Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flexural loading

Academic literature on the topic 'Flexural loading'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Flexural loading"

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Nurulaini, Borhan, Ahmad Zafir Romli, and Mohd Hanafiah Abidin. "Tensile and Flexural Properties of Casuarina equisetifolia Unsaturated Polyester Composites." Advanced Materials Research 812 (September 2013): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.231.

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This study is to determine the effects of tensile and flexural testing on the C.equisetifolia composite at different loading from 10 % to 50 % weight loading (wt%). The results for all composite samples on tensile strength and tensile modulus decreasing as the weight loadings of C.equisetifolia increases. However, the result from tensile modulus was not significant when the C.equisetifolia weight loadings increase in the composite. In addition, the result obtained from flexural modulus and strength at 20 % of C.equisetifolia weight loading, increased to 3.147GPa and 3.25 MPa respectively, while when C.equisetifolia weight loadings increase the results showed a decrease.
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Zhang, Wu Man, Wei Sun, and Jin Yang Jiang. "Changes of Pore Structures in Hardened Cement Paste Subjected to Flexural Loading and Wet-Dry Cycles in Seawater." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1930–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1930.

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The coupling effect of flexural loading and environmental factors has great influence on the pore structures in hardened cement paste. In this paper, Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze and observe the changes of pore structures in hardened cement paste subjected to flexural loading and wet-dry cycles in simulated seawater. The results show that the porosity greatly increases when the flexural loading level is raised from 0 f (the ultimate flexural loading capacity) to 0.8 f. Micro-cracks are observed and the connectivity, width and density of micro-cracks increase with the increment of flexural loading. The peaks position of pore size shifts toward greater micro-pores when the flexural loading was raised from 0 f to 0.8 f. The flexural loading and simulated seawater accelerate the degradation of pore structures.
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Park, Cheoleon, Hojoon Kim, and Youngsu Cha. "Piezoelectric Sensor with a Helical Structure on the Thread Core." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155073.

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In this paper, we introduce a piezoelectric sensor curled on a thread core in a helical structure. In particular, a polyvinylidene fluoride film was curled and fixed on a thread core. A series of experiments were designed to deliver flexural loading to the piezoelectric sensor, to study its sensing characteristics. The experimental results show that the sensing output of the sensor is in phase with the applied flexural loading. In addition, the output voltage of the textile-based piezoelectric sensor was measured according to various flexural loadings. The flexural bending angle applied to the piezoelectric sensor is expected to be a power function of the voltage output. In addition, we demonstrate a smart textile by weaving the piezoelectric sensor.
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Jaradat, Omar A., David I. McLean, and M. Lee Marsh. "Strength Degradation of Existing Bridge Columns under Seismic Loading." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1541, no. 1 (January 1996): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154100105.

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The strength and degradation behavior of reinforced concrete bridge columns under seismic loading were investigated. Experimental tests were conducted on four reduced-scale column specimens that incorporated deficiencies selected to be representative of those present in existing bridges designed before 1971. The columns were fixed against rotation at both the top and bottom, resulting in a transfer of shear forces through the column even after the lower hinging region lost its flexural capacity. The specimens were subjected to increasing levels of cycled inelastic displacements under constant axial load. The focus of the study was to characterize the load and displacement capacities present in older columns for purposes of seismic assessment and retrofit design. Flexure-dominated failures occurred in three of the specimens. A rapid degradation in flexural strength was observed at the bottom hinging regions of the tested columns because of the presence of lap splices and poor confinement. Top hinging regions that did not have lap splices exhibited degradation in flexural capacities at higher displacement ductilities because of eventual longitudinal bar buckling. In the fourth specimen, flexural yielding was initially observed at both the top and bottom of the column, but this was followed by an eventual brittle shear failure. Various procedures for assessing flexural and shear behaviors were compared with the observed experimental results.
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Rafiq, Ahmad, and Necar Merah. "Nanoclay enhancement of flexural properties and water uptake resistance of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites at different temperatures." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 2 (June 7, 2018): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318781220.

