind turbines under different wind conditions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2035 (February 28, 2015): 20140080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0080.
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A free-vortex wake (FVW) model is developed in this paper to analyse the unsteady aerodynamic performance of offshore floating wind turbines. A time-marching algorithm of third-order accuracy is applied in the FVW model. Owing to the complex floating platform motions, the blade inflow conditions and the positions of initial points of vortex filaments, which are different from the fixed wind turbine, are modified in the implemented model. A three-dimensional rotational effect model and a dynamic stall model are coupled into the FVW model to improve the aerodynamic performance prediction in the unsteady conditions. The effects of floating platform motions in the simulation model are validated by comparison between calculation and experiment for a small-scale rigid test wind turbine coupled with a floating tension leg platform (TLP). The dynamic inflow effect carried by the FVW method itself is confirmed and the results agree well with the experimental data of a pitching transient on another test turbine. Also, the flapping moment at the blade root in yaw on the same test turbine is calculated and compares well with the experimental data. Then, the aerodynamic performance is simulated in a yawed condition of steady wind and in an unyawed condition of turbulent wind, respectively, for a large-scale wind turbine coupled with the floating TLP motions, demonstrating obvious differences in rotor performance and blade loading from the fixed wind turbine. The non-dimensional magnitudes of loading changes due to the floating platform motions decrease from the blade root to the blade tip.
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Li, Jiawen, Zhenni Li, Yichen Jiang, and Yougang Tang. "Typhoon Resistance Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbines: A Review." Atmosphere 13, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13030451.
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A typhoon is a tropical cyclone in the western Pacific Ocean and the China seas. Typhoons are some of the most destructive natural disasters on Earth. In China, typhoons have had major impacts on the stability and structural integrity of offshore wind turbines in the complex and harsh marine environment. In this research, first, the main causes of wind turbine damage were analyzed based on the characteristics of a typhoon and a wind turbine structure for typical typhoon-induced accidents. Second, the research progress of the anti-typhoon design of offshore wind turbines and the anti-typhoon strategy of wind farms operation and maintenance was summarized. Finally, the problems to be further solved in these research fields were presented to provide references for the development of offshore wind turbines, in particular, floating wind turbines in typhoon-prone areas.
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Li, He, A. P. Teixeira, and C. Guedes Soares. "An Improved Failure Mode and Effect Analysis of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111616.
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This paper proposes an improved failure mode and effect analysis method for a comprehensive failure analysis that provides a holistic perspective of actions on the potential failures of floating offshore wind turbines. A new way of constructing risk priority numbers was developed by considering the background knowledge of the specialists involved in the failure analysis. The failure analysis was conducted based on an extensive dataset from multiple specialists that covers five floating offshore wind turbine systems, 15 main components, 42 failure modes, and 104 failure causes. Consequently, 21 recommendations are suggested for designers and operators to prevent and mitigate the risk of unexpected failures of floating offshore wind turbines. Furthermore, a comparison analysis was conducted to illustrate the similarities and differences between the proposed failure mode and effect analysis and the conventional method.
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Lavanya, C., and Nandyala Darga Kumar. "Foundation Types for Land and Offshore Sustainable Wind Energy Turbine Towers." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401094.
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Wind energy is the renewable sources of energy and it is used to generate electricity. The wind farms can be constructed on land and offshore where higher wind speeds are prevailing. Most offshore wind farms employ fixed-foundation wind turbines in relatively shallow water. In deep waters floating wind turbines have gained popularity and are recent development. This paper discusses the various types of foundations which are in practice for use in wind turbine towers installed on land and offshore. The applicability of foundations based on depth of seabed and distance of wind farm from the shore are discussed. Also, discussed the improvement methods of weak or soft soils for the foundations of wind turbine towers.
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Bhattacharya, Subhamoy, Suryakanta Biswal, Muhammed Aleem, Sadra Amani, Athul Prabhakaran, Ganga Prakhya, Domenico Lombardi, and Harsh K. Mistry. "Seismic Design of Offshore Wind Turbines: Good, Bad and Unknowns." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123496.
