Journal articles on the topic 'Flavonoids'
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Ivey, Kerry L., Jonathan M. Hodgson, Kevin D. Croft, Joshua R. Lewis, and Richard L. Prince. "Flavonoid intake and all-cause mortality." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101, no. 5 (April 1, 2015): 1012–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.073106.
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ABSTRACT Background: Flavonoids are bioactive compounds found in foods such as tea, chocolate, red wine, fruit, and vegetables. Higher intakes of specific flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods have been linked to reduced mortality from specific vascular diseases and cancers. However, the importance of flavonoids in preventing all-cause mortality remains uncertain. Objective: The objective was to explore the association between flavonoid intake and risk of 5-y mortality from all causes by using 2 comprehensive food composition databases to assess flavonoid intake. Design: The study population included 1063 randomly selected women aged >75 y. All-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortalities were assessed over 5 y of follow-up through the Western Australia Data Linkage System. Two estimates of flavonoid intake (total flavonoidUSDA and total flavonoidPE) were determined by using food composition data from the USDA and the Phenol-Explorer (PE) databases, respectively. Results: During the 5-y follow-up period, 129 (12%) deaths were documented. Participants with high total flavonoid intake were at lower risk [multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI)] of 5-y all-cause mortality than those with low total flavonoid consumption [total flavonoidUSDA: 0.37 (0.22, 0.58); total flavonoidPE: 0.36 (0.22, 0.60)]. Similar beneficial relations were observed for both cardiovascular disease mortality [total flavonoidUSDA: 0.34 (0.17, 0.69); flavonoidPE: 0.32 (0.16, 0.61)] and cancer mortality [total flavonoidUSDA: 0.25 (0.10, 0.62); flavonoidPE: 0.26 (0.11, 0.62)]. Conclusions: Using the most comprehensive flavonoid databases, we provide evidence that high consumption of flavonoids is associated with reduced risk of mortality in older women. The benefits of flavonoids may extend to the etiology of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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P, Darmayuda I. P., Suardana I. G, and Bawa Putra A. A. "ANALYSIS OF TOTAL FLAVONOID LEVELS OF ETHANOL EXTRACT (Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii Blume) LEAVES WITH UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY METHOD." Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Indonesia 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2021): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jipi.v9i3.1798.
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Cinnamon plants (Cinnamomum burmani Blume), including plants that have medicinal properties for diabetes mellitus because they contain flavonoid compounds. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoids content of the ethanol extract of cinnamon leaf ethanol extract using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The ethanol extract of Cinnamon leaf was obtained by maceration using ethanol as a solvent.The qualitative analysis used FeCl3by forming yellowish green complex. The determination of total flavonoids content is conducted basedon AlCl3method with total flavonoidse xpressed in QE (Quercetin equivalent) at the maximum wavelength of 435 nm. The result showed that the average content of flavonoid total is 19.544 mg QE/g extract.
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Choi, Roy C. Y., Judy T. T. Zhu, Amanda W. Y. Yung, Pinky S. C. Lee, Sherry L. Xu, Ava J. Y. Guo, Kevin Y. Zhu, Tina T. X. Dong, and Karl W. K. Tsim. "Synergistic Action of Flavonoids, Baicalein, and Daidzein in Estrogenic and Neuroprotective Effects: A Development of Potential Health Products and Therapeutic Drugs against Alzheimer’s Disease." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/635694.
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Despite the classical hormonal effect, estrogen has been reported to mediate neuroprotection in the brain, which leads to the searching of estrogen-like substances for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Flavonoids, a group of natural compounds, are well known to possess estrogenic effects and used to substitute estrogen, that is, phytoestrogen. Flavonoid serves as one of the potential targets for the development of natural supplements and therapeutic drugs against different diseases. The neuroprotection activity of flavonoids was chosen for a possible development of anti-Alzheimer's drugs or food supplements. The estrogenic activity of two flavonoids, baicalein and daidzein, were demonstrated by their strong abilities in stimulating estrogen receptor phosphorylation and transcriptional activation of estrogen responsive element in MCF-7 breast cells. The neuroprotection effects of flavonoids againstβ-amyloid (Aβ) were revealed by their inhibition effects onin vitroAβaggregation and Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 neuronal cells. More importantly, the estrogenic and neuroprotective activities of individual flavonoid could be further enhanced by the cotreatment in the cultures. Taken together, this synergistic effect of baicalein and daidzein might serve as a method to improve the therapeutic efficacy of different flavonoids against Aβ, which might be crucial in developing those flavonoidsin treating Alzheimer's disease in the future.
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Cheon, Minjung, Minsung Chung, and Yongsoon Park. "Association between Dietary Intake of Flavonoids and Cancer Recurrence among Breast Cancer Survivors." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 3049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093049.
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Intake of flavonoids is associated with the incidence of breast cancer, but the association between the intake of flavonoids and cancer recurrence is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that intake of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods is negatively associated with cancer recurrence. Among 572 women who underwent breast cancer surgery, 66 patients had a cancer recurrence. Dietary data were collected using a structured 24-h dietary recall, and intake of flavonoids was calculated based on the Korea Rural Development Administration flavonoid database. Among overweight and obese patients, disease-free survival was associated with intake of flavonoids (p = 0.004) and flavonoid-rich foods (p = 0.003). Intake of flavonoids (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.249, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09–0.64) and flavonoid-rich foods (HR = 0.244, 95% CI: 0.09–0.66) was negatively associated with cancer recurrence after adjusting for confounding factors in overweight and obese patients. Consumption of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods was lower in overweight and obese patients with cancer recurrence than those without recurrence and in normal-weight patients. This study suggests that intake of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods could have beneficial effects on cancer recurrence in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors.
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Gebhardt, S. E., J. M. Harnly, S. A. Bhagwat, G. R. Beecher, R. F. Doherty, J. M. Holden, D. B. Haytowitz, A. L. Eldridge, J. J. Peterson, and J. T. Dwyer. "USDA'S FLAVONOID DATABASE: FLAVONOIDS IN FRUIT." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103 (September 2003): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(08)70085-3.
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Nurlinda, Nurlinda, Virsa Handayani, and Faradiba Abdul Rasyid. "Spectrophotometric Determination of Total Flavonoid Content in Biancaea Sappan (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Leaves." Jurnal Fitofarmaka Indonesia 8, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/jffi.v8i3.712.
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AbstractBiancaea sappan (BS) is traditionally used to treat anticonvulsants, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anticoagulant, antiviral, immunostimulant, antioxidant, and antimicrobial treatments. Flavonoids are found in Secang; flavonoids are secondary metabolites that have antioxidant activity. This study aims to identify the flavonoids using TLC and determination of flavonoids content in BS leaves. Initially, The methanol extract of BS was obtained by maceration with ethanol. The qualitative analysis of flavonoid was using TLC and visualization by sprayed with AlCl3. The determination of total flavonoid content is conducted based on the AlCl3 method with total flavonoids expressed in QE (Quercetin equivalent) at the maximum wavelength of 431 nm. The research results showed that BS leaves contain flavonoids and the total flavonoid content of BS leaf extract is 1.0318 mg QE / g extract.Keywords: Caesalpinia sappan; Flavonoid content, Spectrophotometric
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Selvakumar, Priyanga, Aja Badgeley, Paige Murphy, Hina Anwar, Urvashi Sharma, Katharine Lawrence, and Ashakumary Lakshmikuttyamma. "Flavonoids and Other Polyphenols Act as Epigenetic Modifiers in Breast Cancer." Nutrients 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12030761.
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Breast cancer is a common cancer that occurs due to different epigenetic alterations and genetic mutations. Various epidemiological studies have demonstrated an inverse correlation between breast cancer incidence and flavonoid intake. The anti-cancer action of flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic compounds that are present in plants, as secondary metabolites has been a major topic of research for many years. Our review analysis demonstrates that flavonoids exhibit anti-cancer activity against breast cancer occurring in different ethnic populations. Breast cancer subtype and menopausal status are the key factors in inducing the flavonoid’s anti-cancer action in breast cancer. The dose is another key factor, with research showing that approximately 10 mg/day of isoflavones is required to inhibit breast cancer occurrence. In addition, flavonoids also influence the epigenetic machinery in breast cancer, with research demonstrating that epigallocatechin, genistein, and resveratrol all inhibited DNA methyltransferase and altered chromatin modification in breast cancer. These flavonoids can induce the expression of different tumor suppressor genes that may contribute to decreasing breast cancer progression and metastasis. Additional studies are required to confirm the contribution of epigenetic modifications by flavonoids to breast cancer prevention.
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Pyo, Yeonhee, Ki Han Kwon, and Yeon Ja Jung. "Anticancer Potential of Flavonoids: Their Role in Cancer Prevention and Health Benefits." Foods 13, no. 14 (July 17, 2024): 2253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13142253.
