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Journal articles on the topic 'Flavonoids, chronic respiratory diseases'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Oršolić, Nada. "Allergic Inflammation: Effect of Propolis and Its Flavonoids." Molecules 27, no. 19 (October 8, 2022): 6694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196694.

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The incidence of allergic diseases and their complications are increasing worldwide. Today, people increasingly use natural products, which has been termed a “return to nature”. Natural products with healing properties, especially those obtained from plants and bees, have been used in the prevention and treatment of numerous chronic diseases, including allergy and/or inflammation. Propolis is a multi-component resin rich in flavonoids, collected and transformed by honeybees from buds and plant wounds for the construction and adaptation of their nests. This article describes the current views regarding the possible mechanisms and multiple benefits of flavonoids in combating allergy and allergy-related complications. These benefits arise from flavonoid anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and wound healing activities and their effects on microbe-immune system interactions in developing host responses to different allergens. Finally, this article presents various aspects of allergy pathobiology and possible molecular approaches in their treatment. Possible mechanisms regarding the antiallergic action of propolis on the microbiota of the digestive and respiratory tracts and skin diseases as a method to selectively remove allergenic molecules by the process of bacterial biotransformation are also reported.

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Bora, Alina, Liliana Pacureanu, and Luminita Crisan. "In Silico Study of Some Natural Flavonoids as Potential Agents against COVID-19: Preliminary Results." Chemistry Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-24-08343.

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Flavonoids, widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal herbs, are compounds with multiple biological benefits to human health from anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial to antiviral activity. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a serious concern in the world today, is a respiratory tract disease involving moderate to severe symptoms of pneumonia, with a major incidence in older people and patients having chronic diseases. This emergency health situation led us to evaluate the possible use of natural products to prevent respiratory diseases. The present study aims to report the potential of four natural flavonoids, known to have anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity, as anti-SARS-CoV-2 through their binding on the 6YNQ protein receptor. Molecular docking study with the FRED program was chosen as an appropriate tool to analyze the interaction of natural flavonoids, quercetin, luteolin, galangin, and naringenin, with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease and to rank the conformations through a scoring function to predict their binding affinity. Overall, our preliminary results indicate the potential of the titled natural flavonoids to fight the new coronavirus, COVID-19.

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Mattioli, Veronica, Maria Elisabetta Zanolin, Lucia Cazzoletti, Roberto Bono, Isa Cerveri, Marcello Ferrari, Pietro Pirina, and Vanessa Garcia-Larsen. "Dietary flavonoids and respiratory diseases: a population-based multi-case–control study in Italian adults." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 14 (January 30, 2020): 2548–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019003562.

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AbstractObjective:To analyse the associations between chronic respiratory diseases and intakes of total flavonoids and their major subclasses (flavanones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, polymers and proanthocyanidins).Design:Multi-case–control study.Setting:The analysis was conducted in the frame of the Genes Environment Interaction in Respiratory Diseases (GEIRD) study. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition FFQ was used to ascertain dietary intake. Multinomial regression models adjusting for age, sex, centre, BMI, smoking habit, alcohol intake, education, total energy intake, vitamin C intake and total fruit intake were used to examine the associations between dietary exposures and the relative risk ratio (RRR) of being a case.Participants:Individuals (n 990) hierarchically defined as follows: cases with asthma (current, n 159; past, n 78), chronic bronchitis (n 47), rhinitis (allergic rhinitis, n 167; non-allergic rhinitis, n 142) and controls (n 97).Results:An increase of 1 sd in flavanones was associated with a reduced risk of non-allergic rhinitis (adjusted RRR = 0·68, 95 % CI 0·47, 0·97); a similar result was found comparing the highest v. lowest quartile of flavanones intake (adjusted RRR = 0·24, 95 % CI 0·10, 0·59).Conclusions:Flavonoids contained in fruits and vegetables, especially flavanones, might reduce the risk of non-allergic rhinitis. No associations were found between other flavonoids and the considered outcomes.

