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1
Scharf, Birgit, Henriette Schuster-Wolff-Bühring, Reinhard Rachel, and Rüdiger Schmitt. "Mutational Analysis of the Rhizobium lupini H13-3 andSinorhizobium meliloti Flagellin Genes: Importance of Flagellin A for Flagellar Filament Structure and Transcriptional Regulation." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 18 (September 15, 2001): 5334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.18.5334-5342.2001.
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ABSTRACT Complex flagellar filaments are unusual in their fine structure composed of flagellin dimers, in their right-handed helicity, and in their rigidity, which prevents a switch of handedness. The complex filaments of Rhizobium lupini H13-3 and those of Sinorhizobium meliloti are composed of three and four flagellin (Fla) subunits, respectively. The Fla-encoding genes, named flaA through flaD, are separately transcribed from ς28-specific promoters. Mutational analysis of the fla genes revealed that, in both species, FlaA is the principal flagellin and that FlaB, FlaC, and FlaD are secondary. FlaA and at least one secondary Fla protein are required for assembling a functional flagellar filament. Western analysis revealed a ratio close to 1 of FlaA to the secondary Fla proteins (= FlaX) present in wild-type extracts, suggesting that the complex filament is assembled from FlaA-FlaX heterodimers. Whenever a given mutant combination of Fla prevented the assemblage of an intact filament, the biosynthesis of flagellin decreased dramatically. As shown in S. meliloti by reporter gene analysis, it is the transcription of flaA, but not of flaB,flaC, or flaD, that was down-regulated by such abortive combinations of Fla proteins. This autoregulation offlaA is unusual. We propose that any combination of Fla subunits incapable of assembling an intact filament jams the flagellar export channel and thus prevents the escape of an (as yet unidentified) anti-ς28 factor that antagonizes the ς28-dependent transcription of flaA.
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Alp, Hayriye. "Flax Seed." Gastroenterology Pancreatology and Hepatobilary Disorders 5, no. 5 (September 10, 2021): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2641-5194/045.
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Flax sed also known as flax oil and linseed oil, is derived from the seeds of the plant Linium usitatissimum. Flax seed oil is a very rich source of alpha-linolenic acid. Alpha-linolenic acid concentration in flaxseed oil ranges from approximately 40 to 60%.lower amounts of linoleic acid and oleic acid (each about 15%) are also present in flaxseed oil.ın addition, flaxseed contains varying amounts of the lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG).
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Chernikov, V. G., R. A. Rostovtsev, and V. Yu Romanenko. "Flax Harvesting Technologies for Flax Harvesting Machines." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 17, no. 1 (April 2, 2023): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2023-17-1-19-24.
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The technology of flax harvesting depends on input impacts, including: flax harvester qualitative characteristics; working body parameters; indicators of working conditions; intervening variables reflecting the dynamic properties of the working bodies and the dynamics of the flax flow input. (Research purpose) To establish patterns and the degree of correlation between the qualitative operation indicators (pulling and deseeding quality, flax line stretching); design parameters; machine dynamic properties and harvesting conditions (height and density of flax stem, field surface, thickness and unevenness of flax straw, etc.). (Materials and methods) Based on system analysis, mathematical models of the technological process of flax harvesting were developed. Information models were introduced for examining the main flax harvesters. (Results and discussion) The paper shows that the most typical indicators of the flax harvester working conditions are the flax stem height l(t), centimeters; the seed pod area a(t), centimeters; and field surface roughness z(t), centimeters. It is found that the quality of operation is determined by the deseeding quality, percentages; the flax straw stretching, times; the location of its apical and root parts, centimeters. The estimated indicators are as follows: the pulling height h(t), centimeters, the vibrations of the combine in the longitudinal-vertical plane Q(t), degrees, the location of the apical part of the flax flaw in front of the stripper. (Conclusions) A hydraulic device was developed to adjust the pulling height from 10 to 40 centimeters, depending on the flax stem. An important reserve for increasing the deseeding quality is the change in the width of the deseeding zone of the Vk harvester, centimeters. For this purpose, a mechanism was created for moving the deseeder against the clamping conveyor, depending on the flax stem height l(t), centimeters.
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Sharma, A. M., and M. A. Tarnopolsky. "Regulating adiponectin: of flax and flux." Diabetologia 48, no. 6 (May 12, 2005): 1035–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1770-y.
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Zheng, Dong, Ruo-Yao Ding, Zheng Lei, Zhang Xingqun, and Yu Chong-Wen. "Thermal properties of flax fiber scoured by different methods." Thermal Science 19, no. 3 (2015): 939–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130329005z.
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Thermal properties of flax roves untreated and treated were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravity analyzer (TGA) in order to understand their thermal behavior in more detail and to evaluate the effect of scouring processing on the thermal behavior. Flax roves were treated with six kinds of methods including biological scouring, one bath, two bath, bleaching, alkali scouring and industry chemical scouring as standards. Results showed that all treatments improved thermal stability of flax roves. The results indicated that glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased after scouring besides the sample by directly bleaching. It is more difficult to determine the endothermic peak of flax treated by chemical scouring in industry because it takes a very flat course. A distinct endothermic peak was observed for the untreated flax rove, while a distinct exothermic peak in different temperature interval was revealed for other four treated flax rove samples. For TGA analysis, thermal degradation of flax roves studied consists of three regions of the initial, main, and char decomposition, and the third stage consists of secondary weight loss and carbonization for flax roves with biological scouring, one-bath and two-bath. Besides, different residue left indicates that the bio-scoured flax roves are lost with volatile products and does not contribute to char formation. These results provide valuable preferences for mechanism and top value added application of bio-scouring in flax roves.
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Rabaan, Ali A., Ioannis Gryllos, Juan M. Tomás, and Jonathan G. Shaw. "Motility and the Polar Flagellum Are Required for Aeromonas caviae Adherence to HEp-2 Cells." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 4257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.7.4257-4267.2001.