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In this study, glass fiber-reinforced epoxy-nanoclay composite plates, with I.30E clay contents ranging between 0 and 5 wt.%, were manufactured by hand layup with hot pressing. Flexural strength of unexposed fiber-reinforced epoxy-nanoclay reached an optimum improvement of 11% for 1.5 wt.%. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that at this clay loading, better interfacial adhesion of clay with glass fibers was achieved. At higher clay loadings, clay agglomeration and presence micro-voids led to less strength improvement. The maximum water uptake was found to decrease with increasing clay loading and moisture diffusion at 80℃ was about 80% higher than that at room temperature. Post exposure flexural tests revealed a behavior similar to that of unexposed samples with nanoclay loading of 1.5 wt.% leading to optimal flexural properties. Exposure to moisture resulted in degradation of fiber-reinforced epoxy-nanoclay flexural properties with about 36% reduction in strength for 80℃ and 8% for room temperature.
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Ahmad, Romisuhani, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Kamarudin Hussin, Andrei Victor Sandu, Mohammed Binhussain, and Nur Ain Jaya. "Effect of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) as Binder and Sintering Temperature in Kaolin Geopolymer Ceramics on Flexural Strength." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.412.

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This paper present the flexural strength of kaolin geopolymer ceramics with addition of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as a binder. The effect of varying UHMWPE loading and different sintering temperature on kaolin geopolymer ceramics were evaluated. Kaolin and alkaline activator were mixed with the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1.0. Alkaline activator was formed by mixing the 8 M NaOH solution with sodium silicate at a ratio of 0.24. Addition of UHMWPE to the kaolin geopolymer ceramics are fabricated with UHMWPE loadings of 2, 4, 6 and 8 (wt. %) by using powder metallurgy method. The samples were heated at different temperature started from 900 °C until 1200 °C and the strength were tested. It was found that the flexural strength for the kaolin geopolymer ceramics with addition of UHMWPE were higher and generally increased with the increasing of UHMWPE loading. Similar trend was observed for the effect of sintering temperature. The result revealed that the optimum flexural strength was obtained at UHMWPE loading of 8 wt. % and the samples heated at 1200 °C achieved the highest flexural strength (49.15 MPa).
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Rajendran, Mohana, and Nagan Soundarapandian. "Geopolymer ferrocement panels under flexural loading." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 22, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2013-0012.

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AbstractEfforts are needed to develop innovative and environmental friendly materials in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An experimental investigation on the flexural behavior of thin cementless composite panels reinforced with welded rectangular wire mesh and chicken mesh with varying number of mesh layers as well as varying concentration of alkaline solution is presented. A total of 30 panels have been tested under flexural loading. The size of the panel is 1000 mm (length)×200 mm (width)×25/35 mm (thickness). The parameters studied in this investigation include varying the concentration of NaOH (8, 10, 12, 14 m) and thickness of composite panels. In this work, cement is replaced by geopolymer mix to bind the ferrocement skeletal framework and its flexural behavior is studied. It is concluded that the first crack and ultimate loads increase with the increase in the thickness of the element and the concentration of alkaline solution. From the studies, it is observed that the load-carrying capacities, energy absorption, and deformation at ultimate load are high in the case of geopolymer ferrocement element. Further, it is observed that there is reduction in crack width, and increase in number of cracks in the case of geopolymer ferrocement indicates delay in crack growth.
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Ning, Feng Wei, Jian Tong Ding, An Shuang Su, and Yue Bo Cai. "Influence of Moisture Content and Loading Rate on Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete Remarked." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.472.

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Influences of moisture content and loading rate on flexural toughness were experimentally studied for fiber reinforced shotcrete (FRSC) with steel fiber or macro synthetic polypropylene fiber. According to the four-point bending test method specified in ASTM C1609 and Chinese standard CECS 13, the flexural toughness of specimens after drying for 0h, 16h, 24h and 72h in condition of (20±2)°C and (60±5)% relative humidity was tested at a loading rate of 0.05 mm/min. For specimens after drying for 24h and 72h, flexural toughness was tested at loading rates of 0.05 mm/min, 0.10 mm/min, and 0.20 mm/min respectively. With the moisture content decreasing, the flexural toughness T100,2.0, first-peak flexural strength, and residual flexural strength at prescribed deflections of FRSC exhibited decreasing tendency. The specimens with 0.5 vol% of steel fiber showed higher T100,2.0 value than that with 0.9 vol% of macro synthetic fiber. The residual strength and flexural toughness of FRSC increased with the increase of loading rate.
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Su, An Shuang, and Yue Bo Cai. "Influence of Aspect Ratio of Macro Synthetic Fiber on Mechanical Properties of Shotcrete." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1226.

