Journal articles on the topic 'Flight crews'
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1
Li, Jingqiang, Yanru Zhou, Xining Zhang, and Tianchen Fan. "Fatigue during Long-Haul Flights of Different Crew Compositions under Exemption from Layover and Flight Time during COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 13567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013567.
Abstract:
Pilot fatigue and alertness are critical for civil aviation safety. Intercontinental pilots are more prone to fatigue and sleepiness due to jet lag, prolonged workdays, and disrupted rhythms. The Civil Aviation Administration of China excused enlarged flight crews from mandatory layovers and reimposed flight duration restrictions during COVID-19. This study investigates the sleep quality and attentional performance of pilots on intercontinental flights. The fifteen pilots who performed intercontinental flights in different crew compositions wore a body movement recorder, which has been proven to accurately estimate sleep duration and sleep efficiency. The crew’s attentional performance and self-report were monitored at specified flight phases. In conclusion, the larger crews slept longer and more efficiently on board, particularly pilots in charge of takeoff and landing responsibilities. Crews on four-pilot layover flights were more alert before the takeoff of the inbound flights than exempt flights, but there was no significant difference towards the end of the mission. The new long-haul flight organization did not result in fatigue or decreased attention in the pilots. This study expands on the research by validating a novel intercontinental flight operation model under the COVID-19 scenario and highlighting critical spots for future fatigue management in various crew compositions.
2
Harvey, Craig M., Mike Reynolds, Andrea L. Pacley, Richard J. Koubek, and Albert J. Rehmann. "Effects of the Controller-to-Pilot Data Link (Datalink) on Crew Communication." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 1 (September 2002): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600113.
Abstract:
This paper discusses a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) manned simulation study that investigated the effects of Controller-to-Pilot Data Link (datalink) on crew communications. Professional pilots participated in high fidelity simulation tests where crews received Air Traffic Controller (ATC) messages through the datalink. The results were compared to a similar study conducted where crews only communicated by radio to controllers. Results demonstrate that the nature of crew communications within the flight deck do change because of datalink. Unlike in the past where crews became aware of ATC communications at the same time through their headsets, new communication types are now needed due to the shift from ATC radio communications to ATC datalink messages. Thus flight crews must keep each other aware of information passed through the datalink. The frequency of communication was found to be significantly different depending on the location of the datalink on the flight deck. In addition, datalink crews experienced significantly less ATC radio transmissions as expected; however, the within crew communication related to datalink increased. When within crew datalink communication and the ATC radio communication are combined, one finds that ATC related communication is significantly higher in datalink crews as compared to traditional radio crews. This study illustrates the need to fully evaluate the impact new technology has on flight crews and their communication process.
3
Wickens, Christopher D., Roger Marsh, Mireille Raby, Susan Straus, Russell S. Cooper, Charles L. Hulin, and Fred Switzer. "Aircrew Performance as a Function of Automation and Crew Composition: A Simulator Study." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 13 (October 1989): 792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903301305.
Abstract:
In an experiment designed to examine the effect of crew composition and automation level on flight performance, fifty pilot-copilot crews flew a simulated instrument flight mission between three Michigan cities. Half of the crews were of homogeneous composition (both low or both high time), while half were heterogeneous consisting of one senior high time member and one junior low time member. Within each group, roughly half flew xxx with automated flight control and the other half flew manually. The flight was disrupted by periodic instrument failures. Results indicated that automation improved flight performance and lowered workload. While there was no overall difference in performance between homogeneous and heterogeneous crews, the latter group appeared to benefit more from the advantages that automation had to offer. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of automation on cockpit authority gradients, the role of flight experience, and of crew communications.
4
Straus, Susan G., and Russell S. Cooper. "Crew Structure, Automation and Communication: Interaction of Social and Technological Factors on Complex Systems Performance." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 13 (October 1989): 783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903301303.
Abstract:
The effects of automation and task group social structure on group communication and performance are investigated in a simulated flight experiment. Fifty, two-person crews flew a ninety minute mission in a fully instrumented, GAT-II simulator. Crews were composed to be either homogeneous or heterogeneous with respect to crew members' flight experience and age. Approximately half of the crews flew with the aid of automated control; the other half flew manually. All cockpit communications were recorded and subjected to content analysis. Based on the analysis of twenty-four transcripts, there was no overall difference in communication patterns as a function of crew composition. However, the results indicated that heterogeneous crews tended to exchange a higher ratio of task relevant to task irrelevant statements compared to homogeneous crews, but this tendency was moderated by automation level. This interaction corresponds to performance data that show enhanced performance for heterogeneous crews in the automated condition. Additional evidence and discussion suggest that group structure and interaction may contribute to the observed performance differences.
5
Battiste, Vernol, Michael Downs, and Robert S. McCann. "Advanced Taxi Map Display Design for Low-Visibility Operations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 19 (October 1996): 997–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001909.
Abstract:
Conducting gate to gate operations during reduced visibility conditions is a major impediment to scheduled and unscheduled flight operations in the National Airspace System (NAS). Takeoff and landing minima are predicated on aircraft equipage and airport visibility (e.g., at some major airports, operations are terminated when visibility is below 700 ft runway visual range (RVR). Although some aircraft can land with zero-zero visibility, there are no ground or flight deck systems that allow them to taxi under low visibility conditions. A map display system designed to support low visibility taxi was evaluated by 12 B-747 flight crews in NASA's Crew Vehicle System Research Facility (CVSRF). Three taxi-map conditions were compared: paper map only, basic moving map, and advanced moving map. Crews landed and taxied along 24 different taxi routes under three visibility conditions: unlimited visibility, 700 ft RVR, and 300 ft RVR. Taxi time, errors and workload were collected for each taxi operation. Video tape recordings captured crew interactions and head-up and head-down times. Taxi times and errors were significantly better for crews with electronic maps than for crews with a paper map. Although crews with the advanced map experienced significantly more head-down time, the head down interval was significantly less than with the paper map and crew workload was significantly less. During the post-flight design review, pilots identified improvements in procedures and formatting that might enhance performance. They developed a procedure for safely switching from the NAV display to the map; and in general their comments were very favorable.
6
Ahmad, Sk Akhtar, Taslima Akhtar, Mahmud Hossain Faruquee, Saika Nizam, Rabeya Yasmin, Sarmin Sultana, Israt Jahan, Ali Kamal Mostofa Rubel, and AKM Masum Ul Alam. "Musculoskeletal Disorders and Ergonomic Factors among the Cabin Crews of the National Airline of Bangladesh." Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 11, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v11i2.2022.161-167.
