Journal articles: 'Flexural loading'

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Nurulaini, Borhan, Ahmad Zafir Romli, and Mohd Hanafiah Abidin. "Tensile and Flexural Properties of Casuarina equisetifolia Unsaturated Polyester Composites." Advanced Materials Research 812 (September 2013): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.231.

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This study is to determine the effects of tensile and flexural testing on the C.equisetifolia composite at different loading from 10 % to 50 % weight loading (wt%). The results for all composite samples on tensile strength and tensile modulus decreasing as the weight loadings of C.equisetifolia increases. However, the result from tensile modulus was not significant when the C.equisetifolia weight loadings increase in the composite. In addition, the result obtained from flexural modulus and strength at 20 % of C.equisetifolia weight loading, increased to 3.147GPa and 3.25 MPa respectively, while when C.equisetifolia weight loadings increase the results showed a decrease.

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Zhang, Wu Man, Wei Sun, and Jin Yang Jiang. "Changes of Pore Structures in Hardened Cement Paste Subjected to Flexural Loading and Wet-Dry Cycles in Seawater." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1930.

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The coupling effect of flexural loading and environmental factors has great influence on the pore structures in hardened cement paste. In this paper, Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze and observe the changes of pore structures in hardened cement paste subjected to flexural loading and wet-dry cycles in simulated seawater. The results show that the porosity greatly increases when the flexural loading level is raised from 0 f (the ultimate flexural loading capacity) to 0.8 f. Micro-cracks are observed and the connectivity, width and density of micro-cracks increase with the increment of flexural loading. The peaks position of pore size shifts toward greater micro-pores when the flexural loading was raised from 0 f to 0.8 f. The flexural loading and simulated seawater accelerate the degradation of pore structures.

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Park, Cheoleon, Hojoon Kim, and Youngsu Cha. "Piezoelectric Sensor with a Helical Structure on the Thread Core." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155073.

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In this paper, we introduce a piezoelectric sensor curled on a thread core in a helical structure. In particular, a polyvinylidene fluoride film was curled and fixed on a thread core. A series of experiments were designed to deliver flexural loading to the piezoelectric sensor, to study its sensing characteristics. The experimental results show that the sensing output of the sensor is in phase with the applied flexural loading. In addition, the output voltage of the textile-based piezoelectric sensor was measured according to various flexural loadings. The flexural bending angle applied to the piezoelectric sensor is expected to be a power function of the voltage output. In addition, we demonstrate a smart textile by weaving the piezoelectric sensor.

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Jaradat, Omar A., David I. McLean, and M. Lee Marsh. "Strength Degradation of Existing Bridge Columns under Seismic Loading." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1541, no. 1 (January 1996): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154100105.

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The strength and degradation behavior of reinforced concrete bridge columns under seismic loading were investigated. Experimental tests were conducted on four reduced-scale column specimens that incorporated deficiencies selected to be representative of those present in existing bridges designed before 1971. The columns were fixed against rotation at both the top and bottom, resulting in a transfer of shear forces through the column even after the lower hinging region lost its flexural capacity. The specimens were subjected to increasing levels of cycled inelastic displacements under constant axial load. The focus of the study was to characterize the load and displacement capacities present in older columns for purposes of seismic assessment and retrofit design. Flexure-dominated failures occurred in three of the specimens. A rapid degradation in flexural strength was observed at the bottom hinging regions of the tested columns because of the presence of lap splices and poor confinement. Top hinging regions that did not have lap splices exhibited degradation in flexural capacities at higher displacement ductilities because of eventual longitudinal bar buckling. In the fourth specimen, flexural yielding was initially observed at both the top and bottom of the column, but this was followed by an eventual brittle shear failure. Various procedures for assessing flexural and shear behaviors were compared with the observed experimental results.

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Rafiq, Ahmad, and Necar Merah. "Nanoclay enhancement of flexural properties and water uptake resistance of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites at different temperatures." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 2 (June 7, 2018): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318781220.

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In this study, glass fiber-reinforced epoxy-nanoclay composite plates, with I.30E clay contents ranging between 0 and 5 wt.%, were manufactured by hand layup with hot pressing. Flexural strength of unexposed fiber-reinforced epoxy-nanoclay reached an optimum improvement of 11% for 1.5 wt.%. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that at this clay loading, better interfacial adhesion of clay with glass fibers was achieved. At higher clay loadings, clay agglomeration and presence micro-voids led to less strength improvement. The maximum water uptake was found to decrease with increasing clay loading and moisture diffusion at 80℃ was about 80% higher than that at room temperature. Post exposure flexural tests revealed a behavior similar to that of unexposed samples with nanoclay loading of 1.5 wt.% leading to optimal flexural properties. Exposure to moisture resulted in degradation of fiber-reinforced epoxy-nanoclay flexural properties with about 36% reduction in strength for 80℃ and 8% for room temperature.

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Ahmad, Romisuhani, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Kamarudin Hussin, Andrei Victor Sandu, Mohammed Binhussain, and Nur Ain Jaya. "Effect of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) as Binder and Sintering Temperature in Kaolin Geopolymer Ceramics on Flexural Strength." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.412.

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This paper present the flexural strength of kaolin geopolymer ceramics with addition of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as a binder. The effect of varying UHMWPE loading and different sintering temperature on kaolin geopolymer ceramics were evaluated. Kaolin and alkaline activator were mixed with the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1.0. Alkaline activator was formed by mixing the 8 M NaOH solution with sodium silicate at a ratio of 0.24. Addition of UHMWPE to the kaolin geopolymer ceramics are fabricated with UHMWPE loadings of 2, 4, 6 and 8 (wt. %) by using powder metallurgy method. The samples were heated at different temperature started from 900 °C until 1200 °C and the strength were tested. It was found that the flexural strength for the kaolin geopolymer ceramics with addition of UHMWPE were higher and generally increased with the increasing of UHMWPE loading. Similar trend was observed for the effect of sintering temperature. The result revealed that the optimum flexural strength was obtained at UHMWPE loading of 8 wt. % and the samples heated at 1200 °C achieved the highest flexural strength (49.15 MPa).

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Rajendran, Mohana, and Nagan Soundarapandian. "Geopolymer ferrocement panels under flexural loading." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 22, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-0012.