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Influences of moisture content and loading rate on flexural toughness were experimentally studied for fiber reinforced shotcrete (FRSC) with steel fiber or macro synthetic polypropylene fiber. According to the four-point bending test method specified in ASTM C1609 and Chinese standard CECS 13, the flexural toughness of specimens after drying for 0h, 16h, 24h and 72h in condition of (20±2)°C and (60±5)% relative humidity was tested at a loading rate of 0.05 mm/min. For specimens after drying for 24h and 72h, flexural toughness was tested at loading rates of 0.05 mm/min, 0.10 mm/min, and 0.20 mm/min respectively. With the moisture content decreasing, the flexural toughness T100,2.0, first-peak flexural strength, and residual flexural strength at prescribed deflections of FRSC exhibited decreasing tendency. The specimens with 0.5 vol% of steel fiber showed higher T100,2.0 value than that with 0.9 vol% of macro synthetic fiber. The residual strength and flexural toughness of FRSC increased with the increase of loading rate.
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Shrivastava, Ruchir, and K. K. Singh. "Flexural response of glass/epoxy composites to thermal shocks and conditioning environment in varying loading rate." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012089.

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Abstract The structural integrity of composites faces severe challenge in the form of environmental extremes. Therefore, its performance in those cases were of great interest. In the present work, flexural strength of glass/epoxy composites were analysed in the environment of thermal shock generated by cryogenic exposure as well by thermal conditioning. Four cases were chosen, room temperature (RT), cryogenic conditioning (LN), thermal conditioning below (BG) and above glass transition temperature (AG). The exposure time for all the environments was kept constant at 24 hours. These responses are investigated with two sets of loading rates (i) 1 mm/minute and (ii) 10 mm/min. The experimental results indicate that; all three scenarios deeply impact the flexural response of the specimen. The first set experiences changes in flexural strength, strain, and chord modulus by (2.75, -8.52, 11.32), (21.36, 39.75, -6.47), (-35.8, -11.37, -22.94) % with LN, BG and AG condition respectively. Moreover, with high rate of loading these responses change by (-23.89, -28.41, -5.17), (-37.45, -43.56, -1.86), (-19.4, -27.46, 16.37) % respectively. The prolonged exposure indicates a strain hardening phenomenon in LN specimen, which improves the flexural strength with a 1 mm/min loading rate. However, this plasticization of the specimen was unable to bear the load at an elevated rate of loading, and therefore a loss in all the properties is seen with a 10 mm/min loading rate. Therefore, it is anticipated that the properties will further deteriorate with a higher rate of loadings.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flexural loading"

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NAKAMURA, Hikaru, Naoshi UEDA, Minoru KUNIEDA, and Choonghyun KANG. "AUTOGENOUS HEALING PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE UNDER FLEXURAL LOADING." 日本コンクリート工学会, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20958.

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Chung, Chu Fung. "Flexural strengthening of beams with FRP under various loading configurations /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202004%20CHUNG.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-142). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Moawad, Mohamed Abdalla Mohamed Mohamed. "Flexural behavior of NSM FRP strenthened reinforced concrete beams under sustained loading." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670950.

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The main objective of this work is to study the long-term and residual flexura! strength of Near Surface Mounted (NSM) strengthened Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) strips when subjected to sustained loading. This work involved twenty-eight RC beams divided into two series, A and B, with two concrete batches of different compressive strength. In each series, sorne of the beams were strengthened with CFRP strips using the NSM strengthening technique and the others were un-strengthened. Series A was divided into two groups, Al and A2, while series B was divided into three groups, B1, B2, and B3. The beams of the first group in each series were tested at age of 55 days to determine the short-term flexural behavior of un-strengthened and strengthened beams. Other groups were subjected to long term test with different sequences.
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es estudiar la resistencia a la flexión residual y a largo plazo de las vigas HA reforzadas con NSM con tiras de CFRP cuando se someten a cargas sostenidas. Este trabajo involucró veintiocho vigas RC divididas en dos series, A y B, con dos lotes de hormigón de diferente resistencia a la compresión. En cada serie, algunas de las vigas se reforzaron con tiras de CFRP utilizando la técnica de refuerzo NSM y las otras no se reforzaron. La serie A se dividió en dos grupos, Al y A2, mientras que la serie B se dividió en tres grupos, Bl, B2 y B3. Las vigas del primer grupo de cada serie se probaron a la edad de 55 días para determinar el comportamiento de flexión a corto plazo de las vigas. Otros grupos fueron sometidos a pruebas a largo plazo con diferentes secuencias
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Rahman, S. M. Hasanur. "Flexural behavior of GFRP-reinforced concrete continuous beams." American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31905.