Abstract:
Introduction: Cabin crews on aircraft are at risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders as a result of their workload and the nature of their profession. This study is an attempt to identify work-related musculoskeletal disorders suffered by cabin crews and the associated ergonomic factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted among the cabin crews. The cabin crews, regardless of gender, who had worked at least one year, were selected by simple random sampling. A total of 246 cabin crews were the respondents in this study. A Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to assess the respondents' MSDs. To determine the predictors of MSDs, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Out of 246 cabin crew, 55.3% were males, and the mean age was 39.83±9.289 years. The mean flight duration was 85 hours, and the maximum flying hours was 123. Of the total participating crews, more than half (55.7%) suffered from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). The common sites of MSDs were the low back, shoulder, neck, and knee joints. Poor ergonomic factors such the increasing age and flight duration were also contributing factors to MSDs. Conclusion: The study revealed that over half of the cabin crew suffered from work-related musculoskeletal disorders. A number of ergonomic factors, including age and flight duration, were found to be associated with MSDs.
7
Braun, Curt C., Clint A. Bowers, Barbara E. Holmes, and Eduardo Salas. "Impact of Task Difficulty on the Acquisition of Aircrew Coordination Skills." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 37, no. 18 (October 1993): 1262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129303701813.
Abstract:
The skills approach to aircrew coordination focuses on the training of specific coordination behavior. While this approach has shown promise, careful consideration must be given to the manner in which these skills are trained. A growing body of literature suggests that training workload impacts the acquisition of skills. The present study examined the effectiveness of two training paradigms on the development of aircrew coordination. One regimen of training was characterized by consistent levels of task difficulty over a series of training sessions. The other regimen involved incrementally increasing task difficulty over training sessions. Twenty IFR rated pilots comprised 10 two-person crews. One-half of the crews (control group) completed nine training flights that were of consistent task difficulty. The remaining half completed nine training flights that increased incrementally in task difficulty: three low, three moderate, and three high task difficulty flights. Following the nine training flights, all crew completed five novel aerial reconnaissance flights during which they were instructed to map buildings within a specified area. Measures of subjective workload, flight performance, and secondary task performance were taken for all flights. An additional measure of building identification was also taken for the five reconnaissance-type flights. Measures of subjective workload validated the increasing workload associated with the experimental training regimen. Analysis of the workload data taken during novel task flights failed to reveal differences between training groups. Moreover, there were no significant differences in flight performance between groups. Measures of building identification, a task heavily dependent on crew coordination, revealed significant differences between groups. Experimental crews identified significantly more buildings than their control counterparts for two of the five flights. Implications for aircrew coordination training are discussed.
8
Shin, Yelin, Jinyoung Olivia Choi, and Sunghyup Sean Hyun. "The Effect of Psychological Anxiety Caused by COVID-19 on Job Self-Esteem and Job Satisfaction of Airline Flight Attendants." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 4043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074043.
Abstract:
This study aimed to investigate how psychological anxiety caused by COVID-19 has influenced airline cabin crew job self-esteem and job satisfaction. A questionnaire based on prior research was developed to identify factors of psychological anxiety among cabin crews as a result of COVID-19. The survey sample was limited to current cabin crews who experienced leave of absence due to COVID-19, and questionnaires were distributed to 201 crew members from 15 February to 15 April 2021. As a result of the analysis, the hypothesis that salary reduction, career stagnation, social perception, and employment insecurity have a significant effect on job self-esteem and job satisfaction was supported, while perceived infection risk and benefit reduction were rejected. This study found that psychological anxiety caused by COVID-19 affected cabin crew’s self-esteem and job satisfaction. These findings could aid in the development of strategies for effective airline human resource management to prevent psychological anxiety from creating stress and negatively affecting work. Furthermore, since the alert for the emergence of new viruses will not be eased in the future, this study will prevent psychological anxiety among cabin crews to cause job self-esteem and job dissatisfaction.
9
Rempe, Michael J., Ewa Basiarz, Ian Rasmussen, Gregory Belenky, and Amanda Lamp. "Pilot In-Flight Sleep During Long-Range and Ultra-Long Range Commercial Airline Flights." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 93, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.6023.2022.
Abstract:
INTRODUCTION: In commercial aviation, pilot fatigue is a major threat to safety. One key fatigue mitigation strategy on long-range (LR; 8–16 h) and ultra-long range (ULR; 16+ h on at least 10% of trips) routes is allotting in-flight rest breaks for the pilots. Since sleep is a strong predictor of performance, it is important to quantify total in-flight sleep (TIFS) and determine rest scheme schedules that optimize sleep opportunity and subsequent performance. Here we quantify in-flight sleep and characterize rest schemes by type and efficiency.METHODS: Between 2015 and 2019, we collected data on in-flight sleep on 3 LR and 5 ULR routes totaling 231 pilots flying over 1200 flight duty periods. Data were collected using a combination of actigraphy and logbooks.RESULTS: Over all combinations of flight direction, crew and LR vs. ULR, average TIFS ranged from 3.4 h to 5.2 h with some ULR pilots getting over 8 h. Most crews made use of simple two- or three-break rest schemes and the complex four-break rest schemes were used almost exclusively on the three longest ULR routes. The complex schemes were less efficient than simple schemes, although this effect was small. Complex schemes resulted in no more TIFS compared to simple schemes on the same routes.DISCUSSION: Overall, we find that crews are getting more sleep on these routes than previously reported on similar routes. Most crews use simple rest schemes and these simple schemes are more efficient than complex schemes.Rempe MJ, Basiarz E, Rasmussen I, Belenky G, Lamp A. Pilot in-flight sleep during long-range and ultra-long range commercial airline flights. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(4):368–375.
10
Avrenli, Kivanc A., and Barry J. Dempsey. "Assessment of the Engines-Out Flight Performance of a Commercial Jet." International Journal of Aviation Systems, Operations and Training 1, no. 2 (July 2014): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijasot.2014070103.
Abstract:
While today's twin-engine jets are more efficient than yesterday's three- and four-engine jets, they are more vulnerable to total loss of power due to reduced engine redundancy. Total loss of power is a grave emergency situation because it leaves the flight crew with only one chance for landing. In the history of commercial aviation, total loss of power commonly occurred at lower altitudes, which gave flight crews very limited time to react. Thus, it is essential for flight crews to have sufficient knowledge on aircraft power-off glide performance. However, flight crew operating manuals scarcely present any relevant information. To fill in this gap, this study assess the power-off glide performance of the Airbus A320, which forms the backbone of the U.S. Commercial Aviation Industry. The study develops handy references for A320 pilots regarding aircraft power-off glide range and endurance. For future research, the findings can be utilized to develop an innovative, real-time power-off glide-range-depiction device for the A320.
11
Bowers, Clint, Florian Jentsch, David Baker, Carolyn Prince, and Eduardo Salas. "Rapidly Reconfigurable Event-Set Based Line Operational Evaluation Scenarios." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 2 (October 1997): 912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100243.