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ABSTRACT Aeromonas caviae is increasingly being recognized as a cause of gastroenteritis, especially among the young. The adherence of aeromonads to human epithelial cells in vitro has been correlated with enteropathogenicity, but the mechanism is far from well understood. Initial investigations demonstrated that adherence of A. caviae to HEp-2 cells was significantly reduced by either pretreating bacterial cells with an antipolar flagellin antibody or by pretreating HEp-2 cells with partially purified flagella. To precisely define the role of the polar flagellum in aeromonad adherence, we isolated the A. caviae polar flagellin locus and identified five polar flagellar genes, in the order flaA, flaB, flaG, flaH, and flaJ. Each gene was inactivated using a kanamycin resistance cartridge that ensures the transcription of downstream genes, and the resulting mutants were tested for motility, flagellin expression, and adherence to HEp-2 cells. N-terminal amino acid sequencing, mutant analysis, and Western blotting demonstrated that A. caviae has a complex flagellum filament composed of two flagellin subunits encoded by flaAand flaB. The predicted molecular mass of both flagellins was ∼31,700 Da; however, their molecular mass estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was ∼35,500 Da. This aberrant migration was thought to be due to their glycosylation, since the proteins were reactive in glycosyl group detection assays. Single mutations in either flaA orflaB did not result in loss of flagella but did result in decreased motility and adherence by approximately 50%. Mutation offlaH, flaJ, or both flagellin genes resulted in the complete loss of motility, flagellin expression, and adherence. However, mutation of flaG did not affect motility but did significantly reduce the level of adherence. Centrifugation of the flagellate mutants (flaA, flaB, and flaG) onto the cell monolayers did not increase adherence, whereas centrifugation of the aflagellate mutants (flaH, flaJ, and flaA flaB) increased adherence slightly. We conclude that maximum adherence of A. caviae to human epithelial cells in vitro requires motility and optimal flagellar function.
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Tambalo, Dinah D., Kate L. Del Bel, Denise E. Bustard, Paige R. Greenwood, Audrey E. Steedman, and Michael F. Hynes. "Regulation of flagellar, motility and chemotaxis genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum by the VisN/R-Rem cascade." Microbiology 156, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 1673–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.035386-0.
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In this paper, we describe the regulatory roles of VisN, VisR and Rem in the expression of flagellar, motility and chemotaxis genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strains VF39SM and 3841. Individual mutations in the genes encoding these proteins resulted in a loss of motility and an absence of flagella, indicating that these regulatory genes are essential for flagellar synthesis and function. Transcriptional experiments involving gusA–gene fusions in wild-type and mutant backgrounds were performed to identify the genes under VisN/R and Rem regulation. Results showed that the chemotaxis and motility genes of R. leguminosarum could be separated into two groups: one group under VisN/R-Rem regulation and another group that is independent of this regulation. VisN and VisR regulate the expression of rem, while Rem positively regulates the expression of flaA, flaB, flaC, flaD, motA, motB, che1 and mcpD. All of these genes except mcpD are located within the main motility and chemotaxis gene cluster of R. leguminosarum. Other chemotaxis and motility genes, which are found outside of the main motility gene cluster (che2 operon, flaH for VF39SM, and flaG) or are plasmid-borne (flaE and mcpC), are not part of the VisN/R-Rem regulatory cascade. In addition, all genes exhibited the same regulation pattern in 3841 and in VF39SM, except flaE and flaH. flaE is not regulated by VisN/R-Rem in 3841 but it is repressed by Rem in VF39SM. flaH is under VisN/R-Rem regulation in 3841, but not in VF39SM. A kinetics experiment demonstrated that a subset of the flagellar genes is continuously expressed in all growth phases, indicating the importance of continuous motility for R. leguminosarum under free-living conditions. On the other hand, motility is repressed under symbiotic conditions. Nodulation experiments showed that the transcriptional activators VisN and Rem are dramatically downregulated in the nodules, suggesting that the symbiotic downregulation of motility-related genes could be mediated by repressing the expression of VisN/R and Rem.
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Mikhailouskaya, N. "The effect of flax seed inoculation by Azospirillum brasilense on flax yield and its quality." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 9 (November 17, 2011): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3458-pse.
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Field experiment demonstrated the benefit resulting from biological soil management including the use of N<sub>2</sub>-fixing and growth promoting bacteria A. brasilense B-4485 for long-fibred flax. Seed inoculation by A. brasilense B-4485 was equivalent to the introduction of 15 kg/ha of N that provided the possibility of partial flax N requirement supply. Treatment A. brasilense + N<sub>15</sub>P<sub>60</sub>K<sub>90</sub> is considered to be the most profitable management in regard to flax yield and its quality, and is comparable to N<sub>30</sub>P<sub>60</sub>K<sub>90</sub> treatment. Biological management allows preventing high concentrations of N in soil, excludes lodging and negative effects on flax yield and its quality. Implementation of biological management for flax nutrition may be profitable for both ecology and economy of long-fibered flax growing.
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Martinez, Patricio, and Steven Nutt. "Flax–Reinforced Vitrimer Epoxy Composites Produced via RTM." Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 7 (July 16, 2024): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070275.
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Composite laminates were produced by RTM using similar glass and flax fabrics and both vitrimer epoxy and aerospace-grade epoxy, both formulated for liquid molding. Tensile and flexural properties were measured and compared, revealing that the vitrimer composites exhibited equivalent performance in flexural strength and tensile modulus, but slightly lower performance in tensile strength relative to reference epoxy composites. In general, glass–fiber composites outperformed flax–fiber composites in tension. However, both glass and flax–fiber composites yielded roughly equivalent flexural strength and tensile modulus-to-weight ratios. Flax fabrics were recovered from composites by matrix dissolution, and a second-life laminate showed full retention of the mechanical properties relative to those produced from fresh flax. Finally, a demonstration of re-forming was undertaken, showing that simple press-forming can be used to modify the composite shape. However, re-forming to a flat configuration resulted in local fiber damage and a decrease in mechanical properties. An alternative forming method was demonstrated that resulted in less fiber damage, indicating that further refinements might lead to a viable forming and re-forming process.
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Pavelek, M. "Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Rina." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 46, No. 1 (March 4, 2010): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/95/2009-cjgpb.
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RR, Poonuru. "Flax Seeds and Their Role in Human Health." International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine 7, no. 2 (July 12, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000249.
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When it arrives at human health benefits flax seeds play an essential part. Flax seed or linseed (Linum usitatissimum) derived from flax plants has several medicinal properties when consumed. Flaxseeds are abundant in lignans, linolenic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, secoisolariciresinol, and other nutrients and proteins that aid in the prevention of illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Linen fibre is derived from flax plants, which are employed in the textile industry, in addition to nutritional advantages. Flax seeds are utilized in a variety of food processing products (bakery, dairy, snack, fermented) because they have physicochemical, phytochemical, and sensory qualities. Flax seed is a potential nutraceutical that may be used to make preventive, therapeutic, and medicinal foods. Flax seeds are anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This article addresses the nutritional health benefits and dietary fibre of flax seeds.