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The term “flavonoid” encompasses a group of plant compounds, predominantly flavonoids, present in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods. These compounds deliver significant health benefits, including potent antioxidant properties that protect cells from free radicals, thereby mitigating aging and disease. We assessed study quality and bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the Newcastle−Ottawa Scale. Inclusion criteria specified that the studies must examine a natural flavonoid from fruits, must involve animal or human trials, must be original studies, and must be English articles on the flavonoid’s health and cancer-prevention effects, excluding conference abstracts and single-case studies. We conducted a comprehensive search of major databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar, reviewing six clinical trials with total sample sizes of over 50 to 1500 participants. The results indicate that consuming flavonoid-rich fruits can aid in cancer prevention by targeting angiogenic and cancer-protective pathways. We specifically selected tomatoes, mulberries, Amazon grapes, apples, and citrus fruits due to their well-documented high levels of flavonoids and the robust clinical evidence supporting their physiological effects. In particular, citrus fruits contain additional beneficial phytochemicals that complement the action of flavonoids, enhancing their overall health effects. The anti-cancer mechanisms of flavonoids are not well-defined in the scientific literature, suggesting a gap that this study aims to address. Our study provides novel contributions by demonstrating how flavonoid supplementation induces anti-cancer effects through angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory actions, antioxidant-induced apoptosis, and modulation of pathways like PI3K/Akt and MAPK. These effects were particularly notable in the prevention and progression of breast, colon, liver, and lung cancers, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). By elucidating specific mechanisms and pathways, this study contributes to the understanding of flavonoids’ role in cancer prevention and underscores the potential for developing natural anti-cancer therapeutics through the inclusion of flavonoid-rich fruits in the diet. Future research should focus on randomized controlled trials assessing long-term effects of flavonoid supplementation in diverse populations, exploring optimal dosages, and understanding interactions with conventional cancer therapies to provide comprehensive evidence for clinical applications.
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Zhou, Jin, Kai Zou, Shaodong Fu, Zhenchun Duan, Guoqing Zhang, Xinhong Wu, Jingwen Huang, et al. "Flavonoid Synthesis by Deinococcus sp. 43 Isolated from the Ginkgo Rhizosphere." Microorganisms 11, no. 7 (July 21, 2023): 1848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071848.
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Flavonoids are crucial in physiological and pharmaceutical processes, especially the treatment of cancer and the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Flavonoid-producing plants and fungi have been extensively reported, but bacteria have been much less investigated as a source of flavonoid production. Deinococcus sp. 43, a spherical flavonoid-producing bacteria from the Ginkgo rhizosphere, was reported in this study. First, the whole genome of Deinococcus sp. 43 was sequenced and a series of flavonoid anabolic genes were annotated. Simultaneously, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) results showed that Deinococcus sp. 43 was capable of producing flavonoids, with a maximum quercetin output of 2.9 mg/L. Moreover, the relative expression of key genes involved in flavonoid synthesis was determined to test the completeness of the flavonoid anabolic pathway. The results of LC-MS analysis demonstrated that the flavonoids produced by Deinococcus sp. 43 were significantly different between intracellular and extracellular environments. The concentration of multiple glycosylated flavonoids was substantially higher in extracellular than intracellular environments, while the majority of flavonoids obtained in intracellular environments were hydroxylated multiple times. Lastly, the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway of Deinococcus sp. 43 was constructed based on the genomic analysis and the detected flavonoids. In conclusion, this study represents the first comprehensive characterization of the flavonoid-producing pathway of Deinococcus. The findings demonstrate that the strain has excellent potential as a genetically engineered strain for the industrial production of flavonoids.
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Xiong, Chuanyong, Xiaoqing Li, Xin Wang, Jingxin Wang, Hans Lambers, Carroll P. Vance, Jianbo Shen, and Lingyun Cheng. "Flavonoids are involved in phosphorus-deficiency-induced cluster-root formation in white lupin." Annals of Botany 129, no. 1 (October 20, 2021): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab131.
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Abstract Background and Aims Initiation of cluster roots in white lupin (Lupinus albus) under phosphorus (P) deficiency requires auxin signalling, whereas flavonoids inhibit auxin transport. However, little information is available about the interactions between P deficiency and flavonoids in terms of cluster-root formation in white lupin. Methods Hydroponic and aeroponic systems were used to investigate the role of flavonoids in cluster-root formation, with or without 75 μm P supply. Key Results Phosphorus-deficiency-induced flavonoid accumulation in cluster roots depended on developmental stage, based on in situ determination of fluorescence of flavonoids and flavonoid concentration. LaCHS8, which codes for a chalcone synthase isoform, was highly expressed in cluster roots, and silencing LaCHS8 reduced flavonoid production and rootlet density. Exogenous flavonoids suppressed cluster-root formation. Tissue-specific distribution of flavonoids in roots was altered by P deficiency, suggesting that P deficiency induced flavonoid accumulation, thus fine-tuning the effect of flavonoids on cluster-root formation. Furthermore, naringenin inhibited expression of an auxin-responsive DR5:GUS marker, suggesting an interaction of flavonoids and auxin in regulating cluster-root formation. Conclusions Phosphorus deficiency triggered cluster-root formation through the regulation of flavonoid distribution, which fine-tuned an auxin response in the early stages of cluster-root development. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cluster-root formation under P deficiency.
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Benković, Goran, Mirza Bojić, Željan Maleš, and Siniša Tomić. "Screening of flavonoid aglycons’ metabolism mediated by the human liver cytochromes P450." Acta Pharmaceutica 69, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 541–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acph-2019-0039.
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Abstract Biological effects of flavonoids have been extensively studied in the last 80 years. As flavonoids represent a rather large group of compounds, data on metabolic biotransformations of these compounds is relatively limited to those well studied. The objective of this study was to screen the metabolism of 30 selected flavonoid aglycons mediated by the most relevant metabolic enzymes, human liver cytochromes P450. For this purpose, in vitro experiments with human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes were conducted. To evaluate flavonoid’s metabolism and structure of the products, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used. Out of 30 flavonoids, 15 were susceptible to oxidative metabolism mediated by cytochromes P450. Dominant reactions were aromatic hydroxylation and O-demethylation, or a combination of these reactions. The dominant enzyme responsible for the observed metabolic reactions is CYP1A2, whereas other human liver cytochromes P450, namely, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4, contribute to flavonoid metabolism to a lesser degree. These results, to some extent, contribute to the understanding of the metabolism of constituents found in antioxidant dietary supplements and their possible interactions with other xenobiotics, i.e., medicinal products.
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Ku, Yee-Shan, Ming-Sin Ng, Sau-Shan Cheng, Annie Wing-Yi Lo, Zhixia Xiao, Tai-Sun Shin, Gyuhwa Chung, and Hon-Ming Lam. "Understanding the Composition, Biosynthesis, Accumulation and Transport of Flavonoids in Crops for the Promotion of Crops as Healthy Sources of Flavonoids for Human Consumption." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061717.
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Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds that naturally occur in plants. Sub-groups of flavonoids include flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, anthocyanidin, flavanol and isoflavone. The various modifications on flavonoid molecules further increase the diversity of flavonoids. Certain crops are famous for being enriched in specific flavonoids. For example, anthocyanins, which give rise to a purplish color, are the characteristic compounds in berries; flavanols are enriched in teas; and isoflavones are uniquely found in several legumes. It is widely accepted that the antioxidative properties of flavonoids are beneficial for human health. In this review, we summarize the classification of the different sub-groups of flavonoids based on their molecular structures. The health benefits of flavonoids are addressed from the perspective of their molecular structures. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are compared among different crops to highlight the mechanisms that lead to the differential accumulation of different sub-groups of flavonoids. In addition, the mechanisms and genes involved in the transport and accumulation of flavonoids in crops are discussed. We hope the understanding of flavonoid accumulation in crops will guide the proper balance in their consumption to improve human health.
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Mannen, Ryo, Michiko T. Yasuda, Ayami Sano, Toshinao Goda, Kayoko Shimoi, and Yoko Ichikawa. "Changes in plasma concentration of flavonoids after ingestion of a flavonoid-rich meal prepared with basic foodstuffs." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 9, no. 9 (October 1, 2019): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v9i9.643.
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Background: As flavonoids have a variety of functions, such as antioxidant activity, there is growing interest in the development of flavonoid supplements. However, there have been reports of DNA damage due to exposure to flavonoids at high concentrations in rats, which could suggest that a habitual intake of flavonoid supplements may cause toxicity. Therefore, we considered that ingesting flavonoids from a typical meal combined basic foodstuffs are safe because of unlikely to result high concentrations like supplements, and focused on the intake of flavonoids from a typical meal. Thus, this study investigated the absorption of flavonoids in humans after the consumption of a typical meal. Methods: On the first 2 days of the study, seven healthy volunteers were provided with low-flavonoid meals (flavonoid content below the detection limit by HPLC: less than 0.24 mg/meal) three times a day as a washout. A flavonoid-rich meal (40.44 ± 1.49 mg/meal) was then provided for breakfast on the third day. Blood was collected from all volunteers 0, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 h after the flavonoid-rich meal was consumed. After enzyme hydrolysis of the plasma, the plasma concentrations of flavonoids aglycone of quercetin, daidzein and genistein were measured using LC-MS. Urine was also collected and pooled 24 h after the flavonoid-rich meal was consumed. Thereafter, the urine was treated with enzyme hydrolysis, and the measurement of urinary flavonoids was performed. Results: Plasma flavonoid peaks were observed 8 h after consumption of the flavonoid-rich meal (quercetin: 4.29 ± 1.46 μM, daidzein: 0.51 ± 0.41 μM, genistein: 0.91 ± 0.73 μM). Furthermore, flavonoids were confirmed to be present in plasma even at 9 h after the intake meal. The urinary recovery of flavonoids was 3.43 ± 1.50% for quercetin, 13.87 ± 6.68% for daidzein, and 16.89 ± 11.40% for genistein. Conclusion: These results suggest that consuming a typical meal that combines a variety of basic foodstuffs delays attainment of the plasma flavonoid peak compared with consuming a single type of food or supplements as previously reported. In addition, the flavonoid urinary recovery were also reduced compared with those previously reported.
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Wu, Xian, Zhihui Du, Lian Liu, Zhilin Chen, Yurong Li, and Shaobin Fu. "Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Sheds Light on Flavonoid Biosynthesis in the Fruiting Body of Stropharia rugosoannulata." Journal of Fungi 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2024): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10040254.
