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Journal articles on the topic 'Flexible Pipes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Doroshenko, Ya V., V. A. Kucheriaviy, N. M. Andriishyn, S. M. Stetsiuk, and Yu M. Levkovych. "Modern Technologies of the Construction of Field Oil-and-Gas Pipelines." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 3(72) (September 30, 2019): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2019-3(72)-19-31.

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Foreign experience in the construction of industrial pipelines of flexible composite pipes for the transportation of hydrocarbons is considered. The expediency of using such pipes in the gas-oil complex of Ukraine is substantiated. The designs of flexible composite pipes are described, a brief description of their construction materials is given, the advantages of these pipes over steel ones are considered. The largest manufacturers of flexible composite pipes are listed and the technical specifications of their products are indicated. Schemes and methods for laying flexible composite pipelines are considered. The technology of preparing flexible composite pipes for transportation is described and the means used for handling are given. The requirements as to trenching for laying single and multi-stranded flexible composite pipelines are described. The article presents the technologies and tools used to unwind flexible composite pipes from reels and coils before laying them. The methods of connecting flexible composite pipes to each other and to technological equipment, steel pipes, and Xmas-trees are analyzed. The designs of union fittings are considered and the technology of their installation is described. The authors consider methods, technologies and requirements for laying flexible composite pipelines in a trench, their ground laying and laying at the point where the flexible composite pipe exits to the ground for attachment to a steel pipe or technological equipment. The article presents the features of laying flexible composite pipelines through highways, water barriers and swamps by both trench and trenchless technologies, features of trenchless reconstruction of defective, worn steel pipelines with flexible composite pipes, and features of pigging flexible composite pipes and their trying out.

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2

Goto, Y., T. Okamoto, M. Araki, and T. Fuku. "Analytical Study of the Mechanical Strength of Flexible Pipes." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 109, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257017.

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Although flexible pipes have already been in wide use in the offshore industry, studies on their mechanical strength are few and far between, and their industrial standards are yet to be established. This paper describes the analytical methods employed in determining the mechanical strength of flexible pipes and also discusses test data that delineate the characteristics of flexible pipes. The axial, torsional and crushing strength of flexible pipes is studied along with their damaging bending on the basis of our results of analysis and testing. The coincidence of the results of theoretical analysis with test results indicates that our analytical methods provide a useful tool for determining the design mechanical strength of flexible pipes.

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3

Oshman, Christopher, Qian Li, Li-Anne Liew, Ronggui Yang, Victor M. Bright, and Y. C. Lee. "Flat flexible polymer heat pipes." Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 23, no. 1 (November 30, 2012): 015001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0960-1317/23/1/015001.

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4

de Sousa, José Renato M., Fernando J. M. de Sousa, Marcos Q. de Siqueira, Luís V. S. Sagrilo, and Carlos Alberto D. de Lemos. "A Theoretical Approach to Predict the Fatigue Life of Flexible Pipes." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/983819.

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This paper focuses on a theoretical approach to access the fatigue life of flexible pipes. This methodology employs functions that convert forces and moments obtained in time-domain global analyses into stresses in their tensile armors. The stresses are then processed by well-known cycle counting methods, andS-Ncurves are used to evaluate the fatigue damage at several points in the pipe’s cross-section. Finally, Palmgren-Miner linear damage hypothesis is assumed in order to calculate the accumulated fatigue damage. A study on the fatigue life of a flexible pipe employing this methodology is presented. The main points addressed in the study are the influence of friction between layers, the effect of the annulus conditions, the importance of evaluating the fatigue life in various points of the pipe’s cross-section, and the effect of mean stresses. The results obtained suggest that the friction between layers and the annulus conditions strongly influences the fatigue life of flexible pipes. Moreover, mean stress effects are also significant, and at least half of the wires in each analyzed section of the pipe must be considered in a typical fatigue analysis.

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5

Suleiman, M. T., R. A. Lohnes, T. J. Wipf, and F. W. Klaiber. "Analysis of Deeply Buried Flexible Pipes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1849, no. 1 (January 2003): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1849-14.