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Duguid, S. D., E. O. Kenaschuk, and K. Y. Rashid. "Hanley Flax." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-050.
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Hanley, a medium maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 2001 by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. This cultivar has medium oil content, very high oil quality, medium seed size, very good lodging resistance, and high yield when seeded in all soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Desmaz, and resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyder & Hansen. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
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Duguid, S. D., E. O. Kenaschuk, and K. Y. Rashid. "Lightning flax." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-051.
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Lightning, a medium-late maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 2001 by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. This cultivar has high oil content, high oil quality, large seed size, good lodging resistance and high yield when seeded in the Black, Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Desmaz, and resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyder & Hansen. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
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Duguid, S. D., E. O. Kenaschuk, and K. Y. Rashid. "Macbeth flax." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 803–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-026.
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Macbeth, a medium-late maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 2002 by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. This cultivar has high oil content, high oil quality, large seed size, very good lodging resistance and high yield when seeded in all the soil zones of the Canadian prairies as compared to Flanders. It is immune to current North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Desmaz,, moderate resistance to wilt by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyder & Hansen and moderate resistance to powdery mildew by Oidium lini Skoric. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
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KENASCHUK, EDWARD O., and JOHN A. HOES. "NORLIN FLAX." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-023.
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NorLin is a medium-early, high-yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba from the cross (Rocket/Raja)//Linott. The cultivar is immune to all North American races of rust (Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév.), resistance being conditioned by the L6 gene. NorLin is adapted to all flax production areas of the Canadian prairies.Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
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KENASCHUK, EDWARD O., and JOHN A. HOES. "McGREGOR FLAX." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-024.
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McGregor is a medium-late maturing, high-yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba, from the cross (Rocket/Raja)//Redwood 65. McGregor is immune to all North American races of rust (Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév.), resistance being conditioned by the K1L6 gene combination. The cultivar also possesses a high level of postseedling resistance to exotic virulent rust. McGregor has good resistance to lodging, and is adapted to all flax production areas of the Canadian prairies.Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., lodging resistance, rust resistance, cultivar description
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KENASCHUK, EDWARD O., and JOHN A. HOES. "NORMAN FLAX." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 993–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-121.
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NorMan is a medium-early, high-oil, high yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. The cultivar is immune to all North American races of rust (Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév.), resistance being conditioned by the L6 gene. NorMan is adapted to all flax production areas of the Canadian prairies but is particularly well adapted to Manitoba conditions.Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
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ROWLAND, G. G., and R. S. BHATTY. "VIMY FLAX." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-031.
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Vimy is a medium-early and high-yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. It is large seeded, has a high oil content of excellent quality, is immune to all North American races of rust (Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév.) and is moderately resistant to fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyd. & Hansen). In western Canada, Vimy is particularly well adapted to the Black soils, outside the Red River Valley, and the Brown soils. As Vimy has only fair resistance to lodging it is not recommended for growing in areas with high rainfall or under irrigation.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax, oilseed, cultivar description
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ROWLAND, G. G., A. McHUGHEN, and R. S. BHATTY. "ANDRO FLAX." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 911–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-108.
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Andro is an early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum) of moderate yield potential released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. It has a medium seed size with acceptable oil quality, is immune to all North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and is moderately susceptible to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. It is expected that Andro will replace the rust susceptible cultivar Noralta.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax (oilseed), cultivar description
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ROWLAND, G. G., R. S. BHATTY, and E. O. KENASCHUK. "FLANDERS FLAX." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-065.
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Flanders is a late-maturing and high-yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum) released by Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. Flanders is 2 d earlier maturing and higher yielding than the two late-maturing cultivars, McGregor and Dufferin. Flanders is resistant to all North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and is moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax (oilseed), cultivar description
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ROWLAND, G. G., R. S. BHATTY, and E. O. KENASCHUK. "SOMME FLAX." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-066.
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Somme, a medium early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum) with increased yield potential over other medium early cultivars, has been released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. It is of medium seed size, average oil and protein content and higher oil quality. Somme is resistant to all North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and is moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax (oilseed), cultivar description
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Duguid, S. D., K. Y. Rashid, and E. O. Kenaschuk. "Shape flax." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, no. 1 (January 2014): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-197.
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Duguid, S. D., Rashid, K. Y. and Kenaschuk, E. O. 2014. Shape flax. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 157–160. Shape, a medium maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was released in 2007 by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. Developed from the cross M4684/FP1043 made in 1997, Shape was evaluated in the Flax Cooperative Trials in (2004–2006) before being registered in 2007. Shape's desirable combination of agronomic traits and seed quality, particularly its significantly improved oil and protein content, oil quality profile and disease resistance, should make it a useful and unique cultivar for producers and the flax industry.
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Abramov, Igor, Mixail Kovalev, and Gennady Perov. "MODELING THE MICRORELIEF OF THE SURFACE OF THE SOIL LAYER FOR REFINED CALCULATIONS OF WORKING BODIES FOR STRENGTH." SCIENCE IN THE CENTRAL RUSSIA, no. 2 (April 27, 2024): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35887/2305-2538-2024-2-77-85.
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Issues of increasing the reliability of working parts of agricultural machines interacting with the soil surface are discussed in the article. A loading model based on taking into account microroughness of the surface soil layer using a fractal surface model constructed using the diamondsquare algorithm is proposed. It is shown that the parameters of microroughness of the soil surface, calculated using the proposed model, correspond to experimental data obtained by profiling the soil surface during pre-sowing treatment and during the preparation of flax. A comparative calculation of the loading of the needle harrow tooth and the tiller tooth was carried out in accordance with the model of a flat soil surface and a soil surface with a microrelief, modeled according to the proposed model. It is shown that the mechanical stresses in the working bodies interacting with the soil surface, loaded according to the proposed model, are 14% greater during pre-sowing treatment, and 25% greater when preparing flax trust, than when calculated using a model of a flat soil surface. The use of a microrelief model is optimal both when calculating soil tillage machines and when calculating other flax harvesting machines (pulling machines, flax sliver fluffers, balers and other units) that are not intended for direct tillage of the soil, but have contact with it during the technological process.
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Goncharov, Vladimir D., Sandzhi V. Koteev, and Sergey G. Salnikov. "Forecasting the production of oilseed flax (curly flax)." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 3 (2022): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-3-8-12.
