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Morokhovets, V. N., Т. V. Morokhovets, T. V. Shterbolova, Z. V. Basay, and A. A. Baimuhanova. "Test results of the new herbicide Flex in soybean crops in Primorsky Territory." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 2 (May 22, 2019): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-2-2.
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The biological and economic efficiency of the new herbicide Flex in post-emergence application to soybean crops of the variety Sphera was studied. The tests were carried out incompliance with the standard methods in the form of the plot experiment in 2017, 2018 on brown meadow podzolized soils in the south of the Far East. The preparation was tested in the consumption rates of 1.25 and 1.5 l/ha when the crop reached the development phase of two triple leaves as opposed to the standard herbicide Galaxy Top in the rate of 1.7 l/ha. It was found that Flex has a high herbicidal activity against all dicotyledonous annual and perennial species of weeds. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and Asian copperleaf (Acalypha australis L.) were highly sensitive to the preparation even in the minimum consumption rate. Especially strong toxic effect of Flex was produced on such weeds in the rosette phase as Asiatic dayflower (Commelina communis L.), lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium album L.), field milk thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.), creeping thistle (Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bieb.) and common mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.). Consistent application of graminicide Fuzilade Forte in the rate of 1.5 l/ha after treatment of soybean crops with herbicide Flex contributed to an almost complete elimination of annual grass weeds. The high biological efficiency of the experimental preparation contributed to a significant increase in crop yield. In 2018, when it was applied in the minimum rate of 1.25 l/ha, the yield achieved was 0.94 t/ha, exceeding the control value by 3.3 times. The highest yield increase of soybean seeds (1.12 t/ha on average for 2 years) was obtained with the use of herbicide Flex in the maximum consumption rate of 1.5 l/ha. Application of herbicide Flex to soybean crops in the rates of 1.25 and 1.5 l/ha alongside with the preparation Trend 90 in the rate of 0.2 l/ha proved to be highly effective in eliminating annual and perennial dicotyledonous weeds (in early stages of development) from soybean crops.
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Turner, Sarah, Annuska Derks, and Ngô Thúy Hạnh. "Flex crops or flex livelihoods? The story of a volatile commodity chain in upland northern Vietnam." Journal of Peasant Studies 46, no. 2 (October 31, 2017): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1382477.
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Genoud, Christelle. "Flex crops neverland: finding access to large-scale land investments?" Globalizations 15, no. 5 (July 20, 2018): 685–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2018.1488655.
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Borras, Saturnino M., Jennifer C. Franco, S. Ryan Isakson, Les Levidow, and Pietje Vervest. "The rise of flex crops and commodities: implications for research." Journal of Peasant Studies 43, no. 1 (May 12, 2015): 93–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2015.1036417.
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Hunsberger, Carol, and Alberto Alonso-Fradejas. "The discursive flexibility of ‘flex crops’: comparing oil palm and jatropha." Journal of Peasant Studies 43, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 225–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2015.1052802.
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Bastos Lima, Mairon G. "Toward Multipurpose Agriculture: Food, Fuels, Flex Crops, and Prospects for a Bioeconomy." Global Environmental Politics 18, no. 2 (May 2018): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00452.
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Each day, agriculture becomes more highly integrated into an increasing number of industries. Agriculture has never been only about food; cotton, tobacco, and other nonfood agricultural commodities (not to speak of spices and luxury foods, such as sugar and coffee) have for centuries been important to livelihoods and the economy. Yet, thanks to developments in biotechnology, the scope of agriculture is broadening quickly, and it may expand significantly in the coming years.
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Cirujeda, A., J. Aibar, M. M. Moreno, and C. Zaragoza. "Effective mechanical weed control in processing tomato: Seven years of results." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 3 (November 14, 2013): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000434.
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AbstractOpen-air crops are important in Spanish horticulture. The limited number of herbicide active ingredients in minor crops, the waste problem of polyethylene (PE) plastic mulch and the high prices of biodegradable plastics leave hand-weeding and mechanical weed control as the most viable weed control methods. Different tools have been tested in northern European countries but their performance remains unknown in the edaphoclimatic situation of southern Europe. The objective of this work was to test novel physical weed control methods on processing tomato in northeastern Spain compared with other effective control methods, i.e., plastic and paper mulches. A first sequence of field trials was established from 2005 to 2008 at Zaragoza (Spain) to select the best physical control methods out of flamer, torsion weeder, finger weeder, flex-tine harrow and brush hoe used alone or in combination. The best method was the brush hoe which was then compared from 2009 to 2011 with PE mulch, biodegradable plastic mulch and paper mulch. Flamer, flex-tine harrow, torsion weeder and finger weeder performed quite irregularly due to crusty soil conditions and needed additional tools or repeated treatments to increase weed control efficacy. The brush hoe performed best in this soil situation working at about 5 cm depth. Weed biomass reduction was higher than 80% in 6 out of 7 years and similar yield was obtained in the brushed plots compared to the yield obtained with PE, biodegradable plastic and paper mulch. The brush hoe is thus a suitable option for weed control in processing tomato while the other tools were too weak to control aggressive summer weeds in the tested conditions.
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Wyenandt, Christian A., Wesley L. Kline, and Daniel L. Ward. "Effect of Fungicide Program on the Development of Downy Mildew in Three Cucurbit Crops in New Jersey." Plant Health Progress 18, no. 3 (January 1, 2017): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-04-17-0026-phm.
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From 2014 to 2016, five fungicide programs of varying fungicide efficacy were evaluated for the control of cucurbit downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) on three different cucurbit crops at the Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center (RAREC) in Bridgeton, NJ. The five fungicide programs were: (i) no fungicide input; (ii) low-input (chlorothalonil only); (iii) medium-input (protectant + 2 downy mildew-specific fungicides [Tanos, Curzate]); (iv) high-input (protectant + 2 downy mildew-specific fungicides [Ranman, Presidio]); or (v) high-input (protectant + 3 downy mildew-specific fungicides [Previcur Flex, Ranman, Zampro]). The three cucurbit crops were cucumber cv. Marketmore 76, zucchini cv. Reward (summer squash), and acorn squash cv. Taybelle (winter squash). In 2014, only cucumber was infected by the pathogen. In 2015 and 2016, all three cucurbit hosts were infected by downy mildew at varying severities suggesting that the P. cubensis population may have differed compared with 2014. In all three years control of downy mildew was significantly higher when downy mildew-specific fungicides were included in weekly rotations. In some years, no fungicides, broad-spectrum fungicides only, or fungicides with moderate or lower efficacy for downy mildew may provide adequate control on certain cucurbit crop species depending on the current cucurbit downy mildew pathogen population.
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Gillon, Sean. "Flexible for whom? Flex crops, crises, fixes and the politics of exchanging use values in US corn production." Journal of Peasant Studies 43, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.996555.
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NAKAMURA, Kenji, Noriyuki SHINOMIYA, Yoshitake ORIKASA, and Yuji ODA. "Efficient Production of Ethanol from Saccharified Crops Mixed with Cheese Whey by the Flex Yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus KD-15." Food Science and Technology Research 18, no. 2 (2012): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/fstr.18.235.
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Alonso-Fradejas, Alberto. "The Modern Periphery-Making Machine in the Early Twenty-First Century." International Review of Social History 65, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859020000590.
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AbstractCultural, discursive, and technological differences notwithstanding, the peripheralization effects of plantation agriculture-based development pathways seem to be as vibrant today as during the height of the modern era's imperialism. This, at least, is what Bosma suggests, and I fully agree with him. The plantation, that modern labour-expelling periphery-making machine, is alive and kicking hard amid convergent socioecological crises nowadays. And this is an analytically but also politically salient phenomenon. Most often, development models which rely on predatory extractivism not only leave the majority of the population behind the well-being bandwagon, thereby turning a deaf ear to the pledge of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to “leave no one behind”; they also erode the ecological base, socioeconomic fabric, and institutions that enable more just and environmentally sound life projects to blossom. Thus, the careful examination of the complex and generative interplay between the model and intensity of resource extractivism and the broader political economy, as developed by Bosma in The Making of a Periphery, calls into question any non-transformative climate stewardship and sustainable development efforts, like the “business as usual” one represented by the flex crops and commodities complexes of the twenty-first century.
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Petrov, Nikolay Yurievich, Anna Grigorievna Borisova, Ivan Dmitrievich Eskov, and Olga Lvovna Tenyaeva. "Productivity of oilseed flax depending on the use of pesticides and agrochemicals in the conditions of the Lower Volga region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 5 (May 26, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i5pp35-40.