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Flavonoids are a diverse family of natural compounds that are widely distributed in plants and play a critical role in plant growth, development, and stress adaptation. In recent years, the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants has been well-researched, with the successive discovery of key genes driving this process. However, the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in fungi remains unclear. Stropharia rugosoannulata is an edible mushroom known for its high nutritional and pharmacological value, with flavonoids being one of its main active components. To investigate the flavonoid content of S. rugosoannulata, a study was conducted to extract and determine the total flavonoids at four stages: young mushroom (Ym), gill (Gi), maturation (Ma), and parachute-opening (Po). The findings revealed a gradual increase in total flavonoid concentration as the fruiting body developed, with significant variations observed between the Ym, Gi, and Ma stages. Subsequently, we used UPLC-MS/MS and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to quantify the flavonoids and identify regulatory genes of Ym, Gi, and Ma. In total, 53 flavonoid-related metabolites and 6726 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Through KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, we identified 59 structural genes encoding flavonoid biosynthesis-related enzymes, most of which were up-regulated during the development of the fruiting body, consistent with the accumulation of flavonoids. This research led to the establishment of a comprehensive transcriptional metabolic regulatory network encompassing flavonoids, flavonoid synthases, and transcription factors (TFs). This represents the first systematic exploration of the molecular mechanism of flavonoids in the fruiting of fungi, offering a foundation for further research on flavonoid mechanisms and the breeding of high-quality S. rugosoannulata.
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Yulianis, Yulianis, Sangra Maysenta, and Siti Hamidatul Aliyah. "IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA FLAVONOID PADA FRAKSI N-BUTANOL BUNGA BUGENVIL UNGU (Bougenvillea spectabilis) DENGAN SPEKTROFOTOMETER UV-VIS." JURNAL BIOSENSE 6, no. 01 (June 30, 2023): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36526/biosense.v6i01.2823.
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Bougainvillea purple flowers (bougenvillea spectabilis) is a plant that contains secondary metabolites one of them flavonoids. This study aims to identify the type of flavonoids in the purple bougenville blend n-butanol. The identification of the bougainvillea n-butanol fraction was performed by separation method using preparative TLC by using eluent nbutanol: acetic acid: water (4: 1: 5) in 3 stains with Rf 0.2, Rf 0.3, and Rf 0, 6 in a shear reagent at Rf 0.2 in flavonoid guessing using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, based on analysis using UV-Vis spectrophotometer has absorption at wavelength 372 band 1 and 276 band 2 then flavonoid flavonoids are expected. The results of this study showed that the fraction of purple bougainvillea flowers contain flavonoid flavonoids. Conclusion From this study Based on thin layer chromatography and UV-Vis spectrum analysis with shear compound reagents in bougainvillea flower is thought to contain flavonoid flavonoids.
Keywords: purple bougainvillea; bougenvillea spectabilis; flavonoid; flavonol.
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Hill, Emily, Anna Pashkova, Elizabeth Grainger, Kristen Roberts, Chureeporn Chitchumroonchokchai, Steven Clinton, and Colleen Spees. "Associations Between a Targeted Metabolomics Panel of Urinary Flavonoids and Flavonoid Intakes from Fruits and Vegetables Across Dietary Assessment Periods." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab037_032.
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Abstract Objectives Aligning dietary intake and food composition data with biomarkers of exposure is critical for advancing assessment methodology. Flavonoids present in fruits and vegetables (FV) are rapidly metabolized and excreted in urine; therefore they may serve as acute intake biomarkers. Yet, the optimal dietary assessment period has not been determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between a targeted metabolomics panel of six urinary flavonoids and dietary intakes of these flavonoids from FV across varying dietary assessment periods. Methods In this cross-sectional study, three-day diet records from 17 individuals were analyzed via Nutrition Data System for Research to determine FV intakes over one-day, two-day, and three-day assessment periods. Dietary flavonoids from FV were estimated via the Phenol-Explorer database; total intakes of targeted flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, phloretin, naringenin, hesperetin) were calculated by summing aglycone and glycosylated forms. Twenty-four-hour (24-h) urine was collected on the final day of diet records. Urinary flavonoid aglycones were quantified using HPLC; total urinary flavonoids were calculated by summing targeted flavonoids. Spearman correlations between flavonoid intakes and urinary flavonoids were analyzed by dietary assessment period. Results Mean targeted flavonoid intake from FV was 53.6 mg/day. Ten specific FV provided >95% of dietary flavonoids, with greatest contributions from citrus (orange juice, grapefruit, orange) and onion. Mean urinary flavonoid excretion was 9.5 μmol/24-h. Urinary flavonoids were moderately associated with flavonoid intakes from the one-day assessment period on the day prior to urine collection (rs = 0.485, P = 0.048) and summed intakes from the two-day assessment period (rs = 0.598, P = 0.011), but not from intakes over the three-day assessment period. Conclusions Urinary flavonoids are most strongly associated with dietary flavonoids consumed within two days of 24-h urine collection, indicating two-day diet records aligned with 24-h urine collection is optimal for assessing (poly)phenol exposure from FV in future research. Funding Sources OSU CCTS, Rosita Schiller Award, OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center MCC Program, and OSU CAFFRE.
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Jeong, Ju-Mi, Cheol-Hee Choi, Su-Kyeong Kang, In-Hwa Lee, Ji-Yoon Lee, and Hyuk Jung. "Antioxidant and Chemosensitizing Effects of Flavonoids with Hydroxy and/or Methoxy Groups and Structure-Activity Relationship." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 4 (October 26, 2007): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3kw2z.
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Purpose. Flavonoids have been used as antioxidant, chemopreventive and chemosensitizing agents. In this study, eleven flavonoids containing a variety of hydroxy (OH) and/or methoxy (OMe) groups were evaluated for their antioxidant, cytotoxic and chemosensitizing effects to create a structure-activity relationship (SAR). Methods. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical solution-based chemical assay and and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) cellular-based assay were used to compare the free radical scavenging activity on the same molar concentration basis using the AML-2/DX100 cells which are characterized by the down-regulated expression of catalase and resulting supersensitiviy to hydrogen peroxide. The chemosensitization and cytotoxicity were determined by the MTT assay in the presence or absence of an anticancer drug using the P-glycoprotein-overexpressing AML-2 subline AML-2/D100 cells. Results. The antioxidant activity of the flavonoid (3,5,7,3’,4’-OH) was higher than that of the flavonoid (5,7,3’,4’-OH). Flavonoids substituted with the various number of OMe decreased antioxidant activity. Flavonoids with 7-OH or 5,7-OH groups have the highest cytotoxicity, and flavonoids with 5,7-OMe group intermediate cytotoxicity. The IC50 values of flavonoid (5,7-OMe, 3’,4’,5’-OMe) and flavonoid (5,7-OMe, 4’-OMe), 0.4 M and 1.4 M. The IC50 values of flavonoid (5,6,7-OMe, 3’,4’-OMe) and flavonoid (5,6,7-OMe, 3’,4’,5’-OMe), 3.2 uM and 0.9 M, respectively, and those of flavonoid (5,6,7-OMe, 3’,4’,5’-OMe) and flavonoid (5,7-OMe,3’,4’,5’-OMe) were 0.9 M and 0.4 M, respectively. Conclusions. These results suggest that flavonoids with 3-OH group play a positive role in antioxidant activities, flavonoids with 5-OH and/or 7-OH groups show the higher cytotoxicity, and flavonoids with 3’-OMe and/or 5’-OMe groups plays positive but 6-OMe groups negative roles in the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) inhibition. It is believed that these SAR results can be taken into account for the development of flavonoids with high therapeutic index.
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Shomali, Aida, Susmita Das, Namira Arif, Mohammad Sarraf, Noreen Zahra, Vaishali Yadav, Sasan Aliniaeifard, Devendra Kumar Chauhan, and Mirza Hasanuzzaman. "Diverse Physiological Roles of Flavonoids in Plant Environmental Stress Responses and Tolerance." Plants 11, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 3158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11223158.
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Flavonoids are characterized as the low molecular weight polyphenolic compounds universally distributed in planta. They are a chemically varied group of secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological activity. The increasing amount of evidence has demonstrated the various physiological functions of flavonoids in stress response. In this paper, we provide a brief introduction to flavonoids’ biochemistry and biosynthesis. Then, we review the recent findings on the alternation of flavonoid content under different stress conditions to come up with an overall picture of the mechanism of involvement of flavonoids in plants’ response to various abiotic stresses. The participation of flavonoids in antioxidant systems, flavonoid-mediated response to different abiotic stresses, the involvement of flavonoids in stress signaling networks, and the physiological response of plants under stress conditions are discussed in this review. Moreover, molecular and genetic approaches to tailoring flavonoid biosynthesis and regulation under abiotic stress are addressed in this review.
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Hidayah, Himyatul, Andini Widyaningsih, Anjani Dwi Pangestu, and Siska Ratna Dewi. "Literatur Riview: Flavonoid Activity As an Anti-Cancer Compound." MAHESA : Malahayati Health Student Journal 3, no. 5 (June 12, 2023): 1255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/mahesa.v3i5.10296.