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Fu, Yaw-Syan, Ning Kang, Yanping Yu, Yan Mi, Jialin Guo, Jingyi Wu, and Ching-Feng Weng. "Polyphenols, flavonoids and inflammasomes: the role of cigarette smoke in COPD." European Respiratory Review 31, no. 164 (June 14, 2022): 220028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0028-2022.

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COPD is predicted to become the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide by 2030. Cigarette smoking (active or passive) is one of its chief causes, with about 20% of cigarette smokers developing COPD from cigarette smoke (CS)-induced irreversible damage and sustained inflammation of the airway epithelium. Inflammasome activation leads to the cleavage of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β and pro-IL-18, along with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines via gasdermin D N-terminal fragment membrane pores, which further triggers acute phase pro-inflammatory responses and concurrent pyroptosis. There is currently intense interest in the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing protein-3 inflammasomes in chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as COPD and their potential for therapeutic targeting. Phytochemicals including polyphenols and flavonoids have phyto-medicinal benefits in CS-COPD. Here, we review published articles from the last decade regarding the known associations between inflammasome-mediated responses and ameliorations in pre-clinical manifestations of CS-COPD via polyphenol and flavonoid treatment, with a focus on the underlying mechanistic insights. This article will potentially assist the development of drugs for the prevention and therapy of COPD, particularly in cigarette smokers.

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Santana, Fernanda Paula R., Nathalia M. Pinheiro, Márcia Isabel B. Mernak, Renato F. Righetti, Mílton A. Martins, João H. G. Lago, Fernanda D. T. Q. dos Santos Lopes, Iolanda F. L. C. Tibério, and Carla M. Prado. "Evidences of Herbal Medicine-Derived Natural Products Effects in Inflammatory Lung Diseases." Mediators of Inflammation 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2348968.

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Pulmonary inflammation is a hallmark of many respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and acute respiratory syndrome distress (ARDS). Most of these diseases are treated with anti-inflammatory therapy in order to prevent or to reduce the pulmonary inflammation. Herbal medicine-derived natural products have been used in folk medicine and scientific studies to evaluate the value of these compounds have grown in recent years. Many substances derived from plants have the biological effectsin vitroandin vivo, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Among the biological activities of natural products derived from plants can be pointed out the anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiplatelet, antitumor anti-allergic activities, and antioxidant. Although many reports have evaluated the effects of these compounds in experimental models, studies evaluating clinical trials are scarce in the literature. This review aims to emphasize the effects of these different natural products in pulmonary diseases in experimental models and in humans and pointing out some possible mechanisms of action.

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6

Hidanah, Sri, Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum, Retno Sri Wahjuni, and Arimbi Arimbi. "Implementation of Meniran Extract (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) on the Performance of Broiler Chickens Infected by Mycoplasma gallisepticum Caused Chronic Respiratory Disease." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1138.

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Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chicken is a disease that has great economic losses in poultry industry in the world. The losses are mainly due to the decrease of body weight gain, feed efficiencies, hatchabilities and increase conversion of the feed, of embryo mortality. The main causative agent of Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) is Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Mycoplasma gallisepticum attacks the respiratory tract, especially in young broiler chickens with age ranged 3-5 weeks. CRD treatment usually uses macrolide antibiotics, because it has proven effective to inhibit protein synthesis. However, it is not recommended to continuously given because the chicken can be resistant to the medicineand leave a harmful reside to consumers. The development of herbal medicine utilization currently is mostly implemented for the treatment of diseases that infected livestock. Meniran plants (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is one of the plants that can be used as prevention and alternative treatment caused by Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) has the content of bioactive compounds that have antibacterial activity, including terpenoids,alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The purpose of this study is to test and evaluate the effectiveness of Meniran extract (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) on the performance of broiler chickens infected by Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), seen from the feed conversion.Keywords: Meniran, Mycoplasma galisepticum, Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), performance of Broiler Chickens, Feed Conversion

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7

Zullkiflee, Nadzirah, Hussein Taha, and Anwar Usman. "Propolis: Its Role and Efficacy in Human Health and Diseases." Molecules 27, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 6120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27186120.