Abstract:
An important cornerstone of the Advanced Qualification Program is the use of realistic flight simulations to train flight crews and evaluate their proficiency. This is achieved through the use of Line Operational Simulations (LOSs) which contain a number of realistic event sets that require flight crews to use the knowledge, skills, and abilities they gained in training in both technical and crew resource management areas. In the past, the development of LOS scenarios was complex, expensive, and time-consuming. As a result, the number of LOS scenarios used by any particular training organization was limited. This may have led, in some cases, to the LOS scenarios being compromised among flight crews, thus reducing the validity and reliability of the assessment process. In response to this problem, it has been suggested to create a methodology for quickly reconfiguring the content of flight simulator LOS scenarios. This paper provides a background for this new development and describes a research project that was begun in response to this need. A number of specific research questions are discussed which need to be answered before the methodology can be adopted by participants in the AQP program.
12
Gertsbakh, Ilya B., and Helman I. Stern. "Using Deficit Functions for Crew Planning in Aviation." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 18, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ttj-2017-0026.
Abstract:
Abstract We use deficit functions (DFs) to decompose an aviation schedule of aircraft flights into a minimal number of periodic and balanced chains (flight sequences). Each chain visits periodically a set S of airports and is served by several cockpit crews circulating along the airports of this set. We introduce the notion of ”chunks” which are a sequence of flights serviced by a crew in one day according to contract regulations. These chunks are then used to provide crew schedules and rosters. The method provides a simplicity for the construction of aircraft schedules and crew pairings which is absent in other approaches to the problem.
13
Graf, Vojtech, Dusan Teichmann, Jiri Horinka, and Michal Dorda. "Dynamic Model for Scheduling Crew Shifts." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (May 30, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5372567.
Abstract:
In regular as well as nonscheduled air transport, extraordinary situations occasionally occur, which may fundamentally disrupt the flight schedule. Fundamental disruptions of flight schedules affect not only passengers but also the airline. One of the areas that are negatively affected by the disruption is the crew plan. Due to extraordinary events, it happens that a flight is delayed, and the crew will not be at the destination airport at the prescribed time and the airline will not be able to assign it on further flights according to the original plan. Such situations can be resolved either by deploying any other available crew or by delaying the flight appropriately until the previously planned crew is available. Assigning a new crew entails additional costs for the airline, as it has to assign more flight staff than had been originally planned. Furthermore, delayed flights lead to paying passengers financial compensation, incurring additional costs for airlines. Therefore, it is important that the airline is able to resolve any irregularity situations so that the additional costs incurred to deal with the irregularity situations are kept at a minimum. The paper presents one possible approach, a mathematical model that can be used to solve such a situation. The presented mathematical model may be the basis for the decision support system of the operations center worker who is responsible for the operational management of flight crews. The model will primarily aim at smaller airlines that cannot afford expensive software and often rely on manual solutions. However, a manual solution may not always be the best, as the operator, who plans the processes, may not consider all the constraints. Another important factor that makes the decision processes more difficult is that it is usually necessary to decide in a short period of time. The solution proposed in this paper will allow the operator to make a quick decision that will also be the most advantageous for the airline. This is because the proposed method is an exact approach, which guarantees finding the optimum solution. In this article, we are only dealing with pilot crews.
14
Gislason, Sigurdur Hrafn. "The Effects of ACMI Flight Crew’s Long Term Outstation Hotel Stay on Accumulated Fatigue." Transport and Aerospace Engineering 2, no. 1 (November 1, 2015): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tae-2015-0005.
Abstract:
Abstract ACMI flight crews spend considerable time away from home on outstations. This manuscript suggests that long term stay carries its own considerations in regards to rest recovery with practical implications for Fatigue Risk Management. Four recovery factors are identified and are to be correlated with 28 crew behaviors. The end result might indicate improvement considerations for airline management organizing a long term contract with ACMI crews.
15
Muccio, Jim, Edward Gibson, Wubbo Ockels, and Michelle Allen. "Concepts for Improving the Flight Crews Work Environment within the Esa's Attached Lab." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 1 (October 1994): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800110.
Abstract:
Man's presence in space has proved to be an extremely valuable asset. During the past thirty years of manned space flight there have been numerous instances where man's ingenuity, fortitude, ability to deal with the unexpected, weigh risks, anticipate potential problems, and propose potential solutions have been largely responsible for the success of the mission. Nevertheless, the value of man in space is limited; for it is largely determined by how much he can produce; his productivity, in turn, is determined not only by the intrinsic abilities that he brings to the job, but also by the work environment provided him. In short, it is the intent of this paper to discuss some of the concepts and recommendations under consideration by the Columbus Program's Crew Activities Office for improving the productivity of the flight crews' work environment; where gains in productivity are defined in terms of increased crew efficiency, decreased crew error, and decreased crew training requirements. In doing so, this paper will address such areas as the flight crews' activity planning, their workstation design, and their on-board training. This paper will draw heavily from past space experiences, from Skylab, Shuttle Spacelab, and Solyut missions. The concepts and recommendations proposed are the result of: (1) direct hands-on experience from former NASA, ESA, and Russian astronauts; (2) a time and motion study of a past Spacelab mission (performed to better understand where and how crews spend their time); or (3) multiple crew workstation and neutral buoyancy simulations.
16
Gislason, Sigurdur Hrafn, Ruta Bogdane, and Inese Vasiļevska-Nesbita. "Aviation Crew Recovery Experiences on Outstations." Transport and Aerospace Engineering 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tae-2016-0010.
Abstract:
Abstract ACMI flight crews spend considerable time away from home on outstations. This study suggests that this long term stay carries its own considerations in regards to rest recovery with practical implications for Fatigue Risk Management as prescribed by ICAO. Four recovery experiences, Work Detachment, Control, Relaxation and Mastery, are identified and correlated with 28 crew behaviours on base. The results indicate improvement considerations for airline management organizing a long term contract with ACMI crews, in particular to increase schedule stability to improve the crew member’s sense of Control.
17
Battiste, Vernol, and Nancy H. Johnson. "An Operation Evaluation of ADS-B and CDTI during Airport Surface and Final Approach Operations." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, no. 1 (September 2002): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204600108.
Abstract:
The availability of new technologies for both the flight deck and air traffic control facilities is creating new capabilities for enhanced aircraft operations. With the introduction of these new technologies comes a need to evaluate their effectiveness in both laboratory and operational settings. Two such technologies, Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B), and Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) with and without a surface map, were demonstrated during an Operational Evaluation in the Ohio Valley. The main focus of the study was a comparison of flight crew navigational performance, traffic, and runway occupancy awareness, with and without a surface map on their CDTI displays during airport surface and final approach operations. Sixteen commercial, government, corporate, and general aviation crews participated in the evaluation, flying a variety of aircraft ranging from Boeing 727s to the Piper Aztecs. Aircraft GPS track position data, in flight observer reports, post-flight structured interviews, and post-flight questionnaires were used to support data collection. Flight crews reported that the CDTI enhanced their situational and traffic awareness. They also reported that when the CDTI included a surface map, surface navigational and traffic awareness were further enhanced. Pilots also reported that utilizing the CDTI did not interfere with other cockpit tasks. Finally, the addition of a surface map enhanced flight crews' awareness of runway status. These findings suggest that system efficiency and safety will be enhanced with the introduction of a CDTI which includes airport surface maps.