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In this study, a total of twelve beams continuous over two spans of 2,800 mm each were constructed and tested to failure. The beams were divided into two series. Series 1 included six T-beams under symmetrical loading, while Series 2 dealt with six rectangular beams under unsymmetrical loading conditions. In Series 1, the test variables included material type, assumed percentage of moment redistribution, spacing of lateral reinforcement in flange, arrangement of shear reinforcement, and serviceability requirements. In Series 2, three different loading cases were considered, I) loading both spans equally, II) loading both spans maintaining a load ratio of 1.5 and III) loading one span only. Under the loading case II, the parameters of reinforcing material type, assumed percentage of moment redistribution and serviceability requirements were investigated. The test results of both series showed that moment redistribution from the hogging to the sagging moment region took place in GFRP-RC beams which were designed for an assumed percentage of moment redistribution. In Series 1, the decrease of the stirrups spacing from 0.24d to 0.18d enhanced the moment redistribution percentage. Also, decreasing the spacing of lateral reinforcement in the flange from 450 to 150 mm improved the moment redistribution through enhancing the stiffness of the sagging moment region. In Series 2, the unsymmetrical loading conditions (loading case II and III) reduced the moment redistribution by reducing flexural stiffness in the heavily loaded span due to extensive cracking. Regarding serviceability in both series, the GFRP-RC beam designed for the same service moment calculated from the reference steel-RC beam, was able to meet the serviceability requirements for most types of the structural applications.
February 2017
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Styles, Millicent, and milli styles@anu edu au. "Characterisation of the flexural behaviour of Aluminium Foam Sandwich Structures." The Australian National University. Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080813.170807.

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Aluminium foam has a range of properties that are desirable in many applications. These properties include good stiffness and strength to weight ratios, impact energy absorption, sound damping, thermal insulation and non combustibility. Many of these characteristics are particularly attractive for core materials within sandwich structures. The combination of aluminium foam cores with thermoplastic composite skins is easily manufactured and has good potential as a multifunctional sandwich structure useful in a range of applications. This thesis has investigated the flexural behaviour of such structures using a combination of experimental and modelling techniques. The development of these structures towards commercial use requires a thorough understanding of the deformation and strain mechanisms of the structure, and this will, in turn, allow predictions of their structural behaviour in a variety of loading conditions. ¶ The experimental research involved the use of an advanced 3D optical measuring technique that produces realtime, full-field strain evolution during loading. This experimental characterisation of strain evolution in this class of sandwich structure under flexural loading is the first of its kind in the world. The experimental work studied the sandwich structure undergoing four-point bend testing. Initial studies compared the behaviour of the aluminium foam structure with a more traditional polymer foam sandwich structure. The aluminium foam structure was found to have equivalent or improved mechanical properties including more ductile deformation and an enhanced energy absorption. An investigation was conducted on the effect of core and skin thickness on the metal structure and a range of flexural behaviours were observed. Analysis of the strain distribution showed a complex development including localised effects from the non-uniform cellular structure of the material. An understanding of the variation with size is important in establishing design methods for utilising these structures. In particular, it is desirable that finite element simulations can be used to predict behaviour of these structures in a diverse range of loading conditions. This aspect was considered in the second half of this study. An existing constitutive model for aluminium foam, developed for use in compression energy absorption studies, was used to investigate finite element simulations of the flexural behaviour of the sandwich structure. The FE model was able to predict the general deformation behaviour of the thinner skinned structures although the magnitude of the load-displacement response was underestimated. It is suggested this may be related to the size effect on the input parameter characterisation. The strain distribution corresponded well with the experimental strain measurements. It was found a simple increase in the material model input parameters was able to more closely match the magnitude of the load-displacement response while maintaining the appropriate strain distribution. The general deformation shape of the model with the thicker skin corresponded reasonably well with the experimental observations. However, further work is necessary on the element failure criterion to capture the shear cracking observed. The strain distributions of the model predicted this failure with high strain concentrations matching those of the experimental contours. The last part of the thesis describes a parametric study on the effect of the foam material model input parameters on the flexural behaviour of the sandwich structure model. An important conclusion of this work is that this material model for aluminium foam can, with some development, be utilized to provide a viable method for simulating aluminium foam composite sandwich structures in flexural loading situations.
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Stirling, Bradley James. "Flexural Behavior of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block Shear Walls Subjected to In-Plane Loading." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/593.