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Large scale offshore wind farms are relatively new infrastructures and are being deployed in regions prone to earthquakes. Offshore wind farms comprise of both offshore wind turbines (OWTs) and balance of plants (BOP) facilities, such as inter-array and export cables, grid connection etc. An OWT structure can be either grounded systems (rigidly anchored to the seabed) or floating systems (with tension legs or catenary cables). OWTs are dynamically-sensitive structures made of a long slender tower with a top-heavy mass, known as Nacelle, to which a heavy rotating mass (hub and blades) is attached. These structures, apart from the variable environmental wind and wave loads, may also be subjected to earthquake related hazards in seismic zones. The earthquake hazards that can affect offshore wind farm are fault displacement, seismic shaking, subsurface liquefaction, submarine landslides, tsunami effects and a combination thereof. Procedures for seismic designing OWTs are not explicitly mentioned in current codes of practice. The aim of the paper is to discuss the seismic related challenges in the analysis and design of offshore wind farms and wind turbine structures. Different types of grounded and floating systems are considered to evaluate the seismic related effects. However, emphasis is provided on Tension Leg Platform (TLP) type floating wind turbine. Future research needs are also identified.
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He, Er Ming, Ya Qi Hu, Yang Zhang, and Ge Liang Yin. "Vibration and Load Suppression of Offshore Floating Wind Turbine." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.891.
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The application of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) to offshore wind turbines has a huge potential to suppress the large vibration responses of these systems. Control module of TMDs is added into the wind turbine structural dynamics simulation code FAST and fully coupled aero-hydro-TMD-structural dynamics model of the 5MW Barge-type floating wind turbine by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is established. A multi-parameter optimization study is performed to determine the optimal parameters of a fore-aft TMD system in the Barge-type model. The wind turbine model equipped with the optimal TMD is then simulated under five typical load conditions and the performance of the new system is evaluated. The results show that longitudinal loads at tower base and deflections at tower top reductions of up to 50% and longitudinal loads at blade root and deflections at blade tip reductions of up to 40% are achieved, which indicates that the optimal TMD can be used to suppress the vibration response of offshore wind turbines and also demonstrates the potential for TMD structural control approaches.
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Cottura, Lorenzo, Riccardo Caradonna, Alberto Ghigo, Riccardo Novo, Giovanni Bracco, and Giuliana Mattiazzo. "Dynamic Modeling of an Offshore Floating Wind Turbine for Application in the Mediterranean Sea." Energies 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010248.
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Wind power is emerging as one of the most sustainable and low-cost options for energy production. Far-offshore floating wind turbines are attractive in view of exploiting high wind availability sites while minimizing environmental and landscape impact. In the last few years, some offshore floating wind farms were deployed in Northern Europe for technology validation, with very promising results. At present time, however, no offshore wind farm installations have been developed in the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this work is to comprehensively model an offshore floating wind turbine and examine the behavior resulting from a wide spectrum of sea and wind states typical of the Mediterranean Sea. The flexible and accessible in-house model developed for this purpose is compared with the reference model FAST v8.16 for verifying its reliability. Then, a simulation campaign is carried out to estimate the wind turbine LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy). Based on this, the best substructure is chosen and the convenience of the investment is evaluated.
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Matha, Denis, Frank Sandner, Climent Molins, Alexis Campos, and Po Wen Cheng. "Efficient preliminary floating offshore wind turbine design and testing methodologies and application to a concrete spar design." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2035 (February 28, 2015): 20140350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0350.
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The current key challenge in the floating offshore wind turbine industry and research is on designing economic floating systems that can compete with fixed-bottom offshore turbines in terms of levelized cost of energy. The preliminary platform design, as well as early experimental design assessments, are critical elements in the overall design process. In this contribution, a brief review of current floating offshore wind turbine platform pre-design and scaled testing methodologies is provided, with a focus on their ability to accommodate the coupled dynamic behaviour of floating offshore wind systems. The exemplary design and testing methodology for a monolithic concrete spar platform as performed within the European KIC AFOSP project is presented. Results from the experimental tests compared to numerical simulations are presented and analysed and show very good agreement for relevant basic dynamic platform properties. Extreme and fatigue loads and cost analysis of the AFOSP system confirm the viability of the presented design process. In summary, the exemplary application of the reduced design and testing methodology for AFOSP confirms that it represents a viable procedure during pre-design of floating offshore wind turbine platforms.
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Jenkins, Brian, Ian Belton, James Carroll, and David McMillan. "Estimating the major replacement rates in next-generation offshore wind turbines using structured expert elicitation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2362, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2362/1/012020.
