Journal articles on the topic 'Fleet-level evaluation'
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Schneider, Kellie, and C. Richard Cassady. "Evaluation and comparison of alternative fleet-level selective maintenance models." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 134 (February 2015): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2014.10.017.
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Bitetto, Isabella, Loretta Malvarosa, Jörg Berkenhagen, Maria Teresa Spedicato, Evelina Sabatella, and Ralf Döring. "Reconciling the economic and biological fishery data gathered through the European Data Collection Framework: A new R-tool." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): e0264334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264334.
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Fishing fleets and targeted stocks are the basis for the design of multiannual management plans at European or Mediterranean levels. Management Strategy Evaluation and bioeconomic modeling need data at a specific level of resolution in terms of time, area and type of fishing activity for analyzing measures for management procedures using simulations. Within the Data Collection Framework, data are to be aggregated at different levels, e.g.: fleet segment and métier, the former linked to the predominant gear and the size of the vessel and the latter to the activity itself. Fishing costs are collected by fleet segment, effort and landings by fleet segment and métier. Bioeconomic modeling for management purposes requires data at the same resolution. The aim of this paper is to describe a methodology, implemented in SECFISH R package, to disaggregate variable cost data from the fleet segment to the métier level. The presented tool allows to determine the correlation between the variable costs of a vessel and its activities to estimate costs at the activity level (e.g. métiers). The tool is applied to selected Italian fleet segments characterized by a variety of métiers and high dynamicity.
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Bauby, C. E., B. Charbonnier, P. Haik, S. Lacombe, J. Lonchampt, and E. Remy. "Asset Management Evaluation: A Pilot Case Study." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 1 (April 24, 2006): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2389032.
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The long term management of a production asset raises several major issues, among which rank the technical management of the plant, its economics, and the fleet level perspective one has to adopt. Decision makers are therefore faced with the need to define long term policies (up to the end of asset operation) that take into account multiple criteria including safety (which is paramount) and performance. In this paper we first remind the reader of the EDF three-level methodology for asset management. As introduced in PVP 2003 and PVP 2004, this methodology addresses the component/technical level (how to safely operate daily and invest for the future), the plant level (how to translate technical decisions into plant-wide consequences including economic performance), and the fleet level (how to manage a large number of similar assets). We then focus on the software tool that implements this methodology in order to allow decision makers to define, evaluate, and analyze long term plant operation and maintenance policies. Lastly we show how the methodology and the software tool were used on a pilot case study. The technical and economic results obtained at the plant level are described as well as the conclusions one can draw from them in order to help decision makers evaluate and analyze long term asset management strategies.
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Barjoveanu, George, Florenta Dinita, and Carmen Teodosiu. "Aging Passenger Car Fleet Structure, Dynamics, and Environmental Performance Evaluation at the Regional Level by Life Cycle Assessment." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 8443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148443.
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The need to limit climate change and to improve air quality clearly is a driver for technology and policy changes in the transport sector. This study investigates how this technology shift at the European level ages personal car fleets at the regional level in Romania through second-hand imports. It also asks what how the situation will evolve in terms of environmental impacts. The study presents an in-depth assessment of the environmental performance and evolution of the passenger car fleet in Iasi County (Romania). The analysis is based on the car fleet structure and dynamic statistics, and uses the Copert 5.5 model to estimate the specific use-phase emissions, which subsequently are used as input data into an LCA analysis. The study considers three scenarios regarding fleet evolution and environmental performance, and focuses solely on the use phase of passenger cars. It models exhaust emissions in various driving situations (rural, urban, hot-cold operation, and peak-offpeak traffic values) and considers the current environmental performance classes and age of vehicles in the fleet. The results show that by considering these vehicle performance aspects, impacts are better represented. The no-change scenario would lead to a 2.5 times increase of global warming impacts by 2035 as compared to 2020, while by limiting the import of used cars and increasing the share of electric and hybrid vehicles would lead to mitigating these impacts.
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Ildarkhanov, Radik. "Quality and Competitive Ability Evaluation Method Development Mobile Fleet." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 47, no. 1 (February 16, 2018): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.10547.
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The purpose of the article was to develop the evaluation method of mobile fleet. It is found that to evaluate production quality criterion of "integrated quality coefficient" is needed. Quality coefficient can be defined analytically. The author proposes the special formula to do this. Usage of analytical formula enables to conclude where one model excels the other, and where it is inferior. The formula validity check was performed. The research activities pursued by author enable to conclude that designed formula gives opportunity to evaluate product quality level objectively. Thus, competitive ability evaluation method resolves itself into choosing estimated product analogues and defining product quality coefficient using analytical method. Subsequently, prices and analogous product quality coordinates are put on two-coordinate field and dependency diagram of product price on its quality is built via least square method. Such method enables to evaluate quality and competitive ability of mobile fleet and make right choice.
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Schroer, Karsten, Wolfgang Ketter, Thomas Y. Lee, Alok Gupta, and Micha Kahlen. "Data-Driven Competitor-Aware Positioning in On-Demand Vehicle Rental Networks." Transportation Science 56, no. 1 (January 2022): 182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2021.1097.
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We study a novel operational problem that considers vehicle positioning in on-demand rental networks, such as car sharing in the wider context of a competitive market in which users select vehicles based on access. Existing approaches consider networks in isolation; our competitor-aware model takes supply situations of competing networks into account. We combine online machine learning to predict market-level demand and supply with dynamic mixed integer nonlinear programming. For evaluation, we use discrete event simulation based on real-world data from Car2Go and DriveNow. Our model outperforms conventional models that consider the fleet in isolation by a factor of two in terms of profit improvements. In the case we study, the highest theoretical profit improvements of 7.5% are achieved with a dynamic model. Operators of on-demand rental networks can use our model under existing market conditions to build a profitable competitive advantage by optimizing access for consumers without the need for fleet expansion. Model effectiveness increases further in realistic scenarios of fleet expansion and demand growth. Our model accommodates rising demand, defends against competitors’ fleet expansion, and enhances the profitability of own fleet expansions.
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Silva, Carlos A., and Carlos Guedes Soares. "Sizing a fleet of containerships for a given market." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 26, no. 4 (August 20, 2014): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v26i4.1387.
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The potential growth found inthe short sea shipping sector motivated the development of a methodology usedas a decision support tool in which both the parameters regarding the demand ofmarkets and the characteristics of the fleet may be tested for its evaluation.It is also possible to determine the fleet deployment, establishing its routesand scales in the ports for a particular scenario. The considered methodologymay be divided in two parts, being the first one related with the generation ofall feasible routes, alongside all the parameters specific to each route foreach vessel class. The second part is the introduction of a linear programmingmodel that maximizes the shipping operation’s total profit, according a givenset of restrictions. The models were structured according to three main criteria:the evaluation of the fleet for each vessel’s class; the optimal route for eachvessel and the frequency in each port. To provide the methodology’s validation,the developed models shall be submitted to a fictitious operational scenario,considering three different situations: the fleet’s normal operation; aparametric variation of required demand for the same fleet composition; anevaluation of several fleet compositions for the same demand level.
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Silberhorn, Daniel, Katrin Dahlmann, Alexander Görtz, Florian Linke, Jan Zanger, Bastian Rauch, Torsten Methling, Corina Janzer, and Johannes Hartmann. "Climate Impact Reduction Potentials of Synthetic Kerosene and Green Hydrogen Powered Mid-Range Aircraft Concepts." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 11, 2022): 5950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12125950.
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One of aviation’s major challenges for the upcoming decades is the reduction in its climate impact. As synthetic kerosene and green hydrogen are two promising candidates, their potentials in decreasing the climate impact is investigated for the mid-range segment. Evolutionary advancements for 2040 are applied, first with an conventional and second with an advanced low-NOx and low-soot combustion chamber. Experts and methods from all relevant disciplines are involved, starting from combustion, turbofan engine, overall aircraft design, fleet level, and climate impact assessment, allowing a sophisticated and holistic evaluation. The main takeaway is that both energy carriers have the potential to strongly reduce the fleet level climate impact by more than 75% compared with the reference. Applying a flight-level constraint of 290 and a cruise Mach number of 0.75, causing 5% higher average Direct Operating Costs (DOC), the reduction is even more than 85%. The main levers to achieve this are the advanced combustion chamber, an efficient contrail avoidance strategy, in this case a pure flight-level constraint, and the use of CO2 neutral energy carrier, in a descending priority order. Although vehicle efficiency gains only lead to rather low impact reduction, they are very important to compensate the increased costs of synthetic fuels or green hydrogen.
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Quintili, Alessio, and Beatrice Castellani. "The Energy and Carbon Footprint of an Urban Waste Collection Fleet: A Case Study in Central Italy." Recycling 5, no. 4 (October 7, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling5040025.