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With technological advancements in the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries, numerous research studies have focused on the propolis produced by stingless bees (Meliponini tribe) and Apis mellifera honeybees as alternative complementary medicines for the potential treatment of various acute and chronic diseases. Propolis can be found in tropical and subtropical forests throughout the world. The composition of phytochemical constituents in propolis varies depending on the bee species, geographical location, botanical source, and environmental conditions. Typically, propolis contains lipid, beeswax, essential oils, pollen, and organic components. The latter include flavonoids, phenolic compounds, polyphenols, terpenes, terpenoids, coumarins, steroids, amino acids, and aromatic acids. The biologically active constituents of propolis, which include countless organic compounds such as artepillin C, caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, apigenin, chrysin, galangin, kaempferol, luteolin, genistein, naringin, pinocembrin, coumaric acid, and quercetin, have a broad spectrum of biological and therapeutic properties such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstruct pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory tract-related diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, as well as neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and immuno-inflammatory agents. Therefore, this review aims to provide a summary of recent studies on the role of propolis, its constituents, its biologically active compounds, and their efficacy in the medicinal and pharmaceutical treatment of chronic diseases.

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8

Koss-Mikołajczyk, Izabela, Monika Baranowska, Vanja Todorovic, Adriana Albini, Clementina Sansone, Pierre Andreoletti, Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki, et al. "Prophylaxis of Non-communicable Diseases: Why Fruits and Vegetables may be Better Chemopreventive Agents than Dietary Supplements Based on Isolated Phytochemicals?" Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 16 (August 23, 2019): 1847–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190702093301.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) report from 2014 documented that non-communicable socalled civilization diseases such as cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer or type 2 diabetes are responsible for over 50% of all premature deaths in the world. Research carried out over the past 20 years has provided data suggesting that diet is an essential factor influencing the risk of development of these diseases. The increasing knowledge on chemopreventive properties of certain food ingredients, in particular, those of plant origin, opened the discussion on the possibility to use edible plants or their active components in the prevention of these chronic diseases. Health-promoting properties of plant foods are associated with the presence of secondary metabolites that can affect many biological mechanisms of critical importance to the proper functioning of the human organism. Particularly, there have been numerous investigations indicating strong physiological effects of bioactive plant phenols belonging to the flavonoid family. These observations initiated mass production of dietary supplements containing flavonoids commercialized under the name antioxidants, even if their chemical properties did not justify such a term. However, epidemiological studies revealed that isolated bioactive phytochemicals are not as effective as fruits and vegetables containing these substances whereas they are of interest of the functional food industry. In this paper, the critical assessment of reasons for this turn of events has been attempted and the concept of food synergy has been suggested as a future strategy of dietary chemoprevention.

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Reddy, Amala, and Sujatha Sundaresan. "PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND SUPPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY TARGETS BY ADATHODA VASICA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.24243.

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Objectives: A persistent and chronic inflammation may act as an underlying definition for many of the long-term illness such as diabetic foot ulcer, Alzheimer’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Folklore medicinal plants provide immense health benefits with new remedies. Active compounds from plants containing alkaloids and phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins) possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The leaves of Adhatoda vasica are most known for its effectiveness in treating respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory conditions. In this report, we investigated the possible action of A. vasica against inflammation.Methods: Solvents with varying polarity (Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) were used for the sequential extraction of leaves of A. vasica Linn (Family: Acanthaceae). The anti‐inflammatory activity was assessed using simple in vitro methods. Phenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins were analyzed qualitatively using standard protocols. Anti‐inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation assay, membrane stabilization assay and proteinase inhibitory activity. Aspirin (diclofenac) was used as a standard drug for the study of anti-inflammatory activity.Results: Our results substantiated that methanolic extract of A. vasica gave a maximum yield of 12.5% and apparently all bioactive phytochemical constituents were at a higher concentration in the methanolic extract. Methanolic extract of A. vasica showed a significant inhibition of the heat-induced albumin denaturation, red blood cells membrane stabilization, and proteinase inhibitory effects with 86±1.46, 88±1.24, and 96±0.93% for 1000 μg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: The above results delineate that the bioactive components were extracted using high polar solvent are mostly flavonoids and related polyphenols. These compounds may be the active constituents to render the anti-inflammatory activity to A. vasica.