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AbstractEfforts are needed to develop innovative and environmental friendly materials in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An experimental investigation on the flexural behavior of thin cementless composite panels reinforced with welded rectangular wire mesh and chicken mesh with varying number of mesh layers as well as varying concentration of alkaline solution is presented. A total of 30 panels have been tested under flexural loading. The size of the panel is 1000 mm (length)×200 mm (width)×25/35 mm (thickness). The parameters studied in this investigation include varying the concentration of NaOH (8, 10, 12, 14 m) and thickness of composite panels. In this work, cement is replaced by geopolymer mix to bind the ferrocement skeletal framework and its flexural behavior is studied. It is concluded that the first crack and ultimate loads increase with the increase in the thickness of the element and the concentration of alkaline solution. From the studies, it is observed that the load-carrying capacities, energy absorption, and deformation at ultimate load are high in the case of geopolymer ferrocement element. Further, it is observed that there is reduction in crack width, and increase in number of cracks in the case of geopolymer ferrocement indicates delay in crack growth.

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Ning, Feng Wei, Jian Tong Ding, An Shuang Su, and Yue Bo Cai. "Influence of Moisture Content and Loading Rate on Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete Remarked." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.472.

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Influences of moisture content and loading rate on flexural toughness were experimentally studied for fiber reinforced shotcrete (FRSC) with steel fiber or macro synthetic polypropylene fiber. According to the four-point bending test method specified in ASTM C1609 and Chinese standard CECS 13, the flexural toughness of specimens after drying for 0h, 16h, 24h and 72h in condition of (20±2)°C and (60±5)% relative humidity was tested at a loading rate of 0.05 mm/min. For specimens after drying for 24h and 72h, flexural toughness was tested at loading rates of 0.05 mm/min, 0.10 mm/min, and 0.20 mm/min respectively. With the moisture content decreasing, the flexural toughness T100,2.0, first-peak flexural strength, and residual flexural strength at prescribed deflections of FRSC exhibited decreasing tendency. The specimens with 0.5 vol% of steel fiber showed higher T100,2.0 value than that with 0.9 vol% of macro synthetic fiber. The residual strength and flexural toughness of FRSC increased with the increase of loading rate.

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Su, An Shuang, and Yue Bo Cai. "Influence of Aspect Ratio of Macro Synthetic Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Shotcrete." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1226.

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Influences of moisture content and loading rate on flexural toughness were experimentally studied for fiber reinforced shotcrete (FRSC) with steel fiber or macro synthetic polypropylene fiber. According to the four-point bending test method specified in ASTM C1609 and Chinese standard CECS 13, the flexural toughness of specimens after drying for 0h, 16h, 24h and 72h in condition of (20±2)°C and (60±5)% relative humidity was tested at a loading rate of 0.05 mm/min. For specimens after drying for 24h and 72h, flexural toughness was tested at loading rates of 0.05 mm/min, 0.10 mm/min, and 0.20 mm/min respectively. With the moisture content decreasing, the flexural toughness T100,2.0, first-peak flexural strength, and residual flexural strength at prescribed deflections of FRSC exhibited decreasing tendency. The specimens with 0.5 vol% of steel fiber showed higher T100,2.0 value than that with 0.9 vol% of macro synthetic fiber. The residual strength and flexural toughness of FRSC increased with the increase of loading rate.

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Shrivastava, Ruchir, and K. K. Singh. "Flexural response of glass/epoxy composites to thermal shocks and conditioning environment in varying loading rate." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012089.

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Abstract The structural integrity of composites faces severe challenge in the form of environmental extremes. Therefore, its performance in those cases were of great interest. In the present work, flexural strength of glass/epoxy composites were analysed in the environment of thermal shock generated by cryogenic exposure as well by thermal conditioning. Four cases were chosen, room temperature (RT), cryogenic conditioning (LN), thermal conditioning below (BG) and above glass transition temperature (AG). The exposure time for all the environments was kept constant at 24 hours. These responses are investigated with two sets of loading rates (i) 1 mm/minute and (ii) 10 mm/min. The experimental results indicate that; all three scenarios deeply impact the flexural response of the specimen. The first set experiences changes in flexural strength, strain, and chord modulus by (2.75, -8.52, 11.32), (21.36, 39.75, -6.47), (-35.8, -11.37, -22.94) % with LN, BG and AG condition respectively. Moreover, with high rate of loading these responses change by (-23.89, -28.41, -5.17), (-37.45, -43.56, -1.86), (-19.4, -27.46, 16.37) % respectively. The prolonged exposure indicates a strain hardening phenomenon in LN specimen, which improves the flexural strength with a 1 mm/min loading rate. However, this plasticization of the specimen was unable to bear the load at an elevated rate of loading, and therefore a loss in all the properties is seen with a 10 mm/min loading rate. Therefore, it is anticipated that the properties will further deteriorate with a higher rate of loadings.

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Guan, Bo-wen, Jia-yu Wu, Tao Yang, An-hua Xu, Yan-ping Sheng, and Hua-xin Chen. "Developing a Model for Chloride Ions Transport in Cement Concrete under Dynamic Flexural Loading and Dry-Wet Cycles." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5760512.

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Chloride ions attack is the main factor leading to the degradation of concrete durability, while the diffusion process would be significantly aggravated under the dynamic flexural loading and dry-wet cycles. In this paper, the influence coefficients of dynamic flexural loading on chloride/water diffusion coefficients were established, based on the relationship between the dynamic flexural loading and the chloride ions diffusion coefficient of concrete. Based on the model of chloride ions transporting in dry-wet cycle environment, the transport model of chloride ions in concrete under the dynamic flexural loading and dry-wet cycles was established. The effects of different factors on the chloride ions transport law in concrete were analyzed through laboratory test. The results showed that the model was in good agreement with the experimental results. The theory and assumptions proposed applied in the model of chloride ions transport in concrete under the dynamic flexural loading and dry-wet cycles had certain rationality and scientificity.

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Yoshida, H., T. Ogasa, and M. Uemura. "Local Stress Distribution in the Vicinity of Loading Points in Flexural Test of Orthotropic Beams." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 113, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905905.

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The two-dimensional stress distributions in orthotopic composite beam under 4-point flexure are analyzed by replacing the concentrated load by distributing pressure in the vicinity of loading nose and by expanding the stress function for compatability equation in terms of Fourier series. The validity of analytical results is verified experimentally by using the photoelastic film-coating technique on unidirectional reinforced plastics. It is shown that the local stress distributions around the loading points are complicated and are very different from those predicted by elementary beam theory; and hence, the reliability of flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength defined by elementary beam theory are in question. It is suggested that the 4-point flexure is reasonable and recommendable as a standard testing method compared with the 3-point flexural one.

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Zhou, Xin Gang, Hua Fang, Jun Yin Yan, and Peng Zhu. "The Study on Bond and Anchorage Behavior of RC Flexural Members with Inorganic Adhesive Powder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1696.