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Municipal solid waste collection and transport are functional activities in waste management, with a significant energy and carbon footprint and a significant effect on the urban environment. An issue related to municipal solid waste collection and transport is their regional and municipal implementation, affected by sorting and recycling strategies at local level. An efficient collection is necessary to optimize the whole recycling process. The present paper shows the results of an energy, environmental, and economic evaluation of a case study, analyzing the fleet used for municipal solid waste collection and transport in 10 municipalities in Central Italy. The current scenario was compared with alternative scenarios on the basis of some parameters for performance evaluation: vehicles’ energy consumption, carbon footprint, routes, and costs. Results show that for passenger cars, the alternative scenario based on an entire fleet of dual compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles led to a reduction of the CO2 emissions (−2675 kgCO2eq) in the analyzed period (January–August 2019) and a reduction of the energy consumption (−1.96 MJ km−1). An entire fleet of CNG vehicles led to an increase of CO2 emissions: +0.02 kgCO2eqkgwaste−1 (+110%) for compactors (35–75 q) and +0.09 kgCO2eqkgwaste−1 (+377%) for compactors (80–180 q). Moreover, both categories report a higher fuel consumption and specific energy consumption. For waste transport high-capacity vehicles, we propose the installation of a Stop-Start System, which leads to environmental and energy benefits (a saving of 38,332 kgCO2eq and 8.8 × 10−7 MJ km−1kgwaste−1). On three-wheeler vehicles, the installation of the Stop-Start System is completely disadvantageous.
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Parsa, Mahdi, Timothy J. Emery, Ashley J. Williams, and Simon Nicol. "An empirical Bayesian approach for estimating fleet- and vessel-level bycatch rates in fisheries with effort heterogeneity and limited data: a prospective tool for measuring bycatch mitigation performance." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa020.
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Abstract Minimizing fishing-induced mortality on bycatch and endangered, threatened or protected species is a necessity for fisheries managers. Estimating individual vessel bycatch rates by dividing the amount of bycatch by effort (nominal rate) can be biased, as it does not consider effort heterogeneity within the fleet and ignores prior knowledge of fleet bycatch rates. We develop an empirical Bayesian approach for estimating individual vessel and fleet bycatch rates that: (i) considers effort heterogeneity among vessels and; (ii) pools data from similar vessels for more accurate estimation. The proposed standardized bycatch rate of a vessel is, therefore, the weighted average of the pool rate and nominal rate of the vessel; where the weights are functions of the vessel’s fishing effort and a constant estimated from the model. We apply this inference method to the estimation of seabird bycatch rates in the component of the Australian Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery targeting yellowfin tuna. We illustrate the capability of the method for providing fishery managers with insights on fleet-wide bycatch mitigation performance and the identification of outperforming and underperforming vessels. This method can also be used by fishery managers to develop fleet-wide performance measures or quantitative evaluation standards.
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Liu, Dunnan, Tingting Zhang, Weiye Wang, Xiaofeng Peng, Mingguang Liu, Heping Jia, and Shu Su. "Two-Stage Physical Economic Adjustable Capacity Evaluation Model of Electric Vehicles for Peak Shaving and Valley Filling Auxiliary Services." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 8153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158153.
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A large number of renewable energy and EVs (electric vehicles) are connected to the grid, which brings huge peak shaving pressure to the power system. If we can make use of the flexible characteristics of EVs and effectively aggregate the adjustable resources of EVs to participate in power auxiliary services, this situation can be alleviated to a certain extent. In this paper, a two-stage physical and economic adjustable capacity evaluation model of EVs for peak shaving and valley filling ancillary services is constructed. The main steps are as follows: with the help of the deep learning ability of the AC (Actor-Critic) algorithm, the optimal physical charging scheme of EV fleet is determined to minimize the grid fluctuation under the travel constraints of private EVs, and the optimized charging power is transferred to the second stage. In the second stage, load aggregators encourage users to participate in ancillary services by setting subsidy prices. In this stage, the model constructs a user decision model based on a logistic function to describe the probability of users accepting dispatching instructions. With the goal of maximizing the revenue of load aggregators, the wolf colony algorithm is used to solve the optimal solution of the time-sharing subsidy level, and finally the economic adjustable capacity of the EV fleet considering the subjective decision of users is obtained.
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Nguyen, Thu Trang, Helmut Brunner, and Mario Hirz. "Towards a Holistic Sustainability Evaluation for Transport Alternatives." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n4p1.
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The transport sector is responsible for a broad range of ecologic impacts, e.g., energy consumption, greenhouse gas emission or air pollution. It is therefore highly important to assess transport solutions in terms of their sustainability. Widely used approaches for sustainability analysis in the transport sector include life cycle assessment (LCA), economic approach, multi-criteria decision analysis (MDCA), and assessments based on indicators. In practice, these approaches consist of several methods, i.e., product-based LCA, fleet-based LCA, cost benefit analysis (CBA), cost effectiveness analysis (CEA), value measurement MDCA, ideal-solution based MDCA, outranking MDCA, and indicator-based assessment. Even though there is a larger number of assessment methods, a holistic framework for sustainability evaluation of different transport solutions is still missing. Selection of suitable assessment methods depends on a vast array of factors. This paper proposes to utilise “application levels” for the selection process. Firstly, the paper provides an analysis of the application levels of the common assessment methods and evaluation criteria within the transport sector based on a literature review. The application levels are illustrated by identifying two dimensions, namely system level and decision-making level, ranging from Low to High. Afterwards, a six-step framework for a holistic evaluation of transport alternatives is proposed.
Keywords: sustainability assessment, economic approach, indicator-based assessment, life cycle assessment, multi-criteria decision analysis, sustainable transport
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Tomasz, Rudyk, Emilian Szczepański, and Marianna Jacyna. "Safety factor in the sustainable fleet management model." Archives of Transport 49, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2780.
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In the era of rapidly changing market and consumer needs, there are dynamic changes in the services offered. This also applies to the car fleet market. Currently, the approach to owning a vehicle is changing to other forms such as rental or subscription. Different types of funding are conducive to changes in the fleet management industry. More and more sophisticated services are offered for corporate clients, but also private customers. In the context of these changes, the approach to different aspects of vehicle use is also clarified, including what has been noticeable in recent years, increased interest in road safety, environmental issues and most importantly costs of use and possession of the vehicle. This puts high demands on fleet managers who sustainably need to match the structure of their fleets to the needs and capabilities of their customers while taking into account safety and ecology issues. This is a complicated task that requires decision-making assistance. This article addresses the support of the fleet manager decision, taking into account the sustainable management model. The article aimed to develop a model that takes into account the aspects of safety and ecology from the operator-financier the point of view. The result of the article is to provide a decision-making tool for the selection of vehicles and drivers, taking into account their characteristics to accomplish their tasks. The work presents the problem of fleet management, shows the characteristics of different forms of financing and the impact of market trends on the current approach to these problems. The analysis of safety aspects to the possibility of using different methods affecting its level was then presented. Another element of the article is a mathematical model of the problem of resources assignment for tasks. The developed model is universal and can be used for evaluation and optimisation. To this end, the function of the criterion has been formulated, taking into account the aspects of safety, ecology and financial aspects. It also takes into account the randomness of adverse events and the duration of the remaining appropriations in the out-of-order state. This Model can be used for the risk assessment of the driving staff. The developed model was implemented in the Flexsim environment for a computational example for a trading company. Computational experiments have indicated the correctness of the model and its high application potential, as well as further directions of model development to support complex management processes carried out by fleet managers.
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Thompson, B. D., and B. Wainscott. "Systematic Evaluation of U.S. Navy LM2500 Gas Turbine Condition." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 3 (June 19, 2002): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1451716.
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From an operational availability stand point, the U.S. Navy is interested in the short term reliability of its ship based LM2500 gas turbine engines. That is the likelihood that an engine will operate successfully through a six-month deployment (usually 1500 to 2000 operational hours). From a maintenance and cost of ownership standpoint both the short-term and long-term reliability are of concern. Long-term reliability is a measure in time (in operating hours) between engine removals. To address these requirements U.S. Navy Fleet support maintenance activities employ a system of tests and evaluations to determine the likelihood that an LM2500 will meet its short and long-term goals. The lowest level inspection is the predeployment inspection, which attempts to identify primarily mechanical faults with the engine. Gas Turbine Bulletin inspections are used to determine if predefined wear out modes exists. Performance evaluations can be performed which determine the ability of the LM2500 and its control system to meet expected power requirements. Lube oil system data can be analyzed to determine if excessive leakage or excessive scavenge temperatures exist. Engine vibration characteristics can be reviewed to identify the source of both synchronous and nonsynchronous vibration and determine if corrective measures need to be taken. This paper will discuss how the lowest level inspections feed the more sophisticated analysis and how these inspections and evaluations work to provide a systematic method of insuring both short and long-term LM2500 reliability.
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Lansberg, A. A., A. V. Vinogradov, and A. V. Vinogradova. "The structure of the park of power transformers with a higher voltage of 6-10 Kv on the example of the electric grid organization of the branch of pjsc «Rosseti center»-«Orelenergo», serving rural electric networks." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, no. 5 (January 9, 2022): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-5-34-45.