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The article analyzes the current level of production and processing of curly flax seeds. Much attention is paid to the issues of yield and gross yield of curly flax by categories of farms, as well as in the territorial context. A model for forecasting gross harvests from yield and sown areas is proposed.
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Дударєв, І. М., and А. В. Хомич. "LOW-QUALITY FLAX STRAW BIOMASS HARVESTING FOR SUBSEQUENT USE AS FUEL: A REVIEW." СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКІ МАШИНИ, no. 48 (October 31, 2022): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36910/acm.vi48.779.
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Unfavorable conditions for flax growing, harvesting and dew-retting are the reason for the low-quality flax biomass production. This biomass cannot be processed for fiber or other purposes. Therefore, flax straws are burned in the fields or are used as fertilizer by plowing into the soil, which are not good solutions for the environment and subsequent cultivation operations. The limit values of quality properties of fibre flax stem, flax straw and retted straw for their processing are summarized, which can be used to determine the suitability of flax straw biomass for processing or burning. Low-quality flax biomass is inexpensive, ecofriendly and renewable, it can be used as solid fuel for heating greenhouses or buildings located near the field where the flax is grown. Various techniques of fibre flax and oilseed flax harvesting are presented in the article. The technique of low-quality flax harvesting is recommended, which include flax pulling out or flax cutting, flax threshing, flax straw windrow forming, flax straw natural drying on the field in natural way, flax bale forming, flax bale transporting, flax bale burning. This harvesting technology can be used for low-quality fibre flax and oilseed flax. Flax straw biomass can be baled into three bale types: small rectangular bales, big round bales, and big square bales The main requirements for fuel flax biomass bales are recommended. The boiler for burning flax straw bales must be chosen taking into account the shape and size of the bales. For the efficient operation of boilers, it is necessary to take into account the recommended values of bale bulk density and moisture content of flax biomass.
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Holoviy, Oleksandr. "The new device for determination of fiber content in individual plants of fiber flax." Bast and Technical Crops, no. 7(12) (December 1, 2019): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.48096/btc.2019.7(12).75-79.
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The article describes the design of the device for determining the fiber content in individual plants of flax, which is a special torsion scales of the new design. The principle of operation of the device is based on the transformation of the free end of the cantilever-mounted flat spring, to which the object of suspension is suspended, in the rotation of a mirror that reflects the laser diode beam on the scale. The device can be used in fibe flax breeding.
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Li, Jin, Li Bin Xia, and Qian Liu. "Mechanical Behavior of Flax Knitted Fabric Reinforced Polyurethane Foam Plastics under Tensile and FEM Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 187 (February 2011): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.187.444.
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Plain flax knitted fabrics which were divided into three types by different densities were knitted on computerized flat knitting machine in order to investigate the effect of fabric density on composite tensile properties. Flax/polyurethane composite materials which used flax as reinforcement, polyurethane foam plastics as matrix were prepared by reaction injection molding, and tensile tests were carried out in the wale and course directions. The results showed that the addition of knitted fabrics could greatly enhance the tensile properties of polyurethane foam, but the elongation decreased; The tensile strength of composite materials with the same density along the longitudinal direction was higher than the tensile strength along the transverse direction; With the density of the fabric increasing, the tensile strength of composite materials would also increase. Furthermore, tensile process was simulated by finite element software.
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Kowalska, A., and R. E. Niks. "Quantitative resistance of flax to flax rust (Melampsora lini)." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 20, no. 2 (June 1998): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060669809500425.
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Sutton, Ben C. S., and Michael Shaw. "Protein synthesis in flax following inoculation with flax rust." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-004.
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Resistance to flax rust Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév. in flax carrying the N resistance gene is determined by 24 h postinoculation, at which time hypersensitivity is observed. We have examined protein synthesis in cotyledons inoculated with both virulent and avirulent races of rust by in vivo labelling with [35S]methionine. The pattern of protein synthesis was assessed by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis 8, 13, and 18 h after inoculation. No changes in protein synthesis were observed in the first 14 h following inoculation; however, by 18 h after inoculation the susceptible combination showed a marked decrease in protein synthesis (22%; P = 0.01). This could be largely accounted for by the reduced synthesis of the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit, which was readily quantified on electrophoresis gels. In addition, a 30-kDa polypeptide also declined in the susceptible combination. Two-dimensional electrophoresis enabled changes to be detected in the synthesis of other minor polypeptides. None of these changes were observed in the resistant combination in which a small increase in the synthesis of the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit and the 30-kDa polypeptide was found. These results indicate that the outcome of the host–pathogen interaction has already been determined by 18 h after inoculation.
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Akin, D. E., and D. S. Himmelsbach. "Microscopy to Evaluate Retting of Flax and Flax Fibers." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, S02 (July 18, 2003): 1296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603446485.
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Stramkale, V., U. Kondratovičs, M. Vikmane, I. Miške, I. Lejasbuda, D. Merge, J. Švarca, and R. Belousova. "INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FAVOURABLE BIOSTIMULATORS ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF FLAX." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2001): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2001vol1.1964.
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Institute of Inorganic Chemistry o f Riga Technical University Studies on the effect o f preplant treatment of seed material with micronutrients BZn and BCu plus phytohormone Germin on the yield and quality of flax straw and flax seeds were continued using flax cultivar ‘Laura’. The yield and quality of flax straw and flax seeds increased significantly, especially under unfavourable environmental conditions. Anatomical studies on flax stems showed that the best effect on flax fibre formation was by treatment of seed material with copper borate BCu plus pytohormone Germin which resulted in a nearly uninterrupted fibre cylinder in the flax stems. Key words: Micronutrients, flax, pfytohormone, fibres.
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Zelentsov, S. V., V. S. Zelentsov, E. V. Moshnenko, G. M. Saenko, and L. G. Ryabenko. "Development of the method for determination of the mucilage forming ability of flax seeds as a new breeding trait." Oil Crops 2, no. 194 (June 30, 2023): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/2412-608x-2023-2-194-3-12.