18
Ozel, Engin, and Umit Hacioglu. "Examining the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction of flight crew." International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy (2687-2293) 3, no. 1 (October 10, 2021): 01–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36096/ijbes.v3i1.246.
Abstract:
Fatigue as an emerging flight safety issue in the aviation industry requires an elaborate understanding and critical approach for proactive aviation management practices. The level of flight crew stress and fatigue must be critically managed to prevent flight accidents. Additionally, stress and fatigue have a negative influence on job satisfaction levels. This paper aims to examine the critical fatigue risk factors that affect the performance and safety of airline pilots and crew in the aviation industry. This paper also analyses the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction sub-dimensions. A factor analysis with a target population of 254 international flight crew has been conducted using the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Survey and Maslach Burnout questionnaire. The main findings of the study demonstrate that (i) cockpit and cabin crews’ job satisfaction and performance have been affected by stress and fatigue, (ii) psychological depression, anxiety and personal problems of the flight crew are the main causes of emotional fatigue, (iii) extensive flight hours and dealing with problematic passengers increase flight crew fatigue, (iv) personal achievements concerns and depersonalization increase flight crew fatigue.
19
Thornton, Coleen, Curt Braun, Clint Bowers, and Ben B. Morgan. "Automation Effects in the Cockpit: A Low-Fidelity Investigation." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 1 (October 1992): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203600109.
Abstract:
The effects of automation and task difficulty on flight performance, subjective and objective workload, and a problem solving task were investigated in a low fidelity flight simulator. Forty-eight, two-person crews flew two forty-five minute scenarios that required the crew to select and obtain relief supplies for delivery to a disaster site. Two levels of automation (i.e., presence or absence of an autopilot) and two levels of task difficulty (i.e., presence or absence of wind and turbulence) were combined to yield a 2 × 2 design. Twenty-four crews performed in both levels of automation and one level of task difficulty. Results indicated that although crews in the automated condition reported less subjective workload, only one of the three measures of flight performance was affected by automation. In contrast, objective workload, as measured by performance of a secondary task, was increased for the pilot in the automated condition. In addition, under high task difficulty, problem solving was worse m the automated condition than in the manual condition. The results are discussed in terms of their support of earlier hypothesized effects of automation in the cockpit.
20
Apchel, V. Ya, G. G. Zagorodnikov, G. N. Zagorodnikov, and V. A. Gorichny. "Influence of primary disease incidence on the psycho-physiological adaptation of pilots in the Far North." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12200.
Abstract:
The analysis of three years of primary disease incidence of flight and ground personnel in the Far North is presented as well as the analysis of the main meteorological factors, their complex characteristics and amount of respiratory diseases in flight crews on the day of observation and the subsequent 4 days. Assessment of influence of meteorological factors was carried out simultaneously in two directions: determined differential impact on the body of flight crews of each meteorological factor and simultaneous identification of their complex actions. It was found that pilots (navigators), showed a statistically significant (p0,001) increase in the average incidence of diseases compared with average index of primary morbidity from other members of the flight crews. It was revealed that flight crews serving in the area of the Far North for less than one year, shows a statistically significant (p0,01) increase in the average index of primary morbidity, compared with flight crews serving in the area of the Far North more than one year. Thus, a statistically significant increase in the average primary incidence of the pilots (navigators), compared with the average indicators of the primary morbidity from other members of the flight crews and ground troops means that physiological adaptation of pilots (navigators) to the Extreme North occurs with a larger psychoemotional stress than in soldiers of other specialties. The obtained results on the incidence of primary aircrew in the Far North allow to better understand mechanisms of influence of health state on the successful adaptation to extreme climatic conditions.
21
ALATISE, O. O., and A. A. ADEPOJU. "IN-FLIGHT EXPOSURE TO COSMIC RADIATION ALONG SOME COMMERCIAL AIRLINE ROUTES TO AND FROM NIGERIA." Journal of Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology 15, no. 1 (November 22, 2017): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v15i1.1766.
Abstract:
The study of “external†radiation called cosmic radiation that strikes the earth from anywhere beyond the atmosphere is of great importance in radiation protection. All human beings are exposed to an uncontrollable amount of cosmic radiation on the ground level. Those who travel in space, airline crews and frequent flyers are exposed to additional level of cosmic radiation during their trip but unfor-tunately many of them are not aware of this. This workcalculates the exposure of aircrews and fre-quent flyers to cosmic radiation during travel along some air routes to and from Nigeria. The effective dose was computed using a dedicated software CARI 6M, developed by US FAA.The study focuses on the significance of the in-flight exposure, assessment and estimation of in-flight exposure using the dedicated software and some ways of controlling the exposures so that airline crews and frequent flyers are not exposed to fatal levels of radiation.It was observed that the cosmic radiation doses re-ceived by passengers and crew members on board on flights from Lagos Nigeria to countries in Amer-ica were more than what they received en-route countries in Asia.
22
Bezzubov, Dmytro, and Fatima Huseinova. "LEGAL PRINCIPLES OF ENSURING MENTAL STABILITY OF AIRCREWS OF CIVIL AIRCRAFT." Scientific works of National Aviation University. Series: Law Journal "Air and Space Law" 3, no. 64 (September 30, 2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2307-9061.64.16870.
Abstract:
The article is aimed at a comprehensive legal analysis of the existing system of means of ensuring mental stability of civilian aircraft crews during the flight mission, determining the measure of influence of institutional instruments on the state of training of crews for the flight task and psychological stability in stressful situations. Methods of research: during the work, the main scientific methods of system analysis, formal logic and the method of classifications were used. The system analysis method is used accordingly to determine the current state of legislation in the field of ensuring the psychological stability of civilian aircraft crews. The method of formal logic made it possible to determine scientific views on the categories of legal elements of regulation and admission to the flight mission of civilian aircraft crews. The classification method made it possible to determine ways to further improve institutional techniques regarding the impact on the regulation of mental and psychological stability of civilian aircraft crews. Results: the study of the issue of psychological stability of civilian aircrew allows to determine the ways and methods of minimizing the impact of negative factors and risks of the flight task process on the security status of the flight process participants. The results of the study, outlined in this scientific article, allow you to determine further steps in the study of the problems of the legal aspects of the formation and control of psychological stability of civilian aircraft crews. Discussion: the problems of mental stability of civilian aircraft crews are applied from the point of view of the development of air law.
23
Sharpe, David. "Flight crews' use of digital cameras." Air Medical Journal 21, no. 5 (September 2002): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1067-991x(02)70003-5.
24
Rempe, Michael, Ian Rasmussen, Gregory Belenky, and Amanda Lamp. "292 Rest Schemes and Inflight Sleep Duration on Long Range and Ultra-Long Range Commercial Airline Routes." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.291.