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THE PURPOSE. Evaluation of the power transformer fleet 6-10/0,23-0,4 kV on the example of a branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo».METHODS. In the work, based on the database of the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo», an analysis was made of the fleet of power transformers with a higher voltage of 6-10 kV in terms of their number, circuits and groups of connection of windings, rated power, terms of service, as well as energy efficiency classes, taking into account the current standards of the technical organization of PJSC «Rosseti».RESULTS. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that among the transformer fleet of the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo», the number of which is 6026 units, 4528 (73% of the total number) transformers have a circuit and a group of winding connections Y/Y0. The most numerous are transformers with rated capacities of 63 kVA, 100 kVA, 160 kVA, 250 kVA (respectively 853, 1454, 1252, 802 pieces of equipment). It was also revealed that only 268 transformers out of 6206, i.e. 4.3% of the total amount comply with the standard of PJSC «Rosseti» in terms of modern requirements for the level of energy efficiency class.CONCLUSION. A variant of the strategy for replacing power transformers in the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo» is proposed, within the framework of which trasformers with a given design, circuit and winding connection group, rated capacities and energy efficiency classes are replaced. The implementation of the strategy proposed in the work will make it possible to reduce total electricity losses by 2.3%, as well as increase the share of energy-efficient transformers from 4.3% to 20.4% in the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo».
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Chen, Hong Yun, Yan Qiang Li, Zi Hui Zhang, and Yong Wang. "Test Method for Decision Planning of Autonomous Vehicles Based on DQN Algorithm." E3S Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125303022.
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In February 2020, Beijing, China andCalifornia, USA respectively released road test reports of 2019 for autonomous vehicles. Beijing and California respectively represent the highest level of testing and application of autonomous vehicles in the two countries. This article will compare the test items, evaluation criteria and technical defects of each autonomous vehicle company in the road test reports of China and the United States, also analyze the existing problems, and propose an idea for the construction of a comprehensive test site for autonomous vehicles. This article aims to solve the prominently exposed problems in decision-making and planning in autonomous vehicles with DQN algorithm-base vehicle fleet, and to look forward to the future development trend of autonomous driving testing.
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Harach, Tomas, Petr Simonik, Adela Vrtkova, Tomas Mrovec, Tomas Klein, Joy Jason Ligori, and Martin Koreny. "Novel Method for Determining Internal Combustion Engine Dysfunctions on Platform as a Service." Sensors 23, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010477.
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This article deals with a unique, new powertrain diagnostics platform at the level of a large number of EU25 inspection stations. Implemented method uses emission measurement data and additional data from significant sample of vehicles. An original technique using machine learning that uses 9 static testing points (defined by constant engine load and constant engine speed), volume of engine combustion chamber, EURO emission standard category, engine condition state coefficient and actual mileage is applied. An example for dysfunction detection using exhaust emission analyses is described in detail. The test setup is also described, along with the procedure for data collection using a Mindsphere cloud data processing platform. Mindsphere is a core of the new Platform as a Service (Paas) for data processing from multiple testing facilities. An evaluation on a fleet level which used quantile regression method is implemented. In this phase of the research, real data was used, as well as data defined on the basis of knowledge of the manifestation of internal combustion engine defects. As a result of the application of the platform and the evaluation method, it is possible to classify combustion engine dysfunctions. These are defects that cannot be detected by self-diagnostic procedures for cars up to the EURO 6 level.
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Cheemakurthy, Harsha, and Karl Garme. "Fuzzy AHP-Based Design Performance Index for Evaluation of Ferries." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 3680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063680.
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Within waterborne public transportation (WPT), one often observes a mismatch between the operational requirements and ferry characteristics. A method to holistically evaluate ferries with respect to local requirements could lead to tailored procurement and targeted refurbishment of existing fleet. In this study, we develop a structure for operational requirements and use it as a basis for a ferry evaluation methodology. The requirements’ structure follows a three-level hierarchy starting from broad vessel design to mandatory requirements to performance requirements. The performance requirements are based on the three pillars of sustainability, aided by commuter surveys carried out in Stockholm ferries, interviews with public transport providers (PTP) and previous literature. The evaluation of the ferry is performed using analytic hierarchic process (AHP) to convert the PTP’s subjective preferences and ferry performance into a single dimensionless index. Rules for quantification of performance metrics including social performance are proposed. The uncertainties associated with AHP are addressed by employing fuzzy AHP based on extent analysis and fuzzy AHP in combination with particle swarm optimization. Two applications including performance assessment of existing ferries and assembly of a modular ferry are discussed. The method can lead to objective decision making in ferry evaluation, potentially leading to a more efficient WPT.
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Kortsari, Annie, Lambros Mitropoulos, Trine Heinemann, Henrik Mikkelsen, and Georgia Aifadopoulou. "Evaluating the Economic Performance of a Pure Electric and Diesel Vessel: The Case of E-ferry in Denmark." Transactions on Maritime Science 11, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.008.
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Europe is an extremely ferry-intensive area, with two main markets – the Northern Europe and the Baltic, and the Mediterranean; while EU ferries account for 35% of the world fleet. This research presents the E-ferry, the first pure electric ferry for medium range routes and likely the largest battery pack ever installed in an electric vessel, and evaluates its economic performance compared to an electric-diesel and a diesel vessel. Three E-ferry schemes are used in the evaluation: E-ferry prototype, E-ferry prototype excluding the development costs, and Series 3 E-ferry, for which we assume an increased production level. The evaluation focuses on the construction and operation costs of the vessels by utilizing real-world data that were collected during the evaluation period of the E-ferry, and complemented with data provided by the ferry operator. The evaluation shows that while the E-ferry construction cost is higher compared to the other two technologies, it contributes significantly to energy demand reduction. The E-ferry achieves cost parity with the diesel-based engine vessels between 5.2 and 3.6 years when considering different E-ferry and energy schemes, showing the potential to promote sustainable ferry operations in short and medium range ferry connections.
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Keblawi, Ala Zuhier Assad, and Khaled Al-Sahili. "Performance Level of the Public Transportation in the West Bank." RSF Conference Series: Engineering and Technology 2, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/cset.v2i2.577.
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Developed countries pay great attention to Public transport (PT), their development and evaluation as it is one of the bases of success for that nation. In the West Bank (WB), the PT is generally neglected and worn out. There is no periodic study about the quality of the services provided and the passengers’ satisfaction and their needs. Despite of the relatively large number of daily passengers, only 19% of them use buses because of their lack of confidence in the service. This study aims to investigate passengers’ satisfaction in the PT to identify strengths and weaknesses and evaluating their Level of Service (LOS), which consists of reliability and performance. Required data were collected through field surveys in the WB governorates, from the relevant official authorities or previous studies, interviews with service providers, and a questionnaire to measure the satisfaction of passengers for all intercity bus lines (22 lines). Generally, the PT system in Palestine is inefficient and non-productive. There is an imbalance between demand and supply, imbalance between number of buses and shared taxis, poor infrastructure, low LOS, non-efficient management, and number of ridership is low; therefore, the productivity is low. Passenger trust in buses should be revamped by modernizing the fleet, adopting a regular schedule, providing a smart service system, and providing services at all times where demand is available. It is also essential to carry out periodic studies for this sector and collect statistical information.
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Lopez, Felipe, Jorge Jimenez, and Cristian Canales. "Optimal fishing mortality assignment for southern hake Merluccius australis in Chile." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 48, no. 4 (September 1, 2020): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol48-issue4-fulltext-2283.
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Since 1979, southern hake (Merluccius australis) has been exploited in Chile from the Bio Bio to the Magallanes regions, between the parallels 41°28.6'S and 57°S. There is evidence of a constant fishing effort and a sustained reduction of the fish population, consistent with a progressive decrease in total annual catches. Management strategies based on the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and quota assignment/ distribution criteria have not been able to sustain acceptable biomass levels. A non-linear optimization model with two objective functions was proposed to determine an optimal total catch quota for more sustainable exploitation of this fishery. The first function maximizes the total catch over time in response to an optimal assignment of fishing mortality rates per fleet; the second function maximizes the total economic benefit associated with the total catch. The dynamics of the fish population were represented with the equations of a predictive age-structured model. Decision variables were fishing mortality rates and annual catch quotas per fleet, subject to constraints that guarantee a minimum level of biomass escape over a long-term period. The input parameters were obtained from the last stock evaluation report carried out by the Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP) of Chile. The historical background data of the fishery and the regulatory framework were relevant aspects of the methodology. Five scenarios were evaluated with the two objective functions, including a base scenario, which considered the referential mortality rate as input data as the average mortality rate per fleet from 2007 to 2012. Total economic benefits fluctuate between 102 and USD 442 million for total catches in the range of 108 to 421 thousand tons, which were obtained from maximizing the economic and biological objective functions. Economic benefit/catch ratios were reduced for scenarios with higher constraints on catch limits, and they were more efficient from a biological point of view. Situations with lighter constraints showed in general higher economic benefits and better performance ratios than those with stronger restrictions. The use of optimization models may provide a useful tool to evaluate the effect of regulations for adequate conservation and economical utilization of a limited resource.
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Laman, Jeffrey A., and John R. Ashbaugh. "Highway Network Bridge Fatigue Damage Potential of Special Truck Configurations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1696, no. 1 (January 2000): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1696-11.