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In the course of the research, the effect of dressing oil flax seeds (varieties VNIIMK 620 and Rucheyok) with an insect-fungicidal tank mixture on the preservation of crops from diseases and a complex of phytophages (in particular, flax flea beetles), and an increase in seed yield was revealed. The presented agrotechnical and protective measures aimed at reducing the degree of infection and spread of fusarium (Fusarium lini Boll and Fusarium spp.) of the number of flax fleas (Aphthona, family Chrysomelidae). The introduction of well-grounded methods of using fertilizers contributes not only to the growth and development of crops, increasing yields and quality of seeds, but also contributes to the preservation of soil fertility. Presowing treatment of flax seeds with an insect-fungicidal tank mixture, followed by the introduction of mineral fertilizers N60P30K30 for cultivation, not only created a better protection of crops from disease and a decrease in the damage to the crop by infection in seeds, but also had a positive effect on seed yield.
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Morokhovets, V. N., Т. V. Morokhovets, T. V. Shterbolova, Z. V. Basay, A. A. Baimuhanova, and N. S. Skorik. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of a tank mixture of new herbicide Flex with a gramini-cide Fusilade forte in soybean crops." Agrarian science 326, no. 2 (July 2019): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2019-326-2-150-155.
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Pachagounder, Palaniswamy, Robert J. Lamb, and Robert P. Bodnaryk. "RESISTANCE TO THE FLEA BEETLE PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN FALSE FLAX, CAMELINA SATIVA (BRASSICACEAE)." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 2 (April 1998): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent130235-2.
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AbstractFeeding damage by the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), was assessed on 51 accessions of false flax, Camelina sativa L., and compared with damage to seven other crucifer species. Three experiments were conducted on seedlings in laboratory arenas infested with field-collected beetles. Feeding damage was estimated visually at daily intervals for up to 7 days. Natural infestation of false flax and other crucifers was observed in the field. Flea beetles fed little (0–10% consumption) on cotyledons or true leaves of any of the false flax accessions, and fed more (59–100% consumption) on the other crucifers. Flea beetles were observed sitting on false flax in the field, sometimes in high numbers, but they did not feed. In the laboratory, beetles eventually fed on cotyledons and leaves and once feeding was initiated, it tended to continue. Resistance in false flax may result from the absence of cues that initiate feeding, rather than a feeding deterrent. The high level of resistance in false flax would likely be economically beneficial if this species is developed as an oilseed crop. False flax could also be useful experimentally for identifying the cues that attract flea beetles to plants and stimulate their feeding.
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Twardowski, Jacek, Michał Hurej, Radosław Ścibior, and Andrzej Kotecki. "The effect of different seeding densities of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) on flax flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Journal of Plant Protection Research 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2017-0022.
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AbstractLinseed, one of the oldest cultivated crops, is again gaining in importance, mainly due to its nutritional benefits and biomedical applications. Therefore, it is expected that herbivores will also exist in greater abundance. Among them the flea beetle,Aphthona euphorbiaeSchrank andLongitarsus parvulusPaykull are considered to be serious pests of flax grown for fibre and seeds in Europe. The aim of this study was to determine flax flea beetles’ abundance, species richness and seasonal dynamics on linseed grown at different densities. It was expected that linseed seeding density can significantly affect flea beetle populations. The experiment was carried out in Lower Silesia, Poland, from 2011 to 2013. A genetically modified type of linseed overproducing flavonoids was used. Flea beetles and the damages they caused were determined on plants and also a sweep net was used for the collection of adult beetles. During the three years of the study 15 species of flea beetles were identified from oil flax plants, withA. euphorbiaeandL. parvulusbeing dominant. In terms of the total catch, the tendency was for beetle numbers to decrease with increasing plant density. Flax flea beetles feeding on linseed plants, irrespective of plant density, had two peaks of abundance. The first peak was lower and occurred in June, when plants were at the blooming stage. This peak was caused by overwintering adults who colonized crops in spring. The second, higher peak of abundance was recorded in the second half of July, when plants were at the ripening stage. This peak was formed by adults of the new generation. Each year, at the higher population peak of abundance, the flea beetles were most numerous on plants grown at the lowest density. There was one period, lasting either from mid-May to the first few days of June, or from the beginning of June to mid-June, during which the number of holes and damage on plants of each treatment were highest. During the three years of the study there were several cases of significantly higher numbers of flea beetle feeding symptoms on plants grown at the lowest density as compared to the medium and highest densities.
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Gill, Kabal S., and Surinder K. Jalota. "Previous and Current Crop Effects on Early-Season Root Growth and Growing Season’s Soil Moisture Under Dryland Agriculture in Temperate Climate." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 5 (April 15, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n5p50.
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Understanding the root growth and changes in soil moisture content during the growing season for dryland agriculture crops can improve crop production. It was hypothesized that early-season root growth might be influenced by previous crop and current crops, and soil moisture content and depletion pattern during the growing season and residual soil moisture may be affected by the crop type. A study was conducted on the early-season root growth of canola (Brassica napus L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in 2015; and changes in soil water content during the 2013, 2014, and 2015 growing seasons under canola, flax, wheat, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.). Early-season root growth of the canola and flax crops was better on wheat than canola stubble, while for wheat it was similar on the stubbles of both wheat and canola. Soil moisture depletion started relatively earlier under the barley and wheat and later under the flax compared to the canola and pea crops. Flax continued to deplete soil moisture for a longer period than the other crops. With some exceptions, all crops could deplete soil moisture to a similar level (down to about 15% or somewhat lower) by the end of their growing seasons. Generally, almost equal amounts of residual soil moisture remained after the different crops.
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Turmel, M. S., M. H. Entz, M. Tenuta, W. E. May, and G. P. LaFond. "The influence of a long-term black medic (Medicago lupulina cv. George) cover crop on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and nutrient uptake in flax (Linum usitatissimum) under zero-tillage management." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 6 (November 1, 2011): 1071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps10115.
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Turmel, M. S., Entz, M. H., Tenuta, H., May, W. E. and LaFond, G. P. 2011. The influence of a long-term black medic ( Medicago lupulina cv. George) cover crop on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization and nutrient uptake in flax ( Linum usitatissimum ) under zero-tillage management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 1071–1076. Leguminous cover crops are becoming a popular way to increase the sustainability of agricultural systems. Previously, cover crops have been found to increase colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphorus and micronutrient uptake. Long-term field studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that self-regenerating black medic (Medicago lupulina cv. George) cover crops increase AMF colonization and early nutrient uptake in flax (Linum usitatissimum). Field experiments were established in 2000 (Manitoba) and 2002 (Saskatchewan) using a flax–wheat (Triticum aestivum)–oat (Avena sativa) rotation. In a second experiment, intact soil cores were harvested from the plots in spring and tested for soil disturbance and cover crop effects under controlled environment conditions (CEC). Both seedling flax crops sampled from the field in 2005 and 2006 and flax growth in CEC showed high levels of AMF root colonization, but no significant influence of the cover crop on AMF colonization by arbuscules or hyphal structures was detected. The AMF enhancing practices used in the experiments (i.e., zero-tillage and inclusion of mycorrhizal crops) may have contributed to the lack of cover crop effect on AMF colonization. The cover crop had no effect on macro- or micronutrient uptake by flax except during drought conditions (Winnipeg 2006), where flax biomass was reduced by 38% and the total uptake of N, P, Zn and Cu was decreased by 34, 30, 31 and 35%, respectively, in the medic treatment.
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Johnston, A. M., H. R. Kutcher, and K. L. Bailey. "Impact of crop sequence decisions in the Saskatchewan Parkland." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-090.