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CANDE is one of the most commonly used programs for analysis of buried pipe; however, CANDE is limited to applications with small deflections. This limitation is typically not problematic, but there are some instances in which analysts may be interested in large-deflection behavior. This limitation led to the consideration of other analysis tools. In this study ANSYS, a general finite element program, was used to model the soil-pipe system. Small- and large-deflection theories of ANSYS were used in the analysis of several case studies, and the results were compared with those of CANDE. Also, a code was written to run within ANSYS to include the following soil constitutive models: the hyperbolic tangent modulus with both power and hyperbolic bulk modulus. Results obtained using ANSYS with the modified soil models were in good agreement, with less than 10% difference, except in one case: CANDE results for 6.1 m of soil cover above the springline for 610-mm pipe diameter with SM and ML soils. Use of large-deflection theory resulted in an insignificant effect, less than 5%, when compared with ANSYS small-deflection theory results for soil heights up to 6.1 m above the springline, which proves that small-deflection theory is adequate for these cases. Comparing CANDE and ANSYS for 1,200-mm-diameter polythylene (PE) pipes with experimental results showed that ANSYS more accurately describes the PE pipe behavior for cases of 9 m of soil cover or more and that large-deflection theory describes the PE pipe behavior better than small-deflection theory for a vertical deflection of 4% or more. The pipe material effect was investigated by comparing the results of ANSYS small- and large-deflection theories for both PE and polyvinyl chloride pipes. The difference between the small- and large-deflection theories for both pipe materials becomes significant, more than 10%, at a vertical deflection of 4%.

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6

Knodel, PC, CA Moore, and CF Donaldson. "Measuring Strains in Buried Flexible Pipes." Geotechnical Testing Journal 13, no. 3 (1990): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj10159j.

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7

Ghobarah, A., and W. K. Tso. "Behaviour of buried small flexible pipes." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-065.

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An analytical and experimental investigation was conducted to study the behaviour of buried small diameter flexible plastic drain pipes when subjected to surface wheel loads. Tests were conducted on drain pipes buried under sand and also typical agriculture soil samples from Southern Ontario. In addition to soil types, the effect of soil compaction on the stresses and deformation of the pipe was evaluated.It was found that the modulus of soil reaction is highly dependent on the degree of compaction of the soil adjacent to the pipe. By using compacted sand around the pipe, the modulus of soil reaction can be increased significantly, thereby reducing the deformation of the pipe. Using the appropriate value of the modulus of soil reaction, it is shown that theoretical predictions of pipe deformation correlate well with test measurements. Key words: plastic, flexible, buried, pipe, experimental, deformation.

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8

Sivakumar Babu, G. L., and Rajaparthy S. Rao. "Reliability measures for buried flexible pipes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-116.

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The safety of infrastructure facilities such as buried pipelines is the primary objective of engineering design. An improved measure of safety and reliability of these structures can be obtained with concepts of probability. The assessment of safety involves uncertainties at various stages, such as testing, design, and field installation and operations. This paper presents a reliability analysis to estimate the deflection (cross-sectional ovalization) and buckling response of buried flexible pipes, considering uncertainties in the design parameters. The need to consider variations in design parameters, such as soil modulus and bulk density of the fill, and the influence of correlation between soil modulus and bulk density in the estimation of reliability is emphasized. It was observed that reliability index decreases with an increase in the coefficient of variation of soil modulus and bulk density of the fill and increases with increase in correlation coefficient between the variables. It is possible to obtain a central factor of safety (CFS) value on the basis of the target reliability and variations in the design parameters. The use of reliability-based considerations is illustrated with two typical simple cases of buried pipe installations.Key words: reliability measures, buried flexible pipes, deflection (ovalization), buckling, variability, safety.

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9

MacFarlane, C. J. "Flexible riser pipes: problems and unknowns." Engineering Structures 11, no. 4 (October 1989): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(89)90047-3.

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10

Jiao, Guoyang. "Limit state design for flexible pipes." Marine Structures 5, no. 5 (January 1992): 431–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0951-8339(92)90012-e.

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11

Xu, Guo-min, and Chang-geng Shuai. "Burst pressure prediction of fiber-reinforced flexible pipes with arbitrary generatrix." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 16 (January 2021): 155892502199081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925021990812.