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To study the anchorage performance of the inorganic post-installed RC flexural members in flexural test, this paper simulates the stress state of the inorganic post-installed RC flexural members in practical projects. Through cyclic loading test, the anchorage performance of the inorganic post-installed RC flexural members in the bending tensile conditions is checked. This paper studies the anchorage performance of the post-installed steel at the state of bending tension, such as: adhesion stress, bond-slip relationship, the load carrying capacity, deformation behavior of the flexural member, and compare with those of normal member. The result indicates that with anchorage length of 20D in flexure member, the load carrying capacity of the inorganic post-installed reinforced concrete is apparently worse to those of normal members under repeated loading test; In case that anchorage length is invariable, load carrying capacity can be significantly enhanced through improving the concrete strength level. The anchorage zone is easily damaged, and the steel is easily slipped, which result in the decrease of the load carrying capacity, so some measures must be taken if inorganic adhesive powder is used in practical projects.

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Ngo, Tri Thuong, and Van Hai Hoang. "Flexural behaviour of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete at high strain rates." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjst.63(3).40-45.

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In this study, the flexural resistance of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRCs) containing different fiber volume content, under static and dynamic flexural loading was investigated. Thirty-six specimens of UHPFRCs, size 0.5x0.5x210 (mm), reinforced with 0.5%, and 1.5% volume of smooth steel fiber (d=0.2 mm, l=19 mm) were cast and tested by three-point bending test, under the static load (strain rate 1.67x10-5 s-1) and high acceleration load (strain rate up to 210 s-1). Experimental results show that the flexural strength of UHPFRCs increases significantly when the fiber reinforcement content increases. In addition, as the loading speed increases, the flexural resistance of the material also increases. The flexural strength of UHPFRC material reinforced with 0.5 and 1.5% of fiber volume content was 17.7 and 30.0 MPa at static loads, increased to 23.6 and 51.92 MPa at a loading rates of 110 s-1 and 28.86 and 61.04 MPa at loading rate of 210 s-1.

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Zhafer, S. F., A. R. Rozyanty, S. B. S. Shahnaz, Luqman Musa, and A. Zuliahani. "Transverse and Longitudinal Flexural Properties of Untreated and Maleic Anhydride Treated Kenaf Bast Fiber Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites." Key Engineering Materials 700 (July 2016): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.700.93.

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Kenaf bast fibers were prepared into two types as untreated and maleic anhydride (MA) treated. Unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin was used as matrix and applied onto the kenaf bast fibers using hand lay-up method. Transverse and longitudinal flexural properties of unidirectional long kenaf bast fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites were performed and the effect of fiber modification and loading were studied. It is found that the transverse flexural strength of both types of composites decreases with the increasing of kenaf loading. Contrary, longitudinal flexural strength of both composites increases with the increasing of kenaf loading. Improved transverse and longitudinal flexural properties are shown by MA treatment of kenaf bast fiber. The interactions between fiber and matrix of fractured flexural surface were also observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

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Djamaluddin, Rudy, Rita Irmawaty, and Arbain Tata. "Flexural Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened Using GFRP Sheet after Fatigue Loading for Sustainable Construction." Key Engineering Materials 692 (May 2016): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.692.66.

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Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has been applied not only for the simple structures but also for the advanced structures such as bridges or highway bridges for sustainable construction. In case of bridges or highway bridges, the structures experience not only static loadings but also fatigue loadings that may limited the serviceability of the bridge structures. In order to extend of the application of FRP on the such bridge structures to have a sustainable structures, the flexural capacity due to fatigue loading should be clarified. Glass composed FRP sheet namely Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP) is most commonly used due to its relatively lower cost compared to the other FRP materials. GFRP sheet is applied externally by bonding it on the concrete surface. Many studies have been done to investigate the flexural capacity of concrete beams strengthened using GFRP sheets. However, studies on the flexural capacity after fatigue loadings are still very rarely. This study presented the results of experimental investigation on the flexural capacity of the strengthened concrete beams after fatigue loadings. A series of concrete beams strengthened with GFRP sheet on extreme tension surface were prepared. Results indicated that after 800000 time of load cycle, the flexural capacity of beams specimens may decrease to only approximately 60%. The beam failed due to delaminating of GFRP sheet.

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Merah, Necar, and Omer Mohamed. "Nanoclay and Water Uptake Effects on Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (January 3, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8130419.

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Unsaturated polyester/nanoclay (UP/NC) composites were developed using an optimized process, which combines high shear mixing (HSM) and ultrasonication. Different types of organically modified nanoclays (Cloisites 10A and 20A and Nanomer I.30E) were considered with I.30E resulting in the best morphology with an exfoliated structure. This and the higher aspect ratio of I.30E lead to its better performance under tensile and flexural testing. Different loadings of I.30E (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt%) were thus used to manufacture UP/NC nanocomposites and test their resistance to water uptake as well as the moisture ingress effects on their mechanical properties. The results showed that the addition of I.30E nanoclay enhanced the hydrophobicity of the nanocomposite with a maximum improvement of about 40% at 4 wt% of NC loading. Flexural test results revealed relative degradation in the flexural properties of neat UP and UP/NC, due to moisture uptake. However, the reduction in flexural properties was found to be minimal at the optimum nanoclay loading of 3 wt%.

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Koloor, S. S. R., A. Abdul-Latif, and Mohd Nasir Tamin. "Mechanics of Composite Delamination under Flexural Loading." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.726.

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The mechanics of interface delamination in CFRP composite laminates is examined using finite element method. For this purpose a 12-ply CFRP composite, with a total thickness of 2.4 mm and anti-symmetric ply sequence of [45/-45/45/0/-45/0/0/45/0/-45/45/-45] is simulated under three-point bend test setup. Each unidirectional composite lamina is treated as an equivalent elastic and orthotropic panel. Interface behavior is defined using damage, linear elastic constitutive model and employed to describe the initiation and progression of delamination during flexural loading. Complementary three-point bend test on CFRP composite specimen is performed at crosshead speed of 2 mm/min. The measured load-deflection response at mid-span location compares well with predicted values. Interface delamination accounts for up to 46.7 % reduction in flexural stiffness from the undamaged state. Delamination initiated at the center mid-span region for interfaces in the compressive laminates while edge delamination started in interfaces with tensile flexural stress in the laminates. Anti-symmetric distribution of the delaminated region is derived from the corresponding anti-symmetric ply sequence in the CFRP composite. The dissipation energy for edge delamination is greater than that for internal center delamination. In addition, delamination failure process in CFRP composite can be described by an exponential rate of fracture energy dissipation under monotonic three-point bend loading.

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Ulzurrun, Gonzalo, and Carlos Zanuy. "Flexural response of SFRC under impact loading." Construction and Building Materials 134 (March 2017): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.138.