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With offshore wind turbines continuing to increase in size and move further offshore and into harsher environments, the complexity of carrying out the major replacement of large components is expected to pose a significant challenge for future offshore wind farms. However, the rate of major replacement operations that will be required in these next generation offshore wind turbines is currently unknown. Using a structured expert elicitation method, based on the Classical Model and implemented using EFSA guidance for the practical application of structured expert elicitation, major replacement rates of large components (generator, gearbox, and rotor) were systematically estimated for four next generation offshore wind turbine configurations, based on the knowledge of six wind energy experts. The results presented in this paper are based on an equal-weighting aggregation approach. The major replacement rate values found using this approach are presented and compared between different turbine configurations. Based on these results, it is expected that a larger number of major replacement operations are more likely to be required in medium-speed turbine configurations, in comparison to direct- drive, and in floating turbines, in comparison to fixed-foundation turbines.
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Pustina, Luca, Francesco Biral, and Jacopo Serafini. "A novel Nonlinear Model Predictive Controller for Power Maximization on Floating Offshore Wind Turbines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2265, no. 4 (May 1, 2022): 042002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042002.
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Abstract Reducing the Levelized Cost of Energy is the main objective of wind turbine industry, in particular for the emerging sector of floating offshore turbines. In this work, a novel Economic Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (ENMPC) strategy is developed to maximize the power production of floating offshore wind turbines. The control problem is solved through an indirect method, which achieves the computational efficiency required to apply it in real world cases. A non-linear Reduced Order Model of the floating turbine predicts aerodynamic power, generator temperature and platform motions inside the controller. A set of constraints, including a bound on the generator temperature, the thrust and platform velocities are imposed. Simulations using the open-source engineering tool OpenFAST on the 5MW NREL wind turbine supported by the OC3 spar buoy platform [1] are performed to validate the turbine model and then to assess the controller performances in realistic wind and sea state conditions. With respect to the standard controller, a 4.3% increase of generated power in rated conditions is achieved with a more stable generator temperature.
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Abbas, Nikhar J., Daniel S. Zalkind, Lucy Pao, and Alan Wright. "A reference open-source controller for fixed and floating offshore wind turbines." Wind Energy Science 7, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-53-2022.
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Abstract. This paper describes the development of a new reference controller framework for fixed and floating offshore wind turbines that greatly facilitates controller tuning and represents standard industry practices. The reference wind turbine controllers that are most commonly cited in the literature have been developed to work with specific reference wind turbines. Although these controllers have provided standard control functionalities, they are often not easy to modify for use on other turbines, so it has been challenging for researchers to run representative, fully dynamic simulations of other wind turbine designs. The Reference Open-Source Controller (ROSCO) has been developed to provide a modular reference wind turbine controller that represents industry standards and performs comparably to or better than existing reference controllers. The formulation of the ROSCO controller logic and tuning processes is presented in this paper. Control capabilities such as tip speed ratio tracking generator torque control, minimum pitch saturation, wind speed estimation, and a smoothing algorithm at near-rated operation are included to provide modern controller features. A floating offshore wind turbine feedback module is also included to facilitate growing research in the floating offshore arena. All of the standard controller implementations and control modules are automatically tuned such that a non-controls engineer or automated optimization routine can easily improve the controller performance. This article provides the framework and theoretical basis for the ROSCO controller modules and generic tuning processes. Simulations of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW reference wind turbine and International Energy Agency 15 MW reference turbine on the University of Maine semisubmersible platform are analyzed to demonstrate the controller's performance in both fixed and floating configurations, respectively. The simulation results demonstrate ROSCO's peak shaving routine to reduce maximum rotor thrusts by over 10 % compared to the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine controller on the land-based turbine and to reduce maximum platform pitch angles by nearly 30 % when using the platform feedback routine instead of a more traditional low-bandwidth controller.
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Zhang, Ruo Yu, Chao He Chen, You Gang Tang, and Xiao Yan Huang. "Research Development and Key Technical on Floating Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1014–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1014.
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The water area in which water depth is deeper than 50m has special advantage in wind turbine generation, because there are the stable wind speed and small Wind-shear. In such sea area, the offshore wind energy generating equipments should be set up on floating foundation structure. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the floating foundation structures that are available for offshore wind energy generation for the industrialization of the offshore wind power generation. In this paper, the basic type and working principles are reviewed for some novel floating structures developed in recent year. In addition, some key dynamical problems and risk factors of the floating structure are systemically analyzed for working load caused by turbine running and sea environment loads of floating structure. The results are valuable for designing the floating structures of wind turbine generation.