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Fiber-reinforced flexible pipes are widely used to transport the fluid at locations requiring flexible connection in pipeline systems. It is important to predict the burst pressure to guarantee the reliability of the flexible pipes. Based on the composite shell theory and the transfer-matrix method, the burst pressure of flexible pipes with arbitrary generatrix under internal pressure is investigated. Firstly, a novel method is proposed to simplify the theoretical derivation of the transfer matrix by solving symbolic linear equations. The method is accurate and much faster than the manual derivation of the transfer matrix. The anisotropy dependency on the circumferential radius of the pipe is considered in the theoretical approach, along with the nonlinear stretch of the unidirectional fabric in the reinforced layer. Secondly, the burst pressure is predicted with the Tsai-Hill failure criterion and verified by burst tests of six different prototypes of the flexible pipe. It is found that the burst pressure is increased significantly with an optimal winding angle of the unidirectional fabric. The optimal result is determined by the geometric parameters of the pipe. The investigation method and results presented in this paper will guide the design and optimization of novel fiber-reinforced flexible pipes.

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12

Xiang, Xian Chao, Guo Sheng Jiang, and Chang Qi Zhu. "Testing Study on DJM Pile Composite Foundation under Flexible Load." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 2513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.2513.

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Dry jet mixing (DJM) piles are widely used in silt foundation treatment to improve foundation stability and control post-construction deformation. As the work mechanism of DJM composite foundation is very complex, though many useful calculation theories have achieved, the theoretical study of DJM pile composite foundation is still far behind engineering practice, the settlement and stress calculation precision is unsatisfied. Then it is still necessary to reveal the work mechanism of DJM pile comprehensively. A field test of DJM pile composite road foundation is carried out and many measurement methods are adopt to collect the test information, such as soil pressure sensors, pore pressure sensors, settlement plates, inclinometer tubes, stratified settlement pipes, multi-point displacement meters in piles and so on. Then the surface settlement, internal deformation and stress developing of soils and piles are monitored Real-time. Through in-site test, the settlement and internal deformation of piles and soils, the stress ratio between pile and soil, and the negative friction around pile are studied.

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13

Li, Zhi Bo, Hui Xu, and Gui Zhen Zhang. "Calculation Methods of the Local Structure Behavior of Unbonded Flexible Pipes." Advanced Materials Research 658 (January 2013): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.481.

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In this paper, the nonlinear relationship between the bending moment and curvature of non-bonded flexible pipes was studied. It was found that the relation was a function of internal and external pressure, axial force, and bending moment load. The model used in this paper took into consideration of the flexural, tensile and torsional strength of layers as well as the frictions between them. Symmetrical axial load was first applied, and then the bending load. Due to friction, the response of the unbonded flexible pipes is hysteretic to the loads. In conclusion, the response of unbonded flexible pipes are both related to its own structural properties and external loads.Coupling factors of different conditions should also be considered.

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14

Ezzeldin, Islam, and Hany El Naggar. "Earth pressure distribution around flexible arch pipes." Engineering Structures 237 (June 2021): 112226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112226.

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15

Willardson, Lyman S., and Reynold K. Watkins. "Minimum-Risk Bedding for Flexible Drain Pipes." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 128, no. 2 (April 2002): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2002)128:2(74).

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16

Rabelo, Marcos A., Celso P. Pesce, Caio C. P. Santos, Roberto Ramos, Guilherme R. Franzini, and Alfredo Gay Neto. "An investigation on flexible pipes birdcaging triggering." Marine Structures 40 (January 2015): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2014.10.010.

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17

Yang, Chao, Chengyi Song, Wen Shang, Peng Tao, and Tao Deng. "Flexible heat pipes with integrated bioinspired design." Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 25, no. 1 (February 2015): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2015.01.011.

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18

Cornacchia, Francesco, Ting Liu, Yong Bai, and Nicholas Fantuzzi. "Tensile strength of the unbonded flexible pipes." Composite Structures 218 (June 2019): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.03.028.

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19

Morsbøl, Jonas, and Sergey V. Sorokin. "Elastic wave propagation in curved flexible pipes." International Journal of Solids and Structures 75-76 (December 2015): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.08.009.