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Wahab, Shadma, Sivakumar Annadurai, Shahabe Saquib Abullais, Gotam Das, Wasim Ahmad, Md Faruque Ahmad, Geetha Kandasamy, Rajalakshimi Vasudevan, Md Sajid Ali, and Mohd Amir. "Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Comprehensive Review on Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, Clinical Evidence and Toxicology." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 2751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122751.

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There are more than 30 species of Glycyrrhiza genus extensively spread worldwide. It was the most prescribed herb in Ancient Egyptian, Roman, Greek, East China, and the West from the Former Han era. There are various beneficial effects of licorice root extracts, such as treating throat infections, tuberculosis, respiratory, liver diseases, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunodeficiency. On the other hand, traditional medicines are getting the attraction to treat many diseases. Therefore, it is vital to screen the medicinal plants to find the potential of new compounds to treat chronic diseases such as respiratory, cardiovascular, anticancer, hepatoprotective, etc. This work comprehensively reviews ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, clinical evidence, and the toxicology of licorice, which will serve as a resource for future clinical and fundamental studies. An attempt has been made to establish the pharmacological effect of licorice in different diseases. In addition, the focus of this review article is on the molecular mechanism of licorice extracts and their four flavonoids (isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, lichalocone, and glabridin) pharmacologic activities. Licorice could be a natural alternative for current therapy to exterminate new emerging disorders with mild side effects. This review will provide systematic insights into this ancient drug for further development and clinical use.

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Gurov, A. V., and A. V. Muzhichkova. "Modern possibilities of herbal medicine in the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 18 (December 1, 2021): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-18-127-133.

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The article provides data on the effectiveness of the use of the drug in the treatment of acute, chronic and recurrent diseases of the respiratory tract and ENT organs. The drug is an extract of Pelargonium sidoides. From the standpoint of modern pharmacology, it is known that the use of natural products based on plant materials ensures safety and the absence of pronounced side effects. The main active ingredients of pelargonium are phenolic compounds: coumarins, flavonoids and phenolic acids. The article details the biochemical and pharmacological properties of each of the above groups of compounds. It has been shown that the presence of several classes of phenolic compounds simultaneously contributes to the potentiation of the pharmacological effects of each group separately. Therefore, drug has a pronounced polytropic effect: antiviral, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, mucolytic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytoprotective. The article presents the results of numerous domestic and foreign randomized, placebo-controlled studies demonstrating its high efficacy and safety in the treatment of ENT diseases, upper respiratory tract infections and bronchitis, not only in adults, but also in children over 1 year old. On the basis of the analyzed and presented material, the authors concluded that the use of a natural-based drug in the treatment of acute respiratory infection is effective and safe, both as monotherapy and in combination with other medicinal substances. He is able to quickly eliminate not only the symptoms of inflammation, but also to support the body with any ailments of this type.

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Jiang, T. Alan. "Health Benefits of Culinary Herbs and Spices." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 102, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0418.

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Abstract Spices and herbs have been in use for centuries both for culinary and medicinal purposes. Spices not only enhance the flavor, aroma, and color of foodand beverages, but they can also protect from acuteand chronic diseases. More Americans are considering the use of spices and herbs for medicinal and therapeutic/remedy use, especially for various chronicconditions. There is now ample evidence that spicesand herbs possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumorigenic, anticarcinogenic, and glucose- and cholesterol-lowering activities as well as properties that affect cognition and mood. Research over the past decade has reported on the diverse range of health properties that they possess via their bioactive constituents, including sulfur-containing compounds, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic diterpenes, andvitamins, especially flavonoids and polyphenols. Spices and herbs such as clove, rosemary, sage, oregano, and cinnamon are excellent sources of antioxidants with their high content of phenolic compounds. It is evident that frequent consumption of spicy foods was also linked to a lower risk of death from cancer and ischemic heart and respiratory system diseases. However, the actual role of spicesand herbs in the maintenance of health, specifically with regards to protecting against the development of chronic, noncommunicable diseases, is currently unclear.This review highlights potential health benefits ofcommonly used spices and herbs such as chili pepper, cinnamon, ginger, blackpepper, turmeric, fenugreek, rosemary, and garlic.