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ABSTRACT The activity of flavonoids as anti-cancer compounds has attracted the attention of researchers. Flavonoids are natural compounds found in various plants and have been identified as potential candidates for anti-cancer drugs. Flavonoids have multiple mechanisms of action, including inhibiting cancer cell growth, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels. Flavonoids also possess antioxidant properties that protect normal cells from oxidative damage. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated significant anti-cancer potential of flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, genistein, and apigenin against various types of cancer, including breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer. Moreover, flavonoids can enhance the effectiveness of conventional therapies and reduce their side effects, making them promising as adjuvant therapies in cancer treatment. However, further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action of flavonoids, improve their bioavailability, and conduct clinical trials in humans. Exploring new sources of flavonoids and structural modifications can also enhance their anti-cancer activity. The application of advanced technologies and methods such as molecular biology, cell biology, and gene therapy can help uncover the full potential of flavonoids as anti-cancer compounds. Keywords: Flavonoid, Anti-Cancer Activity, Mechanisms of Action, Cancer Therapy, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Genistein, Apigenin. ABSTRAK Aktivitas flavonoid sebagai senyawa anti-kanker. Flavonoid merupakan senyawa alami yang ditemukan dalam berbagai tumbuhan dan telah menarik perhatian peneliti sebagai kandidat potensial untuk obat anti-kanker. Flavonoid memiliki berbagai mekanisme aksi, termasuk menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker, menyebabkan apoptosis, dan menghambat pembentukan pembuluh darah baru. Flavonoid juga memiliki sifat antioksidan yang melindungi sel-sel normal dari kerusakan oksidatif. Penelitian in vitro dan in vivo telah menunjukkan bahwa flavonoid seperti quercetin, kaempferol, genistein, dan apigenin memiliki potensi anti-kanker yang signifikan pada berbagai jenis kanker, seperti kanker payudara, kanker kolorektal, kanker paru-paru, dan kanker prostat. Selain itu, flavonoid juga dapat meningkatkan efektivitas terapi konvensional dan mengurangi efek sampingnya, sehingga menjanjikan sebagai terapi tambahan dalam pengobatan kanker. Namun, penelitian lanjutan diperlukan untuk memahami lebih lanjut tentang mekanisme aksi flavonoid, meningkatkan bioavailabilitas, dan melakukan uji klinis pada manusia. Penggalian sumber-sumber baru flavonoid dan modifikasi struktural juga dapat meningkatkan aktivitas anti-kanker mereka. Penerapan teknologi dan metode terkini seperti biologi molekuler, biologi sel, dan terapi gen dapat membantu dalam mengungkap potensi penuh flavonoid sebagai senyawa anti-kanker. Kata Kunci: Flavonoid, Aktivitas Anti-Kanker, Mekanisme Aksi, Terapi Kanker, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Genistein, Apigenin
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Wang, Shixin, Zengcai Liu, Xutong Wang, Ruipeng Liu, and Li Zou. "Mushrooms Do Produce Flavonoids: Metabolite Profiling and Transcriptome Analysis of Flavonoid Synthesis in the Medicinal Mushroom Sanghuangporus baumii." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 6 (May 29, 2022): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8060582.
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Mushrooms produce a large number of medicinal bioactive metabolites with antioxidant, anticancer, antiaging, and other biological activities. However, whether they produce flavonoids and, if so, how they synthesize them remains a matter of some debate. In the present study, we combined flavonoid-targeted metabolomics and transcriptome analysis to explore the flavonoid synthesis in the medicinal mushroom Sanghuangporus baumii. The S. baumii synthesized 81 flavonoids on a chemically defined medium. The multiple classes of flavonoids present were consistent with the biosynthetic routes in plants. However, paradoxically, most of the genes that encode enzymes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway are missing from S. baumii. Only four genes related to flavonoid synthesis were found in S. baumii, among which phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene (PAL) is a key gene regulating flavonoid synthesis, and overexpression of SbPAL increases the accumulation of flavonoids. These results suggest that the flavonoid synthesis pathway in S. baumii is different from that in known plants, and the missing genes may be replaced by genes from the same superfamilies but are only distantly related. Thus, this study provides a novel method to produce flavonoids by metabolic engineering using mushrooms.
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Averett, John E., William J. Hahn, Paul E. Berry, and Peter H. Raven. "FLAVONOIDS AND FLAVONOID EVOLUTION IN FUCHSIA (ONAGRACEAE)." American Journal of Botany 73, no. 11 (November 1986): 1525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1986.tb10902.x.
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Peniche-Pavía, Héctor A., Tereso J. Guzmán, Jesús M. Magaña-Cerino, Carmen M. Gurrola-Díaz, and Axel Tiessen. "Maize Flavonoid Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Human Health Relevance: A Review." Molecules 27, no. 16 (August 13, 2022): 5166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165166.
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Maize is one of the most important crops for human and animal consumption and contains a chemical arsenal essential for survival: flavonoids. Moreover, flavonoids are well known for their beneficial effects on human health. In this review, we decided to organize the information about maize flavonoids into three sections. In the first section, we include updated information about the enzymatic pathway of maize flavonoids. We describe a total of twenty-one genes for the flavonoid pathway of maize. The first three genes participate in the general phenylpropanoid pathway. Four genes are common biosynthetic early genes for flavonoids, and fourteen are specific genes for the flavonoid subgroups, the anthocyanins, and flavone C-glycosides. The second section explains the tissue accumulation and regulation of flavonoids by environmental factors affecting the expression of the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) transcriptional complex. The study of transcription factors of the MBW complex is fundamental for understanding how the flavonoid profiles generate a palette of colors in the plant tissues. Finally, we also include an update of the biological activities of C3G, the major maize anthocyanin, including anticancer, antidiabetic, and antioxidant effects, among others. This review intends to disclose and integrate the existing knowledge regarding maize flavonoid pigmentation and its relevance in the human health sector.
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Bai, Yan, Lingtai Jiang, Zhe Li, Shouzan Liu, Xiaotian Hu, and Fei Gao. "Flavonoid Metabolism in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg Based on Metabolome Analysis and Transcriptome Sequencing." Molecules 28, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010083.
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Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg, known as a “plant antibiotic”, possesses several attractive properties including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antioxidant effects, with its efficacy being attributed to flavonoids. However, the flavonoid biosynthesis of T. hemsleyanum has rarely been studied. In this study, we investigated the flavonoid metabolism of T. hemsleyanum through metabolome analysis and transcriptome sequencing. The metabolomic results showed differences in the flavonoids of the leaves and root tubers of T. hemsleyanum. A total of 22 flavonoids was detected, and the concentrations of most flavonoids in the leaves were higher than those in the root tubers. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves and root tubers were enriched in photosynthesis-antenna proteins. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the expression levels of chalcone isomerase (CHI) and UDP-glycose flavonoid glycosyltransferase (UFGT) were highly correlated with the concentrations of most flavonoids. Further, this study found that the photosynthesis-antenna proteins essentially contributed to the difference in the flavonoids in T. hemsleyanum. The gene expressions and concentrations of the total flavonoids of leaves and root tubers in Hangzhou, Jinhua, Lishui, and Taizhou in Zhejiang Province, China, showed that CHI (CL6715.Contig1_All, Unigene19431_All, CL921.Contig4_All) and UFGT (CL11556.Contig3_All, CL11775.Contig1_All) were the potential key genes of accumulation of most flavonoids in T. hemsleyanum.
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Hasan, Syed, Nabeel Khatri, Zainab N. Rahman, Amanda A. Menezes, Joud Martini, Faheem Shehjar, Numa Mujeeb, and Zahoor A. Shah. "Neuroprotective Potential of Flavonoids in Brain Disorders." Brain Sciences 13, no. 9 (August 29, 2023): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091258.
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Flavonoids are a large subgroup of polyphenols known to be sourced from over 6000 natural products, including fruits, vegetables, bark, and herbs. Due to their antioxidant properties, flavonoids have been implicated as a therapy source for many diseases and conditions, including inflammation, vasculitis, venous insufficiency, and hemorrhoids. Currently, some flavonoids are being researched for their antioxidant ability concerning neuroprotection. These flavonoids can penetrate the blood–brain barrier and, depending on the specific flavonoid, retain adequate bioavailability in certain brain regions. Further data suggest that flavonoids could have a strong anti-inflammatory effect in the brain, which not only could be a robust therapeutic source for known neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease or Parkinson’s Disease but also could be a therapeutic source for ischemic or hemorrhagic conditions such as a stroke. While flavonoid toxicity exists, they are relatively safe and non-invasive drugs from natural origins. As such, exploring the known mechanisms and therapies may highlight and establish flavonoid therapy as a viable source of therapy for stroke patients. As stated, many flavonoids are already being isolated, purified, and implemented in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. As these flavonoids proceed to clinical trials, it will be important to understand how they function as a therapy, primarily as antioxidants, and by other secondary mechanisms. This review aims to elucidate those mechanisms and explore the neuroprotective role of flavonoids.
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Duthie, Garry, and Philip Morrice. "Antioxidant Capacity of Flavonoids in Hepatic Microsomes Is not Reflected by Antioxidant EffectsIn Vivo." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/165127.
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Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with potential antioxidant activity via multiple reduction capacities. Oxidation of cellular lipids has been implicated in many diseases. Consequently, this study has assessed the ability of several dietary flavonoid aglycones to suppress lipid peroxidation of hepatic microsomes derived from rats deficient in the major lipid soluble antioxidant, dα-tocopherol. Antioxidant effectiveness was galangin > quercetin > kaempferol > fisetin > myricetin > morin > catechin > apigenin. However, none of the flavonoids were as effective as dα-tocopherol, particularly at the lowest concentrations used. In addition, there appears to be an important distinction between thein vitroantioxidant effectiveness of flavonoids and their ability to suppress indices of oxidationin vivo. Compared with dα-tocopherol, repletion of vitamin E deficient rats with quercetin, kaempferol, or myricetin did not significantly affect indices of lipid peroxidation and tissue damage. Direct antioxidant effect of flavonoidsin vivowas not apparent probably due to low bioavailability although indirect redox effects through stimulation of the antioxidant response element cannot be excluded.
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Joyner, P. Matthew. "Protein Adducts and Protein Oxidation as Molecular Mechanisms of Flavonoid Bioactivity." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 5102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165102.