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Zidan, Saleh, Nikolaos Silikas, Julfikar Haider, Abdulaziz Alhotan, Javad Jahantigh, and Julian Yates. "Evaluation of Equivalent Flexural Strength for Complete Removable Dentures Made of Zirconia-Impregnated PMMA Nanocomposites." Materials 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 2580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112580.

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High-impact (HI) polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), obtained from modification of conventional PMMA, is commonly used in prosthodontics as a denture base material for improved impact resistance. However, it suffers from poor flexural strength properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the flexural strength of complete removable dentures made of HI heat-polymerised PMMA resin reinforced with zirconia nanoparticles at two different concentrations. The effect of fatigue loading on the flexural strength behaviour of the dentures was also investigated. A total of 30 denture specimens were fabricated from PMMA with different concentrations of zirconia nanoparticles: 0 (control), 3, and 5 wt.%. Ten specimens in each group were divided into two subgroups, with five specimens in each, to conduct both flexural strength and fatigue loading test of each of the subgroups. Fatigue loading was applied on the dentures using a mastication simulator and equivalent flexural strength was calculated with data from bending tests with and without fatigue cyclic loading. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the test data was conducted with the Bonferroni significant difference post-hoc test at a preset alpha value of 0.05. Paired t-test was employed to identify any difference between the specimens with and without the application of fatigue loading. The fractured surface of the denture specimens was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The bending tests demonstrated that the mean equivalent flexural strength of reinforced HI PMMA denture specimens with 5 wt.% zirconia nanoparticles increased significantly (134.9 ± 13.9 MPa) compared to the control group (0 wt.%) (106.3 ± 21.3 MPa) without any fatigue loading. The mean strength of the dentures with PMMA +3 wt.% zirconia also increased, but not significantly. Although the mean strength of all specimen groups subjected to fatigue loading slightly decreased compared to that of the specimen groups without any fatigue cyclic loading, this was not statistically significant. Denture specimens made of HI heat-polymerised PMMA reinforced with 5 wt.% zirconia nanoparticles had significantly improved equivalent flexural strength compared to that made of pure PMMA when the specimens were not subjected to any prior fatigue cyclic loading. In addition, the application of fatigue cyclic loading did not significantly improve the equivalent flexural strengths of all denture specimen groups. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the use of zirconia-impregnated PMMA in the manufacture of dentures does not result in any significant improvement for clinical application.

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Augustia, Venitalitya, Achmad Chafidz, Lucky Setyaningsih, Muhammad Rizal, Mujtahid Kaavessina, and Saeed M. Al Zahrani. "Effect of Date Palm Fiber Loadings on the Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene/Date Palm Fiber Composites." Key Engineering Materials 773 (July 2018): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.94.

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The trend of using natural fibers as green filler in the fabrication of polymer composites is increasing. One of these natural fibers is date palm fiber (DPF). Date palm fiber is considered as agricultural waste in certain areas, such as Middle East countries. Therefore, the utilization of this fiber in the composites fabrication is an interesting topic of research. In the current study, composites were prepared by melt blending DPF with high density polyethylene (HDPE). Five different DPF loadings were studied (i.e. 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 wt%). The effect of the DPF loadings on the mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of the composites were investigated. The tensile test result showed that tensile strengths of all the composites samples were all higher than the neat HDPE with the maximum improvement was achieved at the DPF loading of 5 wt% (i.e. DFC-5), which was about 19.23 MPa (138% higher than the neat HDPE). Whereas, the flexural test result showed that the flexural strength of the composites slightly increased compared to that of the neat HDPE only until 5 wt% DPF loading (i.e. DFC-5). Afterward, the flexural strength of the DFC-10 was equal to that of the neat HDPE, and decreasing with further increase of DPF loadings. Additionally, the water absorption test result showed that the water absorption rate and uptake of water (at equilibrium) increased with the increase of DPF loading.

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Ohaeri, Okezie, and Duncan Cree. "Development and Characterization of PHB-PLA/Corncob Composite for Fused Filament Fabrication." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 9 (August 26, 2022): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6090249.

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The development of environmentally friendly polymeric composites holds great potential for agricultural leftovers. This study explores the effects of lignocellulosic corncob powder as a filler in a polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)/polylactic acid (PLA) biopolymer matrix. The PHB-PLA matrix consists of a 55% to 45% blend, respectively, while the filler loadings range from 0 wt.% to 8 wt.%. The components are combined and directly extruded into fused filaments for three-dimensional (3D) printing. The tensile strength of both the filament and dog-bone samples, flexural strength, and Charpy impact toughness of the composites, all decreased as filler loading increased. The tensile and flexural modulus of all samples examined improved noticeably with increasing filler loading. The filler particles had dense, mildly elongated sheet-like shapes, whereas the fractured surfaces of the composite samples had flat features for the pure polymer blend, but became rougher and jagged as filler loading increased. The fractured surface of Charpy impact test samples had smoother morphology when tested at cryogenic temperatures, compared to room temperature testing. All attributes showed a fourth-degree polynomial relationship to filler loading and all improved as filler loading increased, with the best results obtained at 6 wt.% loading.

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Davindrabrabu, Mathivanan, Parlaungan Siregar Januar, Bachtiar Dandi, Mat Rejab Mohd Ruzaimi, and Tezara Cionita. "Effect of Fibre Loading on the Flexural Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.85.

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The use of pineapple leaf fibres as reinforcement in plastics had increased rapidly in past few years. Thus this project was conducted to determine and compare the flexural strength of pure epoxy and pineapple leaf fibres reinforced epoxy. The natural fibres were mixed with epoxy and hardener by weight percentage fibre content. The process employed to fabricate the specimens was hand lay-up and the natural fibres was oriented randomly. The dimensions of the specimens for flexure test were based on ASTM D790 respectively. The results obtained shows that 15% PALF reinforced epoxy composite achieved the highest flexural strength among the natural fibers reinforced epoxy composites.

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Fukuda, Takashi, Shotaro Sanuki, Masaki Miyakawa, and Kazunori Fujikake. "Influence of Loading Rate on Shear Failure Resistance of RC Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (July 2011): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.229.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic shear failure behavior of RC beams under rapid loading through an experimental study. Thus, rapid loading test for 48 RC beams was performed, in which shear span-to-depth ratio, shear reinforcement ratio and loading rate were variable. The RC beams exhibited diagonal tension failure, shear compression failure and flexural failure depending mainly on the shear span-to-depth ratio and the shear reinforcement ratio. The influence of loading rate on the maximum resistance is more significant for the RC beams failed in shear than for those failed in flexure.