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Rotations are constantly being adapted to current economic and management realities. As a result, the crop sequence used tends to depend more on the economic value of particular crop types, principally cereals, oilseeds and pulse crops in the Saskatchewan Parkland, than on the best management practices for optimizing crop productivity. A study was conducted from 1999 to 2001 at Melfort, SK, to assess the effects of growing barley, wheat, canola, flax, and field pea on their own and the other crop stubbles. When a crop was seeded on its own stubble, the poorest grain yield and quality were recorded, a difference that often was related to major pathogens affecting crop productivity. In the first 2 yr of this study, when near normal temperature and precipitation were recorded, little difference was observed in the average crop yield response when any of the crops were seeded on the other broadleaf and cereal stubbles considered in the study. The exception was flax, which performed poorer when seeded on canola than flax stubble, a reflection of the negative impact canola has on arbuscular mycorrhizae populations on subsequent flax in rotation. In 2001, a year with below-normal precipitation and above-average temperature, crops seeded into pea and flax stubble had yields that were 15–40% of the best stubble treatments. Under these drought conditions, field pea was the best crop choice for flax stubble, while wheat was the best choice for pea stubble. The results of this study indicate that for the Saskatchewan Parkland, the lowest risk crop sequence decision is to avoid seeding a crop in its own stubble. Key words: Malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), pea, (Pisum sativum L.), crop rotation, disease management
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GUBBELS, G. H., and E. O. KENASCHUK. "AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF FLAX GROWN ON CANOLA, BARLEY AND FLAX STUBBLE WITH AND WITHOUT TILLAGE PRIOR TO SEEDING." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-005.
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Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of mature crop residues and volunteer seedling residues of canola (Brassica napus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) on the growth and yield of subsequent flax crops seeded after conventional tillage. A second set of field experiments was also conducted which included both flax and barley as test crops on canola and barley stubble and included an additional comparison between conventional tillage and no tillage. Flax yields were generally lower on canola and flax stubble than on barley stubble with conventional tillage before seeding. Averaged over 6 yr the reduction was 9% on canola stubble. With no tillage prior to seeding, flax yielded as well on canola as on barley stubble. Spring volunteer seedlings of canola and flax often reduced flax yields but fall volunteer growth had no marked effect. Barley yielded better on canola than on its own stubble, and tended to yield better with tillage prior to seeding than without.Key words: Flax, Linum usitatissimum L., crop residues, phytotoxins, tillage practices
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Jiao, You, Cynthia A. Grant, and Loraine D. Bailey. "Growth and nutrient response of flax and durum wheat to phosphorus and zinc fertilizers." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-212.
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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) are important agricultural crops that enter the human food chain. Effective nutrient management considering nutrient interactions is important in order to increase crop yield and improve crop nutrient concentration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of P and Zn fertilizers on the yield and nutritional value of flax and durum wheat. A pot culture experiment conducted in a growth chamber using a calcareous clay-loam soil showed that P fertilizers can restrict flax growth due to an antagonistic effect of Zn fertilizer but can increase the seed yield of both crops by enhanced dry matter translocation to the seed/grain. Among the P sources, commercial monoammonium phosphate (CMAP) and commercial triple superphosphate (CTSP) had similar effects on growth and yield, but different impacts on the nutrient concentrations of both crops, indicating the importance of selecting P source to improve crop quality. Zinc addition with reagent grade P decreased the concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu in flax but not in durum wheat. We conclude that proper combination of P and Zn fertilizers is necessary to optimize crop yields, but that P had a proportionally greater effect in promoting yield in durum wheat than in flax. In contrast, Zn had a greater impact on mineral composition in flax than in durum wheat, which can affect the nutritional quality of the crop as a component of the human diet. Key words: Flax, durum wheat, P and Zn fertilizers, nutrient, essential trace elements
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Gulden, Robert H., Derek W. Lewis, Jane C. Froese, Rene C. Van Acker, Gary B. Martens, Martin H. Entz, Doug A. Derksen, and Lindsay W. Bell. "The Effect of Rotation and In-Crop Weed Management on the Germinable Weed Seedbank after 10 Years." Weed Science 59, no. 4 (December 2011): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00001.1.
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Agricultural production systems that reduce the use of in-crop herbicides could greatly reduce risks of environmental damage and the development of herbicide-resistant weeds. Few studies have investigated the long-term effects of in-crop herbicide omissions on weed seedbank community size and structure. A crop-rotation study was sampled 10 yr after a strictly annual rotation and an annual/perennial rotation were exposed to different in-crop herbicide omission treatments. In-crop herbicides were applied either in all annual crops (control), omitted from oats only, or omitted from both flax and oats. Seedbank densities were greatest when in-crop herbicides were omitted from flax and oats, and this treatment also reduced crop yield. Shannon-Wiener diversity differed among crops in the annual crop rotation and among herbicide omission treatments in the perennial rotation. Herbicide omissions changed the weed-community structure in flax and in wheat and canola crops in the annual rotation enough to warrant alternate control methods in some treatments. The magnitude of the effects on the seedbank parameters depended largely on the competitive ability of the crop in which herbicides were omitted. No yield response to omitting herbicides in oats indicated that standard weed management practices have reduced weed populations below yield-loss thresholds.
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Kudryavtsev, N. A., L. A. Zaitseva, and Z. K. Kurbanova. "Ensuring cleanliness and health of flax crops when treated with new pesticides." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2021-59-2-43-52.
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Plant protection measures in flax cultivation should provide sufficiently clean from weeds, healthy sowings, forming the crop of necessary quality level, corresponding to economic and ecological criteria of modern agrotechnologies. The work aims to find promising herbicidal and protectivestimulating agents for providing cleanness from weeds and the health of flax crops when treating them with new pesticides, contributing to increasing the yield and quality of flax products. According to the classical methodology of scientific agronomy, the main experiments were carried out in the fields of FSBSI Federal Scientific Centre for Bast Crop, Flax Research Institute in the Tver region. As a result of experiments in 2018-2020, the herbicide Shanti and its mixture with Shanstrel 300 showed relatively high biological efficacy in protecting flax against dicotyledonous weeds. Furthermore, the addition of graminicides Haloshans or Cletoshans, growth regulator Artafit or fungicide Zimoshans to anti-wort herbicides did not reduce the effectiveness of the drug mixtures on dicotyledonous weeds and eliminated cereal weeds in crops. Additionally, Artafit and Zimoshans effectively protected flax from pasmo and other diseases, naturally increasing the yield of flax products. Its maximum values in the experiment were obtained in the variant of Artafit application together with herbicides. The use of Artafit had a positive effect on the quality of flax straw, increased it by 1-2 grades (from 2.00 to 2.50).
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Zarzycka, H. "Fluctuation of Fusarium distribution in soil and the role of the forecrop in the control of Fusarium wilt of flax." Acta Agrobotanica 30, no. 2 (2015): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1977.023.
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The influence of crop rotation and wheather conditions on the <i>Fusarium</i> population in soil and on <i>Fusarium</i> wilt of flax was examined in the Institute of Native Natural Fibres in 1968-1975. The experiments were carried out in various regions of flax planting in Poland during 8 years. Crop rotation had a significant influence on the process of biological soil disinfestation. <i>Fusarium</i> population in soil increased after planting flax, wheat, barley and sugar-beet, and decreased or did not change after rape, hemp, potato and leguminous plants. The crop rotation significantly influenced the composition of the <i>Fusarium</i> population as far as species are concerned. The highest wilt infection of flax was found in plantings after flax, sugarbeet and wheat and the weakest in plantings after rape. A six-year crop rotation was sufficient to eliminate the wilt pathogen from infested soil. But on flax-sick soil the process of biological disinfestation proceeded more slowly and a seven-year interval between flax crops was too short.
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Hulugalle, N. R., T. B. Weaver, L. A. Finlay, N. W. Luelf, and D. K. Y. Tan. "Potential contribution by cotton roots to soil carbon stocks in irrigated Vertosols." Soil Research 47, no. 3 (2009): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08180.