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There are tens of thousands of scientific papers about flavonoids and their impacts on human health. However, despite the vast amount of energy that has been put toward studying these compounds, a unified molecular mechanism that explains their bioactivity remains elusive. One contributing factor to the absence of a general mechanistic explanation of their bioactivity is the complexity of flavonoid chemistry in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. Flavonoids have acidic protons, are redox active, and frequently auto-oxidize to produce an array of degradation products including electrophilic quinones. Flavonoids are also known to interact with specificity and high affinity with a variety of proteins, and there is evidence that some of these interactions may be covalent. This review summarizes the mechanisms of flavonoid oxidation in aqueous solutions at neutral pH and proposes the formation of protein-flavonoid adducts or flavonoid-induced protein oxidation as putative mechanisms of flavonoid bioactivity in cells. Nucleophilic residues in proteins may be able to form covalent bonds with flavonoid quinones; alternatively, specific amino acid residues such as cysteine, methionine, or tyrosine in proteins could be oxidized by flavonoids. In either case, these protein-flavonoid interactions would likely occur at specific binding sites and the formation of these types of products could effectively explain how flavonoids modify proteins in cells to induce downstream biochemical and cellular changes.
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Anggoro, Bayu, Dennaya Kumara, Dhella Angelina, and Muthi Ikawati. "Citrus Flavonoids from Citrus reticulata Peels Potentially Target an Autophagy Modulator, MAP1LC3A, in Breast Cancer." Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention 12, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev12iss3pp114-122.
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Citrus flavonoids have been known for their vast biological activities including chemoprevention activities. However, the organic solvent extraction system limits its potential utilization. We recently adopted a hydrodynamic-cavitation method to extract citrus flavonoids from citrus peels. In this study we verified the high flavonoid content of the hydrodynamic-cavitation extract from Citrus reticulata peels and explore the potency of its citrus flavonoid contents as targeted chemoprevention agent for breast cancer by using bioinformatics. Based on a thin layer chromatography, the extract positively yielded high content of citrus flavonoids represented by hesperidin. The toxicity analysis by Protox II Online Tool revealed that hesperidin as the major citrus flavonoid in the extract was considered safe with a predicted LD50 of 12,000 mg/kg. We then further exploring citrus flavonoids’ capacity in targeting MAP1LC3A, a key protein in autophagy. UALCAN analysis validated that low expression of MAP1LC3A is associated with low survival rates in breast cancer patients. Limonin, hesperidin, narirutin, neohesperidine, and naringin are flavonoids from citrus peels that predicted to have inhibitory activity against Protein Kinase A (PKA), a negative upstream of MAP1LC3A, calculated by KNIME. Citrus flavonoids scoparone, cirsimaritin, 4',5,7-trimethoxyflavone, eupatorine, and hesperidin were also exhibit similar structure to an agonist of ATG4B, a protein that plays a role in MAP1LC3A activation. Furthermore, eupatorine, hesperidin, and cirsimaritin displayed a high affinity to ATG4B based on a molecular docking. We concluded that citrus flavonoids from citrus peels are safe to normal cells, and the citrus flavonoids potentially targets MAP1LC3A by inhibiting PKA and acting as ATG4B agonists. Thus, this extract-contained flavonoids from citrus peels is potential to be investigated further as a chemoprevention agent by inducing autophagy, especially for breast cancer.Keywords: Citrus reticulata, citrus flavonoid, autophagy, MAP1LC3A, breast cancer.
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Karanga, Yssouf, Amidou Tall, Yibor Fabrice Roland Bako, Ousmane Ilboudo, and Issa Tapsoba. "Etude du comportement électrochimique des flavonoïdes dans l’extrait à l’acétate d’éthyle de <i>Euphorbia hirta</i> L." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, no. 7 (February 22, 2024): 3024–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i7.32.
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Les extraits de plante sont des mélanges complexes de composés tels que les flavonoïdes dont l’identification nécessite des méthodes conventionnelles souvent sophistiquées et coûteuses. Il est donc nécessaire de développer des méthodes plus simples et abordables en termes de faible coût et de facilité de mise en œuvre pour l’identification de ces composés. Dans le présent travail, nous avons utilisé les méthodes électrochimiques pour étudier le comportement des flavonoïdes en vue de leur identification dans l’extrait d’acétate d’éthyle de Euphorbia hirta L par voltammétrie cyclique. Les voltamogrammes des standards de flavonoïdes ont révélé la présence de plusieurs pics d’oxydation irréversibles attribuables à l’oxydation des différents groupements hydroxyles présents sur l’aglycone. Il ressort de cette étude qu’il serait possible de mettre en évidence la différence entre des flavonoïdes glycosylés et non glycosylés. En effet, l’analyse électrochimique d’un extrait d’acétate d’éthyle de Euphorbia hirta L. et de différentes fractions obtenues à partir d’une chromatographie flash a permis de révéler la présence de la myricitrine, la quercétine, la quercitrine, le kaempférol et la lutéoline dans ces extraits. Les résultats de l’étude ont montré que la méthode électrochimique pourrait être utilisée pour l’identification des flavonoïdes dans les extraits de plantes.
English title: Electrochemical behavior of flavonoids from ethyl acetate extract of Euphorbia hirta L.
Plant extracts are complex mixtures of compounds such as flavonoids. Identifying these compounds requires conventional methods that are often sophisticated and expensive. It is therefore necessary to develop simples for identification of these compounds. In the present work, we used electrochemical methods to study the behavior of flavonoids for their identification in ethyl acetate extract of Euphorbia hirta L. The voltammograms of the flavonoid standards several irreversible oxidation peaks attributable to the oxidation of the various hydroxyl groups on the aglycone. This study shows that it would be possible to highlight the difference between glycosylated and non- glycosylated flavonoids using the electrochemical tool. Electrochemical analysis of an ethyl acetate extract of Euphorbia hirta L. and various fractions obtained by flash chromatography revealed the presence of myricitrin, quercetin, quercitrin, kaempferol and luteolin in these extracts. The study results showed that the electrochemical method could be used to identify flavonoids in plant extracts
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Atrahimovich, Dana, Dorit Avni, and Soliman Khatib. "Flavonoids-Macromolecules Interactions in Human Diseases with Focus on Alzheimer, Atherosclerosis and Cancer." Antioxidants 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030423.
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Flavonoids, a class of polyphenols, consumed daily in our diet, are associated with a reduced risk for oxidative stress (OS)-related chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammation. The involvement of flavonoids with OS-related chronic diseases have been traditionally attributed to their antioxidant activity. However, evidence from recent studies indicate that flavonoids’ beneficial impact may be assigned to their interaction with cellular macromolecules, rather than exerting a direct antioxidant effect. This review provides an overview of the recent evolving research on interactions between the flavonoids and lipoproteins, proteins, chromatin, DNA, and cell-signaling molecules that are involved in the OS-related chronic diseases; it focuses on the mechanisms by which flavonoids attenuate the development of the aforementioned chronic diseases via direct and indirect effects on gene expression and cellular functions. The current review summarizes data from the literature and from our recent research and then compares specific flavonoids’ interactions with their targets, focusing on flavonoid structure–activity relationships. In addition, the various methods of evaluating flavonoid–protein and flavonoid–DNA interactions are presented. Our aim is to shed light on flavonoids action in the body, beyond their well-established, direct antioxidant activity, and to provide insights into the mechanisms by which these small molecules, consumed daily, influence cellular functions.
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Tomás-Barberán, F. A., F. Ferreres, F. Tomás-Lorente, and A. Ortiz. "Flavonoids from Apis mellifera Beeswax." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 48, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1993): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1993-1-213.
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The flavonoids present in beeswax produced in “La Alcarria” region were analyzed by HPLC. Pinocembrin, pinobanksin, pinobanksin 3-acetate, chrysin, galangin and techtochrysin were detected as the main flavonoid constituents. This is the first detailed report on the flavonoids of beeswax. These substances are already present when wax scales are secreted by bees. The same flavonoid compounds were generally present in honey, propolis and Populus nigra bud exudates collected in the same geographical region. These results indicate that beeswax flavonoids originate from those of honey and/or propolis, and suggest that analysis of beeswax flavonoids could be used as an adjunct in the detection of beeswax adulterations.
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Park, Yongsoon, Minjung Cheon, and Min Sung Chung. "Effect of Flavonoid-Rich Foods and Flavonoids on the Risk of Cancer Recurrence Among Korean Breast Cancer Survivor." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab036_017.
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Abstract Objectives Flavonoid intakes have been shown to associate with breast cancer incidence, but it is not clear the association between flavonoids and cancer recurrence. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that intakes of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods were negatively associated with cancer recurrence. Methods Among 572 women after breast cancer surgery, 66 patients had cancer recurrence during follow–up until 114 months with a median period of disease-free survival of 43 months ranged 6–103 months. Dietary data were collected using structured 24-h dietary recall, and the intake of flavonoid was calculated based on the Korea Rural Development Administration flavonoid database. Results There was no significant association of flavonoid and flavonoid-rich food intake with cancer recurrence and disease-free survival among all patients. On the other hand, among overweight and obese patients, Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed a significant effect of dietary flavonoids (P = 0.04) and flavonoid-rich foods (P = 0.03) on disease-free survival, but not overall survival. Intakes of flavonoid (HR = 0.244, 95% CI: 0.09–0.66) and flavonoid-rich food (HR = 0.223, 95% CI: 0.08–0.59) were also negatively associated with cancer recurrence after adjusting for confounding factors in overweight and obese patients. Consumption of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods was lower in overweight and obese patients with cancer recurrence than those without recurrence. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to examine the association between flavonoid intake and cancer recurrence/disease-free survival in breast cancer patients. The present study suggested that intakes of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods could have a beneficial effect on cancer recurrence among overweight and obese breast cancer survivors. Further clinical studies are needs to confirm whether supplementation of flavonoids reduces cancer recurrence. Funding Sources This work was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2018R1A2B6002486).