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A study of the fatigue damage potential of special truck configurations was conducted to facilitate informed decisions by state transportation agencies in considering various truck size and weight and permit policies as well as to provide relative damage information that will be useful in ongoing network damage evaluations. The primary objective was to evaluate 78 existing common and FHWA-proposed truck configurations for relative fatigue damage potential. To accomplish this objective, an analytical fatigue evaluation tool was developed to determine the relative fatigue damage induced in highway network bridges by simulation of a highway fleet mix database crossing actual bridges modeled analytically. Additional objectives were to evaluate the influence of impact values and endurance limits used for a fatigue analysis. The semicontinuum analysis method, the Palmgren-Miner hypothesis, and the rain-flow cycle counting algorithm are incorporated. A 39-bridge database statistically selected as representative of bridges in the United States allowed a network level fatigue analysis of several hundred fatigue-prone details. Seventy-eight special truck configurations were studied, 25 of which were developed by FHWA as part of the comprehensive truck size and weight study. The remaining 53 vehicles were taken from the Turner proposal, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Canada, military, AASHTO, and other sources. It was found that fatigue damage potential is primarily a function of axle weight, spacing, and vehicle length instead of gross vehicle weight.
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Hernandez-Lasheras, Jaime, and Baptiste Mourre. "Dense CTD survey versus glider fleet sampling: comparing data assimilation performance in a regional ocean model west of Sardinia." Ocean Science 14, no. 5 (September 20, 2018): 1069–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1069-2018.
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Abstract. The REP14-MED sea trial carried out off the west coast of Sardinia in June 2014 provided a rich set of observations from both ship-based conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) probes and a fleet of underwater gliders. We present the results of several simulations assimilating data either from CTDs or from different subsets of glider data, including up to eight vehicles, in addition to satellite sea level anomalies, surface temperature and Argo profiles. The Western Mediterranean OPerational forcasting system (WMOP) regional ocean model is used with a local multi-model ensemble optimal interpolation scheme to recursively ingest both lower-resolution large-scale and dense local observations over the whole sea trial duration. Results show the capacity of the system to ingest both types of data, leading to improvements in the representation of all assimilated variables. These improvements persist during the 3-day periods separating two analyses. At the same time, the system presents some limitations in properly representing the smaller-scale structures, which are smoothed out by the model error covariances provided by the ensemble. An evaluation of the forecasts using independent measurements from shipborne CTDs and a towed ScanFish deployed at the end of the sea trial shows that the simulations assimilating initial CTD data reduce the error by 39 % on average with respect to the simulation without data assimilation. In the glider-data-assimilative experiments, the forecast error is reduced as the number of vehicles increases. The simulation assimilating CTDs outperforms the simulations assimilating data from one to four gliders. A fleet of eight gliders provides similar performance to the 10 km spaced CTD initialization survey in these experiments, with an overall 40 % model error reduction capacity with respect to the simulation without data assimilation when comparing against independent campaign observations.
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Jang, Junwoo, Haggi Do, and Jinwhan Kim. "Mission Planning for Underwater Survey with Autonomous Marine Vehicles." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 36, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26748/ksoe.2021.097.
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With the advancement of intelligent vehicles and unmanned systems, there is a growing interest in underwater surveys using autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs). This study presents an automated planning strategy for a long-term survey mission using a fleet of AMVs consisting of autonomous surface vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles. Due to the complex nature of the mission, the actions of the vehicle must be of high-level abstraction, which means that the actions indicate not only motion of the vehicle but also symbols and semantics, such as those corresponding to deploy, charge, and survey. For automated planning, the planning domain definition language (PDDL) was employed to construct a mission planner for realizing a powerful and flexible planning system. Despite being able to handle abstract actions, such high-level planners have difficulty in efficiently optimizing numerical objectives such as obtaining the shortest route given multiple destinations. To alleviate this issue, a widely known technique in operations research was additionally employed, which limited the solution space so that the high-level planner could devise efficient plans. For a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed method, various PDDL-based planners with different parameter settings were implemented, and their performances were compared through simulation. The simulation result shows that the proposed method outperformed the baseline solutions by yielding plans that completed the missions more quickly, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed methodology.
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Hussain, Akhtar, and Hak-Man Kim. "Evaluation of Multi-Objective Optimization Techniques for Resilience Enhancement of Electric Vehicles." Electronics 10, no. 23 (December 4, 2021): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233030.
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The pervasiveness of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased recently, which results in the interdependence of power and transport networks. Power outages may adversely impact the transportation sector, and the available energy may not be sufficient to meet the needs of all EVs during such events. In addition, EVs will be used for diverse purposes in the future, ranging from personal usage to emergency response. Therefore, the allocation of energy to different EVs may have different degrees of societal-, community-, and individual-level benefits. To capture these diverse aspects, the energy allocation problem to EVs during outages is modeled as a multiobjective optimization (MOO) problem in this study. Three indices are formulated to quantify the value of different EVs for societies, communities, and individuals during outages, and, correspondingly, three objective functions are formulated. The formulated MOO problem is solved using the five most widely used MOO solution methods, and their performance is evaluated. These methods include the weighted-sum method, lexicographic method, normal boundary intersection method, min–max method, and nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II. To compare the performance of these methods, two indices are proposed in this study, which include the demand fulfillment index and total demand fulfillment index. The former is for analyzing the demand fulfillment ratio of different priority EVs, while the latter is for the demand fulfillment analysis of the whole EV fleet requiring a recharge. In addition, the computational complexity, variance, and additional constraints required by each method are also analyzed. The simulation results have shown that the lexicographic method has the best performance when the relative priorities are known, while the min–max method is the most suitable method if the priorities are not known.
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Predescu, Alexandru, Diana Arsene, Bogdan Pahonțu, Mariana Mocanu, and Costin Chiru. "A Serious Gaming Approach for Crowdsensing in Urban Water Infrastructure with Blockchain Support." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041449.
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This paper presents the current state of the gaming industry, which provides an important background for an effective serious game implementation in mobile crowdsensing. An overview of existing solutions, scientific studies and market research highlights the current trends and the potential applications for citizen-centric platforms in the context of Cyber–Physical–Social systems. The proposed solution focuses on serious games applied in urban water management from the perspective of mobile crowdsensing, with a reward-driven mechanism defined for the crowdsensing tasks. The serious game is designed to provide entertainment value by means of gamified interaction with the environment, while the crowdsensing component involves a set of roles for finding, solving and validating water-related issues. The mathematical model of distance-constrained multi-depot vehicle routing problem with heterogeneous fleet capacity is evaluated in the context of the proposed scenario, with random initial conditions given by the location of players, while the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves auction model provides an alternative to the centralized task allocation strategy, subject to the same evaluation method. A blockchain component based on the Hyperledger Fabric architecture provides the level of trust required for achieving overall platform utility for different stakeholders in mobile crowdsensing.
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Wei, Chien-Hung, Ying Lee, Yu-Wen Luo, and Jyun-Jie Lu. "Incorporating Personality Traits to Assess the Risk Level of Aberrant Driving Behaviors for Truck Drivers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 4601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094601.
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Economic globalization and the internet economy have resulted in a dramatic increase in freight transportation. Traffic crashes involving trucks usually result in severe losses and casualties. The fatality and injury rates for heavy truck accidents have been 10 times higher than for sedans in Taiwan in recent years. Thus, understanding driving behavior and risk are important for freight carriers. Since personality traits may result in different driving behaviors, the main objective of this study is to apply artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict the frequency of aberrant driving behavior and the risk level of each driver according to drivers’ personality traits. In this case study, relevant information on truck drivers’ personality traits and their tendency to engage in aberrant driving behavior are collected by using respectively a questionnaire and a fleet surveillance system from a truck company. A relative risk level evaluation mechanism is developed considering the frequency and distribution of aberrant driving behavior. The Jenks natural breaks optimization method and the elbow method are adopted to optimally classify 40 truck drivers into 4 aberrant driving behavior levels and 5 driving risk levels. It was found that 5% of drivers were at the highest aberrant driving behavior level, and 7.5% of drivers were at the highest driving risk level. Based on the results, the proposed models show good and stable predictive performance, especially for the class of drivers with excessive rotation speed, hard acceleration, excessive rotation speed, hard deceleration, and driving risk. With the proposed models, the predictive class for aberrant driving behavior and driving risk can be determined by plugging in a driver’s personality traits before or after employment. Based on the prediction results, the manager of a transportation company could plan the training program for each driver to reduce the aberrant driving behavior occurrence.
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Tarasenko, T. "Approach of using a system of evaluation indicators in determining the efficiency of ships in the Danube shipping." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXV, no. 1 (August 15, 2022): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-22-i1-008.