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20

Wang, Wei, and Geng Chen. "Analytical and numerical modeling for flexible pipes." China Ocean Engineering 25, no. 4 (December 2011): 737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13344-011-0059-9.

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21

Baker, JHA, and D. Liddle. "The validation of flexible pipes and risers." Underwater Technology 33, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3723/ut.33.059.

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22

Tee, Kong Fah, Lutfor Rahman Khan, and Hua-Peng Chen. "Probabilistic failure analysis of underground flexible pipes." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 47, no. 2 (July 25, 2013): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2013.47.2.167.

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23

Dawans, F., J. Jarrin, and J. Hardy. "Improved Thermoplastic Materials for Offshore Flexible Pipes." SPE Production Engineering 3, no. 03 (August 1, 1988): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15814-pa.

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24

Park, Joon-Seok, Sun-Hee Kim, and Eung-Ho Kim. "Pipe Stiffness Prediction of Buried Flexible Pipes." Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 26, no. 1 (February 15, 2012): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11001/jksww.2012.26.1.013.

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25

Liu, Jun-Peng, Murilo Augusto Vaz, Rong-Qi Chen, Meng-Lan Duan, and Irving Hernandez. "Axial mechanical experiments of unbonded flexible pipes." Petroleum Science 17, no. 5 (September 9, 2020): 1400–1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00504-3.

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Abstract Axial structural damping behavior induced by internal friction and viscoelastic properties of polymeric layers may have an inevitable influence on the global analysis of flexible pipes. In order to characterize this phenomenon and axial mechanical responses, a full-scale axial tensile experiment on a complex flexible pipe is conducted at room temperature, in which oscillation forces at different frequencies are applied on the sample. The parameters to be identified are axial strains which are measured by three kinds of instrumentations: linear variable differential transformer, strain gauge and camera united particle-tracking technology. The corresponding plots of axial force versus axial elongation exhibit obvious nonlinear hysteretic relationship. Consequently, the loss factor related to the axial structural damping behavior is found, which increases as the oscillation loading frequency grows. The axial strains from the three measurement systems in the mechanical experiment indicate good agreement, as well as the values of the equivalent axial stiffness. The damping generated by polymeric layers is relatively smaller than that caused by friction forces. Therefore, it can be concluded that friction forces maybe dominate the axial structural damping, especially on the conditions of high frequency.

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26

Cocks, P. J. "Testing and structural integrity of flexible pipes." Engineering Structures 11, no. 4 (October 1989): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(89)90040-0.

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27

Lefebvre, Xavier, Nina Khvoenkova, Jean-Charles de Hemptinne, Léa Lefrançois, Béatrice Radenac, Stéphanie Pignoc-Chicheportiche, and Cécile Plennevaux. "Prediction of flexible pipe annulus composition by numerical modeling: identification of key parameters." Science and Technology for Energy Transition 77 (2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/stet/2022008.

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This article describes recent improvements made in the design process of offshore flexible pipes. These improvements consider the more precise complex geometry and architecture of the flexible pipes, while considering their corrosive environment (high pressure, high temperature, acid gases (CO2, H2S), sea water, etc.) and the relevant physics. MOLDITM, the design software that was developed 20 years ago to predict flexible pipes annulus environment, has been constantly upgraded to increase its representativeness: use of chemical potential or fugacity to better describe the mass transport, improvement of the thermodynamic module to better describe the interaction between chemical species and allow to model the purging through gas release valves. Recently, a major advance has been made allowing to cope with flooded annulus flexible pipes. When the annulus is flooded, the tortuosity produced by the presence of steel wires inside the annulus can take a major importance. Therefore, a new model, named 3DIFF, has been developed to describe the 3-dimensional characteristics of the annulus and its impact on fugacity profile across the structure. Depending on permeation properties of each layer, the result is that the presence of water can produce a fugacity gradient within the annulus. This heterogeneity must be considered during the design process to be fully representative of service conditions and allow to select flexible pipes materials with confidence. Experimental devices used to generate permeation database are under constant evolution to study even more complex mechanisms such as the diffusion process in a flooded tortuosity or the compression effects of polymeric material on their permeation properties.

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28

Li, Zhi Bo, Hui Xu, and Gui Zhen Zhang. "Analysis of Structural Parameters for Unbonded Flexible Pipes." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1514.