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The well-documented decline in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in Australian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing Vertosols has been primarily analysed in terms of inputs from above-ground crop residues, with addition to soil C by root materials being little studied. Potential contribution by cotton roots to soil carbon stocks was evaluated between 2002 and 2008 in 2 ongoing long-term experiments near Narrabri, north-western New South Wales. Experiment 1 consisted of cotton monoculture sown either after conventional tillage or on permanent beds, and a cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation on permanent beds; Experiment 2 consisted of 4 cotton-based rotation systems sown on permanent beds: cotton monoculture, cotton–vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), cotton–wheat, and cotton–wheat–vetch. Roundup-Ready™ (genetically modified) cotton varieties were sown until 2005, and Bollgard™ II-Roundup Ready™-Flex™ varieties thereafter. Root growth in the surface 0.10 m was measured with the core-break method using 0.10-m-diameter cores. A subsample of these cores was used to evaluate relative root length and root C concentrations. Root growth in the 0.10–1.0 m depth was measured at 0.10-m depth intervals with a ‘Bartz’ BTC-2 minirhizotron video microscope and I-CAP image capture system (‘minirhizotron’). The video camera was inserted into clear, plastic acrylic minirhizotron tubes (50-mm-diameter) installed within each plot, 30° from the vertical. Root images were captured 4–5 times each season in 2 orientations, left and right side of each tube, adjacent to a furrow, at each time of measurement and the images analysed to estimate selected root growth indices. The indices evaluated were the length and number of live roots at each time of measurement, number of roots which changed length, number and length of roots which died (i.e. disappeared between times of measurement), new roots initiated between times of measurement, and net change in root numbers and length. These measurements were used to derive root C turnover between times of measurements, root C added to soil through intra-seasonal root death, C in roots remaining at end of season, and the sum of the last 2 indices: root C potentially available for addition to soil C stocks. Total seasonal cotton root C potentially available for addition to soil C stocks ranged between ~50 and 400 g/m2 (0.5 and 4 t/ha), with intra-seasonal root death contributing 25–70%. These values are ~10–60% of that contributed by above-ground crop residues. As soil organic carbon in irrigated Vertosols can range between 40 and 60 t/ha, it is unlikely that cotton roots will contribute significantly to soil carbon stocks in irrigated cotton farming systems. Seasonal root C was reduced by cotton monoculture, stress caused by high insect numbers, and sowing Bollgard II varieties; and increased by sowing non-Bollgard II varieties and wheat rotation crops. Permanent beds increased root C but leguminous rotation crops did not. Climatic factors such as cumulative day-degrees and seasonal rainfall were positively related to seasonal root C. Root C turnover was, in general, highest during later vegetative/early reproductive growth. Large variations in root C turnover and seasonal C indices occurred due to a combination of environmental, management and climatic factors.
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Stankevych, S. V., M. D. Yevtushenko, I. V. Zabrodina, and A. V. Matsyura. "Pests of oil producing cabbage crops in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 5 (October 20, 2020): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_234.
Full textAbstract:
Today the major oil producing crops from the Brassicaceae family in the world and Ukraine are winter rape (Brassica napus oleifera bienis D. C.) and spring rape (Brassica napus oleifera annua Metzg.). At present the acreage of these crops in the world is over 40 million hectares, and in Ukraine there are more than 1 million hectares. Less common crops are white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and Chinese mustard (Brassica juncea Gzem.). The world acreage under the mustard crops is about 3,0 million hectares (in Ukraine there are about 100 thousand hectares). Other oil producing crops from the cabbage family such as spring winter cress (Brassica campestris L.), winter rape (Brassica rapa oleifera DC), winter false flax (Camelina sativa subsp. pilosa N. Zinge), spring false flax (Camelina sativa var. Glabrata (DC.), oily radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers) and black mustard (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch) occupy only a small area, while the Abyssinian mustard (Crambe abyssinica Hosts. ex. RE Fr.) is not grown in our country at all. It is impossible to obtain high and stable yields of all agricultural crops without protection of plants from the harmful insects. The losses of the crops due to the pests are huge, especially during the mass reproduction of the insects. The entomocomplex of agroceonoses of oil producing cabbage crops is extremely rich and contains several hundred species. As a result of their vital functions more than 50% of the crops can be lost and as far as 25-55% growth increase in the yield can be reached due to the pollinating insects. Despite the short-term existence of agroceonoses of spring oil producing cabbage crops (90-120 days) their entomofauna is characterised by a considerable diversity of species composition. During the vegetation periods in 2007–2019 in the fields of the Educational, Research and Production Centre “Research Field” of Kharkiv National Agrarian University named after V.V. Dokuchaiev and the State Enterprise “Research Farm “Elitne” of the Institute of Plant Growing named after V.Ya. Yuriev of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine we have found 54 species of specialised and multi-faceted pests of oil producing cabbage crops that belong to eight lines and 22 families. Among them 29 species are the specialised pests and 25 are multi-faceted ones. The frequency of the pest species occurrence on the crops is the following: eight species (15%) populate the crops on a mass scale, six species (11%) are moderately spread, and 40 species (74%) have a low population density. The cabbage bug, mustard bug, ground cabbage aphid, rose chafer, rape blossom beetle, mesographe flea beetle, flea beetle and diamond black moth belong to the species that populate the crops on a mass scale. Among them four species belong to the Coleoptera line, two species belong to the Hemiptera line, one species belong to the Homoptera line and one species belong to the Lepidoptera line. The representatives of the Coleoptera line dominate; their proportion in the entomological community structure is 48% (26 species). The economic importance of these pests is not the same and greatly depends on the population density and phenophase of the crop development as well as on weather conditions.
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Davydova, Svetlana Aleksandrovna, Mikhail Evgenievich Chaplygin, and Roman Andreevich Popov. "Fiber flax and hemp cultiation, seed breeding and seed production technical equipment." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i4pp72-78.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the issues of technological infrastructure for performing production steps during the cultivation, harvesting and post-harvest processing of fiber flax and industrial hemp in breeding and primary seed production; the current state of production of these industrial crops is covered as well. The main developers and manufacturers of machinery and equipment for breeding and primary seed production are presented. The main problems have been identified in the mechanization of breeding and seed production of fiber flax (shortage of domestic dedicated equipment for the sowing stages [drills having a row spacing of 6 cm and a sowing depth of 2 cm] and harvesting [flax pullers, flax turners, fluffers, and balers]) and industrial hemp: this is mechanization of the sowing and harvesting of crops, since general-purpose machines perform all other production steps (tillage, fertilizer application and crop tending.) The main areas of the development of mechanization of breeding and seed production of industrial crops have been determined.
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Lee, Jung-Hoon, Im-Rak Choi, and Hyun-Su Choi. "Immediate Effects of Ankle–Foot Orthosis Using Wire on Static Balance of Patients with Stroke with Foot Drop: A Cross-Over Study." Healthcare 8, no. 2 (April 28, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8020116.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate static balance effects of bare foot, UD-Flex ankle–foot orthosis (AFO), and AFO using wire (AOW) of patients with stroke with foot drop. Seventeen patients with stroke with foot drop (8 men and 9 women) were randomized to three conditions (bare foot, UD-Flex AFO, or AOW made with a flexible material). Static balance was assessed using the Zebris (Zebris GmbH, Isny, Germany) and BioRescue (RM Ingenierie, Rodez, France) pressure platform by a single examiner, who did not design the AOW. The order of testing with the equipment was random. The center of pressure path length (mm) measured using Zebris showed significant differences among the three conditions (bare foot, 484.47 ± 208.42; UD-Flex AFO, 414.59 ± 144.43; AOW, 318.29 ± 157.60) (p < 0.05). The bare-foot condition was not significantly different from the UD-Flex AFO condition (p > 0.05), but was significantly different from the AOW condition (p < 0.05). The surface area ellipse (mm2) measured using BioRescue showed significant differences among the three conditions (bare foot, 241.35 ± 153.76; UD-Flex AFO, 277.41 ± 381.83; AOW, 68.06 ± 48.98) (p < 0.05). The bare-foot condition was not significantly different from the UD-Flex AFO condition (p > 0.05), but the AOW condition was significantly different from the bare-foot (p < 0.05) and from the UD-Flex AFO conditions (p < 0.05). We suggest using the AOW made of flexible materials and wire instead of the UD-Flex AFO to improve immediate static balance of patients with stroke with foot drop after stroke. Further studies on the effects of dynamic balance and gait are required.
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Khakbazan, M., C. A. Grant, R. B. Irvine, R. M. Mohr, D. L. McLaren, and M. Monreal. "Influence of alternative management methods on the economics of flax production in the Black Soil Zone." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 89, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 903–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps08179.
Full textAbstract:
Studies were conducted at two locations on two Orthic Black Chernozemic soils over 4 yr to evaluate the economic effects of tillage system, preceding crop, phosphorus (P) fertilization of the preceding crop, and P fertilizer application on flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) production. Canola (Brassica napus L.), a non-mycorrhizal crop, and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), a mycorrhizal crop, were grown as the preceding crops under conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) systems, with 0, 11 and 22 kg P ha-1 applied as monoammonium phosphate (MAP). The following year, flax was planted with application of 0 or 11 kg P ha-1 as MAP side-banded at seeding. Tillage method had no impact on the net revenue of wheat or canola at either location when averaged over the 2 yr of study. Net revenue of flax was higher ($32 ha-1 to $95 ha-1) when preceded by wheat compared to canola regardless of tillage system or location. Net revenue averaged across the complete crop sequences was higher ($36 ha-1 to $62 ha-1) under RT than CT. Lower net revenue variability was also associated with use of RT management, and when wheat was the preceding crop. Changes in commodity prices and input costs had little effect on the relative rankings of the treatments. Flax production with wheat as a preceding crop together with RT and lesser use of P application was the most economical treatment under current input and output prices. Key words: Preceding crops, tillage, p fertilizer, net revenue
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George, David, Gordon Port, and Rosemary Collier. "Living on the Edge: Using and Improving Trap Crops for Flea Beetle Management in Small-Scale Cropping Systems." Insects 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10090286.