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In modern conditions, there is an active interest in continuing research to reduce harmful emissions of marine engine exhaust gases into the atmosphere and prepare ships for the use of technologies with zero level of these emissions. It is known that the European Green Deal concept announced by the European Union is aimed not only at the modernization of the inland vessels, and coordinated qualitative change in its composition, but within this framework also at the large-scale implementation of the energy transition as the most effective way to achieve zero emissions into the atmosphere. At the same time, environmental aspects and issues of energy efficiency are considered as a complex task of transition to energy efficient eco-navigation. To date, for the European inland navigation participants, the stages of reducing harmful emissions into the atmosphere are clearly defined and regulated with established numerical standard (reference) values for each of the components (CO, HC, NOx, PM). As for energy efficiency, discussions are still ongoing at the international level about the advisability of introducing criteria according to the principle established by the International Maritime Organization for ships based on the specific mass of harmful emissions (in terms of CO2) per unit of transport work. At the same time, there is an understanding of the specifics of navigation conditions and technologies for transporting goods, which makes us return to comparing energy efficiency and economy indicators. The team of authors made an attempt to find and offer the most comprehensive approach to assessing the energy efficiency and economy of the inland navigation vessels operation, in particular for Danube vessels, with the maximum possible consideration of the features of their operation. An integrated approach to the use of estimated indicators of the efficiency of the existing pushers with heavy convoys allows to achieve an increase in the energy efficiency of the operation of the existing fleet, as well as lead to an improvement in environmental indicators.
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MERKISZ, Jerzy, and Jacek PIELECHA. "The on-road exhaust emissions characteristics of SUV vehicles fitted with diesel engines." Combustion Engines 145, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117103.
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The paper presents the results of on-road exhaust emission tests of Sport Utility Vehicles fitted with diesel engines, and a DPF (diesel particulate filter). Under such conditions the authors could determine the actual vehicle emissions. The tests were performed on a road portion of a hundred kilometers or so – these tests provide information on the on-road emissions and are a basis for their ecological evaluation. For the measurement of the exhaust emissions the authors used a portable exhaust emissions analyzer SEMTECH DS by Sensors Inc. The analyzer measured the concentration of the exhaust components at the same time measuring the exhaust mass flow. The measurements of the particulate matter (mass, number and spectral distribution) were done with the use of particle analyzer by AVL and a mass spectrometer by TSI. The obtained data were used to calculate the relations that characterize the influence of the dynamic engine parameters on the exhaust emissions. These properties were taken into account indirectly using the whole range of speeds and accelerations of the vehicle for the preparation of the matrices of the emissions rate. The used data were averaged within individual speed and acceleration ranges thus obtaining the characteristics of the share of operation in individual ranges and the characteristics of the emission matrices of the individual emission components. The above results served for defining of the emission level indicator of the vehicles that can be used for classification of vehicle fleet in terms of their emission level.
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Levin, D. Yu. "ORGANIZATION OF CAR FLOWS IN MARKET CONDITIONS." World of Transport and Transportation 15, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2017-15-4-16.
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For the English abstract and full text of the article please see the attached PDF-File (English version follows Russian version).ABSTRACT In connection with the loss, in the presence of the market, of the relevance by one of the main criteria of the system of organizing car flows - reduction in the turnover time of cars, it is necessary to change the evaluation of the variants of the train formation plan for the costs in reduced car-hours. Therefore, as a replacement, it is offered to fulfill the delivery deadlines. At the same time, in conditions of the privatized car fleet, a combination of criteria for meeting the deadline for the delivery of goods and minimizing the processing of car flows at technical stations was required. In the process of calculating the plan for the formation of one-group trains, all streams of car flows, from the furthest ones, are consistently considered. If the accepted conditions are not met, the procedure of combining distant ones with shorter streams with their processing at one, two, three, etc. stations is performed - until the proper level of organization is achieved. Keywords: railway, train formation plan, design norms, combinatorics, terms of cargo delivery, organization of car flows.
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Pivetta, Davide, Chiara Dall’Armi, and Rodolfo Taccani. "Multi-Objective Optimization of a Hydrogen Hub for the Decarbonization of a Port Industrial Area." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020231.
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Green hydrogen is addressed as a promising solution to decarbonize industrial and mobility sectors. In this context, ports could play a key role not only as hydrogen users but also as suppliers for industrial plants with which they have strong commercial ties. The implementation of hydrogen technologies in ports has started to be addressed as a strategy for renewable energy transition but still requires a detailed evaluation of the involved costs, which cannot be separated from the correct design and operation of the plant. Hence, this study proposes the design and operation optimization of a hydrogen production and storage system in a typical Italian port. Multi-objective optimization is performed to determine the optimal levelized cost of hydrogen in environmental and techno-economic terms. A Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer powered by a grid-integrated photovoltaic (PV) plant, a compression station and two-pressure level storage systems are chosen to provide hydrogen to a hydrogen refueling station for a 20-car fleet and satisfy the demand of the hydrogen batch annealing in a steel plant. The results report that a 341 kWP PV plant, 89 kW electrolyzer and 17 kg hydrogen storage could provide hydrogen at 7.80 €/kgH2, potentially avoiding about 153 tCO2,eq/year (120 tCO2,eq/year only for the steel plant).
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Federico Neto, Paschoal, Ricardo Fernandes Santos, and Fábio Lotti Oliva. "Enterprise risk management in the bus market of the city of São Paulo." Benchmarking: An International Journal 25, no. 9 (November 29, 2018): 4103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-03-2018-0053.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the identification, evaluation and treatment of risks, as well as the appetite and corporate maturity in relation to enterprise risk management in the urban bus market of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study was formulated in two stages: the first one includes an interview with a bus market specialist and the second stage comprehends eight interviews with executives from bus chassis and coachwork manufacturers and bus fleet operators of this market. Findings The results show that larger companies tend to manage their risks in a more structured way when compared with smaller ones, although there are some exceptions. The most critical risks evaluated concerns to the political type followed by the economic/financial, strategic, environmental, social, operational, technological, image and ethical types; and the risk appetites are generally consistent with the risks criticality level. Practical implications This case study of an important sector in the economy can be emblematic for the adoption of good practices of risk management by managers. Originality/value Risk appetites are generally consistent with criticality and the main forms of treatment are to reduce, share and follow, linked to participation in representative associations.
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Khavruk, V. O., and O. O. Parkhomenko. "Criteria for Selection and Evaluation of Rolling Stock of Motor Transport Enterprises." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 2(92) (April 15, 2021): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2021/235411.
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Purpose. The basic aim of the work is to analyze and substantiate the criteria for selection and evaluation of rolling stock – trucks of motor transport enterprises, based on scientific research on this issue. Methodology. The research was performed using general methods: abstraction and concretization, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. Findings. It is established that the main features of the classification of criteria for selection and evaluation of rolling stock are the number of factors (there are single and complex criteria); level of dependence (it is possible to single out completely dependent on external operating conditions, partially dependent and independent criteria); nature (quantitative and qualitative criteria); quantitative value (absolute and relative criteria). The practical approach at a choice of rolling stock fleet for the motor transport enterprise, proceeding from such factors, as character and structure of cargo flow; volumetric weight and batch of cargo; road conditions; ensuring maximum speed and traffic safety; ensuring the minimum costs associated with goods transportation. The scheme of criteria for the selection of rolling stock is presented and five stages are clarified, which establish the sequence of evaluation and selection of vehicles: 1) analysis of transportation conditions and cargo characteristics; 2) the choice of car capacity; 3) structure suitability analysis to the road conditions; 4) analysis of technical and operational properties of cars; 5) technical and economic evaluation of cars selected in the first four stages, which can be performed according to different criteria. The expediency of bringing different criteria into one complex quality indicator is performed in a graphical interpretation. It was found that the technical and economic evaluation of cars is based on the following criteria: car performance; the complexity of using the car; energy consumption of transportation; metal consumption of transportations. Originality. The analysis of the criteria for selection and evaluation of rolling stock allowed to form a method of selection and evaluation of vehicles and the criteria used in the form of a structured scheme that takes into account the main goal – to maximize profits from transport work and minimize operating costs. Practical value. The results of the study can be used by motor transport enterprises in the selection of rolling stock at the stages of purchase of new trucks, based on the practical experience of transportation of various types of goods.
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Ahmad, M. S., W. Ameer Batcha, I. Othman, and A. H. Ariffin. "Development of Safety Star Grading Program: A Star Rating System for Express Bus Operator in Malaysia." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v5i2.174.
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In 2007, the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) with engagement from numerous stakeholders has come out with a Safety, Health and Environment Code of Practice (SHE COP). The main reason for the existence of this SHE COP is because of a drastic increase in the number of crashes within the five years involving commercial vehicles especially express buses. Subsequently, in 2010, SHE COP has been gazetted as Industrial Code of Practice for Transportation Sector (ICOP 2010) under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA 1994). This ICOP 2010 can be used as guidelines to improve safety management for fleet operators. However, it has limitations to disseminate information to the public on the level of safe operation by the operators for them to make a good decision. Through some focus group discussions, a review of ICOP 2010, and a pilot test, MIROS has developed a star rating system named as Safety Star Grading Program (SSG) to provide information to the public on the level of safety management and service performance of the express bus operators. This SSG rating criteria consist of 4 elements which are safety, health, service performance, and comfort. Under the safety element, there are six sub-elements which are policy, organization, planning and implementation, evaluation, and action. Overall, this SSG was developed by referring to the basic concept of a safety management system to provide public transportation users with information to make a better decision on choosing the safest operator.
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Li, Meng, Zbigniew Klimont, Qiang Zhang, Randall V. Martin, Bo Zheng, Chris Heyes, Janusz Cofala, Yuxuan Zhang, and Kebin He. "Comparison and evaluation of anthropogenic emissions of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> over China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 5 (March 8, 2018): 3433–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3433-2018.