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Due to the complex structure and nonuniform material of unbonded flexible pipes, an elastic thin-walled cylinder model and a helical steel strip model were established respectively to simulate different layers based on the specific structure form and parameters. Quasi-static incremental load was adopted to identify the structural parameters which had significant effects on the axial, radial and bending behavior of the pipes during the complex deformation. Sensitivity of these parameters were also analysed. The conclusion in this paper could provide guaidance for the design of unbonded flexible pipe.

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29

Glass, David E., Jonathan C. Stevens, and V. V. Raman. "Flexible Heat Pipes for a Lightweight Spacecraft Radiator." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 36, no. 5 (September 1999): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.3484.

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30

Jeyapalan, Jey K., and B. A. Boldon. "Performance and Selection of Rigid and Flexible Pipes." Journal of Transportation Engineering 112, no. 5 (September 1986): 507–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1986)112:5(507).

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31

Sivakumar Babu, G. L., B. R. Srinivasa Murthy, and R. Seshagiri Rao. "Reliability Analysis of Deflection of Buried Flexible Pipes." Journal of Transportation Engineering 132, no. 10 (October 2006): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2006)132:10(829).

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32

Wang, Wei, Geng Che, and Yang Liu. "Equivalent Moduli of Carcass Layer in Flexible Pipes." Asian Journal of Chemistry 26, no. 17 (2014): 5673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.18182.

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33

Mac, Duy-Hung, and Paul Sicsic. "Uncertainties Propagation within Offshore Flexible Pipes Risers Design." Procedia Engineering 213 (2018): 708–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.02.067.

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34

Davis, C. A., and J. P. Bardet. "Seismic Analysis of Large-Diameter Flexible Underground Pipes." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124, no. 10 (October 1998): 1005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(1998)124:10(1005).

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35

Wang, Wei, Lei Sun, and Yang Liu. "Properties of Unbonded Flexible Pipe under Axial Force." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1004–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1004.

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Flexible pipes, which can be divided into bonded and unbonded types, have been used for years in the oil industry. An unbonded structure presents a large interest in offshore production as they allow to realize simple liaison between the seafloor and the surface. In the present paper, an unbonded flexible pipe under axial force has been analyzed by finite element (FE) method in which eight layers of the unbonded flexible pipe have established. Solid and shell elements are used to simulate the layers. In the FE model, all layers are modeled separately with contact and friction interfaces between each layer. The numerical results are compared to the literature’s results, which shows very good agreement with numerical and other existing results, have validated the use of the given model. It might provide practical and technical support for the application of flexible steel pipes.

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36

Wang, Man, Rui Xiang Bai, and Mao Jun Zhou. "Finite Element Model and Bending for Marine Composite Flexible Pipes." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.314.

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The parameterizationmodeling of typical composite flexible pipe is studied by ANSYS two-developmentlanguage APDL, which established the model building of the spiral self-lockinglayer and scanning division meshes. The stress response of the typicalfive-layer composite flexible pipe was calculated under bending load byadopting the no slip assumptions. It is easy to modify the parameters offlexible pipe structure by using the parameterization modeling. Theparameterization modeling can be used for the optimal design of flexible pipe.

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37

Helgaker, J. F., S. IJzermans, T. J. Landheim, T. B. Eeg, S. M. Hverven, and P. Piotrowski. "Large-Scale Erosion Testing of an Unbonded Flexible Pipe." SPE Journal 22, no. 03 (August 18, 2016): 736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/181761-pa.

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Summary Unbonded flexible pipelines are commonly used in offshore field developments to transport oil and gas to production facilities. Sand is an inevitable byproduct from oil-and-gas production. Sand erosion has become an important concern for both design of new field developments and prolongation of existing oil-and-gas fields, especially for fields with low mixture density and high velocities. Erosion in smooth pipes can be determined with industry-standard erosion-prediction methodologies. However, these models are usually valid for smooth pipes only, with limited information available on erosion in flexible pipes. This paper presents experimental results from a large-scale erosion test of an unbonded flexible pipe. A 9.75-in. inner-diameter (ID) flexible pipe with a bending radius of 2.5 m was exposed to sand and proppant particles at velocities ranging from 30 to 47 m/s. Erosion was determined by performing weight-loss measurements at selected cut-out windows, at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80° along the outer periphery of the carcass. In addition, microscopy analysis was performed on selected eroded carcass pieces to determine the localized erosion contour of the flexible carcass geometry. Results show that the highest erosion is found at the leading edge of the carcass strip. Experimental results are compared with computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) simulations and industry-standard erosion-prediction methodologies.