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Yin, Liqiang, Changwang Yan, and Shuguang Liu. "Freeze–Thaw Durability of Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites under Combined Flexural Load and Chloride Environment." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091721.

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Cement-based materials are usually not exposed to an independent deterioration process but are exposed to a combination of mechanical load and environmental effects. This paper reports the frost resistance durability of strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC) under combined flexural loading at different levels and under chloride attack. The loss of mass, dynamic elastic modulus, and microstructure characteristics of SHCC specimens were determined, and the influence of loading level on frost resistance was analyzed. In addition, the effect of freeze–thaw action on the flexural performance and diffusion properties of chloride in SHCC under the combined loads was investigated. The results show that the process of degradation was accelerated due to the simultaneous action of flexural loading and freeze–thaw cycles in the chloride environment, and SHCC suffered more serious damage at a higher loading level. However, flexural strength decreased by only 13.87% after 300 freeze–thaw cycles at load level S = 0.36. The diffusion properties of chloride in SHCC under constant flexural loading were affected by the freezing and thawing cycle. The free chloride concentration Cf increased with the development of freezing and thawing at the same diffusion depth, and a bilinear relationship was found between the chloride diffusion coefficient Dc and the number of freeze–thaw cycles.

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Azwan, Syed Mohd Saiful, Yahya Mohd Yazid, Ayob Amran, and Behzad Abdi. "Quasi-Static Flexural and Indentation Behaviour of Polymer-Metal Laminate." Advanced Materials Research 970 (June 2014): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.970.88.

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Metal-polymer laminates were subjected to quasi-static flexural and indentation loading. The laminates were made of two aluminium skins heat-bonded (laminated) to a core made of polyethylene plastic material. The samples were trimmed into standard-sized beams and panels which were then tested in flexural and indentation using the Instron universal testing machine at loading rates of 1 mm/min, 10 mm/min and 100 mm/min. The load-displacement and energy absorption curves of the composite beams were recorded. It was found that the loading rate has a large effect on flexural and indentation behaviour of aluminium composite laminate.

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Xiong, Xiao Li, Li Bin Jin, and Hui Wang. "Design Capacity of T-Strut Subject to Compressive Force." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.550.

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T-struts subject to centroid compression buckle flexural-torsionally about their axis of symmetry. When the force is applied at the shear center of the section, T-struts buckle either flexurally or torsionally without coupling of flexure with twisting. Although the buckling load of shear center loading is greater than that of centroid loading, i.e. T-struts in elastic stage provide larger resistance to buckling about their axis of symmetry when the compression is applied at the shear center in lieu of the centroid of the section, T-struts with defect such as fabrication error, load eccentricity and residual stress always buckles in the elastic-plastic range actually, and the design capacity decrease by shifting the working line of a T-section compression chord to the shear center. That peculiarity is verified by the nonlinear buckling analysis of T-struts models in ANSYS.

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Loganathan, T. G., R. Krishna Murthy, and Chandrasekaran Kesavan. "Effect of Cyclic Loading Frequency on Flexural Modulus of GFRP Laminates with Resin Rich Intermediate Layers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.543.

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The flexural modulus of composite laminates subjected to cyclic loads of varying cycle periods are experimentally investigated in this work. GFRP composite laminate specimen of configuration 0/R/0/0/0, 0/R/30/60/0, 0/R/90/90/0 and 0/R/45/-45/0 are prepared by hand lay-up technique with a uniquely processed resin-rich intermediate layer for the testing. Specimens are exposed to constant amplitude cyclic loading of frequencies 4.6 Hz and 8.6 Hz. A cantilever configuration of specimen with cyclic tip loading is considered to simulate the conditions of a leaf of a laminated automobile leaf spring. The flexural response of the laminate is measured using three point bend test as per ASTM D 790 and damping by hysteresis loop. The observed reduction in flexural modulusand the increase in damping factor after loading are compared with virgin. Minimised flexural modulus deviations between the loading frequencies are favoured by the cushioning of resin rich intermediate layer in the lay-up.

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Timco, G. W. "Flexural Strength and Fracture Toughness of Urea Model Ice." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 107, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231225.

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In many tests of ice-structure interactions performed using physical modeling techniques, the ice can fail in bending, flexure or by tensile cracking. Because of this, it is necessary to know and understand the flexural and fracture toughness properties of the model ice used in the test in order to be able to better interpret the results. In spite of this, to date there has been only a limited number of tests to measure the flexural behavior and the parameters influencing the flexural response of the model ice. The fracture toughness of model ice has not been measured. In this paper, the flexural behavior and fracture toughness of both freshwater ice and sea ice are reviewed in order to establish the prototype values and behavior which must be scaled for the model test. The results of a series of tests on the flexural properties of the model ice are presented and discussed in terms of the parameters which influence the strength including warmup time and temperature, test type (cantilever or simple beam), loading rate and loading direction. The fracture toughness of the model ice has been measured and the results are presented and compared to the prototype values for freshwater ice and sea ice. A comparison is made to assess the accuracy of the scalability of these properties of the ice.

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Kato, Daisuke, Daisuke Sato, and Tadashi Takamatsu. "Effects of opening location on flexural behavior of RC columns with sidewalls." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 50, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.50.4.547-554.

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Practical use of secondary walls such as sidewalls is common because the contributions of secondary walls for stiffness or strength have been recognized. In 2016, “AIJ Standard for Lateral Load-carrying Capacity Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Structures” was published as a draft by Architectural Institute of Japan. In this standard new equations for columns with side walls were proposed. From this viewpoint, the authors have conducted static loading tests of flexurally controlled RC column specimens with single opening in the sidewall, to investigate the effects of openings on strength and deformation capacity of RC columns with a side walls. In this paper, the limitations on location of openings inside sidewalls to avoid their effects on flexural strength and deformation capacity are examined using design equations for flexural strength based on full plastic moment of the column and sidewall. The test results indicate that the proposed limitation line on location of openings to avoid their effects for flexure could be effective for practical design.

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Nor, M. A. A. M., H. M. Akil, and Z. A. Ahmad. "The effect of polymeric template density and solid loading on the properties of ceramic foam." Science of Sintering 41, no. 3 (2009): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos0903319n.

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This paper studies the effect of various polymeric foam template densities and solid loadings on the properties of ceramic foam. The study was based on six different polymeric foam templates with densities ranging from 13.4 to 37.8 kg/m3. The templates were impregnated in ceramic slurry with solid loading ranging from 15 to 60 wt. %. Effects of polymeric foam template density and solid loading quantity were evaluated based on porosity, density and mechanical properties of resulted ceramic foam. It was found that the density, porosity and flexural strength of ceramic foam seem to be independent from the template densities when the solid loading is less than 35 wt. %. For the given solid loading, i.e < 35 wt. %, the density and flexural strength are less than 1100 kg/m3 and 6 MPa, respectively, and porosities are higher than 40 %. The polymer replication method is a versatile method for the production of ceramic foams. It will allow the production of any desired properties of ceramic foam through a simple modification route.