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Nguyen, Thuy Nga, Courtney Millar, Douglas Kiel, Marian Hannan, and Shivani Sahni. "Intake of Flavonoids and Odds of Frailty Onset in Adults in the Framingham Offspring Cohort." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3618.
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Abstract Polyphenols (antioxidants derived from plant-foods) could play a role in inhibition of oxidative stress and frailty reduction, yet data on the polyphenol subclass of dietary flavonoids is limited. This study sought to determine the association between dietary flavonoids and frailty onset in middle-aged and older adults. This prospective cohort study included non-frail individuals from the Framingham Offspring Cohort (FOC) with total flavonoid intake (mg/day; defined as sum flavonols, flavan-3-ols, flavonones, flavones, and anthocyanins via Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire), frailty (via Fried phenotype), and covariate information measured at baseline (1998-2001). Follow-up frailty was evaluated in 2011-2014. Logistic regression estimated odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) adjusting for relevant confounders. Participants (n=1,701; 55.5% female) had a mean age of 58.4 years (SD ± 8.3). Mean flavonoid intake was 309 mg/d (SD ± 266). After 12.4 years (SD ± 0.8), 224 (13.2%) individuals exhibited frailty. In age and sex adjusted models, every 50 mg/day of higher total flavonoid intake was associated with 3% reduced odds of frailty [OR (95%CI): 0.97 (0.94-1.00), p-value: 0.05). Further adjustment for smoking, energy and protein intake, and disease indicators did not appreciably change the association, and associations became non-significant (p-value=0.12). Thus, there was no association between flavonoid intake and odds of frailty onset in adults in the FOC. This could be due to participants' higher intake of flavonoids compared to average intake of ~200 mg/d in Americans.
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Zhao, Chenxu, Jiajia Wang, Yuxia Li, Lei Zhang, Ghazala Nawaz, Shaoyuan Wu, and Tao Xu. "Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals the Difference in Flavonoid Biosynthesis between the Red- and White-Sarcocarp Pomelo Fruits." Metabolites 12, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121161.
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Flavonoids are bioactive secondary metabolites that play multiple roles in plants. However, studies on the flavonoid accumulation of the pomelo fruit are rare. In this study, we conducted a widely targeted metabolome analysis by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry and identified 550 metabolites in the sarcocarp from red (C. maxima Merr. var. Tubtim Siam) and white pomelos (C. maxima (Burm.) Osbeck). A total of 263 significantly changed metabolites were detected from the 550 metabolites. Content analysis of the significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) showed that 138 SCMs were highly accumulated, whereas 125 SCMs were observed with lower content in red-sarcocarp pomelo. Importantly, 103 of the 263 SCMs were flavonoids, including 34 flavonoids, 29 flavonols, 18 flavonoid carbonosides, 9 dihydroflavones, 6 isoflavones, 5 anthocyanins, 1 dihydroflavonol, and 1 chalcone. Gene ontology analysis indicated that upregulated genes in red-sarcocarp pomelo were significantly enriched in GO terms related to flavonoids including flavonoid biosynthetic processes. Several important differentially expressed genes were detected in the correlation network, especially Cg2g009540 which is an orthologous gene of AtCHS, also detected in flavonoid biosynthesis networks, and which could be related to the high level of total flavonoids in the red-sarcocarp pomelo. Our study demonstrated the fluctuation of flavonoid biosynthesis in the two pomelo cultivars and laid a theoretical foundation for pomelo breeding to generate fruits with a high flavonoid content.
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Hurtová, Martina, David Biedermann, Zuzana Osifová, Josef Cvačka, Kateřina Valentová, and Vladimír Křen. "Preparation of Synthetic and Natural Derivatives of Flavonoids Using Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction." Molecules 27, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030967.
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Herein, we report the use of the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction for the preparation of a library of synthetic derivatives of flavonoids for biological activity assays. We have investigated the reactivity of halogenated flavonoids with aryl boronates and with boronyl flavonoids. This reaction was used to prepare new synthetic derivatives of flavonoids substituted at C-8 with aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, and boronate substituents. The formation of flavonoid boronate enabled a cross-coupling reaction with halogenated flavones yielding biflavonoids connected at C-8. This method was used for the preparation of natural compounds including C-8 prenylated compounds, such as sinoflavonoid NB. Flavonoid boronates were used for the preparation of rare C-8 hydroxyflavonoids (natural flavonoids gossypetin and hypolaetin). A series of previously unknown derivatives of quercetin and luteolin were prepared and fully characterized.
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Курдюков (Kurdyukov), Евгений (Evgeniy) Евгеньевич (Evgenievich), Анна (Anna) Викторовна (Viktorovna) Кузнецова (Kuznetsova), Елена (Elena) Федоровна (Fedorovna) Семенова (Semenova), and Инесса (Inessa) Яковлевна (Yakovlevna) Моисеева (Moiseevа). "APPROACH TO STEVIA STANDARDIZATION AS PERSPECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANT: EVALUATION OF STEVIA LEAVES FLAVONOID CONTENTS." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019014067.
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Stevia rebaudiana bertolli traditionally used as a sweetener has many pharmacological activities. The objects of the study were stevia leaves grown in the several districts of Russia. Together with sweet glycosides flavonoids can be a marker of stevia quality. Flavonoids from dry stevia leaves were extracted with ethanol-water solutions. The results show that the flavonoid content higher in 40 and 70% ethanol extracts. UV properties of stevia extracts were investigated. Absorption maxima at 300 and shoulder at 290 nm in stevia extracts are revealed. Chemical structures of stevia flavonoids are discussed. After adding aluminum chloride batochromic shifts in the spectra are observed. Complex of stevia flavonoids and AlCl3 had the maximum absorption at 403 nm. Aluminum chloride colorimetric assay were developed to evaluate total flavonoid contains in stevia extracts from the different Russian regions. Total flavonoid contents vary from 2 to 3 %. Maximum flavonoid content found in stevia leaves from the south of Russia.
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Martinez-Gonzalez, Alejandra Isabel, Ángel Gabriel Díaz-Sánchez, Laura Alejandra De la Rosa, Ismael Bustos- Jaimes, Alma A. Vazquez-Flores, and Emilio Alvarez-Parrilla. "Inhibición de lipasa pancreática por flavonoides: importancia del doble enlace C2=C3 y la estructura plana del anillo C//Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by flavonoids: relevance of the C2=C3 double bond and C-ring planarity." Biotecnia 22, no. 2 (March 21, 2020): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v22i2.1245.
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Lipasa pancreática es una enzima clave en el metabolismo de lípidos. Los flavonoides son compuestos bioactivos de gran relevancia debido a sus interacciones con enzimas digestivas. Se evaluó la actividad de lipasa pancreática en presencia de flavonoides. Mediante espectroscopía UVVisible se determinó que el mejor inhibidor fue quercetina, seguido de rutina > luteolina > catequina > hesperetina, con valores de IC50 de 10.30, 13.50, 14.70, 28.50 y 30.50 μM, respectivamente. Todos los flavonoides mostraron una inhibición mixta, excepto catequina que mostró una inhibición acompetitiva. La capacidad inhibitoria de los flavonoides se relacionó con propiedades estructurales compartidas entre los distintos flavonoides, como la hidroxilación en las posiciones C5, C7 (anillo A), C2’ y C3’ (anillo B), y el doble enlace entre C2 y C3 (anillo C). Los resultados de inhibición coincidieron con el análisis de la fluorescencia extrínseca. Los estudios de docking molecular indicaron que la interacción entre lipasa pancreática y los flavonoides fue principalmente mediante interacciones hidrofóbicas (pi-stacking). Las interacciones de todos los flavonoides, excepto rutina, se dieron en el mismo sitio (subsitio 1) de la enzima. La insaturación entre C2 y C3 fue determinante para el acomodo de los flavonoides con la enzima, principalmente por interacciones de pi-stacking.ABSTRACTPancreatic lipase is a key enzyme in lipid metabolism. Flavonoids are bioactive compounds obtained from vegetables with big relevance, due to their intrinsic interaction with digestive enzymes. Pancreatic lipase activity was evaluated in the presence of flavonoids, through UV-Vis spectroscopy. All tested flavonoids showed a mixed-type inhibition, except catechin, which showed a uncompetitive inhibition. The best inhibitor was quercetin followed by rutin > luteolin > catechin > hesperetin, with IC50 values of 10.30, 13.50, 14.70, 28.50 and 30.50 μM, respectively. The flavonoids inhibitory capacity was related to structural properties shared between the different flavonoids, such as the hydroxylation at C5, C7 (ring A), C2’ and C3’ (ring B), and the double bond between C2 and C3 (ring C). The inhibition results are in agreement with the extrinsic fluorescence analysis. Molecular docking studies indicated that the interaction between pancreatic lipase and flavonoids was mainly through hydrophobic interactions (pi-stacking). The interactions of all flavonoids, except rutin, occurred at the same enzyme site (subsite 1). Instauration between C2 and C3 was decisive for the arrangement of flavonoids with the enzyme, mainly due to pi-stacking interactions.
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Zhang, Yakun, Jianhua Gao, Qianru Qie, Yulu Yang, Siyu Hou, Xingchun Wang, Xukai Li, and Yuanhuai Han. "Comparative Analysis of Flavonoid Metabolites in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) with Different Eating Quality." Life 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11060578.