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Tanno, Yasuo, Yasunori Kakuta, Takashi Aikawa, Yuriko Shindoh, Isao Ohno, and Tamotsu Takishima. "Effects of Qing-Fei-Tang (Seihai-to) and Baicalein, Its Main Component Flavonoid, on Lucigenin-Dependent Chemiluminescence and Leukotriene-Dependence Chemiluminescence and Leukotriene B4 Synthesis of Human Alveolar Macrophages." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 16, no. 03n04 (January 1988): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x88000212.

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A traditional Chinese remedy, Qing-Fei-Tang (Seihai-to, T90), has been used for treatment of chronic respiratory diseases with long-lasting cough and sputum, e.g. chronic bronchitis. We examined the effect of T90 and its main component flavonoid, baicalein, on the lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) and leukotrine B4 (LTB4) synthesis of human alveolar macrophages (AM). AM were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from patients with various respiratory diseases, including sacroidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and lung cancer. CL were observed by stimulating 1×105 AM with phorbol myristate acetate in the presence of lucigenin. LTB4 were generated by incubating 1×106/ml AM with Ca ionophore A23187 for 30 min and determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. T90 (0.2 — 2.0 mg/ml) and baicalein (0.1 — 100 μM) inhibited both CL and LTB4 production of AM in a dose-dependent fashion. These inhibitory effects were not due to cytotoxic effects of the procedure because neither 2 mg/ml T90 nor 100 M baicalein affected the viability of AM nor lactate dehydrogenase release from AM. These results suggest that T90 exerts its effect on inflammatory lung diseases through the anti-inflammatory action, i.e. inhibiting the oxidative and arachidonate metabolism of local inflammatory lung cells.

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Koch, Christiane E., Goutham K. Ganjam, Juliane Steger, Karen Legler, Sigrid Stöhr, Daniela Schumacher, Nigel Hoggard, Gerhard Heldmaier, and Alexander Tups. "The dietary flavonoids naringenin and quercetin acutely impair glucose metabolism in rodents possibly via inhibition of hypothalamic insulin signalling." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 6 (August 1, 2012): 1040–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512003005.

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Secondary metabolites of herbs and spices are widely used as an alternative strategy in the therapy of various diseases. The polyphenols naringenin, quercetin and curcumin have been characterised as anti-diabetic agents. Conversely, in vitro, naringenin and quercetin are described to inhibit phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), an enzyme that is essential for the neuronal control of whole body glucose homoeostasis. Using both in vitro and in vivo experiments, we tested whether the inhibitory effect on PI3K occurs in neurons and if it might affect whole body glucose homoeostasis. Quercetin was found to inhibit basal and insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473), a downstream target of PI3K, in HT-22 cells, whereas naringenin and curcumin had no effect. In Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) naringenin and quercetin (10 mg/kg administered orally) diminished insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) in the arcuate nucleus, indicating a reduction in hypothalamic PI3K activity. In agreement with this finding, glucose tolerance in naringenin-treated hamsters (oral) and mice (oral and intracerebroventricular) was reduced compared with controls. Dietary quercetin also impaired glucose tolerance, whereas curcumin was ineffective. Circulating levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein were not affected by the polyphenols. Oral quercetin reduced the respiratory quotient, suggesting that glucose utilisation was impaired after treatment. These data demonstrate that low doses of naringenin and quercetin acutely and potently impair glucose homoeostasis. This effect may be mediated by inhibition of hypothalamic PI3K signalling. Whether chronic impairments in glucose homoeostasis occur after long-term application remains to be identified.