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Wang, Xiao Chu, Xiao Xing Liu, Le Zhou, Hong Tao Liu, and Min Yang. "Calculation of Flexural Capacity of SRC Beams Strengthened with CFRP." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1154.

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A design idea has been brought forward about SRC beams strengthened with CFRP, in order to solve flexural capacity shortage and need strengthening engineering problems. By analyzing loading process, failure mode and loading mechanism, flexural capacity was calculated by superposition method. According to different failure modes and neutral axis’ location in the steel, the computed formula of flexural capacity about SRC beams strengthened with CFRP was proposed, and it provided references for design of SRC beams strengthened with CFRP.

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Li, Mi Dan, and Dong Mei Liu. "Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Graphite/Carbon Fiber/Phenolic Resin Composite." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1452.

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Composites made of phenolic resin filled with natural graphite platelets and carbon fibers are fabricated by mechanical mixing, followed by compression molding. The flexural strength and electrical conductivity of composite are analyzed to determine the influence of phenolic resin and carbon fiber on mechanical and electrical properties. It is found that there is a marked dependence of the electrical conductivity and flexural strength on phenolic resin content. The electrical conductivity decreases and flexural strength increases with the increasing of phenolic resin loading. The presence of carbon fiber helps improve the flexural strength of composite such that 4 wt% CF increases the flexural strength of composite about 90%. However, an excess amount of carbon fiber reduces the flexural strength due to poor dispersion of carbon fiber in composite. The result also shows that the addition of carbon fiber exhibits a slight effect on the electrical conductivity of composite at low carbon fiber loadings.

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Frank, Nyorere, and Emu Alfred. "FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD SAWDUST AND OIL BEAN POD SHELL FILLED COMPOSITE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 11 (November 30, 2018): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i11.2018.1136.

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Composites reinforced with natural materials play a vital role in engineering applications, like the fabrication of automobile parts, furniture making, etc. The objective of this present research is to determine the flexural properties (flexural strength, flexural energy) of oil bean pod shell (OBPS) and hardwood sawdust (SD) reinforced composite in epoxy matrix, at different filler loading. Hybridized composite samples used for this research were prepared with 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% filler (SD and OBPS in the ratio of 1:1) reinforcements in the ratio of 1:1. The flexural test was conducted on the samples according to ASTM D-790, using the Universal Testing Machine. From the results obtained, the fillers loading had significant (P ≤0.05) effect on the three flexural properties studied. The flexural strength increased from 33.44 to 67.65 MPa, the flexural energy increased 53.1%, while the flexural yield strength increased from 23.58 to 55.4 MPa. The results obtained from this research will be helpful the automobile and construction companies.

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Al Amin, Md Abdullah, Tasnim Mahjabin, and Mahbub Hasan. "Effect of Fibre Hybridization on Mechanical Properties of Nylon-Broom Grass/Root-Broom Grass Fibre Reinforced Hybrid Polypropylene Composites." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 8, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 965–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.3900.2021.

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In the present research, nylon-broom grass and onion root-broom grass reinforced hybrid polypropylene composites were manufactured using a hot press machine. Three different levels of fibre loading (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) with fibre ratios of 1:1 were incorporated in the polypropylene matrix. Tensile, flexural, impact and hardness tests of the composites were subsequently carried out. The two combinations showed opposite trends for tensile strength and impact strength and similar trends for Young’s modulus, elongation, flexural properties and hardness. Tensile strength of the onion root containing composites increased with an increase of fibre loading, while in the nylon containing composites, tensile strength decreased with an increase in fibre loading. Their Young’s modulus increased and % elongation decreased with an increase in fibre content. Both flexural strength and flexural modulus increased with an increase in fibre content in both combinations. The impact strength of the onion root containing composites decreased with an increase in fibre loading, while the nylon containing composites showed the opposite trend. The hardness of both combinations increased with an increase in fibre content. The best set of properties were found at 15 wt% fibre loading in the nylon-broom grass-PP hybrid composite.

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Ivanič, Andrej, and Samo Lubej. "Comparison of Various Techniques for Flexural Strengthening of Thin Concrete Members Using Continuous Carbon Fibers." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 1458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.1458.

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This paper deals with flexural performance of thin concrete members reinforced with continuous carbon fibers in the form of filament yarns. The laboratory specimens were tested under static loading conditions to investigate the effects of three different strengthening techniques on flexural stress, mid-span deflection and modes of failure. The specimens were strengthened in flexure using carbon fiber yarns as near-surface mounted, externally bonded and placed in the geometric center of the specimen, respectively. Based on this investigation, the advantages and shortcomings of individually strengthening technique can be drawn.

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Abbas, Abulqasim, Nihad Qader, and Tuncer Celik. "Numerical investigation on flexural behavior of RC beams with large web opening externally strengthened with CFRP laminates under cyclic load: Three-point bending test." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 20, no. 2 (2022): 571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-32985.

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In the current paper, the effect of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates on the flexural strength of reinforced concrete beam (RCB) with the web opening in the flexural zone was investigated using a numerical method. The main aim of the current work is to model the reinforced concrete beam strengthen by two shape of CFRP laminates (2layer and U-shape), to observe the influences of CFRP on the flexural strength of the beam. To this end, cyclic loading was applied to investigate the flexural behaviour of the Twelve RC beams under the cyclic loading. All beams kept the same dimensions length, breadth, and depth (2400 × 300 × 200) mm were modeled in the finite elements adopted by ABAQUS software. Steel bars have been used for both flexural strengthening and stirrups. A Three-point bending tests were performed using cyclic loading. Furthermore, the effect of web openings with different sizes (Side length of 40, 60, 75% of the breadth) on the flexural behavior of RC beams was investigated in detail. The flexural strength, local analysis, and ductility of the base beam and CFRP reinforced beam were analyzed. The results of the simulations revealed that the CFRP laminates enhanced the strength of the base beam significantly.

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Talone, Candida, Radoslav Sovják, Michal Mára, and Jindřich Fornůsek. "Post-impact flexural capacity of UHPFRC plates." MATEC Web of Conferences 352 (2021): 00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202135200006.