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38

Fattah, Mohammed Yousif, Waqed Hammed Hassan, and Sajjad Emad Rasheed. "Behavior of Flexible Buried Pipes Under Geocell Reinforced Subbase Subjected to Repeated Loading." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgee.2018010102.

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The present article constitutes an experimental investigation of the behavior of buried PVC pipes. A number of laboratory experiments were conducted using PVC pipes which were buried in a medium sand layer, below a subbase layer, reinforced with geocells. They were subject to repeated dynamic load amplitudes of 0.5 and 1 ton and loading frequencies of 0.5, 1 and 2 Hz, to study the effects of the geocell reinforcement layer, in terms of the amount of stress reaching the pipe crown and the vibration of the pipe. A 3D numerical model was also developed to investigate the performance of the geocell above the buried pipe. The predicted characteristics of the buried pipes were validated using the experimental data. The results showed that geocell reinforcement decreases both crown vibration by 35%, and the vertical pressure reaching the pipe by 41%. The numerical models have a good fit with the experimental work results, both confirming that geocell reinforcement has a significant role to play regarding increasing the safety of pipes.

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39

Tar, Thaw, Naomi Kato, and Hiroyoshi Suzuki. "Development of Biologically Inspired Flexible Pipes for Tsunami Attenuation." Marine Technology Society Journal 51, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): 116–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.51.5.10.

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Abstract We developed a new type of biologically inspired “flexible pipes” as a tsunami countermeasure to reduce tsunami risk on energy storage tanks located in coastal areas vulnerable to large-scale tsunamis. Flexible pipes for the reduction of tsunami wave load acting on oil and gas tanks are firehose-like pipes on a much larger scale that can be inflated with compressed air to form long vertical pipes when a tsunami occurs. These pipes can reduce the wave energy of the tsunami by energy dissipation similar to natural tsunami countermeasures such as mangroves and giant kelps. We developed flexible pipes by mimicking such biologically inspired tsunami protection mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the development of flexible pipes and present the effectiveness of our pipes through experimental results. We designed the dimensions of the full-scale pipes. Then, we carried out laboratory-scale experiments in the tsunami wave flume using 1:100 scale pipes and an oil tank model and long-period tsunami-like waves. We measured the reduction of momentum flux carried by this wave behind our flexible pipes and the hydrodynamic forces acting on the oil tank model reduced by the flexible pipes in a direct manner. The experimental results suggested that around 50% of maximum momentum flux could be reduced behind the flexible pipes whereas 40% of maximum hydrodynamic force in inflow direction could be reduced compared to the case without flexible pipes. The difference is attributed to overflow of water above the model oil tank in the no pipes case.<def-list> Nomenclature <def-item> <term> U </term> <def> flow velocity of full-scale tsunami in the inflow direction </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> U </term> <def> flow velocity of model-scale tsunami in the inflow direction </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> g </term> <def> gravitational constant </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> H </term> <def> still water depth </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> η </term> <def> wave elevation </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> P </term> <def> porosity (or) void fraction </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> V v </term> <def> volume of the void in a section </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> V T </term> <def> total volume of the section </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> C D </term> <def> drag coefficient </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> C M </term> <def> inertia coefficient </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> ρ w </term> <def> water density </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> ρ pipe </term> <def> pipe density </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> H </term> <def> flow depth of a tsunami flow </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> B </term> <def> breadth of structure being attacked by tsunami wave </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> F D </term> <def> drag force on the structure caused by the tsunami flow </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> M </term> <def> momentum flux per breadth </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> M average </term> <def> average value of maximum momentum fluxes from each test case </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> M reduction </term> <def> reduced momentum flux </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> D </term> <def> diameter of cylindrical oil tank </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> Re </term> <def> Reynolds' number </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> KC </term> <def> Keulegen-Carpenter number </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> V </term> <def> viscosity of water </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> T </term> <def> period of full-scale tsunami wave </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> F x </term> <def> horizontal force by the tsunami-like wave on the model oil tank </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> F z </term> <def> vertical force by the tsunami-like wave on the model oil tank </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> F x_normalized </term> <def> normalized horizontal force </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> F z_normalized </term> <def> normalized vertical force </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> F x_max </term> <def> maximum horizontal force on the model tank </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> F z_max </term> <def> maximum vertical force on the model tank </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term>EI</term> <def> bending stiffness </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> I </term> <def> area moment of inertia </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> E </term> <def> modulus of elasticity </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> M </term> <def> mass matrix of the pipe in the finite element analysis </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> K </term> <def> stiffness matrix of the pipe in the finite element analysis </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> Q e </term> <def> external force vector of the pipe in the finite element analysis </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> E </term> <def> position vector for a node in the finite element analysis </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term> ë </term> <def> acceleration vector for a node in the finite element analysis </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term>ΔT </term> <def> time step size </def> </def-item> <def-item> <term>Δx </term> <def> element size </def> </def-item> </def-list>