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The concept of visualization and measurement of linear dimensions of slime capsules around individual swollen seeds of oil flax was proposed and implemented for the first time. The studies were carried out in 2020–2022 on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Research Center VNIIMK, Krasnodar on five varieties of oil flax of own breeding. Various methods of visualizing the boundaries of mucilage capsules around moistened oilseeds have been tested on these varieties. Among them, the most obvious method was chosen in the form of soaking of dry flax seeds in a buffer solution with a colorant, followed by fixing the size of the mucilage zones formed in the seed circle. For the mathematical description of the shape of oil flax seeds, the three-dimensional geometric shape – an ellipsoid, which is closest in shape and proportions, and the corresponding mathematical algorithms for calculating its volume, cross-section and longitudinal section have been selected. The well-known mathematical algorithms for calculating the configuration of the longitudinal 4 and cross-section of ellipses is optimized for calculating the cross-section of the bottom semi-ellipsoid forms of mucilage capsules of oil seeds during gravitational runoff of peripheral sections of low molecular-weight slime to a flat bottom surface. A mathematical algorithm has been selected to calculate the shape of the longitudinal and cross-sections of the mucilage capsule around the seed of oil flax for the case of compensation for the deforming effect of gravitational runoff, forming a symmetrical appearance close to the shape of the mucilage capsules of oil flax seeds in the soil. The practical use of the chosen mathematical algorithms for the first time allowed us to formulate the concept of the mucilage-forming ability of seeds, and to evaluate the formation of this trait in five varieties of oil flax bred at VNIIMK. The results of the calculations showed the presence of significant genotypic polymorphism according to new features for oil flax, such as the volume of the mucilage capsule with the seed included in it, the net volume of the mucilage capsule of an individual seed and the total mucilage-forming ability of the seed.
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Popov, R. A., S. A. Davydova, and I. G. Golubev. "Equipment for Harvesting Fiber Flax." Machinery and Equipment for Rural Area, no. 7 (July 26, 2021): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33267/2072-9642-2021-7-23-27.
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The main production performance of fiber flax (Linum usitatissimum) and the technological infrastructure level of the flax industry are given. The analysis of technical means for harvesting this crop, including flax harvesters, flax pullers, flax turner, balers, is provided.
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Razumovska, Aīda. "THE IMAGE OF FLAX IN FOLKLORE AND LITERATURE: PSKOV AND LATGALE FRONTIER." Via Latgalica, no. 8 (March 2, 2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2016.8.2235.
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The article presents reflections on flax as a floral symbol of Pskov land and Latgale. The folklore of neighbouring lands describes how flax was grown, processed and used for ritual purposes as a protective charm against negative energy. The semantics of flax reflects the archaic character of the homeland in the cultural knowledge of the people of the Pskov-Latgale frontier and their loyalty to tradition.Flax has always been the main field plant and source of income in frontier lands of Pskov and Latgale. In the world market the most valuable flax among all other types of Baltic and Belorussian flax was Pskov flax fibre.In the flax growing territories long-lasting folklore traditions were set up, which indicates that flax has always had not only practical but also a symbolic meaning for the peoples of the Baltic States, Belarus and Russia. In the territory of Pskov region the crop fertility rites were practised to ensure the flax crops, for example, horse riding for “tall flax”. Flax fibre was considered to be an amulet, a protection from negative energy. Flax linen sheets were used during childbirth in Latgale, in Pskov land the afterbirth was wrapped in it and given to the midwife; the sick children were wrapped up in the flax prayer tablecloth, etc.In Russian folklore in the territory of Latgale flax growing and flax processing are frequently reflected in couplets (chastushkas), riddles and lyrical songs. Flax is the symbol of strength and persistence. Numerous contacts on frontier territories have contributed to the plot commonalities of fairy and non-fairy prose, e. g. flax can save man from the evil spirit. Such plots are registered both in the territory of Pskov region and Latgale. The image of flax left the realm of folklore for literature, which is common for both Pskov and Latgale.Latvian poets create a vivid image of “flax crop fields” which reflect the landscape peculiarity of Latgale. Quite often the image of flax crop fields brings them back the memories about their past life (V. Krāslavietis, P. Antropov – O. Alekseyev). So V. Krāslavietis remembers his native Latgale with the blue lakes, where blue flax is growing, where he rides to visit someone on a horse of cheerful memories. Flax often takes Pskov writers on a journey into the memory (O. Alekseyev, L. Malyakov).There is an inseparable link of flax with the landscape of Latgale and with the people living there. A. Kūkojs marks parallelism in his daughter’s appearance: curly and thin as Latgalian flax is daughter’s hair. Pskov poet O. Alekseyev uses such comparisons to reveal the power and tenderness of the folk soul.At the same time flax is associated with human character and soul of people, who are known for such typical traits as hard work and holiness, sufferings and belief. Purity and tenderness of flax corresponds to the shyness of Latgalian girls (Madsolas J.). Latgale is portrayed as a barefoot “orphan girl” who endures patiently life hardships “under the grey woolen sky” among “the fields covered with flax stalks” (A. Kūkojs).For the Russian writers (immigrants who used to live in Pskov land and were attracted to it and associated Pskov with Russia) flax symbolizes unbreakable bond of times and loyalty to the traditions of Pskovites (L. Zurov). The image of flax in literature can be not only visual but olfactory as well. Poet Y. Ivask recalls Pskov with its “retted autumn flax”. Stinking smell, “repelling, but healing stench” has the highest spiritual value for the homesick poet. Not the beauty of the blue flax but its repelling stench is taken by the poet as a gift – as it cleanses the spirit.For Pskov writers of the second half of the 20th century flax field also symbolises the Motherland (S. Zolotsev, E. Borisov, A. Аbrosimov) – “golden” and happy, despite the grief periods. The flax field causes them to contemplate, feel tenderness and sadness. The loss of flax, which is the floral symbol of the native land, has been lately regarded by our contemporaries as a break with traditions and oblivion of the past (Е. Еrmak).Flax in the literature of Pskov and Latgale is the symbol of the Motherland. It acts as a human being and embodies natural beauty and persistence. In Latgalian poetry the image of flax supports the myth about people who suffer or are orphans, who are hardworking and selfless. In Pskov literature flax depicts fading patriarchal character of the native land; no wonder Pskov is called the land of “flaxen Rus” (V. Sergeyeva).
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Vinogradova, Tat'yana, Tamara Kudryashova, and Natal'ya Koz'yakova. "The dependence of the quality of the frayed fiber on the variety of flax and the number of flax." Agrarian Bulletin of the 222, no. 07 (July 30, 2022): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2022-222-07-2-15.