Full textAbstract:
The use of trap crops to manage pest insects offers an attractive alternative to synthetic pesticides. Trap crops may work particularly well at smaller production scales, being highly amenable where crop diversification and reduction of synthetic inputs are prioritised over yield alone. This paper describes a series of experiments. The first was to demonstrate the potential of turnip rape (Brassica rapa L., var. Pasja) as a trap crop to arrest flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) to protect a main crop of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L., var. Lateman). The subsequent experiments explored two possible approaches to improve the function of the trap crop—either by separating trap and main crop plants spatially, or by introducing companion plants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv Amateur) into the main crop. In caged field experiments, feeding damage by flea beetles to crop border plantings of turnip rape far exceeded damage to cauliflower plants placed in the same position, indicating a “trap crop effect”. Neither turnip rape plants nor cauliflower as a border significantly reduced flea beetle damage to main crop cauliflower plants, although the numbers of feeding holes in these plants were lowest where a turnip rape border was used. In similar cages, leaving gaps of 3–6 m of bare soil between turnip rape and cauliflower plants significantly reduced feeding damage to the latter, as compared to when plants were adjacent. The results of a small-scale open field trial showed that a turnip rape trap crop alone reduced flea beetle damage to cauliflower, significantly so later in the season at higher pest pressures, but that addition of tomato companion plants did not improve pest control potential.
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Cessna, A. J., A. L. Darwent, L. Townley-Smith, K. N. Harker, and K. Kirkland. "Residues of glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA in field pea, barley and flax seed following preharvest applications." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-094.
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Maximum residue levels have been established by Health Canada for seed of several crops treated with preharvest applications of glyphosate, a common practice on the Canadian prairies. Residues of glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were determined at crop maturity in flax seed at one site in western Canada and in the seed and straw of field pea and barley at another site following preharvest applications of the herbicide. Glyphosate was applied at rates of 0.45, 0.9 and 1.7 kg ha-1 to each crop in early August to mid-September at four stages of crop development. In all crops, mean residues of glyphosate and AMPA increased with increasing application rate of glyphosate and decreased when the herbicide was applied at later stages of crop development. Key words: Glyphosate residues, AMPA residues, barley, field pea, flax, preharvest treatment
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Bourgeois, Luc, and Martin H. Entz. "Influence of previous crop type on yield of spring wheat: Analysis of commercial field data." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-080.
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Although rotational benefits of non-cereal crops have been observed in small plot research trials few quantitative data are available on a field scale. In this study, field data of farmers from the Manitoba Crop Insurance Corporation were analysed to compare yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following different crops. The yield of wheat following wheat was used as a basis of comparison among crop sequences. The yield data were collected between 1982 and 1993 from fields 64 ha in size, located throughout the province of Manitoba. During this period, the yield of wheat following flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), peas (Pisum sativum L.), and canola (Brassica napus L.), on average was 16%, 11%, and 8% higher, respectively, than wheat following wheat. In one year, the yield of wheat was increased by as much as 41% following a field pea crop. Key words: Crop rotation, barley, canola, flax, field pea, wheat
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Васин, Vasiliy Vasin, Тулькубаева, Saniya Tulkubaeva, Абуова, and Altynay Abuova. "THE OILSEED FLAX VARIETIES ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING OF RUSSIAN SELECTION IN KOSTANAI AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE." Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 1, no. 2 (May 5, 2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/19058.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of researches is isolation and selection of source material of flax and the best typical alife plants unable to further their involvement in the selection process. Linen oilseed is a valuable crops that are widely used in the industry. From it the oil and cheap vegetable protein for animal husbandry are made. Linseed contains up to 48% oil, which is used in the form of food and industrial raw materials for number of industries. Introduction of new varieties of flax, combining high productivity and drought resistance, is the main means of improving this crop yields. In the experiment on ecological strain testing it was studied 10 varieties of oil flax selection by All-Russia Research Institute of Oil Crops and Siberian Experimental Station of All-Russia Research Institute of Oil Crops. Standard is variety of Kustanaiskii yantar. The replication of experience fourfould, the method of comparison. The area of the plot – 40 m2. The seeding rate of 7 million seeds/ha. On average for the period 2009-2014 most were maturing varieties of flax Bizon, VNIIMK 620 – 76 days. The tallest are varieties Linol – 62 cm, Severnyi, Sokol – 60 cm. The optimal indexes on the structure of crop noted at sorts Severnyi (number of boxes on one plant – 45, number of seed in box – 9, mass of 1000 seed – 7.4 g) and the Legur (number of boxes on one plant – 54, number of seed in box – 8, mass of 1000 seed – 6.5 g). Highest productivity, higher standard, formed a varieties of oilseed flax Bison (yield – 16.8 c/ga, oil – 39.6%), Rucheek (yield – 14.2 c/ga, oil – 43.1%), Severnyi (yield – 14.0 c/ga, oil – 43.6%).
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Dexter, Jody E., Amit J. Jhala, Melissa J. Hills, Rong-Cai Yang, Keith C. Topinka, Randall J. Weselake, and Linda M. Hall. "Quantification and Mitigation of Adventitious Presence of Volunteer Flax (Linum usitatissimum) in Wheat." Weed Science 58, no. 1 (March 2010): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-09-104.1.
Full textAbstract:
Global expansion in the cultivation of genetically engineered (GE) crops has raised concerns about the adventitious presence of GE seeds in non-GE and organic products. Flax is the second most important oilseed crop in western Canada and is currently being evaluated as a potential platform for the production of bio-products. Before transgenic flax is released for commercial production, mitigation measures must be identified to reduce the adventitious presence in subsequent crops. To quantify adventitious presence of volunteer flax in spring wheat and to identify the efficacy of herbicide treatments on mitigating volunteer flax adventitious presence, research was conducted at four locations during 2005 and 2006 in central Alberta. To simulate artificial volunteer populations, flax was seeded prior to wheat at a target population of 150 plants m−2. In the untreated control, volunteer flax seed yield was 135 kg ha−1, which resulted in adventitious presence of 8.57% in spring wheat. When left uncontrolled, volunteer flax reduced wheat yields ∼57% and resulted in volunteer flax seed production of 4,755 seeds m−2. A single PRE treatment of glyphosate or glyphosate plus tribenuron reduced volunteer flax density from 39 to 4 and 6 plants m−2, respectively, seed production from 4,755 to < 58 seeds m−2, and volunteer flax seed viability from 55 to < 40%. POST herbicides, fluroxypyr plus MCPA and fluroxypyr plus 2,4-D, reduced volunteer flax seed production as low as 0.6 and 0.0 seeds m−2, respectively, adventitious presence to 0.64 and 0.03%, respectively, and seed viability to ≤ 10%. Combination of glyphosate applied PRE followed by fluroxypyr plus 2,4-D or by thifensulfuron plus tribenuron plus quinclorac applied POST reduced adventitious presence of volunteer flax in wheat to near 0%. These treatment combinations were also effective for reducing volunteer flax fecundity to 0.0 and 7.1 seeds m−2, respectively, and volunteer flax seed viability to 0 and 5%, respectively. This study demonstrated that with effective mitigation strategies, seed mediated gene flow from GE volunteer flax can be reduced.
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Blackshaw, Robert, Eric Johnson, Yantai Gan, William May, David McAndrew, Veronique Barthet, Tanya McDonald, and Dan Wispinski. "Alternative oilseed crops for biodiesel feedstock on the Canadian prairies." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 5 (September 2011): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-002.