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Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important minor cereal crop in China. The yellow color of the de-husked grain is the most direct aspect for evaluating the foxtail millet quality. The yellow pigment mainly includes carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and flavonoids. To reveal the diversity and specificity of flavonoids in foxtail millet, we chose three high eating quality and two poor eating quality varieties as research materials. A total of 116 flavonoid metabolites were identified based on Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) system. The tested varieties contained similar levels of flavonoid metabolites, but with each variety accumulating its unique flavonoid metabolites. A total of 33 flavonoid metabolites were identified as significantly discrepant between high eating quality and poor eating quality varieties, which were mainly in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and one of its branches, the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathway. These results showed the diversified components of flavonoids accumulated in foxtail millets and laid the foundation for further research on flavonoids and the breeding for high-quality foxtail millet varieties.
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Parailloux, Maroussia, Simon Godin, and Ryszard Lobinski. "Nontargeted Screening for Flavonoids in Salicornia Plant by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Orbitrap Data-Dependent MS2/MS3." Molecules 28, no. 7 (March 28, 2023): 3022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073022.
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The Salicornia genus has great potential in agrifood industries because of its nutritional benefits related to its high content of antioxidant compounds, including flavonoids. A nontargeted method based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography–electrospray orbitrap data-dependent MS2/MS3 and the fragment ion search (FISh) strategy was developed to screen flavonoids in Salicornia plants. An extensive study of fragmentation of a set of flavonoid standards allowed for the definition of 15 characteristic fragment ions for flagging flavonoids in the plant matrix. The nontargeted analysis was applied to Salicornia europaea species and allowed for the annotation of 25 candidate flavonoids, including 14 that had not been reported previously. Structural prediction of two unreported flavonoids and their isomeric forms was based on an advanced data processing method using an in silico approach and in-house databases compiling flavonoid-specific chemical substitution. Finally, the method developed allowed for the optimization of extraction yields of flavonoids from the plant matrix.
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Fajrin, Arliana, and Woro Anindito Sri Tunjung. "THE FLAVONOIDS CONTENT IN LEAVES AND FRUITS OF PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) VAR. CALIFORNIA AND VAR. GANDUL." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.135.
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<p>Papaya has widely used as traditional medicine. Papaya leaves and fruits contain flavonoids that can be used as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-cancer. Flavonoid is one of secondary metabolite products. Flavonoids are ubiquitous in photosynthesis cells. Flavonoid content can be affected by enzyme which arranged from protein, meanwhile difference formation of gene can affect protein content. The aim of this research was to measure flavonoid content in leaves and fruits of genetical engineering papaya (var. California) and local papaya (var. Gandul). Leaf and fruit samples were dried to make powder. Samples were reflucted with HCl 4 N and extracted with Eter (three times). NaNO3 5 %, AlCl3 10 % and NaOH 1 M were added into samples then analyzed using spectrophotometer (á 454 nm) with quercetin as standard. Data analyzed using T test (p < 0,05). The result showed in California leaves has higher concentration of flavonoid (0,73% w/ w ± 0,05) than Gandul leaves (0,69% w/w ± 0,08). meanwhile California fruits significantly has lower flavonoid concentration (0,59% w/w ± 0,02) than gandul fruits (0,8% w/w ± 0,03). Difference of flavonoids content in leaf and fruit indicates genetic variation affect flavonoids translocation among organ. According to variety California fruits have lower concentration than it’s leaves, meanwhile in gandul variety fruits have higher concentration than leaves. In conclusion, difference of flavonoid content in California variety and gandul variety indicates different ability in flavonoids distribution among individual.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords</strong>: flavonoids, Carica papaya L. var. California, Carica papaya L. var. Gandul, spectrophotometry</p>
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Geng, Rui, Lei Ma, Liangliang Liu, and Yixi Xie. "Influence of Bovine Serum Albumin-Flavonoid Interaction on the Antioxidant Activity of Dietary Flavonoids: New Evidence from Electrochemical Quantification." Molecules 24, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010070.
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Interaction between dietary flavonoids and albumins plays an important role in the bioavailability and bioactivity of flavonoids. Therefore, the influence of this interaction on the antioxidant activity of flavonoid has attracted much interest. In this study, a ceric reducing/antioxidant capacity assay (CRAC) was employed to investigate the effects of albumin-flavonoid interaction on the antioxidant activity of seven common flavonoids. The results obtained from the CRAC assay were also compared separately with the results from the spectrophotometric methods including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. All the flavonoids show a decreasing in the antioxidant activity detected by CRAC assay, indicting a “masking effect” of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-flavonoid interaction. However, the results from DPPH and FRAP assays were conflicting, which may be attributed to the influence of solvent systems.
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Zhu, Tiantian, Minghui Zhang, Hongyan Su, Meiling Li, Yuanyuan Wang, Ling Jin, and Mengfei Li. "Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Differential Mechanism of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Two Cultivars of Angelica sinensis." Molecules 27, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010306.
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Angelica sinensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that has been primarily used as a blood tonic. It largely relies on its bioactive metabolites, which include ferulic acid, volatile oils, polysaccharides and flavonoids. In order to improve the yield and quality of A. sinensis, the two cultivars Mingui 1 (M1), with a purple stem, and Mingui 2 (M2), with a green stem, have been selected in the field. Although a higher root yield and ferulic acid content in M1 than M2 has been observed, the differences of flavonoid biosynthesis and stem-color formation are still limited. In this study, the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins were determined by spectrophotometer, the differences of flavonoids and transcripts in M1 and M2 were conducted by metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, and the expression level of candidate genes was validated by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins were 1.5- and 2.6-fold greater in M1 than M2, respectively. A total of 26 differentially accumulated flavonoids (DAFs) with 19 up-regulated (UR) and seven down-regulated (DR) were obtained from the 131 identified flavonoids (e.g., flavonols, flavonoid, isoflavones, and anthocyanins) in M1 vs. M2. A total 2210 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the 34,528 full-length isoforms in M1 vs. M2, and 29 DEGs with 24 UR and 5 DR were identified to be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, with 25 genes (e.g., CHS1, CHI3, F3H, DFR, ANS, CYPs and UGTs) mapped on the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and four genes (e.g., RL1, RL6, MYB90 and MYB114) belonging to transcription factors. The differential accumulation level of flavonoids is coherent with the expression level of candidate genes. Finally, the network of DAFs regulated by DEGs was proposed. These findings will provide references for flavonoid production and cultivars selection of A. sinensis.
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Anggraini, Devina Ingrid, Eka Wisnu Kusuma, and Yunisa Sulistiawati. "Analisis Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Bawang Lanang Hitam (Allium Sativum L.) dengan Variasi Metode Ekstraksi." Jurnal Pharmascience 11, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jps.v11i1.16257.
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Flavonoid merupakan senyawa polifenol yang memiliki potensi seperti antiinflamasi. Sumber flavonoid dari tumbuhan dapat ditemukan pada umbi bawang lanang hitam. Senyawa flavonoid dapat diperoleh dengan cara ekstraksi. Metode ekstraksi dapat mempengaruhi senyawa yang didapatkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan kadar flavonoid total tertinggi ekstrak umbi bawang lanang hitam (Allium sativum L.) dengan metode ekstraksi sokletasi, maserasi, dan perkolasi. Metode analisis yang digunakan untuk menetapkan kadar flavonoid adalah Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan positif terdapat flavonoid pada ekstrak etanol umbi bawang lanang hitam dengan perolehan kadar flavonoid total metode ekstraksi sokletasi sebanyak 4,7823 mgQE/g, metode ekstraksi maserasi sebanyak 4,2831 mgQE/g dan metode ekstraksi perkolasi sebanyak 4,4942 mgQE/g. Kadar Flavonoid total ekstrak etanol umbi bawang lanang hitam dengan metode ekstraksi sokletasi lebih tinggi daripada metode ekstraksi maserasi dan perkolasi. Kata Kunci: Umbi Bawang Lanang Hitam, Flavonoid Total, Maserasi, Sokletasi, Perkolasi Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that have potentials such as antiinflamation. Flavonoids from plants can be found in black onion bulbs. Flavonoids can be obtained by extraction. Extraction can affect the compounds obtained. The purpose of this study was to determine the highest total flavonoid content of black onion bulb extract (Allium sativum L.) with the extraction method of soxhletation, maceration, and percolation. The analytical method used to determine the levels of flavonoids is UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. The results obtained showed positive flavonoids in the ethanol extract of black lanang onion bulbs with the total flavonoid content obtained by the soxhletation extraction method as much as 4.7823 mgQE/g, in the maceration extraction method as much as 4.2831 mgQE/g, and the percolation extraction method as much as 4.7823 mgQE/g. Total flavonoid content of ethanol extract of black lanang onion bulbs with soxhletation extraction method is higher than maceration and percolation extraction method.
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Iriany, Irsa Septiawan, and Salwa Jody Gustia. "MODEL KINETIKA EKSTRAKSI FLAVONOID DARI BAYAM MERAH (Alternanthera amoena voss)." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 6, no. 4 (January 3, 2018): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v6i4.1592.
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Red spinach (Alternanthera amoena voss) contains vitamins, protein, and flavonoids. Flavonoid is polyphenol compounds having properties as a free radical catcher.The purpose of this research is to obtain the kinetic rate of flavonoid mass transfer from red spinach.Extraction is one of the way to take flavonoids contained in solids with the assist of solvents. Mass transfer in liquid solid extraction occurs by diffusion. The determination of mass transfer coefficient (KC) is to conduct the rate of mass transfer of flavonoids from solids. In this study, the effect of temperature on the extraction of flavonoids from red spinach with water solvent is observed. The temperatures extraction in this research are of 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C respectively. Determinationof total flavonoid, mass transfer coefficient, and antioxidant activity carried out using FT-IR Spectrophotometry and UV-VIS Spectrophotometry. This study concluded that the increase in extraction time and temperature will increase the total content of flavonoids and extract rendement.Mass transfer coefficient equation in this study is K = 3078645 . Antioxidants in red spinach are included in the group of very strong antioxidants.