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Demir, Elif. "Pharmacological studies of sumac plant on COVID-19." Atlantic Journal of Medical Science and Research 2, no. 3 (September 20, 2022): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.55358/atjmed.2022.08.015.

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Since 2019, the COVID-19 virus has caused severe lung damage and acute respiratory syndrome, leading to global epidemics with high morbidity and mortality. The world health organization has declared it a cause of the pandemic. At the beginning of 2020, many national and international organizations urgently took action to develop vaccines, and dozens of approved vaccines have been developed so far. Despite the significant effectiveness of vaccines, the continuation of deaths because of COVID-19 has increased people’s interest in traditional medicine. The uncertainty in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of many diseases, especially chronic diseases, has increased the interest in treatment methods other than modern medicine all over the world. It is stated that over 85% of the population in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East use herbal medicines as the first treatment option. Some compounds are obtained from plants, especially flavonoids; the quercetin, silymarin, polyphenolic compound glycyrrhizin, and curcumin have shown antiviral activity. Sumac is the common name for a genus (Rhus) in the Anacardiaceae family that includes over 250 species of flowering plants. Many compounds such as fatty acids, phenolics, organic acids, essential oils, proteins, fibers, vitamins, and minerals have been isolated from different parts of the sumac plant. It is considered a reasonable treatment in traditional medicine because of its analgesic, anorexic, antidiarrheal, antiseptic, and antihyperglycemic properties. Djakpo and Yao reported that sumac contains potent antiviral properties. The bioactive compound of sumac with antiviral activity is polyphenol tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (TGG), a tannin. Ling et al. found that TGG exhibited significant inhibition against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Sherif et al. identified six polyphenolic compounds of Rhus spp as potential inhibitors to the SARS-CoV-2 major protease enzyme (Mpro; 6LU7). Keywords: Sumac, COVID-19, traditional medicine

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Holland, W. W. "Chronic respiratory diseases." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 47, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.47.1.4.

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Rabe, Klaus F. "Understanding chronic respiratory diseases." Lancet 372, no. 9643 (September 2008): 1027–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61426-9.

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Jannat, Khoshnur, Alok K. Paul, Tohmina A. Bondhon, Anamul Hasan, Muhammad Nawaz, Rownak Jahan, Tooba Mahboob, et al. "Nanotechnology Applications of Flavonoids for Viral Diseases." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111895.

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Recent years have witnessed the emergence of several viral diseases, including various zoonotic diseases such as the current pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Other viruses, which possess pandemic-causing potential include avian flu, Ebola, dengue, Zika, and Nipah virus, as well as the re-emergence of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) coronaviruses. Notably, effective drugs or vaccines against these viruses are still to be discovered. All the newly approved vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2-induced disease COVID-19 possess real-time possibility of becoming obsolete because of the development of ‘variants of concern’. Flavonoids are being increasingly recognized as prophylactic and therapeutic agents against emerging and old viral diseases. Around 10,000 natural flavonoid compounds have been identified, being phytochemicals, all plant-based. Flavonoids have been reported to have lesser side effects than conventional anti-viral agents and are effective against more viral diseases than currently used anti-virals. Despite their abundance in plants, which are a part of human diet, flavonoids have the problem of low bioavailability. Various attempts are in progress to increase the bioavailability of flavonoids, one of the promising fields being nanotechnology. This review is a narrative of some anti-viral dietary flavonoids, their bioavailability, and various means with an emphasis on the nanotechnology system(s) being experimented with to deliver anti-viral flavonoids, whose systems show potential in the efficient delivery of flavonoids, resulting in increased bioavailability.

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Atrahimovich, Dana, Dorit Avni, and Soliman Khatib. "Flavonoids-Macromolecules Interactions in Human Diseases with Focus on Alzheimer, Atherosclerosis and Cancer." Antioxidants 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030423.