Full textAbstract:
Blackshaw, R. E., Johnson, E. N., Gan, Y., May, W. E., McAndrew, D. W., Barthet, V., McDonald, T. and Wispinski, D. 2011. Alternative oilseed crops for biodiesel feedstock on the Canadian prairies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 889–896. Increased demand for biodiesel feedstock has encouraged greater napus canola (Brassica napus L.) production, but there may be a need for greater production of other oilseed crops for this purpose. A multi-site field study was conducted to determine the oil yield potential of various crops relative to that of napus canola in the semi-arid, short-season environment of the Canadian prairies. Oilseed crops evaluated included rapa canola (Brassica rapa L.), juncea canola (Brassica juncea L.), Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata L.), oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.), camelina (Camelina sativa L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Max.]. Crop emergence and growth were generally good for all crops, but soybean did not fully mature at some locations. The number of site-years (out of a total of 9) that crops attained similar or greater yields compared to napus canola were camelina (6), oriental mustard (5), juncea canola (3), flax (3), soybean (3), rapa canola (2), yellow mustard (2), and Ethiopian mustard (1). The ranking of seed oil concentration was napus canola=rapa canola= juncea canola=flax>camelina=oriental mustard>Ethiopian mustard>yellow mustard>soybean. Considering yield and oil concentration, the alternative oilseed crops exhibiting the most potential for biodiesel feedstock were camelina, flax, rapa canola and oriental mustard. Oils of all crops were easily converted to biodiesel and quality analyses indicated that all crops would be suitable for biodiesel feedstock with the addition of antioxidants that are routinely utilized in biodiesel fuels.
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Mol, L. "Formation of microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae on various crops." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 43, no. 2 (June 1, 1995): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v43i2.577.
Full textAbstract:
In 2 pot experiments, potato (cultivars Element, Mirka, Ostara and Astarte), pea, sugarbeet, onion, flax, spring barley, faba beans, spring wheat and spring rape were inoculated with V. dahliae by root dipping or by growing the plants in artificially infested soil. In both treatments the dry matter yield and formation of microsclerotia were determined for aerial parts. In plants grown in infested soil, the DW and microsclerotia formation were determined in stubbles and roots as well. The highest numbers of microsclerotia per g plant material and per pot in the root dipping treatment were found on potato, flax and barley. The microsclerotia density on potato cv. Element, pea and barley was higher in the root dipping treatment than in the soil infestation treatment. The reverse was true for potato cultivars Ostara and Mirka. Dry matter yield of the harvestable organs of potato cultivars Element and Astarte, flax, sugarbeet and barley was lower in the root dipping treatment than in the soil infestation treatment. The greatest inter-crop differences in the microsclerotia yield/pot were in the aerial parts. Flax gave the highest numbers of microsclerotia/pot, followed by the 4 potato cultivars. The other crops had a much lower microsclerotia yield. It is suggested that the results will be useful for modelling effects of various crops on the soil population at crop and farm level.
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Huff, Jonathan A., Daniel B. Reynolds, Darrin M. Dodds, and J. Trenton Irby. "Glyphosate Tolerance in Enhanced Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)." Weed Technology 24, no. 3 (September 2010): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-183.1.
Full textAbstract:
Glyphosate applied to glyphosate-resistant (RR) cotton varieties after the four-leaf stage can decrease boll retention resulting in severe yield reductions. Enhanced glyphosate-resistant cotton (RR Flex), released for commercial use in 2006, offers a wider window of glyphosate applications without the risk of yield loss. However, no data exist regarding the effect of glyphosate application, especially late season applications, on fruit partitioning in RR Flex cotton. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of glyphosate rate and application timing on RR Flex cotton yield and fruit partitioning compared with current RR cotton. Studies were conducted during a 3-yr period (2004 to 2006), throughout the cotton growing regions of Mississippi. Roundup Ready (ST 4892 Bollgard/Roundup Ready [BR]) and Roundup Ready Flex (Mon 171 Enhanced Roundup Ready and ST 4554 Bollgard II/Roundup Ready Flex [B2RF]) cotton was planted, and glyphosate was applied at various rates and cotton growth stages. Data were collected using box mapping, a technique designed to depict yield partitioning on a cotton plant. RR Flex cotton yields were unaffected by glyphosate application timing or rate. Yields for ST 4892 BR were affected by application timings after the sixth leaf. ST 4892 BR had increased yield partitioning to position-three bolls and upper nodes with later application timings of glyphosate. Increases in seed cotton partitioned to higher nodes and outer fruiting positions were unable to compensate for fruit shed from innermost, lower fruiting sites. These data indicate that RR Flex cotton has excellent tolerance to late-season glyphosate applications.
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Jenny, Bernhard, Tom Patterson, and Lorenz Hurni. "Flex Projector–Interactive Software for Designing World Map Projections." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 59 (March 1, 2008): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp59.245.
Full textAbstract:
Flex Projector is a free, open-source, and cross-platform software application that allows cartographers to interactively design custom projections for small-scale world maps. It specializes in cylindrical, and pseudocylindrical projections, as well as polyconical projections with curved parallels. Giving meridians non-uniform spacing is an option for all classes of projections. The interface of Flex Projector enables cartographers to shape the projection graticule, and provides visual and numerical feedback to judge its distortion properties. The intended users of Flex Projector are those without specialized mathematical expertise, including practicing mapmakers and cartography students. The pages that follow discuss why the authors developed Flex Projector, give an overview of its features, and introduce two new map projections created by the authors with this new software: the A4 and the Natural Earth projection.
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Kryvosheieva, L. M., V. I. Chuchvaha, and N. M. Kandyba. "Formation and composition of training flax collection." Genetičnì resursi roslin (Plant Genetic Resources), no. 26 (2020): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.36814/pgr.2020.26.06.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. Based on the results of multi-year research into the flax gene pool, to form a flax training collection to provide breeding scientific organizations and educational institutions with collection samples as well as with information about the bast crop gene pool. Results and Discussion. The studies were conducted in the crop rotation fields for breeding and seed production of the Institute of Bast Crops of the NAAS (Hlukhiv, Sumska Oblast) in 1992-2018. The field measurements and laboratory analyses were carried out in accordance with conventional methods of field and laboratory studies of collection flax samples.The article presents the results on the formation of a training collection of flax at the Institute of Bast Crops of the NAAS, which has 117 accessions (11 botanical species and three varieties) from 22 countries. In addition to species diversity, the collection includes accessions with different levels of expression of valuable economic and biological characteristics. It also includes accessions selected by phenotypic variability of individual characters or their combinations. The multi-year research into the flax collection accessions resulted in identification of sources of highly-expressed valuable economic traits, which are of interest for the plant breeding course. The history of flax breeding in Ukraine is shown, where breeding varieties that are most widespread or were significant breeding achievements in solving certain problems, are presented. The collection can be used as a visual aid for the plant breeding course in educational programs; in addition, it can provide starting material for scientific and educational institutions. The collection is registered with the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (certificate No. 00273 dated 04/11/2019). Conclusions. The studies of accessions from the national flax collection allowed us to build up a training collection and register it with the NCPGRU. The collection represents a wide range of biological and economic features of the gene pool of this crop. The collection can be used in the educational process of educational agricultural and biological institutions. The multi-year research into the national flax collection resulted in identification of sources of highly-expressed valuable economic traits, which are of interest to the plant breeding course. The history of flax breeding in Ukraine got covered, and breeding varieties that are most widespread or were significant breeding achievements in solving certain problems are presented.
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Wise, I. L., and R. J. Lamb. "SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF PLANT BUGS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON OILSEED FLAX (LINACEAE) AND THEIR EFFECT ON YIELD." Canadian Entomologist 132, no. 3 (June 2000): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent132369-3.
Full textAbstract:
Plant bugs, Lygus Kelton, damage many crops in western Canada (Kelton 1980; Wise and Lamb 1998; Wise et al. 2000), the common species in Manitoba being Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), Lygus borealis (Kelton), and Lygus elisus Van Duzee (Gerber and Wise 1995). Reports of plant bugs on flax, Linum usitatissimum L., are limited to an oviposition study (Painter 1927) and anecdotal descriptions of feeding damage in Canada (Beirne 1972) and Europe (Ferguson and Fitt 1991). In western Canada, flax is grown as an oilseed crop on about 600 000 ha annually (Canada Grains Council 1999). The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the species of plant bugs in oilseed flax, (ii) their ability to complete development in flax, (iii) the number of generations they complete, and (iv) the yield loss they cause.
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Blackshaw, R. E., and C. W. Lindwall. "Species, herbicide and tillage effects on surface crop residue cover during fallow." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 75, no. 4 (November 1, 1995): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss95-079.