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Abstract. The article presents information on the quality of long fiber obtained from flax of various quality of 31 varieties of flax of domestic and foreign selection during processing at flax processing enterprises of flax-growing regions of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the research is to determine the strength of the influence on the quality of the long fiber obtained during the processing of flax at processing enterprises, factors of the flax-long flax variety and the number of flax. Methods. The material for the study was flax fiber, represented by 523 batches and the long fiber obtained from it. The control developments of the flax trust were carried out according to a special methodological program with an assessment of the quality of fiber products according to the current regulatory documentation. A rating assessment of varieties by the quality of long fiber and a dispersion analysis of experimental data was carried out according to the scheme of a two-factor uneven complex. Results. Using the rating assessment of varieties by the quality of long fiber, a group of varieties characterized by its highest quality was determined when determining the number of flax on the entire evaluation scale. These include the following varieties: Al’fa, Tverskoy, Zaryanka, Dashkovskiy, Mogilevskiy 2, Tomsk 16. It is noted that in the context of the numbers of the flax trust, the set of varieties with high quality of long fiber represented by the rating varies significantly. It was found that the number of long fibers obtained during the processing of flax is more dependent on the quality of the produced flax (dispersion ratio Ff = 92.0 > Fst = 8.6) than the grade factor (Ff = 6.9 > Fst = 3.3). It is shown that the solution to the problem of improving the quality of long fiber that meets the requirements of the textile industry is primarily associated with the production of high-quality flax. The flax must have a quality of at least number 1.50. Scientific novelty. The priority of the factor of the flax seed number over the factor of the flax variety is proved, and their reliable influence on the quality of the long fiber produced at flax processing enterprises.
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Wall, David A., and Marjorie A. H. Smith. "Control of volunteer flax in wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-105.
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Volunteer flax (Linum usitatissimum) can interfere with harvesting operations in cereals, especially at high flax densities. Field experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 at Morden and Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, to evaluate tribenuron and thifensulfuron plus tribenuron (2:1) alone and in mixtures with 2,4-D, quinclorac, flamprop-methyl and fluroxypyr for their ability to control volunteer flax in spring wheat. Volunteer flax cvs. NorLin and CDCTriffid, a transgenic, sulfonylurea-tolerant cultivar, were cross-seeded to plots of spring wheat cv. AC Domain. Herbicides were applied at rates recommended for their use in spring wheat, when wheat was at the three- to four-leaf stage and flax was 5–8 cm tall. When left uncontrolled, volunteer flax reduced wheat yields by up to 27%. Tribenuron and thifensulfuron plus tribenuron (2:1) provided poor control of NorLin flax and almost no control of Triffid flax. Flax density was not reduced, but biomass was reduced to some extent, more for NorLin than for Triffid. The addition of 2,4-D to the tank-mixes of the sulfonylurea herbicides had some effect on flax biomass reduction but results were not consistent. Wheat yields were reduced in three of the five field trials. The other herbicides controlled NorLin and Triffid flax equally well. Quinclorac at 100 and 200 g a.i. ha−1 provided consistently good flax control, generally without yield loss to the wheat crop. Fluroxypyr plus 2,4-D and fluroxypyr plus clopyralid plus MCPA were as effective as quinclorac, but were tested only in 1 yr. Flamprop-methyl reduced flax biomass and provided good control in 1997, but control was poor in 1996 and resulted in wheat yield losses. Recently, quinclorac has been registered for use against volunteer flax in spring wheat. Key words: Volunteer flax, sulfonylurea resistant flax, spring wheat, control, yield loss
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Kukle, Silvija, Veneranda Stramkale, Dace Kalniņa, Dagmāra Prīberga, and Guntis Strazds. "Comparative Technological And Commercial Evaluation of Flax Varieties For The Revival of Flax Growing In Latvia." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (August 5, 2015): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol2.984.
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As renewable raw material flax increasingly gain more importance as the range of its use is spreading more and more. Besides the conventional uses in home textiles, clothing and sails products, demand of flax raw materials for technical uses increases rapidly as flax fibers have high specific properties, become components of biodegradable composites, environmental friendly isolation materials, besides flax shives pay attention as well as components of environment friendly building materials. Unfortunately in Latvia during last decades flax crop production had decreased rapidly and nowadays reintroduction of flax growing traditions and conditions are become more and more actual. In spite of depression in sector, in Agriculture Science Centre of Latgale are not interrupted experiments on development of local flax lines. Field trials were sown at the Centre in 2010 and 98 flax lines investigated. In this article reflected analysis results of one perspective local fibers flax line from different aspects and its properties comparison with the standard fibers flax variety Vega 2.
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ABD-RABBOH, ASEM M. K., YASER MAZROU, AMAL M. A. EL-BORHAMY, WILLIAM K. L. ABDELMASIEH, YASER HAFEZ, and KHALED A. ABDELAAL. "Efect of sowing dates and seed rates of flax intercropped with sugar beet on productivity of both crops and competitive relationships." Romanian Biotechnological Letters 26, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 3074–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/26.6/3074-3089.
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The aim of intercropping flax on sugar beet is to increase the cultivated area with flax due to widely cultivated area of sugar beet. So, a field experiment was carried out to study the effect of various sowing dates and seed rates of flax intercropped with sugar beet on yield, quality and economic evaluation. The main-plots were assigned to three sowing dates of flax intercropped with sugar beet and the sub-plots were allocated to four seed rates of flax. The results show that sowing date of flax after 35 days from sowing (DFS) sugar beet resulted in the highest values of sugar beet yields and quality. Maximum values of flax straw and seed yields resulted from sowing flax after 21 DFS sugar beet. Intercropping sugar beet with flax at 12.5% from recommended seed rate on top sugar beet terraces attained the most elevated values of sugar beet yield and quality. Sowing flax at 50% from recommended rate resulted in the best values of flax technical and fruiting zone length, also straw and seed yield/hectare. The maximum yield and economic return of both crops were obtained from sowing flax at 12.5% from recommended rate after (21 or 35) DFS sugar beet.
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Fu, Yong-Bi. "Genetic Relationships of Cultivated Flax and Its Wild Progenitor as Revealed by 454 Pyrosequencing, Sanger Resequencing and Microsatellite Data." Sci 6, no. 2 (June 3, 2024): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sci6020035.