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This work aims to demonstrate the effective use of fibre reinforcement in thin plate elements made of UHPFRC under projectile impact loading. The use of fibre reinforcement is very efficient in case of ballistic loading, as fibres are evenly distributed over the entire volume of the material body and possible damage to the plate is thus suppressed in all points of the plate element equally. The aim of this study is therefore to provide data on the residual flexural capacity of plates that have been significantly damaged by the impact of the projectile and to demonstrate the benefits of using fibre reinforcement for localized impact loading.

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Chen, Hui, Xin Huang, Rui He, Zhenheng Zhou, Chuanqing Fu, and Jiandong Wang. "Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Fiber Cement Mortar under Different Loading Speeds." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 3697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073697.

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In this work, the relationships between the mechanical properties (i.e., compressive strength and flexural strength) and loading speed of polypropylene fiber (PPF)-incorporated cement mortar at different ages (before 28 days) were studied. A total of 162 cubic samples for compressive strength tests and 162 cuboid samples for flexural strength tests were casted and tested. Analytical relationships between the sample properties (i.e., sample age, PPF content, and loading speed) and compressive and flexural strength were proposed based on the experimental data, respectively. Of the predicted compressive and flexural strength results, 70.4% and 75.9% showed less than 15% relative error compared with the experimental results, respectively.

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Wang, Boyu, and Rishi Gupta. "Performance of Repaired Concrete under Cyclic Flexural Loading." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061363.

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There is limited research reported on the effect of cyclic loading on cement-based repair materials as conducting such tests is time consuming. To overcome this issue, this study utilized a novel loading regime consisting of cycle groups with increasing stress amplitude to accelerate the test process. The Palmgren-Minder rule was used to estimate the fatigue life of repaired specimens. Specimens repaired with Mix M (cementitious repair mortar), which was estimated to have the highest 2-million-cycle fatigue endurance limit (77.4%), showed the longest fatigue life (95,991 cycles) during the cyclic loading test, the highest slant, and splitting bond strength among all repair mixes. The estimated two-million cycle fatigue endurance limit of Mix S (70.8%) was very similar to that was reported in literature (71%) using the traditional loading method. This study confirms the usefulness of Palmgren-Minder rule on estimating the fatigue life of repaired specimens. Additionally, the use of the novel loading regime showed the benefit of shortening the test process while producing results similar to those from using traditional loading methods. To improve the prediction accuracy, future research is required to modify the failure criteria to accommodate specimens that may not fail even when the average flexural strength is met.

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Djamaluddin, Rudy, Mufti Amir Sultan, Rita Irmawati, and Hino Shinichi. "Bond Characteristics of GFRP Sheet on Strengthened Concrete Beams due to Flexural Loading." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 7, no. 2 (April 2015): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2015.v7.776.

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Tianlai, Yu, Tian Shuai, Zhao Yunpeng, and Zhang Liyuan. "Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Bending in Concrete Beams Strengthened with External Prestressing CFRP Tendons." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 10, no. 1 (September 6, 2016): 492–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801610010492.

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The flexural properties of concrete beams strengthened by external prestressing carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) tendons are studied through static loading tests. The loading processes, failure modes, right-sectional strain features, and ductility of the strengthened concrete beams are analysed, permitting comparisons of the influences of the bending angle of the external CFRP tendons, the strength grade of the concrete, the reinforcement ratio of the internal non-prestressing steel, and the loading strengthening level of the external prestressing CFRP tendons on the flexural properties of the beams. Test results show that the external prestressing CFRP tendons can improve the anti-cracking properties, stiffness, and flexural properties of concrete beams. The bending angle of the external CFRP tendons should not exceed 10°, while the reinforcement ratio and loading strength have obvious effects on the flexural properties of the beams they reinforce; conversely, the strength grade of the concrete has relatively little influence on the flexural properties. Based on the results, a bending bearing capacity formula for concrete beams strengthened with external prestressing CFRP tendons is determined according to the design theory of externally prestressed concrete structures; this formula provides the accuracy required for construction and therefore it can be used as a reference for practical engineering.

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43

Peng, Yucheng, Munkaila Musah, Brian Via, and Xueqi Wang. "Calcium Carbonate Particles Filled Homopolymer Polypropylene at Different Loading Levels: Mechanical Properties Characterization and Materials Failure Analysis." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5110302.

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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles have been widely used in filling thermoplastics for different applications in automotive, packaging, and construction. No agreement has been reached in the research community regarding the function of CaCO3 for enhancing toughness of homopolymer polypropylene (HPP). This study was to understand the effect of different loading levels of CaCO3 on HPP toughness, including notched and unnotched impact strength. A batch mixer was used to thermally compound CaCO3 particles with HPP at loading levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt.%, followed by specimen preparation using an injection molding process. The mechanical properties of the composites, including tensile, flexural, and impact were characterized. The results indicated that tensile strengths decreased significantly with increasing loading levels of CaCO3 particles while the tensile and flexural modulus increased significantly with increasing particle loadings. The composite tensile properties changed linearly with increasing CaCO3 loadings. The notched Izod impact strength of the composites was sustained by adding CaCO3 particles up to 40 wt.% while the unnotched impact strength decreased significantly with the addition of CaCO3 particles. Different deformation mechanisms between notched (fracture propagation) and unnotched (fracture initiation and propagation) impact tests were proposed to be the reason.

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Hamzah, Mustafa Kareem. "Replacement of Flexural and Shear Reinforcement of Double-Column Bridge Bent with CFRP under Combined loadings." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 961, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012070.

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Abstract The bridge bent is the most critical structural component of short span bridge that highly affected by different types of loadings. The bent failure has been observed due to in plane and out of plane loadings. Strengthening techniques are utilized for existing bridges. However, a replacement technique can be used for the new bridges to avoid bent failure. Moreover, the effect of combined loading on bent performance need to be evaluated. Therefore, this study assessed the performance of bridge bent under in plane, out of plane and combined loadings. Furthermore, replace the traditional flexural and shear steel reinforcement of the columns with CFRP bars. The performance of bent is assessed numerically by finite element analysis. For this purpose, six numerical bent models are developed. The first three models with traditional steel bars and the remaining models with CFRP rebars. The results demonstrated that out of plane loadings has more impact on the bent structural performance than other loading cases. Flexural and shear failures are observed in the columns for models with steel rebars. The failure started from lower side of the column for both in plane and out of plane loadings showing low resistance. The steel rebars yielded in early stage of loading indicating limited stiffness. However, the bent performance has been enhanced by replacing rebars with CFRP. The bent stiffness has slightly improved by replacing with less diameter of CFRP rods and stirrups. In addition, the CFRP bars showed considerable resistance and hardly showed plasticity during apply loading indicating that the CFRP is suitable material to replace steel reinforcement.