Full textAbstract:
Fallow continues to be a common agronomic practice on the Canadian prairies but it has been associated with increased soil erosion. Risk of fallow erosion can be reduced by maintaining adequate levels of crop residue on the soil surface. Field experiments were conducted at Lethbridge, Alberta from 1991 to 1993 to determine if commonly grown prairie crops differ in their rates of crop residue degradation during fallow and to assess the effect of herbicides and wide-blade tillage on loss of crop residues. The ranking of crop residue losses during fallow was lentil > canola > rye > barley > wheat > flax. High N content in residues usually increased the rate of biomass loss. Flax straw, perhaps because of its high lignin content, did not follow this pattern and was the most persistent of all crop residues. Up to three applications of the herbicides, glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-D, at recommended rates did not alter field degradation of any of these crops. These herbicides maintained greater amounts of anchored and total surface crop residues than wide-blade tillage during both fallow seasons. Results are discussed in terms of crops grown before fallow, weed control during fallow, and maintenance of sufficient surface plant residues to reduce the risk of soil erosion. Key words: Glyphosate, paraquat, 2,4-D, reduced tillage, soil erosion, stubble retention
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Jhala, Amit J., Lisa L. Raatz, Jody E. Dexter, and Linda M. Hall. "Adventitious Presence: Volunteer Flax (Linum usitatissimum) in Herbicide-Resistant Canola (Brassica napus)." Weed Technology 24, no. 3 (September 2010): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-09-00003.1.
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Flax is in the process of development as a crop for bio-industrial and nutraceutical products predicated on the use of genetic modification. Before genetically modified (GM) flax is commercially released, effective management practices should be developed to minimize adventitious presence (AP) of GM volunteer flax in subsequent crops. Field research was conducted at four locations during 2007 and 2008 in central Alberta to quantify and mitigate AP of volunteer flax in glufosinate-resistant (GR) and imidazolinone-resistant (IR) canola. A single preplant application of glyphosate at 1,250 g ae ha−1in GR canola reduced volunteer flax density from 54 to 3 plants m−2and seed production from 5,963 to 233 seeds m−2. Similarly, the recommended rate of POST glufosinate (600 g ai ha−1) alone effectively controlled volunteer flax and reduced flax seed viability to < 8% and AP to 0.2%. A combination of preplant (glyphosate) and POST (glufosinate) at recommended rates reduced volunteer flax seed production, yield, and AP to near zero in GR canola. Glyphosate applied preplant was equally effective in IR canola, reducing volunteer flax density from 56 to 2 plants m−2, and seed production from 5,571 to 472 seeds m−2. Imazamox + imazethapyr applied POST at all the rates poorly controlled volunteer flax and, even in combination with preplant glyphosate, cannot be recommended for control of flax volunteers in IR canola.
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Dexter, Jody E., Amit J. Jhala, Rong-Cai Yang, Melissa J. Hills, Randall J. Weselake, and Linda M. Hall. "Harvest Loss and Seed Bank Longevity of Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Implications for Seed-Mediated Gene Flow." Weed Science 59, no. 1 (March 2011): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00047.1.
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Flax is a minor oilseed crop in Canada largely exported to the European Union for use as a source of industrial oil and feed ingredient. While flax could be genetically engineered (GE) to enhance nutritional value, the adoption of transgenic technologies threatens conventional flax market acceptability. Harvest seed loss of GE crops and the persistence of GE crop volunteers in the seed bank are major factors influencing transgene persistence. Ten commercial fields in Alberta, Canada, were sampled after harvesting conventional flax in 2006 and 2007, and flax seed density and viability were determined. Additionally, artificial seed banks were established at two locations in Alberta in 2005 and 2006 to quantify persistence of five conventional flax cultivars with variability in seed coat color (yellow or brown) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3cisΔ9,13,15) content (3 to 55%) at three soil depths (0, 3, or 10 cm). Harvest methods influenced seed loss and distribution, > 10-fold more seed was distributed beneath windrows than between them. Direct harvested fields had more uniform seed distribution but generally higher seed losses. The maximum yield loss was 44 kg ha−1or 2.3% of the estimated crop yield. Seed loss and the viability of flax seed were significantly influenced by year, presumably because weather conditions prior to harvest influenced the timing and type of harvest operations. In artificial seed bank studies, seed coat color or ALA content did not influence persistence. Flax seed viability rapidly declined in the year following burial with < 1% remaining midsummer in the year following burial but there were significant differences between years. In three of four locations, there was a trend of longer seed persistence at the deepest burial depth (10 cm). The current study predicts that seed-mediated gene flow may be a significant factor in transgene persistence and a source of adventitious presence.
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Matsuda, Yoshikazu, Dong-Kyu Jang, Joonho Chung, John Michael Wainwright, and Demetrius Lopes. "Preliminary outcomes of single antiplatelet therapy for surface-modified flow diverters in an animal model: analysis of neointimal development and thrombus formation using OCT." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 11, no. 1 (May 26, 2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-013935.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the rate of neointimal development and thrombus formation of surface-modified flow diverters in single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a porcine model.MethodsWe divided 10 experimental pigs into two groups. One group (n=6) received dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and the other group (n=4) received SAPT. Four stents (two per carotid artery) were implanted in both groups. The stents used were the Pipeline Flex embolization device (PED Flex), Pipeline Flex with Shield technology (PED Shield), and the Solitaire AB stent. All animals underwent weekly angiography and OCT. The OCT data were analyzed using the following measurements: neointimal ratio ((stent – lumen area)/stent area), stent-coverage ratio (number of stent struts covered by neointima/total stent struts), and the presence or absence of thrombus formation per 1 mm cross-section.ResultsPED Flex and Shield in the SAPT group had higher neointimal ratios than in the DAPT group (P<0.001, respectively). In the DAPT group, the speed of endothelial growth on day 7 in the PED Shield group was higher than that in the PED Flex group (P<0.001). In the SAPT group, PED Flex demonstrated significantly more thrombus formation on day 7 than PED Shield (P<0.001).ConclusionsThe PED Shield stent showed faster endothelial growth than the other devices and comparable neointimal volume. There was significantly less thrombus formation on PED Shield than PED Flex when using SAPT in a porcine model.
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Saleem, Muhammad Hamzah, Shafaqat Ali, Saddam Hussain, Muhammad Kamran, Muhammad Sohaib Chattha, Shoaib Ahmad, Muhammad Aqeel, et al. "Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): A Potential Candidate for Phytoremediation? Biological and Economical Points of View." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 13, 2020): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040496.
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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oil seed crop that is mostly cultivated in temperate climates. In addition to many commercial applications, flax is also used as a fibrous species or for livestock feed (animal fodder). For the last 40 years, flax has been used as a phytoremediation tool for the remediation of different heavy metals, particularly for phytoextraction when cultivated on metal contaminated soils. Among different fibrous crops (hemp, jute, ramie, and kenaf), flax represents the most economically important species and the majority of studies on metal contaminated soil for the phytoextraction of heavy metals have been conducted using flax. Therefore, a comprehensive review is needed for a better understanding of the phytoremediation potential of flax when grown in metal contaminated soil. This review describes the existing studies related to the phytoremediation potential of flax in different mediums such as soil and water. After phytoremediation, flax has the potential to be used for additional purposes such as linseed oil, fiber, and important livestock feed. This review also describes the phytoremediation potential of flax when grown in metal contaminated soil. Furthermore, techniques and methods to increase plant growth and biomass are also discussed in this work. However, future research is needed for a better understanding of the physiology, biochemistry, anatomy, and molecular biology of flax for increasing its pollutant removal efficiency.
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Bushnev, A. S., G. I. Orekhov, S. P. Podlesny, Yu V. Mamyrko, and T. N. Luchkina. "Protection of oil flax of weeds." Oil Crops 4, no. 184 (December 25, 2020): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2020-4-184-38-44.
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Potential seed yield of the modern oil flax varieties is equal to 2.5–3.0 t per ha, and its real meanings in 2019 in average in Russia was 0.83 t per ha, in the Southern federal region – 0.77 t per ha. One of the reasons of such low productivity of the crop is poorly effective measures of weed control. We studied the methods of herbicides application to select the most effective ones in 2019–2020 in a zone of unstable moistening (Krasnodar) on leached black soil and in a zone of insufficient moistening of the south of Russia (Oporny settl., Rostov region) on typical black soil in sowings of oil flax varieties FLIZ and Raduga bred at VNIIMK. We established the best way of a chemical plant protection of oil flax against weeds is a separate application of the herbicides Secator Turbo, MD (0.1 I per ha) and Miura, EC (1.2 l per ha). This variant did not demonstrate a negative effect of preparations on the crop and caused yield increase up to 0.20 t per ha. Also the high flax productivity, at the level of control variant with hand weeding of crops, were stated under separate application of the herbicides Magnum and Miura, Tifi and Miura. We recommended using these methods of herbicides application in zones of unstable and insufficient moistening of the south of Russia. We do not recommend to treat the crops with the herbicide Tifi after before-soeing application of Frontier Optima or Dual Gold and with tank mixture Magnum + Miura, Tifi + Miura, Secator Turbo + Miura due to their phytotoxic impact on the crop and negative effect on the indicators of plant productivity.