Abstract:
Abstract Introduction Pilots flying long range (LR; 8-16 hour) and ultra-long range (ULR; 16+ hour on 10% of trips) commercial airline routes use a variety of work/rest schedules during flights, resulting in a wide distribution of total inflight sleep time (TIFS) amounts. Since sleep is a strong predictor of performance, it is important to quantify TIFS and determine rest scheme patterns that optimize sleep opportunity and subsequent alertness and performance. Here we report rest schemes for pilots on LR and ULR routes and longer TIFS values than previously reported. These rest schemes can serve as templates to increase TIFS and improve pilot performance, particularly on ULR routes. Methods 427 commercial airline pilots provided data for this sub-study that was part of a larger study on Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) routes. Inflight sleep timing and duration were measured on 3 LR and 5 ULR routes. Inflight sleep times were self-reported in a sleep/work logbook and verified using actigraphy. Results Most outbound and inbound landing crews took one break during the second half of the flight (average LR TIFS=4.0 hr; average ULR TIFS=4.9 hr), while most outbound and inbound relief crews consequently took one break during the first half of the flight (average LR TIFS=3.5 hr; average ULR TIFS=4.5 hr). However, three of the five ULR routes used more complex split rest schemes for landing and relief crews, primarily on outbound flights (average TIFS=5.0 hr). Across all routes and both crews, the maximum average TIFS reached ~6 hours. Conclusion Our results indicate that pilots on average are sleeping inflight more than previous studies demonstrated. Additionally, we found that crews on some ULR flights used more complicated rest schemes, but still generally preferred 2 or 3 breaks. These findings have implications for airline procedures and aviation policies by showing that pilots may be sleeping longer than originally expected on LR and ULR flights. Recommending rest schemes that allow for the greatest inflight sleep opportunity may provide the best chance for inflight recuperation, especially before the Top of Descent critical phase of flight. Support (if any) United Airlines
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BARTNIK, Ryszard, and Dariusz TATAROWSKI. "PROPOSALS REGARDING DIRECTIONS OF CHANGES IN THE CONTENT OF NORMATIVE DOCUMENTS REGULATING THE TRANSPORT OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN THE STATE BY MILITARY AIRCRAFT." Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej 117, no. 4 (July 29, 2020): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3423.
Abstract:
Ensuring the security of people who hold the most important state positions is one of the most significant tasks for all institutions and people involved in securing the official activities of such people, including their mobility and movement by air. This requires undertaking actions aimed at eliminating security threats and thus minimising risk. Proposals regarding directions of changes in the content of normative documents concerning the transport of the most important people in the state by military aircraft concern: flight experience of crews; selection and assembly of the crew; planning the flight and preparing the crew for the flight; preparation, equipment and technical condition of the aircraft and atmospheric conditions and analysis of them.
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Orasanu, Judith. "Training for Aviation Decision Making: The Naturalistic Decision Making Perspective." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 20 (October 1995): 1258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503902004.
Abstract:
This paper describes the implications of a naturalistic decision making (NDM) perspective for training air crews to make flight-related decisions. The implications are based on two types of analyses: (1) identification of distinctive features that serve as a basis for classifying a diverse set of decision events actually encountered by flight crews, and (2) performance strategies that distinguish more from less effective crews flying full-mission simulators, as well as performance analyses from NTSB accident investigations. Six training recommendations are offered.
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Zibarev, E. V., I. V. Bukhtiyarov, V. V. Serikov, S. A. Kalinina, and A. G. Merkulova. "Assessment of sensory loads in civil aviation pilots." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 7 (August 2, 2020): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-7-435-442.
Abstract:
Introduction. Performing flights on modern types of aircraft is accompanied by an increase in the role of process automation, changes in the structure of the pilot’s information field, an increase in the number of controlled indicators throughout the flight time and, as a result, an increase in sensory loads that contribute to the development of chronic depletion of functional reserves of the body and fatigue of the pilot, which can cause accidents and plane crashes.The aim of the study is to assess the sensory loads of members of flight crews of civil aviation aircraft when they perform regular operating procedures in a Training center on fully functional complex simulators for training cadets, flight, dispatcher and technical personnel of civil aviation.Materials and methods. A hygienic study was conducted to assess the sensory loads of pilots in the framework of performing simulation flights on full-featured complex simulators in strict step-by-step accordance with the manual for flight operation of the aircraft (33 flights were performed with the participation of 66 pilots aged 30–55 years).Results. The data obtained indicate high levels of sensory loads in pilots, which are 9.5 times higher than the maximum values set by the Management of R 2.2.2006–05 and MI NTP. INT–17.01–2018. For 4 of the 6 evaluated indicators, sensory loads corresponded to class 3.2.Conclusions. The general assessment of the labor intensity class for members of flight crews of civil aviation aircraft on the set of sensory loads corresponds to harmful strenuous work of the 3rd degree (4 indicators of sensory loads with class 3.2). The results of the study are the basis for the approval of new hygienic criteria for establishing a class of working conditions for certain indicators of sensory loads for members of flight crews of the aircraft of the civil aviation (CA) with the addition of their class 3.3. A real assessment of the pilot’s labor intensity should be obtained only on the basis of time-based measurements performed as part of a step-by-step analysis of the aircraft’s flight operation manual.
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Irwin, William, and Terrence Kelly. "AIRLINE PILOT SITUATION AWARENESS: PRESENTING A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR META-COGNITION, REFLECTION AND EDUCATION." Aviation 25, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2021.14209.
Abstract:
The dissertation research summarized here, utilized the Grounded Theory Method to develop a conceptual model of pilot situation awareness from 223 Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) narratives. The application of Latent Semantic Analysis aided the theoretical sampling of ASRS reports. A multistage model was developed involving attention, perception, interpretation, decision making, and action in support of goal-driven behavior. Narrative report coding identified several categories of situation awareness elements that pilots direct their attention to in building and maintaining situation awareness. Internal to the aircraft, flight crews directed their attention to the aircraft’s flight state and automation state. They also directed their attention to the condition of the aircraft, the functioning of the crew, and the status of the cabin. External to the aircraft, flight crews directed their attention to airport conditions, air traffic control, terrain, traffic, and weather. Pilots were also aware of the passage of time. Twelve characteristics of situation awareness were identified from narrative report coding which were subsequently compared with existing theoretical perspectives of situation awareness.
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Mohrmann, Frederik, Arjan Lemmers, and John Stoop. "Investigating Flight Crew Recovery Capabilities Regarding System Failures in Highly Automated Fourth Generation Aircraft." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 5, no. 2 (November 2015): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000079.