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Fe´ret, J. J., and C. L. Bournazel. "Calculation of Stresses and Slip in Structural Layers of Unbonded Flexible Pipes." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 109, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3257019.

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Abstract:

This paper deals with the behavior of high-pressure unbonded flexible steel pipes which can be used as risers in offshore applications. It concerns primarily the behavior of the internal structure of the pipe. A theoretical approach allows to establish simple formulas for evaluating: the stresses, and the contact pressures between layers due to axisymmetrical loads; the stresses due to bending; the relative slip between layers due to bending. This is a first step towards the evaluation of the life expectancy of flexible pipes. It must be completed by the determination of friction and wear factors through test results.

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Bybee, Karen. "Analytical Tools Optimize Unbonded Flexible Pipes for Deepwater Environments." Journal of Petroleum Technology 56, no. 05 (May 1, 2004): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0504-0048-jpt.

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Vieira, João Marcos Bastos, and José Renato Mendes De Sousa. "Shielding effects in annulus composition analysis of flexible pipes." Rio Oil and Gas Expo and Conference 22, no. 2022 (September 26, 2022): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.48072/2525-7579.rog.2022.466.

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Jeyapalan, Jey K., S. Wesley Ethiyajeevakaruna, and Bruce A. Boldon. "Behavior and Design of Buried Very Flexible Plastic Pipes." Journal of Transportation Engineering 113, no. 6 (November 1987): 642–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(1987)113:6(642).

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Liu, Junpeng, Jinsheng Ma, Murilo Augusto Vaz, and Menglan Duan. "Axisymmetric structural behaviours of composite tensile armoured flexible pipes." Marine Structures 74 (November 2020): 102829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2020.102829.

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Kennedy, I., and G. R. Tomlinson. "Torsional vibration transmissibility characteristics of reinforced viscoelastic flexible pipes." Journal of Sound and Vibration 122, no. 1 (April 1988): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-460x(88)80012-9.

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Liu, Junpeng, and Murilo Augusto Vaz. "Axisymmetric viscoelastic response of flexible pipes in time domain." Applied Ocean Research 55 (February 2016): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2015.12.003.

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Qassim, Raad Yahya, Barbara Barbosa Matos, and Theodoro A. Netto. "Risk-based inspection of flexible pipes using Bayesian updating." International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology 43, no. 3 (2012): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcat.2012.046313.

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Łuczko, Jan, and Andrzej Czerwiński. "Nonlinear three-dimensional dynamics of flexible pipes conveying fluids." Journal of Fluids and Structures 70 (April 2017): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2017.02.002.

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Soki, Carlos Akio, Léa Margarida Bueno Troina, Walter Carrara Loureiro, and José Renato M. de Sousa. "Effect of asymmetric boundary conditions on flexible pipes crushing." Marine Systems & Ocean Technology 10, no. 2 (June 2015): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40868-015-0009-0.

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Sævik, Svein. "Theoretical and experimental studies of stresses in flexible pipes." Computers & Structures 89, no. 23-24 (December 2011): 2273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.08.008.

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