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Abstract. Bottom-up emission inventories provide primary understanding of sources of air pollution and essential input of chemical transport models. Focusing on SO2 and NOx, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of two widely used anthropogenic emission inventories over China, ECLIPSE and MIX, to explore the potential sources of uncertainties and find clues to improve emission inventories. We first compared the activity rates and emission factors used in two inventories and investigated the reasons of differences and the impacts on emission estimates. We found that SO2 emission estimates are consistent between two inventories (with 1 % differences), while NOx emissions in ECLIPSE's estimates are 16 % lower than those of MIX. The FGD (flue-gas desulfurization) device penetration rate and removal efficiency, LNB (low-NOx burner) application rate and abatement efficiency in power plants, emission factors of industrial boilers and various vehicle types, and vehicle fleet need further verification. Diesel consumptions are quite uncertain in current inventories. Discrepancies at the sectorial and provincial levels are much higher than those of the national total. We then examined the impacts of different inventories on model performance by using the nested GEOS-Chem model. We finally derived top-down emissions by using the retrieved columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) compared with the bottom-up estimates. High correlations were observed for SO2 between model results and OMI columns. For NOx, negative biases in bottom-up gridded emission inventories (−21 % for MIX, −39 % for ECLIPSE) were found compared to the satellite-based emissions. The emission trends from 2005 to 2010 estimated by two inventories were both consistent with satellite observations. The inventories appear to be fit for evaluation of the policies at an aggregated or national level; more work is needed in specific areas in order to improve the accuracy and robustness of outcomes at finer spatial and also technological levels. To our knowledge, this is the first work in which source comparisons detailed to technology-level parameters are made along with the remote sensing retrievals and chemical transport modeling. Through the comparison between bottom-up emission inventories and evaluation with top-down information, we identified potential directions for further improvement in inventory development.
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Yevhen, BORYSOV. "LEGAL REGULATION OF NAVAL FORCES ACTIVITY: WORLD EXPERIENCE." Foreign trade: economics, finance, law 117, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31617/zt.knute.2021(117)04.
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Background. The analysis of the evolution of the regulation of the navy cannot be carried out without considering the reflection of the relevant aspects in the naval historical thought. These scientific researches first of all have no legal orientation and have as their subject the content and nature of the activity of the navy, in particular in measuring its formation and development. At the same time, their generalization and evaluation in the legal dimension would be useful in the context of determining the relationship between historical thought and the development of naval law. An analysis of recent research and publications has shown that, despite aspects of the attention of legal historians to the issue of regulatory support of the armed forces, there is no relevant works on the evolution of the legal regulation of the navy. The aim of the article is to correlate global historical thought and legal support for the activities of the navy. To solve this goal, it is necessary to determine the development of relevant historical thought, to characterize its implementation in the works on naval doctrine and strategy, to assess the importance of relevant works for the development of naval law. Materials and methods. In the course of the research historical-legal, comparative, systemic, epistemological, hermeneutic, biographical methods were used. Results. The reflection of aspects of legal regulation of activity of naval forces in works of historians of fleet is investigated. The formation of the history of the navy from the seventeenth century in terms of special research and works on naval tactics and strategy is considered. It is proved that at the first stage these researches had the character of empirical generalization and provision of tactical activity of the sailing and then mechanized fleet, but from the end of the XIX century this experience was gained in the development of a maritime strategy. Conclusion. Historical studies of naval development first emerged at the appropriate scientific level as part of the development of naval tactics and strategies by French, British and American authors, whose works constitute an interconnected universal and universally recognized system of scientific research begun in the late seventeenth century. At the first stage, these studies were in the nature of empirical generalization and ensuring the tactical activities of the sailing and then mechanized fleet. But from the end of the XIX century this experience was gained in the development of a naval strategy, which gained universal character and indisputable authority for the naval forces of the most countries. In addition to use in works on naval tactics and strategy, the history of the navy from the eighteenth century reflected in biographical works, and in the twentieth century the most of the relevant historical works began to have the character of memoirs. Because the world-renowned fundamental works on naval strategy and tactics belong primarily to American and British authors, the domestic dimension of historical scientific research in this area is extremely limited. Thus, these issues require new research. Keywords: naval forces, history of navy, naval law, naval doctrine, naval strategy.
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Johnsen, Doris, Frederik Vorholt, Jan-Hinrich Gieschen, Beate Müller, and Annette Randhahn. "Electric Mobility and Smart Mobility Concepts—Restrained Uptake in German Cities." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040081.
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Ninety German cities exceeded the European threshold on NO2 in 2016, 65 of those cities developed countermeasures and strategies that were published in Green City Plans (GCP). In the scope of this study, 55 publicly available GCPs were evaluated in order to assess their potential for traffic turnaround at a municipal level. All GCPs were analyzed to determine in which of the mentioned five to seven fields of action the respective city had planned measures and which fields of action were prioritized. A more in-depth qualitative analysis of the main topics: Electric mobility, public transport, and mobility concepts was carried out. To get a better understanding of the potential impact of the measures elaborated in the GCPs, complementary information on municipal fleet vehicle stocks, requirements of charging infrastructure for public buses and results of the European roadmap on mobility concepts are given. The evaluation of the GCPs showed that to this day, city administrations mainly optimize the current system by measures of electrification and digitization. Electrification of municipal fleets, car-sharing fleets, and public transport buses is in the focus of the strategies. Instruments to increase non-motorised transport, sustainable commercial transport, and/or mobility concepts are mentioned, but play a minor role. However, there still has been no system change in Germany. Therefore, a substantial turnaround of the transport system (“Verkehrswende”) is necessary. This applies to integrated urban and transport planning, flexible, strong, fast PT, non-motorised and flexible operating systems.
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Jedliński, Mariusz, and Mariusz Nürnberg. "Application of the Experimental Method in the Assessment of the Electromobility Paradigm for Courier Shipments in an Urban Agglomeration." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 16, 2022): 9573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249573.
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The main idea of this article is to identify the benefits of the full vehicle substitution process for a fully sustainable Urban Freight Transport (UFT) in economic, social, and environmental terms, based on the application of the experimental method. The scientific assumption was made that Electric Delivery Vehicles (EFV) can be complementary in the first stage, and only in the next stage, substitutable to the traditional diesel-powered fleet servicing transport (courier) tasks within the delivery limits in the Szczecin Agglomeration. To assess the level of substitutability, observational instruments were used, while ensuring an active modification of the studied phenomenon (introduction to the operation of selected routes of electric vehicles). The focus was on three key elements, the environment, rules, and regularities. The article presents the architecture of such experiments regarding 22 selected routes, which allowed for the calculation of selected performance indicators for ex-ante evaluation in planning delivery scenarios. The results were verified using a simulation-based approach in the Szczecin Metropolitan Area. As a result, it made it possible to find answers to the research questions posed, in particular: is it possible to fully replace combustion-engine vans with electric ones, and what integrated benefits can be identified, and their systematics has been illustrated in the proposed proprietary model “Electromobility Octagon Profit”. Future research could extend the theoretical knowledge by further exploring the development processes for the use of electric vehicles in the urban freight transport system and by adding insights from other contexts, stakeholders, and theoretical areas.
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Gritsenko, Aleksandr V., Grigoriy N. Salimonenko, and Maksim V. Nazarov. "Design of a Method for Test Diagnostics of an Internal Combustion Engine Based on the Analysis of the Exhaust Gas Composition." Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 67, no. 1 (March 28, 2020): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-1-104-110.
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The introduction of methods for timely diagnostics of internal combustion engines allows maintaining the environmental indicators of the car fleet at the highest level. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in increasing the reliability of diagnostics of internal combustion engines by using data obtained by selective sampling of exhaust gases. (Materials and methods) Informational, mathematical and experimental research methods, including methods for statistical processing of results and analysis of data obtained during experiments were used during the study. (Results and discussion) The main systems that affect the environmental performance of internal combustion engines has been identified: the fuel supply system, the ignition system and the exhaust gas neutralization system. The article describes a generalized mathematical model for calculating the characteristics of exhaust gases. Authors conducted operational tests on 35 internal combustion engines with justification of their number according to standard methods. The actual value of diagnostic parameters was processed into relative percentages for drawing a nomogram. A zero value has been set for the reference state of the elements specified by the manufacturer. (Conclusions) It was found that the dominant number of failures accounted for internal combustion engines, in detail: the ignition system produces 15-25 percent of failures, the power system produces 30-44 percent, the exhaust system produces 10-15 percent. It was found that for unambiguous identification of any combination of factors, it is necessary to have output values of at least three evaluation criteria. It was found that the most sensitive parameters for evaluating the technical condition of the three systems are: changes in the engine crankshaft speed, the parameters of exhaust gas toxicity, CO, CO2, CH, O2 when providing test modes (operation of the internal combustion engine on 1 cylinder at 20 and 40 percent of the throttle opening). The article describes designed a gasoline engine loader for the implementation of diagnostic modes and control of diagnostic parameters, that allows to create operating loads with an accuracy of 0.1 percent.