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Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), as the earliest oil and fiber crop, is a model plant for genetic inferences of plant domestication processes involving multiple domestication events. However, a puzzle has emerged from several genetic studies, as dehiscent cultivated flax is genetically more related to its progenitor pale flax (L. bienne Mill.), and winter cultivated flax is well mixed with oil or fiber cultivated flax, while capsular dehiscence and winter hardiness are the major characteristics of pale flax. For this, a comparative analysis was conducted with 16 Linum samples representing pale flax and four domestication groups of cultivated flax (oil, fiber, winter, and dehiscent) using 454 pyrosequencing, Sanger resequencing and microsatellite data. It was found that the genomic sampling of genetic variants from the three applied methods yielded similar genetic information on pale flax and four groups of cultivated flax. The revealed genetic relationships did not show significant departures from the previous findings, but instead supported an early, independent domestication of a primitive flax lineage for oil use, followed by a subsequent flax domestication process with multiple domestication events for capsular dehiscence, oil, fiber and winter hardiness. Domestication on capsular dehiscence occurred earlier than domestication on winter hardiness. Domestication on winter hardiness was more complicated than domestication on capsular dehiscence.
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Rostovtsev, Roman A., Mixail M. Kovalev, Gennady A. Perov, and Sergey V. Prosolov. "Studying the Innovative Flax Pulling Process in Apparatuses with Transverse Pulling Channels." Engineering Technologies and Systems 32, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.032.202203.355-372.
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Introduction. During fiber-flax harvesting, the working tools of pulling units actively interact with the flax plants. The flax pulling unit with transverse tape-disc pulling channels is characterized by the separation of technological plant flows resulting in the loss of seeds and damage to the flax stems. The aim of the work is the theoretical and experimental substantiation of changes in the design of the pulling units with transverse tape-disc pulling channels by eliminating the separation of technological plant flows during flax pulling. Materials and Methods. Experimental studies to substantiate the parameters and modes of the pulling unit operation were carried out according to available and newly developed methodologies, while the evaluation of flax products was carried out according to current GOSTs (Russian National standards). There was determined the influence of the flax ripeness stages, flax yield, and a type of pulling unit on the indicators of separation of technological plant flows and on seed losses. The influence of the pulling unit type, operating width of the pulling section, and the pulling unit speed on the indicators of processing flax straw was also established. Results. There was obtained the dependence for determining the flax stem base elongation, taking into account the seed boll cohesion. The design of the modernized flax pulling unit was used to assess the effect of reducing the flax stem base elongation and eliminating the separation of technological plant flows during pulling on the reduction of seed loss and increase in the yield of flax longs. In the improved flax harvester, the frame elements are positioned behind the pulling unit. Thanks to the modernization of the pulling unit, the flax straw was of higher quality: 1.5 numbers at THLN-1.9M and 1.25 numbers at THLN-1.9P. Discussion and Conclusion. The modernized pulling unit THLN-1,9M during flax harvesting in the stage of early yellow ripeness, compared with the unit THLN-1,9P, can reduce seed loss by 1.4-2.0%, increased output of long fiber by 1.3%. The production of flax longs increases to 0.45 of its number.
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Côrtes, Cristiano, Ricardo Kazama, Daniele da Silva-Kazama, Chaouki Benchaar, Lucia M. Zeoula, Geraldo TD Santos, and Hélène V. Petit. "Digestion, milk production and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows fed flax hulls and infused with flax oil in the abomasum." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 3 (July 21, 2011): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029911000446.
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Flax hull, a co-product obtained from flax processing, is a rich source of n-3 fatty acids (FA) but there is little information on digestion of flax hull based diets and nutritive value of flax hull for dairy production. Flax oil is rich in α-linolenic acid (LNA) and rumen bypass of flax oil contributes to increase n-3 FA proportions in milk. Therefore, the main objective of the experiment was to determine the effects of abomasal infusion of increasing amounts of flax oil on apparent digestibility, dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, milk composition, and milk FA profile with emphasis on the proportion of LNA when cows were supplemented or not with another source of LNA such as flax hull. Six multiparous Holstein cows averaging 650±36 kg body weight and 95±20 d in milk were assigned to a 6×6 Latin square design (21-d experimental periods) with a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were: 1) control, neither flax hull nor flax oil (CON), 2) diet containing (DM basis) 15·9% flaxseed hull (FHU); 3) CON with abomasal infusion of 250 g/d flax oil; 4) CON with abomasal infusion of 500 g/d flax oil; 5) FHU with abomasal infusion of 250 g/d flax oil; 6) FHU with abomasal infusion of 500 g/d flax oil. Infusion of flax oil in the abomasum resulted in a more pronounce decrease in DM intake for cows fed the CON diets than for those fed the FHU diets. Abomasal infusion of flax oil had little effect on digestibility and FHU supplementation increased digestibility of DM and crude protein. Milk yield was not changed by abomasal infusion of flax oil where it was decreased with FHU supplementation. Cows fed FHU had higher proportions of 18:0, cis9-18:1, trans dienes, trans monoenes and total trans in milk fat than those fed CON. Proportion of LNA was similar in milk fat of cows infused with 250 and 500 g/d flax oil in the abomasum. Independently of the basal diet, abomasal infusion of flax oil resulted in the lowest n-6:n-3 FA ratio in milk fat, suggesting that the most important factor for modification of milk FA profile was the amount of n-3 FA bypassing the rumen and not the amount of flax hull fed to dairy cows. Moreover, these data suggest that there is no advantage to supply more than 250 g/d of flax oil in the abomasum to increase the proportion of LNA in milk fat.
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Galinousky, Dmitry, and Tsimafei Padvitski. "Cell wall gene expression in two sub-species of flax." EuroBiotech Journal 1, no. 2 (May 9, 2017): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/02.15.
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Abstract In this work, we attempted to elucidate mechanisms of flax fiber biogenesis by measuring, using qPCR, expression of the cellwall related genes (cellulose synthase, cellulose synthase-like and chitinase-like genes) in stems of two contrasting fiber quality subspecies of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). We studied elongatum Vav. et Ell. (cultivar Blakit, Belarus) and crepitans Boenn. (dehiscent flax) subspecies, which are differed in the height of plants, width of stems etc. Amongst all measured genes chitinase- like Ctl19 and Ctl21 genes showed drastic difference in expression between stems of the two flax varieties, showing higher expression level in the fiber flax versus the dehiscent flax. In contrast, cellulose synthase-like CslG4 gene had lower expression levels in the stem of fiber flax than in dehiscent flax. We suggest that hemicellulose composition and cellulose - non-cellulose glycan organisation can vary between stalk cells of different flax subspecies.