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This thesis investigates the flexural behavior of interlocking compressed earth block (ICEB) shear walls. In-plane cyclic tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of three flexure dominant large scale ICEB specimens: a slim wall with a 2:1 height to width aspect ratio, a flanged wall, and a wall with an opening at the center. Following the experimental investigation, two types of analyses were conducted for calculating the ultimate strength of flexure dominant ICEB walls: a nonlinear static analysis model assuming lumped plasticity and a plastic analysis model. In addition, incremental dynamic analysis was conducted to address the seismic performance of flexure dominant ICEB buildings. Based on the database from the incremental dynamic analysis, the collapse potential of demonstration ICEB buildings were compared for the countries of interest.
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Wilson, Dean James. "Crustal structure of the Cape Verde Swell : insights into the flexural response of the lithosphere to loading." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3230/.

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Throughout the ocean basins many broad regions of anomalously shallow topography exist that do not fit the widely accepted model of conductive plate cooling and subsidence as a function of lithospheric age. These ‘swells’ often coincide with positive geoid, Free-air gravity and heat flow anomalies as well as groups of ocean islands and seamounts. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain how this anomalous topography is isostatically supported at depth, including increased crustal buoyancy and dynamic asthenospheric support. The Cape Verde Swell is the largest oceanic mid-plate swell on Earth at ~1800 km in diameter, with a crest ~2.2 km high, and positive geoid, gravity and heat flow anomalies of 8 m, 30 mGal and 10-15 mW m-2, respectively. These characteristics and its location on the slow-to-stationary African Plate, which concentrates the volcanism and associated geophysical anomalies within a relatively small areal extent, makes the Cape Verde Swell an ideal location to test the various proposed mechanisms for swell support. Wide-angle seismic refraction data along an ~474 km profile, extending from the Cape Verde Swell crest, is analysed and modelled to produce a 2-D velocity-depth model of the crustal structure. The resulting model reveals no widespread thickening of the lower oceanic basement, despite evidence for localised thickening beneath the islands from other studies. Subsequent 3-D ‘whole plate’ lithospheric flexure modelling reveals that, on a regional scale, the plate is stronger than expected based on its age, with some evidence for localised weakening around the islands. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the anomalously shallow topography of the Cape Verde Swell is primarily maintained by a dynamic upwelling of hot, low density material impinging on the base of the lithosphere. Over time, conduction from this hot column has thermally rejuvenated the lithosphere on a local scale, leading to additional uplift, melting and volcanism associated with the islands.
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Varghese, Joseph. "Effect of dynamic flexural loading on the durability and failure site of solder Interconnects in printed wiring assemblies." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7698.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Gao, Tian. "Direct Strength Method for the Flexural Design of Through-Fastened Metal Building Roof and Wall Systems under Wind Uplift or Suction." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28553.

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The design of metal building roof and wall systems under uplift and suction wind loading is complicated because the laterally unbraced purlin and girtâ s free flange is compressed, and the cross-section rotates due to the shear flow. The objective of this thesis is to introduce a Direct Strength Method (DSM) prediction approach for simple span purlins and girts with one flange through-fastened under uplift or suction loading. This prediction method is also applicable for the case when rigid board insulation is placed between the metal panel and through-fastened flange. The prediction method is validated with a database of 62 simple span tests. To evaluate the prediction for the case when rigid board is used, 50 full-scale tests with rigid board insulation are conducted by the author of this thesis. In the experimental study panel failure, connection failure and member (purlin and girt) failure are observed, and they all limit the systemâ s capacity. Another important contribution of this thesis is that it builds the foundation for future study of a general, mechanics-based limit state design approach for metal building roof and wall systems that can accommodate uplift and gravity loads, simple and continuous spans, and through-fastened and standing seam roofs.
Ph. D.
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Stuhlinger, Martin Ernst. "The influence of mixing ratio on the fatigue behaviour of fibre reinforced polymers." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5041.