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Rao, Yarrapragada K. S. S., Ayaz Ahmad, Sudheer Kumar Battula, Reem Mohammed Alharbi, Neveen Abdel-Raouf, Ibraheem Borie M. Ibraheem, Essam Nageh Sholkamy, B. M. Bala, and I. Jenish. "Mechanical Properties of Arecanut and GFR Hybrid Polypropylene Composites." Advances in Polymer Technology 2022 (May 16, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9633829.

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The mechanical characteristics of hybrid polypropylene composites may be enhanced by adjusting the fibre loading and ratio, according to this study. The hot press technique was utilised to generate a variety of composites with four different amounts of fibre loading. In addition, the fibre ratio in composites with a 20-weight-percent fibre loading was changed. The composites were characterised using Fourier transform infrared analysis as well as tensile, flexural, and hardness tests. In the composites that have been created, Fourier transform infrared examination showed that hemicelluloses, lignins, and moisture were present, all of which have the potential to reduce tensile strength. Fibre loading resulted in a decrease in tensile strength but an increase in Young’s modulus. With increasing fibre loading, flexural modulus and hardness rose, whereas flexural strength declined. The best mechanical qualities were found in a composite made primarily of arecanut and glass fibres, with a weight ratio of 1 : 3.

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46

Anbusagar, N. R. R., P. K. Giridharan, and K. Palanikumar. "Influence of Nano Particle on Flexural and Impact Properties of Sandwich Structures." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.174.

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This paper investigates the influence of nanoclay content on sandwich composites under flexural and impact loading. Four different combinations of sandwich samples were made of fiberglass/nano-modified polyester as face sheets and polystyrene foam as core materials. The tested samples showed that the flexural and impact properties are greatly increased, over the range of nanoclay loading.

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Naser, Mohannad, and Venkatesh Kodur. "Response of fire exposed composite girders under dominant flexural and shear loading." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 9, no. 2 (June 11, 2018): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-01-2017-0022.

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Purpose This paper aims to present results from numerical studies on the response of fire exposed composite girders subjected to dominant flexural and shear loading. A finite element-based numerical model was developed to trace the thermal and structural response of composite girders subjected to simultaneous structural loading and fire exposure. This model accounts for various critical parameters including material and geometrical nonlinearities, property degradation at elevated temperatures, shear effects, composite interaction between concrete slab and steel girder, as well as temperature-induced local buckling. To generate test data for validation of the model, three composite girders, each comprising of hot-rolled (standard) steel girder underneath a concrete slab, were tested under simultaneous fire and gravity loading. Design/methodology/approach The validated model was then applied to investigate the effect of initial geometric imperfections, load level, thickness of slab and stiffness of shear stud on fire response of composite girders. Findings Results from experimental and numerical analysis indicate that the composite girder subjected to flexural loading experience failure through flexural yielding mode, while the girders under shear loading fail through in shear web buckling mode. Further, results from parametric studies clearly infer that shear limit state can govern the response of fire exposed composite girders under certain loading configuration and fire scenario. Originality/value This paper presents results from numerical studies on the response of fire exposed composite girders subjected to dominant flexural and shear loading.

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Lee, Jae Ha, Woo Seok Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, and Soo Bong Park. "Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis of a Reinforced Concrete Bridge Column under Vehicle Impact Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 1189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.1189.

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3D nonlinear impact analysis of a reinforced concrete bridge column under truck impact loadings was performed in this study. Three different boundary conditions were considered in order to investigate the effect of superstructures for the integral column during the impact. A fixed condition at bottom and restrained in a loading direction at top (Model I) showed the largest damaged area and dominant failure mode of the column was shear. However, Model II (Model I with released at top) showed smaller damage and dominant failure modes were flexure rather than shear. In Model III, it was found that the superstructure intensifies the shear and flexural damages to the column due to the dynamic movement of the superstructures

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Lin, Chia Hung, and Chin Hsiung Loh. "Predicting Failure Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns Subjected to Cyclic Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.309.

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A procedure derived from truss model was established to predict rapidly the failure mode of a reinforced concrete column in the design stage. Failure mode of an RC column can be classified as either shear or flexural failure. In general, an RC column can be assumed to be a beam-column member subjected to combined axial, flexural, and shear forces. It is difficulty to predict its overall failure behavior without a priori knowledge. Thus in this paper, the shear capacity is isolated independently from the complex behavior of a column based on the concept of well known truss model. The shear capacity can be viewed as the contribution of diagonal truss of a truss model while the longitudinal truss modeled the combined axial-flexural behavior. The obtained shear capacity using the proposed method can be compared with flexural capacity obtained from pushover analysis to predict whether shear failure or flexural failure will occur during cyclic test of an RC column. Five cyclic test results were compared to the predicted analytical results. All five failure modes are successfully predicted using the proposed procedure.

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Wong, Wee Chun, Pei Leng Teh, Azlin Fazlina Osman, and Cheow Keat Yeoh. "The Properties of Epoxy/Graphene Conductive Materials Using High Speed Mechanical Stirrer and Bath Sonicator." Materials Science Forum 888 (March 2017): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.888.222.

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Abstract:

In this work, two instruments were used to disperse graphene nanofillers into epoxy matrices, high speed mechanical stirrer and bath sonicator. Two stages experiment were conducted in order to achieve better dispersion of graphene fillers. Flexural test, fracture toughness test and density test were conducted on neat epoxy, 0.2 vol%, 0.4 vol%, 0.6 vol%, 0.8 vol% and 1 vol% graphene incorporated epoxy nanocomposites to observe the loading effect of graphene on the mechanical properties. Flexural results shown improvement in flexural strength graphene incorporated epoxy nanocomposites over neat epoxy. However, these enhancement were observed only up to 0.2 vol% filler loading after which the properties were seen to reduce. Reagglomeration of graphene nanofillers might be the factor that explained this phenomenon. Flexural modulus increased continuously as long as filler concentration increased. Fracture toughness results revealed the fracture toughness of nanocomposites fabricated using bath sonication has shown increasing trend with increasing filler concentration up to 1.0 vol% which not reach to optimum value yet. Nanocomposites fabricated using high speed mechanical stirrer has reached to optimum fracture toughness value at 0.6 vol% loadings. Further addition of graphene nanofillers promoted poor filler dispersion that resulting in decreased fracture toughness of nanocomposites. In addition, density of nanocomposites increased when greater amount of graphene nanofillers added regardless the processing techniques used. These results indicates that both processing techniques were suitable to disperse fillers at low loading only. However, bath sonication method was able to fabricate epoxy/graphene nanocomposites with more homogeneous filler dispersion compared to high speed mechanical mixing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flexural loading'

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