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Zintsov, Alexander N., Mixail M. Kovalev, Gennady A. Perov, Mixail G. Perov, and Vyacheslav A. Dobretsov. "Influence of the Processes of Fluffing the Flax Stem Strips on the Structural Parameters of the Layer." Engineering Technologies and Systems 4, no. 33 (December 29, 2023): 542–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.033.202304.542-557.
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Introduction. The efficiency of separating long flax fiber from the flax straw largely depends on the structural parameters of the layer of flax stems. Modern fluffers for flax strips create random distortions and intersection of the layer of flax stems under the pick-up drum. These disadvantages of existing machines are minimized in an experimental fluffer, in which a layer of flax stems moves over the pick-up drum with a kinematic mode indicator equal to one. Aim of the Article. The study is aimed at finding means and methods for preserving the structural parameters of the layer of flax stems when fluffing flax straw strips. Materials and Methods. Experimental studies were carried out according to existing and newly developed methods, and the analysis of flax fiber was carried out according to the current GOST standards. The experiments were carried out on the flax strips formed by the LC-4A flax harvester. After grass sprouted through the strips of flax stems, they were fluffed with the serial machine VL-3 and an experimental fluffer. For each variant, the necessary measurements of the main structural parameters of the stem strip and collection of samples for analysis were made before the unit passed and after fluffering the flax stem strip. The results of measurements and processing of samples were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics. Results. It was found that macro-bends of the original and processed flax strips were in all the experiments. At the same time, the range of changes in the curvature of the flax strip outside the cutoff frequencies expanded 2.3 times under the influence of the working tools of the serial tedder VL-3. The randomness of these pulsations was caused by an increase in the distortion and elongation of the flax stems in the strip by 6.0° and 6.9%, respectively. At the same time, the experimental fluffer produced the smallest changes in the structural parameters of the flax stem layer. The technological evaluation of the flax straw confirmed the advantages of the experimental fluffer in comparison with the serial VL-3, which has an average production of long fiber higher by 0.65% and 0.5 units of number. Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of the obtained results indicates the practicability of fluffing flax strips by picking up and moving the stems from above the pick-up drum with its kinematic mode index equal to one.
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Lai, Pengfei, Xudong Zhi, Shizhao Shen, Zheng Wang, and Ping Yu. "Strength and Damping Properties of Cementitious Composites Incorporating Original and Alkali Treated Flax Fibers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 16, 2019): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102002.
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This experimental investigation focused on the mechanical and damping properties of raw and alkali treated flax fibers reinforced cementitious composites. The objective of this study was to research the influence of flax fiber for the damping properties of cementitious composites. The mechanical strengths were obtained using compressive and flexural tests and damping properties were measured using a dynamic mechanical analysis. Structural modifications to the treated flax fibers were analyzed using scanning electronic microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Results showed that cement compressive strength was decreased, and flexural strength was increased by the addition of untreated flax fibers. Alkali treatment improved the mechanical strength of flax reinforced cement. The addition of flax fibers improved cement damping properties, and the damping effect of untreated flax fibers was greater than that of alkali treated fibers. The loss tangent of the cementitious composites reinforced with raw and alkali treated flax fibers at an amount of 1 wt % of cement was improved by 45.83% and 37.5% at 20 Hz, respectively. The damping properties of flax fiber was attributed to friction between elementary fibers and between adjacent fiber cell walls and slipping between the fiber and matrix. Callouses, pectin, and lignocellulose in untreated flax fiber contributed to damping and their removal by alkali treatment was the main reason why untreated flax fibers had a greater damping effect as compared to alkali-modified flax fibers.
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Chun, David T. W., Jonn A. Foulk, and David D. McAlister III. "Antibacterial properties and drying effects of flax denim and antibacterial properties of nonwoven flax fabric." BioResources 5, no. 1 (December 18, 2009): 244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.5.1.244-258.
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A modification of “AATCC Test Method 100-1999” was used for assaying for bacteriostatic/antibacterial properties of denim containing various flax concentrations. Since no direct evidence that increasing the flax content of fabric imparted the fabric with increased bacteriostatic properties was found against the control bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, other possible explanations for the long held presumption that flax fabric exhibited antibacterial properties was sought. Because the appearance of having antibacterial or bacteriostatic properties might be imitated if the flax content would decrease the time fabric would be moist enough for bacterial growth, the effect of drying was evaluated. When flax fabric was saturated and the moisture lost during incubation was measured, there was no improved drying associated with increased flax content. When untreated nonwoven flax was evaluated as possibly containing more ‘antibacterial’ or bacteriostatic components than scoured nonwoven flax material, the population densities increased. This increase suggests that the unscoured nonwoven flax contain compo-nents that support bacterial growth to the extent that bacteriostatic or antibacterial components, if any, are overwhelmed by the components that support bacterial growth. In tests involving the control bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, increasing the flax content of flax fabric did not demonstrate increased antibacterial properties.
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Bedigian, Dorothea. "Flax: The GenusLinum." Economic Botany 58, no. 2 (April 2004): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0316:br]2.0.co;2.
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Kenaschuk, E. O., K. Y. Rashid, and G. H. Gubbels. "AC Emerson flax." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-088.
Full textAbstract:
AC Emerson, a medium-early maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was released by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agri-Food Diversification Research Centre, Morden, Manitoba, in 1994. The cultivar has high oil quality, medium-large seed size and was high yielding in both early and late seeding tests in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Because of its chlorosis tolerance, it is particularly well suited to the calcareous soils of Manitoba. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
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Rowland, G. G., A. G. McHughen, Y. A. Hormis, and K. Y. Rashid. "CDC Normandy flax." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-063.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Normandy, a tissue-culture-derived oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 1995 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar is a medium-early maturing, with medium oil content, good oil quality, brown seeds and medium seed size, fair lodging resistance and high yields when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description, somaclonal variation
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Rowland, G. G., Y. A. Hormis, and K. Y. Rashid. "CDC Valour flax." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-064.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Valour, an early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), was developed in 1996 at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, good oil quality, brown seeds and medium seed size, fair lodging resistance and high yield when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
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Rowland, G. G., Y. A. Hormis, and K. Y. Rashid. "CDC Arras flax." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-065.
Full textAbstract:
CDC Arras is a medium-early-maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) developed at the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. This cultivar has medium oil content, good oil quality, large seed size, fair lodging resistance and high yield when seeded early in the Black and the Brown Soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini and moderately resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description