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Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)
Statement of the problem: Fibre reinforcement of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base material is known to improve the strength, as well as the fatigue behavior, of the material. The powder liquid (P/L) ratio of PMMA is often changed to modify the handling properties of the material. Little is known about the effect of this deviation from manufacturer’s guidelines on the fatigue behaviour of the fibre reinforced product. Purpose: This study compared the flexural strength (FS) of PMMA reinforced with glass fibre using different P/L ratios, before and after cyclic loading. Methods and materials: Three groups, with 50 glass fibre reinforced (everStick nonimpregnated fibers) heat-cured PMMA resin (Vertex Rapid Simplified) specimens each, were prepared using a custom-made template (dimensions 10x9x50mm). Each group had a different P/L ratio: the control group (100%) had the manufacturer’s recommended ratio; the 90% and 80% groups had reduced P/L ratios (by weight).Twenty five specimens from each group were subjected to a 3-point bending compression test using a universal testing machine. The remaining 25 specimens from each group were subjected to cyclic loading (104 cycles) before compression testing. The (FS) was calculated using the highest force (Fmax) before specimen failure. Flexural strength was calculated using the equation: FS=3WL/2bd2. Within each group, median FS values before and after cyclic loading were compared by means of a non-parametric analysis of variance. The Aligned Ranks Transform method was used for the analysis. Statistical significance was set at p=0.05. Results: The Fmax (N) of the control (100%), 90% and 80% groups fatigued and unfatigued were 100%: 1665 (fat), 1465 (unfat); 90%: 1679 (fat), 1548 (unfat) and 80%: 1585 (fat), 1467 (unfit) respectively. There was no significant interaction between Mix ratio and Fatigue state, and the 80% mix had a significantly higher mean than either the 90% or 100% mix (with differences of about 0.3 units for both). The Fatigued state had a higher mean than the Un- fatigued state by about 6.0 units. Using FS (MPa) it was found that the fatigued 80% mix specimens had the highest value. The FS MPa of the control (100%), 90% and 80% groups fatigued and un-fatigued were 64.3, 60.6; 66.9, 65.6 and 70.2, 69.3 respectively. The fact that fatiguing strengthened the specimens merits further research. When observing the broken specimens it was found that there was a complete debonding of the fibres and the PMMA. Conclusion and clinical relevance: a) Fibre: The benefit of using glass fibre bundles to reinforce prostheses fabricated using heat cured PMMA is questionable due to problems with bonding between the fibre bundles and the heat cured PMMA resin. b) Fatiguing: An average person chews 107 times during a 3 year period. A limited period of average masticatory forces should not have a detrimental effect on prostheses made from heat cured PMMA resin. c) Mix ratio: Within the normal parameters of laboratory techniques the mix ratio of PMMA resin had no significance on the fracture resistance of the prostheses. Due to the high cost of the fibres used for the reinforcement and the limited success and insignificant results achieved in this study, this researcher cannot recommend using Stickbond or Stick fibers for the reinforcement of dentures made with heat cured PMMA resin.
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Books on the topic "Flexural loading"

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Gutkowski, Richard M. Durability and ultimate flexural loading of shear spike repaired, large-scale timber railroad bridge members. [Fargo, N.D.]: Mountain-Plains Consortium, 2007.

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McLain, Ruth Anne. Reinforced concrete masonry walls under combined axial and flexural loading. 1991.

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Blake, John David. Lap splice behavior in concrete masonry walls under flexural loading. 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flexural loading"

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Bierögel, C., and W. Grellmann. "Flexural Fatigue Loading - Introduction." In Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts–Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers, 302–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_50.

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Bierögel, C., and W. Grellmann. "Flexural Fatigue Loading - Data." In Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts–Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers, 305–7. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_51.

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Bierögel, C., and W. Grellmann. "Long-term Loading – Flexural Creep Test - Introduction." In Polymer Solids and Polymer Melts–Mechanical and Thermomechanical Properties of Polymers, 368–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55166-6_57.

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Subhash, Ghatu, and Shannon Ridgeway. "Flexural Loading, Beam Deflections, and Stress Concentration." In Mechanics of Materials Laboratory Course, 163–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79721-7_8.

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Meyer, C., F. C. Filippou, and P. Gergely. "Flexural Members and Beam-Column Joints." In Modelling and Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures for Dynamic Loading, 65–109. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2524-3_2.

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Chawla, Himanshu, Bibekananda Mandal, Lokesh Chandel, and S. B. Singh. "Performance of FRP Bridge Deck Under Flexural Loading." In Composites Science and Technology, 307–18. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2424-8_13.

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Bezazi, Abderrezak, Abderrahim El Mahi, Boudjema Bezzazi, Gilberto Garcia del Pino, and Fabrizio Scarpa. "Fatigue-Life Prediction of Composite Laminate Under Flexural Loading." In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Materials and Sustainable Development, 43–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43268-3_4.

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Senosha, J. T., and S. D. Ngidi. "Strength behaviour of fibre reinforced polymer concrete beams under flexural loading." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems, 531–32. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348450-250.

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Ibrahim, Basil, Salaheldin Mousa, Hamdy M. Mohamed, and Brahim Benmokrane. "GFRP Reinforced Precast Concrete Tunnel Lining Segments Under Flexural Cyclic Loading." In 8th International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, 149–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09409-5_17.

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Mai, Viet-Chinh, Cong-Binh Dao, and Hoang Pham. "Behavior of Steel-UHPC Composite Column Under Axial and Flexural Loading." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 79–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7160-9_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flexural loading"

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Khan, Waseem, Saleem Akhtar, Aruna Rawat, and Anindya Basu. "FLEXURAL PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE BEAMS UNDER CYCLIC LOADING." In 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research National Technical University of Athens, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120121.8785.19245.