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Ahmad, Aabas. "Analysis of Load Reduction of Floating Wind Turbines Using Passive Tuned Mass Dampers." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38179.
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Abstract: An efficient method for restraining the large vibration displacements and loads of offshore floating wind turbines under harsh marine environment is proposed by putting tuned mass dampers in the cabin. A dynamics model for a barge-type offshore floating wind turbine with a fore–aft tuned mass damper is established based on Lagrange’s equations; the nonlinear least squares Leven berg–Marquardt algorithm is employed to identify the parameters of the wind turbine; different parameter optimization methods are adopted to optimize tuned mass damper parameters by considering the standard deviation of the tower top longitudinal displacement as the objective function. Aiming at five typical combined wind and wave load cases under normal running state of the wind turbine, the dynamic responses of the wind turbine with/without tuned mass damper are simulated and the suppression effect of the tuned mass damper is investigated over the wide range of load cases. The results show that when the wind turbine vibrates in the state of damped free vibration, the standard deviation of the tower top longitudinal displacement is decreased approximately 60% in 100 s by the optimized tuned mass damper with the optimum tuned mass damper mass ratio 1.8%. The standard deviation suppression rates of the longitudinal displacements and loads in the tower and blades increase with the tuned mass damper mass ratio when the wind turbine vibrates under the combined wind and wave load cases. When the mass ratio changes from 0.5% to 2%, the maximum suppression rates vary from 20% to 50% correspondingly, which effectively reduce vibration responses of the offshore floating wind turbine. The results of this article preliminarily verify the feasibilities of using a tuned mass damper for restraining vibration of the barge-type offshore floating wind turbine
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Ghigo, Alberto, Lorenzo Cottura, Riccardo Caradonna, Giovanni Bracco, and Giuliana Mattiazzo. "Platform Optimization and Cost Analysis in a Floating Offshore Wind Farm." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110835.
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Floating offshore wind represents a new frontier of renewable energies. The absence of a fixed structure allows exploiting wind potential in deep seas, like the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, characterized by high availability and wind potential. However, a floating offshore wind system, which includes an offshore turbine, floating platform, moorings, anchors, and electrical system, requires very high capital investments: one of the most relevant cost items is the floating substructure. This work focuses on the choice of a floating platform that minimizes the global weight, in order to reduce the material cost, but ensuring buoyancy and static stability. Subsequently, the optimized platform is used to define a wind farm located near the island of Pantelleria, Italy in order to meet the island’s electricity needs. A sensitivity analysis to estimate the Levelized Cost Of Energy is presented, analyzing the parameters that influence it most, like Capacity Factor, Weighted Average Capital Cost (WACC) and number of wind turbines.
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Cevasco, D., M. Collu, CM Rizzo, and M. Hall. "On mooring line tension and fatigue prediction for offshore vertical axis wind turbines: A comparison of lumped mass and quasi-static approaches." Wind Engineering 42, no. 2 (March 20, 2018): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x18756962.
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Despite several potential advantages, relatively few studies and design support tools have been developed for floating vertical axis wind turbines. Due to the substantial aerodynamics differences, the analyses of vertical axis wind turbine on floating structures cannot be easily extended from what have been already done for horizontal axis wind turbines. Therefore, the main aim of the present work is to compare the dynamic response of the floating offshore wind turbine system adopting two different mooring dynamics approaches. Two versions of the in-house aero-hydro-mooring coupled model of dynamics for floating vertical axis wind turbine (FloVAWT) have been used, employing a mooring quasi-static model, which solves the equations using an energetic approach, and a modified version of floating vertical axis wind turbine, which instead couples with the lumped mass mooring line model MoorDyn. The results, in terms of mooring line tension, fatigue and response in frequency have been obtained and analysed, based on a 5 MW Darrieus type rotor supported by the OC4-DeepCwind semisubmersible.
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Nejad, Amir R., and Jone Torsvik. "Drivetrains on floating offshore wind turbines: lessons learned over the last 10 years." Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 85, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10010-021-00469-8.