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Flavonoids, a class of polyphenols, consumed daily in our diet, are associated with a reduced risk for oxidative stress (OS)-related chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammation. The involvement of flavonoids with OS-related chronic diseases have been traditionally attributed to their antioxidant activity. However, evidence from recent studies indicate that flavonoids’ beneficial impact may be assigned to their interaction with cellular macromolecules, rather than exerting a direct antioxidant effect. This review provides an overview of the recent evolving research on interactions between the flavonoids and lipoproteins, proteins, chromatin, DNA, and cell-signaling molecules that are involved in the OS-related chronic diseases; it focuses on the mechanisms by which flavonoids attenuate the development of the aforementioned chronic diseases via direct and indirect effects on gene expression and cellular functions. The current review summarizes data from the literature and from our recent research and then compares specific flavonoids’ interactions with their targets, focusing on flavonoid structure–activity relationships. In addition, the various methods of evaluating flavonoid–protein and flavonoid–DNA interactions are presented. Our aim is to shed light on flavonoids action in the body, beyond their well-established, direct antioxidant activity, and to provide insights into the mechanisms by which these small molecules, consumed daily, influence cellular functions.

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Hussain, Tarique, Ghulam Murtaza, Huansheng Yang, Muhammad S. Kalhoro, and Dildar H. Kalhoro. "Exploiting Anti-Inflammation Effects of Flavonoids in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 22 (July 5, 2020): 2610–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200408101550.

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Background: Inflammation is a complex response of the host defense system to different internal and external stimuli. It is believed that persistent inflammation may lead to chronic inflammatory diseases such as, inflammatory bowel disease, neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Oxidative stress is the main factor responsible for the augmentation of inflammation via various molecular pathways. Therefore, alleviating oxidative stress is effective a therapeutic option against chronic inflammatory diseases. Methods: This review article extends the knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoids targeting inflammatory pathways in chronic diseases, which would be the best approach for the development of suitable therapeutic agents against chronic diseases. Results: Since the inflammatory response is initiated by numerous signaling molecules like NF-κB, MAPK, and Arachidonic acid pathways, their encountering function can be evaluated with the activation of Nrf2 pathway, a promising approach to inhibit/prevent chronic inflammatory diseases by flavonoids. Over the last few decades, flavonoids drew much attention as a potent alternative therapeutic agent. Recent clinical evidence has shown significant impacts of flavonoids on chronic diseases in different in-vivo and in-vitro models. Conclusion: Flavonoid compounds can interact with chronic inflammatory diseases at the cellular level and modulate the response of protein pathways. A promising approach is needed to overlook suitable alternative compounds providing more therapeutic efficacy and exerting fewer side effects than commercially available antiinflammatory drugs.

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Purghè, Beatrice, Marcello Manfredi, Beatrice Ragnoli, Gianluca Baldanzi, and Mario Malerba. "Exosomes in chronic respiratory diseases." Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 144 (December 2021): 112270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112270.

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Blasi, Francesco. "Lung Diseases: Chronic Respiratory Infections." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 7, 2018): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103051.

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23

Shangyao Mo, Hao Deng, Yong Xie, Lixia Yang, and Lili Wen. "Chryseriol attenuates the progression of OVA-induced asthma in mice through NF-κκB/HIF-1αα and MAPK/STAT1 pathways." Allergologia et Immunopathologia 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/aei.v51i1.776.