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BHATT, P., V. KODUR, A. SHAKYA, and T. ALKHRDAJI. "Fire resistance of insulated FRP-strengthened concrete flexural members." In 9th International Conference On Concrete Under Severe Conditions - Environment and Loading. MENVIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31808/5ca6e03f5ca4f0d406ac88ba.

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Tamin, M. N., Y. B. Liew, A. N. R. Wagiman, and W. K. Loh. "Assessment of Solder Joint Fatigue Performance Using Cyclic Flexural Loading." In 2006 Thirty-First IEEE/CPMT International Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iemt.2006.4456440.

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SOMAN, AHMAD, and HANAN AL. "Performance of FRP-Jacketed RC Columns under Axial-Flexural Loading." In Sixth International Conference on Advances in Civil Structural and Mechanical Engineering CSM 2018. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-150-4-45.

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Soares, Luiza, and Maikson Luiz Passaia Tonatto. "ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE MATERIAL UNDER FLEXURAL LOADING: EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS." In COB2019. ABCM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.cobem2019.cob2019-1326.

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Keerthana, K. "Effect of Loading Frequency on Flexural Fatigue Behaviour of Concrete." In 10th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures. IA-FraMCoS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21012/fc10.233285.

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Topkaya, Tolga, and Murat Yavuz Solmaz. "Fatigue Behavior of Honeycomb Sandwich Composites under Flexural and Buckling Loading." In The 6th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Division: Leather and Footwear Research Institute, Bucharest, RO, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2016.i.27.

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Cecchini, Luca, and Paul Weaver. "The Optimisation of Foam-filled Cylindrical Shells Subject to Flexural Loading." In 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-1417.

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Luo, Gengchuan, and JianHua Liu. "Fatigue Life Prediction of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams under Flexural Loading." In GeoHunan International Conference 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/47625(404)22.

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Khoury, Naji, Chady Srour, and Musharraf Zaman. "Performance of Stabilized Aggregate Base under Flexural and Compressive Cyclic Loading." In GeoTrans 2004. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40744(154)82.

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Reports on the topic "Flexural loading"

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Varma, Amit H., Jan Olek, Christopher S. Williams, Tzu-Chun Tseng, Dan Huang, and Tom Bradt. Post-Fire Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Bridges in Indiana. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317290.

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This project focused on evaluating the effects of fire-induced damage on concrete bridge elements, including prestressed concrete bridge girders. A series of controlled heating experiments, pool fire tests, material tests, and structural loading tests were conducted. Experimental results indicate that the portion of concrete subjected to temperatures higher than 400°C loses significant amounts of calcium hydroxide (CH). Decomposition of CH increases porosity and causes significant cracking. The portion of concrete exposed to temperatures higher than 400°C should be repaired or replaced. When subjected to ISO-834 standard fire heating, approximately 0.25 in. and 0.75 in. of concrete from the exposed surface are damaged after 40 minutes and 80 minutes of heating, respectively. Prestressed concrete girders exposed to about 50 minutes of hydrocarbon fire undergo superficial concrete material damage with loss of CH and extensive cracking and spalling extending to the depth of 0.75–1.0 in. from the exposed surface. These girders do not undergo significant reduction in flexural strength or shear strength. The reduction in the initial stiffness may be notable due to concrete cracking and spalling. Bridge inspectors can use these findings to infer the extent of material and structural damage to prestressed concrete bridge girders in the event of a fire and develop a post-fire assessment plan.
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EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT CONNECTIONS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF COLD-FORMED SINGLE-ANGLE STEEL MEMBERS CONNECTED THROUGH ONE LEGUNDER AXIAL LOADING. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.3.10.

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A detailed experimental program was performed using 36 cold-formed steel (CFS) single-angle column members attached by one leg was investigated subjected to axial compression loads. The key purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of slenderness ratio and different connection types on the load-carrying capacity of CFS angle sections under axial compression. The parameters investigated via the test program includes (a) angle sections with and without lipped profile, (b) sectional thicknesses (2 mm and 3mm), (c) slenderness ratios (λ = 20, 50, 80) from short to slender columns, and (d) type of connections i.e. two-bolt, three-bolt and welded connections. Results shown that the angle sections had a significant reduction in the load-carrying capacity when the slenderness ratio was increased from 20 to 80. Moreover, the mode of failure for short columns was changed from local buckling mode to combined local and flexural buckling for intermediate columns (λ = 50) and torsional-flexural buckling mode for long columns (λ = 80). Also, a detailed analytical study was carried out comparing the predictability of existing equations from different standards for angle sections under axial compression.
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ENERGY DISSIPATING MODES AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATION OF H-SHAPED STEEL BAFFLES SUBJECTED TO BOULDER IMPACT. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2021.17.4.3.