Abstract:
Abstract. This project aimed to understand rapid crew transitions from a monitoring to a decision-making role, when asserting manual control of aircraft subsystems. Ten crews unknowingly flew a semicritical failure scenario in a full flight simulator, forcing several crew decision moments. Observations of automation-related (diagnostic) behavior were correlated with respective flight performance, revealing that specific competencies (related to knowledge, procedures, attitude toward automation, and teamwork) with automated systems led to significant performance gains. More importantly, the absence of these behaviors severely deteriorated performance and should not be underestimated in its potency to affect flight safety. These findings may form a foundation for developing and evaluating near-future innovations in training, operations, and automation design, which could prove critical toward improving future accident rates.
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Sprajcer, Madeline, Spencer Roberts, Brad Aisbett, Sally Ferguson, Damian Demasi, Alexandra Shriane, and Matthew J. W. Thomas. "Sleep, Workload, and Stress in Aerial Firefighting Crews." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 93, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.6112.2022.
Abstract:
BACKGROUND:The challenges of climate change and increasing frequency of severe weather conditions has demanded innovative approaches to wildfire suppression. Australia’s wildfire management includes an expanding aviation program, providing both fixed and rotary wing aerial platforms for reconnaissance, incident management, and quick response aerial fire suppression. These operations have typically been limited to day visual flight rules operations, but recently trials have been undertaken extending the window of operations into the night, with the assistance of night vision systems. Already a demanding job, night aerial firefighting operations have the potential to place even greater physical and mental demands on crewmembers. This study was designed to investigate sleep, fatigue, and performance outcomes in Australian aerial firefighting crews.METHODS:A total of nine subjects undertook a 21-d protocol, completing a sleep and duty diary including ratings of fatigue and workload. Salivary cortisol was collected daily, with additional samples provided before and after each flight, and heart rate variability was monitored during flight. Actigraphy was also used to objectively measure sleep during the data collection period.RESULTS:Descriptive findings suggest that subjects generally obtained >7 h sleep prior to flights, but cortisol levels and self-reported fatigue increased postflight. Furthermore, the greatest reported workload was associated with the domains of ‘performance’ and ‘mental demand’ during flights.DISCUSSION:Future research is necessary to understand the impact of active wildfire response on sleep, stress, and workload on aerial firefighting crews.Sprajcer M, Roberts S, Aisbett B, Ferguson S, Demasi D, Shriane A, Thomas MJW. Sleep, workload, and stress in aerial firefighting crews. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(10):749–754.
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Sharpe, David. "Flight crews[apos ] use of digital cameras." AirMed 21, no. 5 (October 2002): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mmj.2002.127609.
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Safonov, A. A., and V. A. Dzhaksbaev. "Simulation of Activities of Helicopter Flight Crews in Emergency Situations." World of Transport and Transportation 17, no. 4 (January 15, 2020): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2019-17-4-260-271.
Abstract:
Flight safety assurance problems solving focuses on aviation systems of different size as the objects of the study. Flight safety theory addresses such subjects of the study as operation of a specific aviation system «crew– aircraft» (C–A), detection and evaluation of hazards, as well as their localization or elimination. Protective features of «crew–aircraft» aviation system should provide resistance to occurrence of abnormal cases. Aviation practices show that the protective features of the system are not always able to prevent development of danger, and a catastrophe becomes the most likely outcome of a flight. When encountering such abnormal cases, the crew must use rescue equipment in order to reduce severity of the aviation accident and to prevent their own death. The article presents the results of network modelling of the pilot’s activity algorithm and of determining the probability of timely forced escape from of a helicopter with a rescue parachute. The objective of the study is to assess effectiveness of protective features of C–A system in helicopters with the aim to reduce severity of aircraft accidents. To test the hypothesis about the possibility of using rescue equipment by helicopter crews, probabilistic statistical as well as experimental and calculation research methods were used.
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Lyall, Elizabeth A. "Developing Effective Flight Crew Decision Makers." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 14 (October 1994): 931–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801430.
Abstract:
The need for including decision making training objectives in the development of flight crew training programs is evident given the dynamic and complex environment in which the pilots perform. The experience of one airline in developing training for their flight crews has demonstrated that these types of objectives can be effectively integrated into their line oriented flight training (LOFT) program. The primary goal of LOFT is to create a realistic environment in which the pilots perform as if they are in line operations. Performance in this environment sets the stage for an effective training debriefing. An essential part of creating this environment is allowing for realistic decisions to be made that are followed by the appropriate outcomes and consequences. Pilots have consistently rated these training events as effective and helpful. Besides these student critiques, the effectiveness of the training is also evaluated using check pilot observations of crew performance in line operations.
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PALIL, MOHD RIZAL, LOKHMAN HAKIM OSMAN, MARA RIDHUAN CHE ABDUL RAHMAN, MOHD HELMI ALI, EZAD AZRAI JAMSARI, MAHATHIR AHMAD, NURUL AISHAH BINTI KHAIRUDDIN, NUR AAINA AQILAH BINTI JAMALUDDIN, IBNOR AZLI IBRAHIM, and IDA SURIYA ISMAIL. "FLIGHT CREW FATIGUE AND THE EFFECT ON AIRLINE BUSINESS." Jurnal Bisnis dan Akuntansi 23, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34208/jba.v23i1.1028.
Abstract:
The paper discusses previous studies on the effect of fatigue among flight crews and their effect on airline businesses. Fatigue is a major concern in flight operations as many reports were issued on this problem among flight crew. The long flight duration requires them to travel several time zones, which leads to fatigue. Furthermore, the change of time zones could also lead to the occurrence of jet lag and subsequently causes fatigue too. Fatigue can occur during and after the travelling period, and it takes a while to recover from it. This study aims to observe the effects of fatigue experienced by flight crew. The results show that fatigue causes many health problems such as an increase in cancer risk, depression, mental illness and miscarriage. Additionally, fatigue reduces one's work productivity as working in a tired state reduces work performance. Furthermore, fatigue also leads to other problems such as anger, anxiety, stress and job dissatisfaction. With the studies conducted on the issue of fatigue, airlines should take appropriate actions to minimise or solve the problem to ensure that fatigue problem will not affect flight crew performance and the airline business.
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Orasanu, Judith, and Barry Strauch. "Temporal Factors in Aviation Decision Making." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 14 (October 1994): 935–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801431.
Abstract:
Time pressure has been found to reduce the quality of decision making by restricting consideration of information and options and by inducing strategy shifts. Time pressure is usually considered an external variable manipulated by the experimenter. In this paper we distinguish between externally-induced time pressures and crew-generated time pressures, and examine how crews can mitigate or exacerbate external pressures. The roles of both types of time pressures in crew decision making are examined in three air transport accidents and in crew performance in full-mission simulated flight. Implications for crew training are discussed.
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Vovkodav, V. S. "MARKERS OF THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RISKS TO FLIGHT PERSONNEL OF THE STATE-OWNED AIRLINERS ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF PILOTS MEDICAL CERTIFICATION." Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 56, no. 6 (2022): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21687/0233-528x-2022-56-6-51-59.