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AbstractThis paper presents lessons learned from own research studies and field experiments with drivetrains on floating wind turbines over the last ten years. Drivetrains on floating support structures are exposed to wave-induced motions in addition to wind loading and motions. This study investigates the drivetrain-floater interactions from two different viewpoints: how drivetrain impacts the sub-structure design; and how drivetrain responses and life are affected by the floater and support structure motion. The first one is linked to the drivetrain technology and layout, while the second question addresses the influence of the wave-induced motion. The results for both perspectives are presented and discussed. Notably, it is highlighted that the effect of wave induced motions may not be as significant as the wind loading on the drivetrain responses particularly in larger turbines. Given the limited experience with floating wind turbines, however, more research is needed. The main aim with this article is to synthesize and share own research findings on the subject in the period since 2009, the year that the first full-scale floating wind turbine, Hywind Demo, entered operation in Norway.
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Piscopo, Vincenzo, Antonio Scamardella, Giovanni Battista Rossi, Francesco Crenna, and Marta Berardengo. "Fatigue Assessment of Moorings for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines by Advanced Spectral Analysis Methods." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010037.
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The fatigue assessment of mooring lines for floating offshore wind turbines represents a challenging issue not only for the reliable design of the stationkeeping system but also for the economic impact on the installation and maintenance costs over the entire lifetime of the offshore wind farm. After a brief review about the state-of-art, the nonlinear time-domain hydrodynamic model of floating offshore wind turbines moored by chain cables is discussed. Subsequently, the assessment of the fatigue damage in the mooring lines is outlined, focusing on the combined-spectrum approach. The relevant fatigue parameters, due to the low- and wave-frequency components of the stress process, are estimated by two different methods. The former is based on the time-domain analysis of the filtered stress process time history. The latter, instead, is based on the spectral analysis of the stress process by two advanced methods, namely the Welch and Thomson ones. Subsequently, a benchmark study is performed, assuming as reference floating offshore wind turbine the OC4-DeepCWind semisubmersible platform, equipped with the 5 MW NREL wind turbine. The cumulative fatigue damage is determined for eight load conditions, including both power production and parked wind turbine situations. A comparative analysis between time-domain and spectral analysis methods is also performed. Current results clearly show that the endorsement of advanced spectral analysis methods can be helpful to improve the reliability of the fatigue life assessment of mooring lines.
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Yan, Fa Suo, Hong Wei Wang, Jun Zhang, and Da Gang Zhang. "Influence of Wind Turbine Aero-Elastic Load on Dynamic Response of Floating Platform." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.649.
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A numerical code, known as COUPLE, which has been developed to perform hydrodynamic analysis of floating body with a mooring system, is extended to collaborate with FAST to evaluate the interactions between wind turbine and its floating base. FAST is developed by National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) for aeroelastic simulation of wind turbines. A dynamic response analysis of a spar type floating wind turbine system is carried out by the method. Two types of simulation of wind load are used in the analysis. One type is a constant steady force and the other is a six-component dynamic load from a turbulent wind model. Numerical results of related platform motions under random sea conditions are presented in time and frequency domain. Comparison of results is performed to explain the difference of two analyses. The conclusions derived in this study may provide reference for the design of offshore floating wind turbines.
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Elusakin, Tobi, Mahmood Shafiee, Tosin Adedipe, and Fateme Dinmohammadi. "A Stochastic Petri Net Model for O&M Planning of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041134.
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With increasing deployment of offshore wind farms further from shore and in deeper waters, the efficient and effective planning of operation and maintenance (O&M) activities has received considerable attention from wind energy developers and operators in recent years. The O&M planning of offshore wind farms is a complicated task, as it depends on many factors such as asset degradation rates, availability of resources required to perform maintenance tasks (e.g., transport vessels, service crew, spare parts, and special tools) as well as the uncertainties associated with weather and climate variability. A brief review of the literature shows that a lot of research has been conducted on optimizing the O&M schedules for fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines; however, the literature for O&M planning of floating wind farms is too limited. This paper presents a stochastic Petri network (SPN) model for O&M planning of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) and their support structure components, including floating platform, moorings and anchoring system. The proposed model incorporates all interrelationships between different factors influencing O&M planning of FOWTs, including deterioration and renewal process of components within the system. Relevant data such as failure rate, mean-time-to-failure (MTTF), degradation rate, etc. are collected from the literature as well as wind energy industry databases, and then the model is tested on an NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine system mounted on an OC3-Hywind spar buoy floating platform. The results indicate that our proposed model can significantly contribute to the reduction of O&M costs in the floating offshore wind sector.