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Flexible barriers are one of the most effective protective structures, which have been widely used for the mitigation of rockfalls. As the only compression members in a flexible barrier system, steel posts maintain the integrity of the interception structure to keep the function of the system. Due to the random trajectories of rockfalls, steel posts may be impacted by boulders directly. The impact scenario may result in the failure of the post and even the collapse of the system. In this paper, firstly, steel baffles were proposed to be an additional structural countermeasure to avoid the direct impact of posts. Secondly, numerical method was adopted to study the structural behaviour of steel baffles under direct boulder impact. Then, an available published experimental test of H-shaped steel beams under drop weight impact loading by others was back analyzed to calibrate the finite element model. Finally, numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the energy dissipating modes and energy dissipating efficiency of the H-shaped steel baffles. The simulation results show that there are three typical energy dissipating modes of H-shaped baffles subjected to boulder impact, namely flexural, local compression buckling and shear buckling. Local compression buckling is the most efficient energy dissipating mode. The thickness of the web of an H-shaped baffle is suggested to be 4 mm and 6 mm for the rated dissipating energy of 50 kJ and 100 kJ, respectively.
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QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF VARIOUS SPAN-TO-DEPTH RATIOS ON THE COLLAPSE PERFORMANCE OF PLANAR STEEL FRAMES. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.4.5.

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After the removal of a column caused by the unexpected extreme loading of the building structure, the remaining structure mainly relies on the double-span beams connected with the failed column to mitigate the progressive collapse, therefore, the span-to-depth ratios of the double-span beams has significant effects on the internal force redistribution among each story and the development of the anti-collapse mechanisms of the multi-story planar frames. To investigate the effect of span-to-depth ratios on the progressive collapse performance of steel frames, the collapse analysis of three-story steel frame models with various beam depths and beam spans was numerically studied. Firstly, the correctness of the numerical modeling method was verified by the collapse test results of a two-story sub-frame. Then, the refined modeling methods were applied to the analysis of progressive collapse performance of steel frames with various span-to-depth ratios. The load response, load distribution, deformation characteristic and load-resisting mechanisms of models are investigated in detail. The results showed that the resistances provided by flexural mechanism and catenary mechanism are mainly determined by span-to depth ratios and beam span, respectively. Through the principle of energy conservation, the different resistant contribution coefficients of each story are quantitatively obtained, and corresponding empirical formulas were proposed, which can be used as a reference for resistance evaluation before the design of structural anti-collapse.
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THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF DOUBLE TUBE BUCKLING RESTRAINED BRACE WITH CAST STEEL CONNECTORS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2022.18.1.2.

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The special concentrically braced frame (SCBF) is an aseismic structure, but its bracing system exhibits brittle failure and premature buckling connected with the weld fracture of the gusset plate and the post-buckling of the braces; thus, maximizing the role of energy dissipation is difficult. Here, this paper proposes a system of double-tube buckling-restrained brace with cast steel connectors for steel SCBFs. The large inelastic deformation of the bracing system is mainly concentrated in the ductile cast connectors under the earthquake, and the degree of buckling and post-buckling of braces can be reduced. Cyclic loading tests were conducted on two groups of specimens with different parameters, then the deformation trend, stress distribution, energy dissipation capacity, and stiffness degradation of the specimens were analyzed. The improved measures of increasing the width–thickness ratio of the energy dissipation plate and stiffener and casting the end right-angle tip tightly for a certain length of cast connector in Group 2 specimens, which overcomes the brittle fracture caused by the crack of the connection segment due to flexural buckling in Group 1 specimen tests, was evaluated. The cast steel connector conducts the main energy dissipation member that exhibits good ductile and energy absorption performance, and the advantages of using improved ductile cast steel connectors to obtain the energy dissipation of BRBs are illustrated. The test results provided direct evidence that the seismic performance of specimens is closely associated with the length of the energy dissipation segment of the cast connector and the overstrength factor of axial force. Also, the strength, rigidity, deformation, and energy dissipation performance of the members can be independently controlled by reasonably designing the cast connector. Our results provide the underlying insights needed to guide the design of the bracing connector.
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