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Vera, C. L., S. D. Duguid, S. L. Fox, K. Y. Rashid, J. C. P. Dribnenki, and F. R. Clarke. "Short Communication: Comparative effect of lodging on seed yield of flax and wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 1 (January 2012): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-031.
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Vera, C. L., Duguid, S. D., Fox, S. L., Rashid, K. Y., Dribnenki, J. C. P. and Clarke, F. R. 2012. Short Communication: Comparative effect of lodging on seed yield of flax and wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 39–43. Lodging may limit crop productivity and hinder the normal process of harvesting crops. Results from 16 yr (1994–2009) of the Flax Co-operative test and from 29 yr (1981–2009) of the Central Bread Wheat Co-operative test, conducted annually for the evaluation of advanced breeding lines at various locations in the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, were used to determine the effect of lodging on the seed yield of these two crop species. Seed yield data were regressed on corresponding lodging scores (1–9 scale) collected from field evaluations. Lodging was more frequently a problem in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) than in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), with average seed yield reductions of 32% and 16%, respectively, when lodging was most severe. Disease has been observed in association with the occurrence of lodging in flax. Further research is necessary to elucidate the participation of airborne and soil microorganisms, particularly pasmo, caused by Septoria linicola (Speg.) Garassini, in the mode and degree to which flax is subjected to, and affected by, lodging.
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Wise, I. L., R. J. Lamb, and E. O. Kenaschuk. "EFFECTS OF THE POTATO APHID MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON OILSEED FLAX, AND STAGE-SPECIFIC THRESHOLDS FOR CONTROL." Canadian Entomologist 127, no. 2 (April 1995): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent127213-2.
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AbstractThe potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), infests oilseed flax, Linum usitatissimum L., when the crop is flowering and developing seeds. Field studies in cages, open plots, and commercial fields showed that the aphid can cause yield losses of 20% or more, but reduces the weight of individual seeds only slightly and has no effect on oil quality. A single application of a foliar insecticide at full bloom or the green boll stage will control the potato aphid until harvest. The yield loss of flax is 0.021 t/ha per aphid per plant for crops sampled at full bloom and 0.008 t/ha per aphid per plant for crops sampled at the green boll stage. The economic threshold for the potato aphid in flax is three aphids per plant at full bloom and eight aphids per plant at the green boll stage, based on crop prices and control costs from 1990 to 1992. Aphids should be controlled as soon as the economic threshold is exceeded. If control is not warranted at full bloom, aphid densities should be assessed again at the green boll stage. The effective use of growth-stage-specific sampling and economic thresholds will maximize the benefits of insecticide use for producers and minimize unnecessary or ineffectively timed applications.
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Prymak, I., S. Levandovska, O. Panchenko, I. Panchenko, M. Voytovik, V. Karpenko, and І. Martyniuk. "Biological activity of typical chernozemic soil under different systems of main tillage and crops fertilisation of a short crop rotation." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(153) (December 18, 2019): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2019-153-2-43-58.
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The influence of four main tillage systems and four fertilization systems on biological reactivity of a plow layer of typical chernozemic soil under agrophytocenosis of five crops was investigated during four year research (2016–2019) of the stationary field grain row crop rotation. Loss of mass of flax linen in a plow layer of soil during two months of the study characterizing the intensity of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms under beard, beardless, differential and disc tillage made correspondingly 24.5; 22.7; 23.4 and 23.3 % – for soybeans; 16.3; 15.7; 15.9 and 16.2 % for winter wheat, 24.1; 22.8; 24.7 and 22.6 % – for sunflowers, 27.7; 24.1; 25.1 and 23.7 % – for spring barley, 21.9; 19.9; 22.4 and 19.0 % – for corn. Steady surface and beardless tillage strengthen the differentiation of a plow layer according to the intensity indices of flax linen decomposing while the beard one tillage decreases. The most heterogenic plow layer was observed under beardless tillage; it was a bit lower under disk tillage in a crop rotation. The intensity of flax linen decomposing on the top of a plow layer (0–10 cm) is the highest under beardless tillage and the lowest under beard tillage, while in the bottom (20–30 cm) of a plow layer an inverse relation can be observed. The intensity of carbon dioxide production by the soil under soybeans, winter wheat and spring barley is the highest under beard tillage and the lowest it is for soybeans under beardless and differential tillage, for winter wheat, sunflowers and spring barley under beardless tillage and for corn under disc tillage. For sunflowers and corn this index is higher under differential rather than under beard tillage in a crop rotation. The biological reactivity of a plow layer of a typical chornozemic soil increases as the fertilizers application rates increase. Crop rotation productivity is almost at the same level under beard and beard-beardless tillage in a crop rotation. Systematic beardless and surface disc tillage decreases this index significantly. Key words: soil, crop, crop rotation, tillage, fertilizers, flax linen, carbon dioxide, plow layer, heterogeneity.
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De St. Remy, E. Ann, and P. Ashley O'Sullivan. "Duration of Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Interference in Several Crops." Weed Science 34, no. 2 (March 1986): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500066832.
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Field studies were conducted over a 7-yr period at Lacombe, Alberta, to study the relationship between the duration of Tartary buckwheat interference [Fagopyrum tatarium(L.) Gaertn. # FAGTA] and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), oats (Avena sativaL.), wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), flax (Linum usitatissimumL.), and rapeseed (Brassica campestrisL.). The data were pooled over years and analyzed by multiple regression. The equations were as follows: ŷ = 15.46 + 0.39X1+ 0.00x2−0.11x3(barley), ŷ = −15.44 + 0.49x1+ 0.02x2+ 0.08x3(oats), ŷ = −2.04 + 0.39X1+ 0.05x2-0.03x3(wheat), ŷ = −4.38 + 1.14x1−0.04x2+ 0.01x3(flax), and ŷ = −13.85 + 0.40x1– 0.01x2+ 0.04x3(rapeseed); where ŷ was the estimated percent yield loss of the crop, x1was the duration (days) of the Tartary buckwheat in the crop, x2was the number of Tartary buckwheat plants/m2, and x3was the number of crop plants/m2. The time that Tartary buckwheat remains in the crop contributed most to the yield loss observed in all crops. Yield loss between 0.4 and 1.1% per day was attributed to this variable alone. For a given x1, x2, and x3value the order of percent yield loss was flax>oats>wheat> barley>rapeseed.
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Koval, G., M. Kaliyevskiy, V. Yeshchenko, I. Martyniuk, and N. Martyniuk. "Flat-cutting loosening in the system of fallow cultivation of chernozem soil and weediness of crops." Interdepartmental thematic scientific collection "Agriculture" 1, no. 92 (April 20, 2017): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/zem.92.78-84.
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The article presents the results of field experiments, where on the basis of podsolized heavy loamy chernozem the influence of replacement of mouldboard ploughing with nonmouldboard cultivation over top soil weediness, weediness at the beginning and end of spring crop vegetation and weed species composition before harve sting were studied. Investigation methods of main fall ploughing under spring crops of five-course rotation: soybeans–rape–wheat–flax–barley at the depths of 15-17, 20-22, 25-27 cm were conducted after post-harvest field tillage.
Analysis of data on contamination of the top soil with weed seeds have shown that with the replacement of fall main mouldboard ploughing gwith nonmouldboard cultivation the figure before sowing of all crops withdifferent tillage depthat crop rotation average increased by 131-132%. It caused the increase of actual weed infestation of all crops and at the beginning and end of spring crop vegetationafter different depths of fall nonmouldboard cultivation compared with ploughing at crop rotation average it was 120–132 and 123-138%respectively.
Species composition of weeds afterthe replacement of main fall mouldboard ploughing with nonmouldboard cultivation remained mainlyunchanged; although in rape plantings the proportion of white campion and early spring weed sincreased, in wheat plantings– wild mustard andscentless mayweed, insoybean plantings– late spring weeds, in flax plantings– white campion, and in barley plantings– scarlet pimpernel.