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Chen, Shen, Xiaojing Wang, Yu Cheng, Hongsheng Gao, and Xuehao Chen. "A Review of Classification, Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Potential Applications of Flavonoids." Molecules 28, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 4982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134982.
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Flavonoids represent the main class of plant secondary metabolites and occur in the tissues and organs of various plant species. In plants, flavonoids are involved in many biological processes and in response to various environmental stresses. The consumption of flavonoids has been known to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. In the present review, we summarize the classification, distribution, biosynthesis pathways, and regulatory mechanisms of flavonoids. Moreover, we investigated their biological activities and discuss their applications in food processing and cosmetics, as well as their pharmaceutical and medical uses. Current trends in flavonoid research are also briefly described, including the mining of new functional genes and metabolites through omics research and the engineering of flavonoids using nanotechnology. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on flavonoid compounds.
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Rasmussen and Breinholt. "Non-Nutritive Bioactive Food Constituents of Plants: Bioavailability of Flavonoids." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 73, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.73.2.101.
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Flavonoids are polyphenols widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and are present in fruits andvegetables regularly consumed by humans. In vitro metabolic studies of flavonoids in rat liver microsomes identified the 3’, 4’-dihydroxylated derivatives as the major metabolic endpoint. However, in vivo in rats almost none of this metabolite and only minor amounts of the 4’-monohydroxylated derivative was produced. Flavonoids with the 4’-monohydroxylated structure were generally not metabolised and were excreted unchanged in urine in higher amounts than other flavonoids investigated. It has for long been a controversy, whether flavonoids are absorbed as the intact glycoside or whether they have to be hydrolysed to the free aglycon prior to absorption. Recent data suggest that b-glucosidases and maybe also lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) in the small intestine are capable of hydrolysing flavonoid glucosides and these compounds are thus taken up as the free aglycon and not as the intact glycosides. LC-MS analyses of 12 dietary flavonoids in human urine showed that no flavonoid glycosides were excreted, and that the citrus flavanones and phloretin are excreted in higher amounts than the flavonols. Furthermore, total flavonoid excretion may be a useful biomarker for habitual fruit and vegetable consumption.
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Fathoni, Ahmad, Alhady Nareswara Candraditya, and Tarso Rudiana. "Antioxidant activity and identification of flavonoid compounds in Patat leaves (Phrynium capitatum) ethyl acetate extract." Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 14, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v14i3.40595.
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Flavonoids are the biggest compound from the phenolic group that has the function of antioxidants. One of the plants with flavonoids is patat (Phrynium capitatum), which is usually used as food wrapping material. This study aims to quantify total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and identify flavonoids from patat leaves ethyl acetate extract. Patat leaves sample cleaned, dried, and grinded. Grinded patat leaves were macerated gradually for 2 × 24 hours with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent. The extract undergoing total flavonoids test guided with AlCl3 and CH3COONa. Extract with the biggest flavonoids content proceed to antioxidant activity test by SOD (superoxide dismutase) method and analyzed for the flavonoid structure by UHPLC MS/MS (ORBITRAP HRMS). The biggest total flavonoids are ethyl acetate extract with 8.678 mg QE/g; then methanol extract with 5.296 mg QE/g; and n-hexane extract was not tested because of negative results in the qualitative test. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract of patat leaves is classified as inactive, with an Ic50 value of 488.299 ppm. The low antioxidant activity is due to the sample, which is still a matrix containing many compounds. The flavonoid compounds identified by its fragmentation pattern were kaempferide, formononetin, and pinostrobin.
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Ren, Youdi, Fan Yang, Weifeng Dai, Cheng Yuan, Yi Qin, Jinxue Li, and Mi Zhang. "The Effect and Potential Mechanism of Fulvic Acid on Flavonoids in Lemon Leaves." Horticulturae 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020144.
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Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. is a horticultural crop known for its abundance of valuable secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, which are found in its fruits and leaves. Our previous research has shown that treating C. limon with fulvic acid (FA) can enhance the levels of vitamin C, total acid, total sugar, total flavonoids, and phenols in its fruits as well as the volatiles and total flavonoids in its leaves. In this current study, we established a method to analyze eight specific flavonoids in lemon leaves and evaluated the impact of irrigation with FA on the content of these flavonoids over a six-month period using HPLC-DAD/MS analysis. Moreover, we investigated the potential mechanisms of FA through ELISA and q-PCR methods. The results indicated that FA increased the contents of four flavonoids, namely, isoorientin, eriocitrin, vitexin, and rutin, and promoted the activity and gene expression of phenylalanineammonialyase (PAL), 4-coumaric acid coenzyme A ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), and flavonol synthase (FLS). Furthermore, the relationship between flavonoid content and the activities of biosynthetic enzymes was analyzed using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), which revealed a positive correlation between seven flavonoid levels and the activity of five biosynthetic enzymes under FA treatment.
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Yadegarynia, Sina, Anh Pham, Alex Ng, Duong Nguyen, Tetiana Lialiutska, Anthony Bortolazzo, Valentin Sivryuk, Martina Bremer, and J. Brandon White. "Profiling Flavonoid Cytotoxicity in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines: Determination of Structure-Function Relationships." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 10 (October 2012): 1934578X1200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200701011.
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Flavonoids have been shown to be cytotoxic to cancer cells. However, the mechanism of cytotoxicity has not been clearly defined. It has previously been reported that HER2/ERBB2, the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and p53 were required for flavonoid induced cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines. We have used a panel of breast cancer cell lines, known to contain as well as be deficient in these signaling pathways, to screen fourteen different flavonoids. Comparing the cytotoxicity for all flavonoids allows us to determine if a structure-functional relationship exists between cytotoxicity and flavonoid, and if a particular signaling pathway is required for cytotoxicity. We show that several flavonoids are cytotoxic to all cell lines including primary mammary epithelial cells tested. The cytotoxic flavonoids are also able to inhibit Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeability while at the same time stimulate ATP levels whereas the non-cytotoxic flavonoids are not able to do this. We also show that both cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic flavonoids can transverse the cell membrane to enter MDA-MB-231 cells at different levels. Finally, all flavonoids regardless of their cytotoxicity were able to induce some form of cell cycle arrest. We conclude that for flavonoids to be strongly cytotoxic, they must possess the 2,3-double bond in the C-ring and we believe the cytotoxicity occurs through mitochondrial poisoning in both cancer and normal cells.
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Yadegarynia, Sina, Anh Pham, Alex Ng, Duong Nguyen, Tetiana Lialiutska, Anthony Bortolazzo, Valentin Sivryuk, Martina Bremer, and J. Brandon White. "Profiling Flavonoid Cytotoxicity in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines: Determination of Structure-Function Relationships." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 5 (May 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900501.
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Flavonoids have been shown to be cytotoxic to cancer cells. However, the mechanism of cytotoxicity has not been clearly defined. It has previously been reported that HER2/ERBB2, the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and p53 were required for flavonoid induced cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines. We have used a panel of breast cancer cell lines, known to contain as well as be deficient in these signaling pathways, to screen fourteen different flavonoids. Comparing the cytotoxicity for all flavonoids allows us to determine if a structure-functional relationship exists between cytotoxicity and flavonoid, and if a particular signaling pathway is required for cytotoxicity. We show that several flavonoids are cytotoxic to all cell lines including primary mammary epithelial cells tested. The cytotoxic flavonoids are also able to inhibit Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeability while at the same time stimulate ATP levels whereas the non-cytotoxic flavonoids are not able to do this. We also show that both cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic flavonoids can transverse the cell membrane to enter MDA-MB-231 cells at different levels. Finally, all flavonoids regardless of their cytotoxicity were able to induce some form of cell cycle arrest. We conclude that for flavonoids to be strongly cytotoxic, they must possess the 2,3-double bond in the C-ring and we believe the cytotoxicity occurs through mitochondrial poisoning in both cancer and normal cells.
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Hodgson, Jonathan M., Ian B. Puddey, Valerie Burke, and Kevin D. Croft. "Is reversal of endothelial dysfunction by tea related to flavonoid metabolism?" British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 1 (January 2006): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051621.
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Dietary flavonoids can improve endothelial function, but the response varies between individuals. Wide variability is also seen in flavonoid O-methylation, a major pathway of flavonoid metabolism. The O-methylation of flavonoids could alter activity, and thus influence any effect on endothelial function. The objective of the current analysis was to investigate whether variability in the endothelial function response to ingestion of tea, a rich source of flavonoids, is related to the degree of O-methylation of flavonoids. This relationship was investigated in two studies in which endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery was assessed and urinary 4-O-methylgallic acid (4OMGA) excretion was used as a marker of the O-methylation of tea-derived flavonoids. In the first study, amongst participants consuming five cups of tea per day for 4 weeks, the degree of increase in 4OMGA excretion was inversely associated with the change in FMD responses (r −078, p=0·008). In the second study, there was a significant difference in the FMD responses to acute ingestion of three cups of tea between individuals with a low (<median) and high (>median) 4OMGA response (1·94 (sem 0·79) % and −0·25 (sem 0·53) %, respectively; p=0·03). That is, any improvement in FMD following ingestion of tea may be enhanced in individuals who O-methylate less of the absorbed flavonoids. The present results are consistent with the suggestion that differences in flavonoid metabolism may influence their effect on endothelial function. Thus, differences in flavonoid metabolism could be related to the level of benefit of dietary flavonoids on the risk of CVD.