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Kalabukhin, Y., I. Martynov, and A. Trufanova. "SYSTEMATIZATION OF ECONOMYKO-TECHNOLOGICAL STATIONS OF PASSENGER CARS IN OPERATION." Collection of scientific works of the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies series "Transport Systems and Technologies", no. 39 (June 30, 2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2617-9040-2022-39-8.
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The efficiency of passenger transportation by rail depends on the level of technical condition of the passenger rolling stock. The repair and maintenance system is also important. The authors analyzed the technological states of a passenger car can during operation. It is shown that the time spent in these states and the set of technological operations that are performed at the same time do not fully reflect the relationship between the resources consumed for their implementation, the operating costs of these resources and the results. The article presents the results of systematization of the technological states of passenger cars. At the same time, the procedure for accounting for operating costs for the main types of economic activity of Ukrainian railway transport was used. A system of technical and economic indicators is proposed. It characterizes the availability and efficiency of the use of operating costs for the operation and maintenance of passenger cars in a technically sound condition. The concept of "economic and technological state of a passenger car" is substantiated. The systematization made it possible to combine, on a scientific basis, the technological and economic aspects of the operation and maintenance of passenger cars in a technically sound condition in the conditions of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia". This will improve the system of indicators for the technical and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of existing passenger cars. The proposed system will be used to justify options for updating the fleet of passenger cars through the acquisition of new models or the modernization of existing ones, taking into account the cost of the life cycle.
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Reid, John D., Dean L. Sicking, Ronald K. Faller, and Brian G. Pfeifer. "Development of a New Guardrail System." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1599, no. 1 (January 1997): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1599-09.
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The W-beam guardrail system has been the standard in the United States since the late 1950s and has proved to perform reasonably well under most impact conditions. However, in recent years the vehicle fleet has changed to include a relatively large percentage of light trucks, such as pickups, vans, and sport-utility vehicles. These vehicles have a higher center of mass and bumper mounting height than conventional automobiles and have been shown to have higher rollover and injury rates during guardrail accidents than conventional automobiles. Standard W-beam guardrails were not designed to capture the bumper of many of these vehicles. In recognition of the potential safety problems associated with light-truck accidents, safety performance standards were recently changed with the publication of NCHRP Report 350, Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features. These performance standards require all new safety hardware to be tested with a full-size three-quarter-ton pickup to ensure acceptable performance for most vehicles in the light-truck category. In recognition of this, a guardrail system capable of capturing and redirecting a larger range of vehicle types and sizes was developed. A new guardrail system, called the Buffalo Rail, was designed with a new cross-sectional shape with an effective depth of 311 mm (compared to 194 mm for the W-beam), a rail thickness of 13 gauge, and a post spacing of 2500 mm. The safety performance of the Buffalo Rail was found to be acceptable according to the procedures and criteria recommended for the three-quarter-ton pickup truck at Test Level 3 in NCHRP Report 350.
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Burmaka, Igor, Igor Vorokhobin, Oleksiy Melnyk, Oleksii Burmaka, and Sergii Sagin. "Method of Prompt Evasive Manuever Selection to Alter Ship's Course or Speed." Transactions on Maritime Science 11, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w01.
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One of the most important challenges of modern shipping is the problem of improving the level of safety at sea and enhancing accident-free ship operation. World fleet accident rates have a direct impact on both the safety of human life at sea and on the environment. Ship collisions have a particular place in accident statistics. They are caused by increasing ship deadweight, growing speeds, dense traffic and the presence of navigational hazards, which, combined, considerably increase navigation complexity, especially in coastal and restricted waters. These factors contribute to emergencies, incidents and situations, which, in turn, are characterized by rapidly changing circumstances. The aforementioned features of the navigation process call for the development and application of modern methods of operation and flexible evaluation of the situation at hand, as well as for the development of new approaches to evasive maneuver selection, including computer and information technologies, to ensure the safety of navigation. Thus, the development of modern methods and ways of prompt selection of an appropriate evasive maneuver to alter a ship's course or speed, which is the subject of this paper, is an important research trend. The paper also proposes a method of prompt evasive maneuver selection to prevent collisions by altering the ship's course or reducing its speed by active and passive braking. Analytical expressions used to calculate the limits of unacceptable ship course and ship speed values, taking into account the braking mode, are presented. The author's recommended optimum evasive maneuver is presented, and a technique of prompt evasive maneuver selection aimed at altering a ship’s course or speed by active and passive braking is developed.
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Zolotov, A. O. "Modern specialized fishery of sea fish in the western Bering Sea." Izvestiya TINRO 201, no. 1 (April 4, 2021): 76–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2021-201-76-101.
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The shelf and continental slope of the western Bering Sea, being among the most productive areas of the Far-Eastern Seas of Russia, became exploited by commercial fishery half a century ago, after introduction of 200-mile exclusive economic zones in 1977 and relocation of the Russian fishing fleet from the eastern Bering Sea to its western part. In 2010-2019, about 20 % of the total catch of sea fish in the Far-Eastern basin (excluding pacific salmons) were caught in the West Bering Sea fishery zone. Among the fishery districts of the Russian Far East, this area is currently the 1st one by annual catch of pacific cod, grenadiers, sculpins and sablefish, 2nd — by catch of walleye pollock, halibuts and skates, 3rd — by catch of rockfishes, and 4th — by catch of pacific herring and flounders. Features of specialized fishery in the West Bering Sea fishery zone in 2010-2019 are clarified. Now 48 types of the specialized fishery can be distinguished here, while 96.3 % of the average annual landing is provided by the following 8 most important types: walleye pollock midwater trawl fishery (77.8 % of mean annual catch); pacific herring midwater trawl fishery (6.1 %); pacific cod bottom longline fishery (4.7 %); walleye pollock Danish seine fishery (2.7 %); grenadiers bottom longline fishery (2.4 %), pacific cod Danish seine fishery (0.9 %); squids bottom trawl fishery (0.9 %); and pacific cod bottom trawl fishery (0.8 %). All these types of fishery are highly specialized and portion of the target objects in the catches ranges from 76 to 96 % (according to official statistics), while the by-catch accounted as 4-24 %. The is no specialized fishery on such objects as rockfishes, arrowtooth and kamchatka flounders, and sablefish in the West Bering Sea fishery zone, but they are landed as by-catch. The fishery statistics with the data sorting to specialized fishery and by-catch can be used quite effectively for the stocks assessment and determining acceptable level of their exploitation, with recommendations for fishery regulation, including evaluation the possible level of non-specialized by-catch.
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Zhukov, V. E. "Demand Analysis Models for Passenger Air Transportation." World of Transport and Transportation 18, no. 1 (December 7, 2020): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30932/1992-3252-2020-18-134-144.
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Analysis of demand for air transportation is a key business process around which each airline develops strategic and operational plans. Based on the demand forecast, strategic plans for development of the airline’s route network are developed, as well as budgeting, financial planning, sales and marketing plans, aircraft fleet planning, risk assessment and plans to overcome their consequences. Demand analysis also facilitates important management activities, such as decision-making, performance evaluation, and reasonable allocation of resources in specific and uncertain conditions for development of the air transport system. Based on the specific requirements of the airline or in relation to a specific airline, an individual demand forecasting model can be developed. Such a model is an extension or a combination of various qualitative and quantitative methods for forecasting demand. The task of developing a custom model is often iterative, highly detailed, and driven by expert knowledge and can be accomplished by introducing suitable demand management software. The task stated in the article is not a staging task for building a model, but only offers to study the available theoretical material for the analysis of demand for air transportation based on the most famous models for forecasting demand for transportation. The method of scientific research of the problem posed in the article is the method of scientific analysis of existing models. Offer and demand for air transport services are reciprocal but asymmetric. Although the realized demand for transportation cannot take place without an appropriate level of supply, an air transport service can exist without appropriate demand. This is often found in projects that are developed with a margin that meets the expected level of demand, which may or may not be realized, or it may take several years to be realized. Regular air transport services form a supply that exists even if demand is insufficient. Several models presented in the article emphasize the conditions in which there is supply saturation, and on the other hand, the models in which demand is formed due to the mutual attractiveness of the entities that form demand are considered.
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Shpilevskiy, V. V., D. M. Kostenko, and A. V. Shpilevskiy. "The Methodical Aspect of the Choice of Innovative Technologies for the Production of Alternative Types of Motor Fuel." Business Inform 10, no. 525 (2021): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-10-176-187.
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The article is aimed at developing a methodological approach to a consistent and rational choice of promising for the development in Ukraine types of alternative motor fuel and innovative technologies for its production, substantiation of the system of technical and economic indicators of the complex for the production of synthetic motor fuel from the low-grade raw materials. One of the key problems of Ukraine’s energy provision today is its high dependence on the import of finished motor fuel, which can be reduced by the development in the country of alternative types of motor fuel based on the latest technologies. The article, based on the provisions of economic theory, discloses the essence of the developed methodological approach to the consistent choice of promising types of alternative motor fuel for their development in Ukraine and innovative technologies of its production. The developed methodological approach for rational choice of promising for the production in Ukraine and use of motor fuel types includes an evaluation of the following: compliance of consumer properties of certain types of motor fuel with the requirements of the existing motor fleet (target); efficiency of motor fuel production technologies (capabilities); sufficiency of resource provision for the production of motor fuel (restrictions). The methodical approach is brought to the level of the methodology, the use of which allows to identify promising types of alternative motor fuel for use in the country and innovative technologies of their production. Along with the developed methodical approach, the expediency of development in Ukraine of the synthetic motor fuel industry is proved on the basis of using the method of indirect coal liquefaction (according to the Fisher–Tropsch method). The result of the work is a system of technical and economic indicators of the complex for the production of synthetic motor fuel from the low-grade raw materials.