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Bayati, I., M. Belloli, L. Bernini, and A. Zasso. "Wind Tunnel Wake Measurements of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines." Energy Procedia 137 (October 2017): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.375.
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Arredondo-Galeana, Abel, and Feargal Brennan. "Floating Offshore Vertical Axis Wind Turbines: Opportunities, Challenges and Way Forward." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 8000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238000.
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The offshore wind sector is expanding to deep water locations through floating platforms. This poses challenges to horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) due to the ever growing size of blades and floating support structures. As such, maintaining the structural integrity and reducing the levelised cost of energy (LCoE) of floating HAWTs seems increasingly difficult. An alternative to these challenges could be found in floating offshore vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). It is known that VAWTs have certain advantages over HAWTs, and in fact, some small-scale developers have successfully commercialised their onshore prototypes. In contrast, it remains unknown whether VAWTs can offer an advantage for deep water floating offshore wind farms. Therefore, here we present a multi-criteria review of different aspects of VAWTs to address this question. It is found that wind farm power density and reliability could be decisive factors to make VAWTs a feasible alternative for deep water floating arrays. Finally, we propose a way forward based on the findings of this review.
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Vanelli, T., J. Rinker, and D. S. Zalkind. "Aeroservoelastic stability of a floating wind turbine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2265, no. 4 (May 1, 2022): 042001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042001.
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Abstract The problem of negative damping undermines the aeroservoelastic stability of floating offshore wind turbines. The negative damping problem is most prevalent around rated wind speed, where the sensitivity of thrust to wind speed is the largest. This paper investigates the implementation of peak shaving, a controller feature that limits the rated thrust by pitching the blades before rated wind speed is reached. Two controller designs are investigated: a de-tuned controller and a nacelle-feedback controller. A time-domain metric is defined, inspired by Lyapunov theory, in order to compute and assess the stability of floating offshore wind turbines. The model of the International Energy Agency 15-MW reference wind turbine mounted on the University of Maine VolturnUS-S floater is simulated in HAWC2 with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory reference open-source controller. Peak shaving is applied to the two controller designs and stability is assessed. According to the chosen metric, peak shaving does not improve the stability of the system. This is due to the trade-off between loads and error tracking: although the loads and displacements in the fore-aft direction of the turbine are reduced, the rotor-speed tracking is poorer, which increases the shaft torsion fatigue load.
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Ding, Hongyan, Zuntao Feng, Puyang Zhang, Conghuan Le, and Yaohua Guo. "Floating Performance of a Composite Bucket Foundation with an Offshore Wind Tower during Transportation." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040882.
Full textAbstract:
The composite bucket foundation (CBF) for offshore wind turbines is the basis for a one-step integrated transportation and installation technique, which can be adapted to the construction and development needs of offshore wind farms due to its special structural form. To transport and install bucket foundations together with the upper portion of offshore wind turbines, a non-self-propelled integrated transportation and installation vessel was designed. In this paper, as the first stage of applying the proposed one-step integrated construction technique, the floating behavior during the transportation of CBF with a wind turbine tower for the Xiangshui wind farm in the Jiangsu province was monitored. The influences of speed, wave height, and wind on the floating behavior of the structure were studied. The results show that the roll and pitch angles remain close to level during the process of lifting and towing the wind turbine structure. In addition, the safety of the aircushion structure of the CBF was verified by analyzing the measurement results for the interaction force and the depth of the liquid within the bucket. The results of the three-DOF (degree of freedom) acceleration monitoring on the top of the test tower indicate that the wind turbine could meet the specified acceleration value limits during towing.
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Abdelmoteleb, Serag-Eldin, Alejandra S. Escalera Mendoza, Carlos R. dos Santos, Erin E. Bachynski-Polić, D. Todd Griffith, and Luca Oggiano. "Preliminary Sizing and Optimization of Semisubmersible Substructures for Future Generation Offshore Wind Turbines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2362, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2362/1/012001.
Full textAbstract:
Several key development areas have been identified as having high potential for reducing the levelized cost of energy of offshore wind. Two of the most anticipated developments are future generation large wind turbines and the use of floating foundations. There is thus a need for developing large floating substructures that are capable of hosting future generation wind turbines. This work presents the preliminary sizing of two semi-submersible platforms for supporting a 25 MW turbine through a design space search using a simplified parametric analysis. Compared to simple theoretical upscaling, the substructures resulting from the proposed simplified parametric analysis have significantly lower steel mass and stiffer tower.