Abstract:
The paper discusses the occupational risks for flight crews of the state-owned airliners. In the period of 2004–2009, prevalence of the cardiovascular diseases was low and increased in 2010–2015, as well as relative risks of the cardiovascular, ear and mastoid diseases. The period of 2016–2020 was marked by a high risk of urogenital diseases, as the probability of these diseases made up 2.2 and the etiological percent amounted to 50 %. The system of flight personnel health monitoring has been time-proved. The author points out the areas of research to be focused on in order to improve the crew work environment and calls for introduction of the informatics technology in the crew health monitoring system.
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Yang, Zi-Yi, and Rong-Jiun Sheu. "EFFECTS OF FLIGHT ROUTE VARIATION AND GREAT-CIRCLE APPROXIMATION ON AVIATION DOSE ASSESSMENT FOR POPULAR FLIGHTS FROM TAIWAN." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 184, no. 1 (October 31, 2018): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy186.
Abstract:
Abstract Galactic cosmic-ray-induced secondary particles in the atmosphere constitute an important source of radiation exposure to airline crews and passengers. In this study, a systematic dose assessment was conducted for 11 popular flights from Taiwan, with an emphasis on the effects of flight route variation and assumption. The case studies covered a broad range of commercial flights departing from Taipei, from a domestic flight of <1 h to a long-haul international flight of more than 14 h. For each route under study, information on 100 actual flight routes was retrieved from flight tracking data collected from June to September 2017, and the information was analyzed using a self-developed program called the ‘NTHU Flight Dose Calculator’. The resulting distribution of route doses provided not only the mean value and associated standard deviation but also information on the characteristics of aviation dose assessment and management. Furthermore, compared with actual flight routes, the dose differences introduced by great-circle approximation were evaluated, and the effects of solar activity on the dose assessment of these flights were reported.
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Aragón-Vela, Jerónimo, Jacob Bejder, Jesús R Huertas, Julio Plaza-Diaz, and Nikolai B. Nordsborg. "Does intermittent exposure to high altitude increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in workers? A systematic narrative review." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e041532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041532.
Abstract:
ObjectiveSeveral working groups (eg, miners, flight crews and soldiers) are subjected to chronic intermittent hypoxic exposure. The cardiovascular implications have been studied but not systematically reviewed with focus on possible negative health implications. The aim of the present review was to systematically evaluate the hypothesis that intermittent hypoxic exposure causes cardiovascular stress detrimental to health in workers.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesElectronic database search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science up to April 2020.Eligibility criteriaStudies of workers ≥18 years repeatedly subjected to months to years of irregular intermittent hypoxia, lasting from a few hours (eg, flight crews), one or a few days (eg, soldiers), or several days to weeks (eg, miners working at high altitude), written in English and evaluating the effect of intermittent hypoxia on cardiovascular disease were included. Animal studies, books, book chapters, personal communication and abstracts were excluded. The primary outcome measure was changes in standardised mortality ratio.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool.Results119 articles were identified initially, 31 of which met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 17 were retrospective cohort mortality studies (irregular short-term intermittent hypoxia), and 14 studies were observational (long-term intermittent hypoxia). The population of irregular short-term intermittent hypoxia users (flight crew) showed a lower mortality by cardiovascular disease. Long-term intermittent hypoxia over several years such as in miners or soldiers may produce increased levels of cardiac disorders (12 studies), though this is probably confounded by factors such as obesity and socioeconomic status.ConclusionThis systematic narrative review found that cardiovascular disease mortality in flight crews is lower than average, whereas miners and soldiers exposed to intermittent hypoxia experience increased risks of cardiovascular diseases. The impact of socioeconomic status and lifestyle appears of importance.PROSPERO registry numberCRD42020171301.
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Wen, Candice C. Y., Darsh Cherian, Maya T. Schenker, and Amy S. Jordan. "Fatigue and Sleep in Airline Cabin Crew: A Scoping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032652.
Abstract:
Airline cabin crew operate in dynamic work environments that are continuously changing, from unpredictable shift work hours to travelling through multiple time zones. These likely impact cabin crews’ overall health and may affect their performance on safety-related tasks. Research on this population has been limited; therefore, the aim was to summarise the relevant literature regarding fatigue, sleepiness and mental health of cabin crew. This review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and conducted a systematic search utilising five databases. The initial search identified 1223 studies, and through vigorous screening processes, 27 studies were selected for this review. Over half of the selected studies focused on international or long-haul flights, and a large proportion of the sample participants were women. Findings suggested a high prevalence of fatigue and sleepiness as well as unsatisfactory sleep quality with elevated susceptibility to sleep disorders. Factors identified with health outcomes were associated with flight operations (e.g., rosters) and individual differences (e.g., age and coping strategies). Regarding mental health, cabin crews are potentially at a greater risk for depression and anxiety compared to the general public. This review draws attention to the importance of using a standardised approach, such as validated measures for fair and consistent inferences.
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Smith, Kevin M. "Approach Operations and the Energy Management Challenge." International Journal of Aviation Systems, Operations and Training 3, no. 2 (July 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijasot.2016070101.
Abstract:
This article presents vital approach energy management data that has been flight tested. This important background information may be of considerable interest to those involved in designing solutions for the approach and landing safety problem. This data can easily be uploaded to a “Smart Cockpit” feature so that flight crews can have this information presented when it is most needed. Limiting parameters for a stabilized approach are presented. The flight crew must be aware of certain stabilization targets so as to make a more informed decision concerning the go-around or land decision. Aerodynamic factors such as weight and airspeed effects are covered to provide the necessary understanding of the dynamic stability challenge. Deceleration distances versus approach airspeeds have been operationally examined. These profiles include level flight deceleration, level flight maximum deceleration, three-degree maximum rate deceleration, high-speed descent, low-speed descent, and the concerning “slam dunk” turn.
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Powell-Dunford, Nicole, and Alaistair Bushby. "Management of Sea Sickness in Susceptible Flight Crews." Military Medicine 182, no. 11 (November 2017): e1846-e1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-17-00029.
42
&NA;. "Military Pilots Hurting—But So Are Flight Crews." Back Letter 13, no. 2 (February 1998): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-199802000-00011.
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Lee, Jae Yoon, Yong Hwan Shin, and Young Woo Sohn. "The Effect of Korean Flight Crews’ Expertise on Long-Haul Flight Fatigue." Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics 29, no. 2 (June 2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2021.29.2.067.
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Jentsch, Florian G., Eduardo Salas, Sandra Sellin-Wolters, and Clint A. Bowers. "Crew Coordination Behaviors as Predictors of Problem Detection and Decision Making Times." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 20 (October 1995): 1350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503902024.