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Novikov, Sergey V., and Andrey A. Sazonov. "Application of the open operating system ‘MindSphere’ in digital transformation of high-tech enterprises." Econimics Journal 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46502/issn.2711-2454/2019.1.03.
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The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the open operating system (OS) application MindSphere in digital transformation of high-tech enterprises. The theoretical part of the article notes that nowadays digital transformation already has a huge impact on various aspects of business, such as strategy, partner management, production, pricing, sales, promotion, and organizational structure. The main task of the MindSphere platform is to provide fast and cost-effective connection of the equipment fleet, data collection, and analysis in order to obtain significant production and business results. The MindSphere platform integrates all data sources: Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES), Quality Management Systems (QMS), Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Internet of Things (IOT) into one analysis center. In the course of the analysis, the authors found that the MindSphere OS allows for the effective unification, search, filtering and evaluation of data taking into account the context, which gives a significant synergetic effect and provides a basis for intelligent decision-making, and therefore significantly reduces the cost and time to find sources of problems, allowing to focus on optimizing products, production and service, considering the creation of value and increase customer satisfaction. The authors point out that the implementation of IOT solutions opens up a new dimension for business owners in the view of their company based on data, and for the company itself provides previously inaccessible speed of operation, transparency of processes and their optimization, also raises the safety of work and other aspects of activity to a new level. In the final part of the article the authors conclude that MindSphere platform has all necessary qualities to be among the leaders of the Industrial IOT (IIOT), to provide customers with the opportunity to qualitatively transform IOT data into useful business results.
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Reichsöllner, Emanuel, Andreas Freymann, Mirko Sonntag, and Ingo Trautwein. "SUMO4AV: An Environment to Simulate Scenarios for Shared Autonomous Vehicle Fleets with SUMO Based on OpenStreetMap Data." SUMO Conference Proceedings 3 (September 29, 2022): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52825/scp.v3i.113.
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In the past years the progress in the development of autonomous vehicles has increased tremendously. There are still technical, infrastructural and regulative obstacles which need to be overcome. However, there is a clear consent among experts that fully autonomous vehicles (level 5 of driving automation) will become reality in the coming years or at least in the coming decades. When fully autonomous vehicles are widely available for a fair trip price and when they can easily be utilized, a big shift from privately owned cars to carsharing will happen. On the one hand, this shift can bring a lot of chances for cities like the need of less parking space. But on the other hand, there is the risk of an increased traffic when walking or biking trips are substituted by trips with shared autonomous vehicle fleets. While the expected social, ecological and economical impact of widely used shared autonomous vehicle fleets is tremendous, there are hardly any scientific studies or data available for the effects on cities and municipalities. The research project KI4ROBOFLEET addressed this demand. A result of the project was SUMO4AV, a simulation environment for shared autonomous vehicle fleets, which we present in this paper. This simulation tool is based on SUMO, an open-source traffic simulation package. SUMO4AV can support city planners and carsharing companies to evaluate the chances and risks of running shared autonomous fleets in their local environment with their specific infrastructure. At its core it comprises the mapping of OpenStreetMap1 entities into SUMO objects as well as a Scenario Builder to create different operation scenarios for autonomous driving. Additionally, the simulation tool offers a recursive execution with different fleet sizes and optimization strategies evaluated by economic and ecologic parameters. As evaluation of the toolset a simulation of an ordinary scenario was performed. The workflow to simulate the scenario for shared autonomous vehicle fleets was successfully processed with the SUMO4AV environment.
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Schwarzkopf, Daniel A., Ronny Petrik, Volker Matthias, Markus Quante, Guangyuan Yu, and Yan Zhang. "Comparison of the Impact of Ship Emissions in Northern Europe and Eastern China." Atmosphere 13, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060894.
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It is well known that ship emissions contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution. However, the impact on air quality can regionally vary, as influenced by parameters such as the composition of the regional shipping fleet, state of background atmospheric pollution, and meteorological aspects. This study compared two regions with high shipping densities in 2015. These include the North and Baltic Seas in Europe and the Yellow and East China Seas in China. Here, a key focal point is an evaluation of differences and similarities of the impacts of ship emissions under different environmental conditions, particularly between regions with medium (Europe) and high air pollution (China). To assess this, two similarly performed chemical transport model runs were carried out with highly resolved bottom-up ship emission inventories for northern Europe and China, calculated with the recently developed MoSES model, publicly available emissions data for nonshipping sources (EDGAR, MEIC). The performance of the model was evaluated against measurement data recorded at coastal stations. Annual averages at affected coastal regions for NO2, SO2, O3 and PM2.5 were modeled in Europe to be 3, below 0.3, 2.5, 1 and in China 3, 2, 2–8, 1.5, respectively, all given in μg/m3. In highly affected regions, such as large harbors, the contributions of ship-related emissions modeled in Europe were 15%, 0.3%, −12.5%, 1.25% and in China were 15%, 6%, −7.5%, 2%, respectively. Absolute pollutant concentrations from ships were modeled slightly higher in China than in Europe, albeit the relative impact was smaller in China due to higher emissions from other sectors. The different climate zones of China and the higher level of atmospheric pollution were found to seasonally alter the chemical transformation processes of ship emissions. Especially in northern China, high PM concentrations during winter were found to regionally inhibit the transformation of ship exhausts to secondary PM, and reduce the impact of ship-related aerosols, compared to Europe.
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Horobets, Y. V. "WEAR DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF THE SUPPORTING STRUCTURES OF SHUNTING LOCOMOTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL RAILWAY TRANSPORT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MATERIAL CORROSION." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 6(90) (April 8, 2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2020/224336.
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Purpose. The research is aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the environmental influence on the supporting structures of the traction rolling stock of railways according to the corrosive wear parameter, the nature of the dynamics of this influence, as well as the evaluation of technical condition of the domestic traction rolling stock of industrial railways. Methodology. To obtain the relevant data, the author conducted aggregation and analysis of the results of ultrasonic thickness measurement of the main supporting structures of locomotives, obtained during eight years of the work to extend the service life of industrial transport locomotives. The supporting structures of series of locomotives presented in this study have a total range of service life of 25-48 years. They are located in different regions of Ukraine. Findings. The author found that among the surveyed fleet of diesel locomotives of industrial transport, the uniform corrosion level of supporting structures has a linear dependence on their service life with a rather low slope. Thus, according to the definitions of the normative documentation, which was relevant at the time of production of the rolling stock units that are the objects of this study, the material of the supporting structures (except for one particular case) belongs to the resistant group of metal corrosion resistance. Originality. Due to reasons such as the independence of industrial rolling stock from state-owned railway enterprises and the performance of maintenance work by various organizations, information on the general condition of the rolling stock of industrial transport is not readily available. The author for the first time collected statistical data on the state of industrial rolling stock and analyzed them. Practical value. The obtained results illustrate the development dynamics of equal corrosion of traction industrial transport structures, which, in turn, gives grounds for the subsequent improvement of the methodology of examining rolling stock units both during scheduled work and in order to extend the service life.
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Tan, Albert, Olli-Pekka Hilmola, and Do Huy Binh. "Matching volatile demand with transportation services in Vietnam." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 28, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-05-2015-0079.
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Purpose – Demand for retail transportation is typically volatile, and it is driven by the end of period (month) spiky deliveries. This is especially the case in emerging markets. The purpose of this paper is to examine situation in one of the leading Vietnamese logistics service company with numerous customers within the area of Ho Chi Minh City. Design/methodology/approach – Research work is based on a case study within a company called Gemadept, who is providing logistics services in Vietnam. Researchers were given access to the company data on distribution system, and the authors had collected daily data from transportation operations. Findings – Considerable truck utilization can be achieved even with volatile retail demand environment if optimization is applied to allocate trucks and drivers on certain routes and customer demand points. Relaxing service level of customers shall improve situation further, but not significantly. However, from logistics service point of view, it would be best to use numerous shifts per day (night shift option) to distribute products – this would enable high utilization of distribution fleet while overcoming spiky demand. Research limitations/implications – Analyses are dependent on a single case study of one logistics service provider in Vietnam. While this may limit the findings to some extent, but with rich case data and observations within the company distribution system, it provides the required depth to build an optimized model for the company. Practical implications – In volatile demand environment, it is important to allocate trucks and drivers as well as work schedule in a systematic order, and not based on trial-and-error human intervened timetable. System perspective also enables evaluation of different strategies and their implications on performance. Originality/value – Research work represents one of the seminal studies of Vietnamese retail logistics sector, and verifies that demand uncertainty is high in such environment in addition to exhibiting the end of period demand spikes (hockey stick effect).