Abstract:
Aeronautical decision making (ADM) is a critical skill that encompasses the ability to quickly identify, diagnose, and rectify problems during flight. ADM training has gained considerable importance because the lack of decision making skills and their inappropriate application have been cited as factors in several recent aircraft accidents. The current study investigated the relationship between crew coordination behaviors and the time required to identify a typical flight problem. Thirty-four military aircrews were observed during a flight simulation which involved a problem situation. The crews’ coordination behaviors during the five minutes immediately preceding the problem were entered into a discriminant function analysis of the times required to identify and rectify the problem. The results indicated that crew coordination behaviors significantly predicted the time required to identify a problem. At the same time, these behaviors could not be used to discriminate effectively with respect to the time required for problem solving. The results are evaluated with respect to their usefulness for prescriptive ADM training approaches.
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Liu, Shao-Yu, and Yu-Cheng Wang. "A Study of Applying Fuzzy Theory in Simulation-Based Education." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 15, 2019): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9101989.
Abstract:
Among all aviation accidents in Taiwan’s general aviation industry from 1998 to 2016, human factors account for the most at 51.2%, including negligence of external obstacles, poor autopilot flight ability, poor resources management of the crew, inability to follow aviation regulations, lack of understanding of the landing area, not fully comprehending the operational functions and not alert to situations. Those factors have seriously affected flight safety. Resources management training for crew members may thus be the best measure to prevent human errors. Following the Evidence-Based Training (EBT) promoted by ICAO and International Air Transport Association (IATA), this study constructs the assessment indices of EBT for helicopter crews. After collecting the opinions of helicopter flight instructors of military and civil helicopter units, we apply the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) for the preliminary assessment guidelines, use the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to construct the hierarchy, and then calculate each criterion and each criterion weight.
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Plotnikov, Nikolai. "Civil Aviation Flight Safety: Pilot Properties Soft Computing." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 133 (June 1, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.5231.
Abstract:
The commercial competition leads to aviation accidents. It forces airlines to reduce the cost of purchasing, leasing, and maintenance of aircraft. The air carrier saves on professional training of personnel, on an arbitrary increase in the workload standards, on the use of flight crews with minimal and untenable experience in chronic fatigue conditions. Theory and methods of the characteristics of specialists remain uncertain. Statistical data and expertise may be piecewise-defined, inaccurate, and inconsistent. To calculate the dependability of flight crews based on workload and experience, it is necessary to establish indicators and values of acceptable accuracy using fuzzy measures. It is proposed soft computing, statistical and expert methods for calculating the properties of a person and social groups in the management of dangerous professions. This makes it possible to calculate the dependability of the pilot properties with an assessment of flight safety risk levels for making management decisions. The results of the work are new standards for the workload of flight crews recommended for civil aviation. Results are obtained in qualitative methods for calculating efficiency, security, and risk states in the management of organizational objects as airlines. We obtained indicators for air transport risk management standards and decision-making tools. Calculated indicators of pilot dependability values are a model for developing the airline's strategy, for quantitative assessments of flight specialists, standardizing professional activities, and managing training costs.
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Yu, Weijun, Cheryll Alipio, Jia’an Wan, Heran Mane, and Quynh C. Nguyen. "Social Network Analysis on the Mobility of Three Vulnerable Population Subgroups: Domestic Workers, Flight Crews, and Sailors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hong Kong." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 21, 2022): 7565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137565.
Abstract:
Background: Domestic workers, flight crews, and sailors are three vulnerable population subgroups who were required to travel due to occupational demand in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the social networks among three vulnerable population subgroups and capture temporal changes in their probability of being exposed to SARS-CoV-2 via mobility. Methods: We included 652 COVID-19 cases and utilized Exponential Random Graph Models to build six social networks: one for the cross-sectional cohort, and five for the temporal wave cohorts, respectively. Vertices were the three vulnerable population subgroups. Edges were shared scenarios where vertices were exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Results: The probability of being exposed to a COVID-19 case in Hong Kong among the three vulnerable population subgroups increased from 3.38% in early 2020 to 5.78% in early 2022. While domestic workers were less mobile intercontinentally compared to flight crews and sailors, domestic workers were 1.81-times in general more likely to be exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: Vulnerable populations with similar ages and occupations, especially younger domestic workers and flight crew members, were more likely to be exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Social network analysis can be used to provide critical information on the health risks of infectious diseases to vulnerable populations.
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Liu, Cheng Che, and Ta Chung Wang. "Optimal Aircraft Maintenance Crews Work Shifts with Integer Programming." Applied Mechanics and Materials 319 (May 2013): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.319.479.
Abstract:
Shiftwork disrupts the sleep-wake cycle, leading to sleepiness, fatigue, and performance impairment, with implications for occupational health and safety. Aircraft maintenance crews work a 24-hour shift rotation and sustain flight punctuality rate of job stress.If an error occurs during the aircraft maintenance process, this error may become a potential risk factor for flight safety.This paper focuses on optimal work shift scheduling to reduce the fatigue of aircraft maintenance crews. We model fatigue as a dynamic system, and the objective is to find the optimal shift schedules that minimize the maximum fatigue values. Various constraints such as holidays, company and government regulations are included in our model. This optimization problem is formulated as a mixed-integer program, in which the shift assignments are described by 0-1 variables. We take a sample aircraft maintenance crews schedule to demonstrate the proposed methods.
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Smith, Kevin M. "Mission Performance Aid for Aerial Combat." International Journal of Aviation Systems, Operations and Training 3, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijasot.2016010101.
Abstract:
This paper addresses the concepts, methods, apparatus, and tools used to establish the operational requirements and system architecture for an advanced mission performance aid (the smart cockpit) that targets aerial combat operations. As the complexity of our modern avionic systems increase, it is important to define operational requirements and crew station display features early in the design cycle. Many observers insist higher quality front-end work be performed to reduce the growing number of back-end mistakes and cost overruns. This paper provides a top-down orientation that treats platform, avionics, weapons, and flight crew as an integrated system. This facilitates the analysis of system-wide functional attributes that represent key design drivers. Topics include mission decomposition, critical task analysis, information requirements, function allocation, and crew station display features. This material is intended for managers, engineers, human factor professionals, and test and evaluation flight crews improving mission performance in an increasingly complex environment.
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Shi, Heidy, Carlos Garcia, Jack Kesti, Christopher Lee, and David Hughes. "A Value Model Approach to Reduce PM Cargo’s Costs for the CH-47F Chinook Helicopter." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2019v7i1.pp16-23.
Abstract:
The CH-47F is a multifaceted system incorporating a series of technological improvements that aim to improve flight crews’ performance. The new Chinook model marks a transition away from platforms with steam gauge based cockpits, federated mission systems equipment, and analog flight control augmentation systems. The aircraft has a highly integrated glass cockpit and digital flight control augmentation system reducing the crew’s workload and improving other capabilities, such as auto-hovering. This allows pilots to focus on aspects essential for mission success while operating in challenging environments. PM Cargo is responsible for maintaining the CH-47F to meet these demands, however, this has significant financial challenges to consider. PM Cargo asked us to produce courses of action that will reduce costs while also adding value to the CH-47F program. This will ensure the CH-47F, through PM Cargo’s stewardship, remains a staple of the United States Army into the future.