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Background: Asthma is a hackneyed chronic inflammatory disease of the airway. Chryseriol (CSR) is a kind of flavonoid, and has the effect of bronchiectasis, indicating its potential application for treating respiratory diseases. However, the functions of CSR in asthma have not been reported till now. Materials and methods: The histopathologic changes of the lung tissues were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The cell apoptosis was identified through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay. Total numbers of eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages were assessed under microscope. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were detected by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay. The airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) was evaluated by the whole body plethysmography. The levels of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione in lung homogenates were confirmed by using corresponding commercial kits. The protein expressions were examined by Western blot analysis. Results: The ovalbumin (OVA) was utilized to establish asthma mouse model. At first, it was revealed that CSR treatment reduced lung injury in OVA-stimulated mice. Moreover, cell apoptosis was enhanced after OVA stimulation but was attenuated by CSR treatment. In addition, CSR treatment decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the production of inflammatory factors in OVA-treated mice. Further investigations demonstrated that CSR treatment relieved AHR in OVA-stimulated mice. The oxidative stress was strengthened in OVA-treated mice, but these effects were relieved by CSR treatment. Lastly, it was discovered that CSR treatment retarded nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) pathways in OVA-triggered asthma mice. Conclusion: Our findings proved that CSR attenuated the progression of OVA-induced asthma in mice through inhibiting NF-κB/HIF-1α and MAPK/STAT1 pathways. This work might highlight the functions of CSR in the treatment of asthma.

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Owona, Brice Ayissi, Wilfred Angie Abia, and Paul Fewou Moundipa. "Natural compounds flavonoids as modulators of inflammasomes in chronic diseases." International Immunopharmacology 84 (July 2020): 106498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106498.

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Russo, Patrizia, Giulia Prinzi, Palma Lamonaca, Vittorio Cardaci, and Massimo Fini. "Flavonoids and Reduction of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 39 (January 3, 2019): 7048–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180514100640.

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Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Cardiovascular Diseases (CV) Often Coexist. COPD and CVD are complex diseases characterized by a strict interaction between environment and genetic. The mechanisms linking these two diseases are complex, multifactorial and not entirely understood, influencing the therapeutic approach. COPD is characterized by several comorbidities, it hypothesized the treatment of cardiovascular co-morbidities that may reduce morbidity and mortality. Flavonoids are an important class of plant low molecular weight Secondary Metabolites (SMs). Convincing data from laboratory, epidemiological, and human clinical studies point the important effects on CVD risk prevention. Objective: This review aims to provide up-to-date information on the ability of Flavonoids to reduce the CVD risk. Conclusion: Current studies support the potential of Flavonoids to prevent the risk of CVD. Well-designed clinical studies are suggested to evaluate advantages and limits of Flavonoids for managing CVD comorbidity in COPD.

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Nazarova, Karina. "Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Treatment and Prevention." Journal of Complementary Medicine Research 13, no. 3 (2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jcmr.2022.13.03.16.

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The article investigates the therapeutic and preventive aspects of chronic respiratory diseases. The authors note that chronic respiratory diseases are among the most common non-communicable diseases worldwide, mainly due to the widespread distribution of harmful environmental, occupational and behavioral inhalation effects. In addition to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, chronic respiratory diseases include interstitial lung disease, pulmonary sarcoidosis, and pneumoconioses such as silicosis and asbestos. Unfortunately, chronic respiratory diseases have received proportionally less public attention and less research funding than other diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stroke, diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, in order to better inform about the prevention, screening, treatment and research on chronic respiratory diseases, it is extremely important to understand their prevalence, morbidity and mortality both globally and regionally

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Bansal, Vishal, and Rajendra Prasad. "Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Chronic Respiratory Diseases." Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences 56, no. 3 (June 28, 2022): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/ijcdas-56-3-147.

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28

Chetambath, Ravindran. "Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic respiratory diseases." Journal of Advanced Lung Health 2, no. 1 (2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jalh.jalh_9_21.

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Froes, Filipe, Nicolas Roche, and Francesco Blasi. "Pneumococcal vaccination and chronic respiratory diseases." International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Volume 12 (December 2017): 3457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/copd.s140378.

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30

Viegi, Giovanni, Sara Maio, Salvatore Fasola, and Sandra Baldacci. "Global Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases." Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 33, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2019.1576.

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31

Bousquet, J., R. Dahl, and N. Khaltaev. "Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases." European Respiratory Journal 29, no. 2 (September 27, 2006): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00138606.

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Fiorenzano, G., C. Santoriello, V. Musella, and M. Polverino. "Exercise capacity in chronic respiratory diseases." European Respiratory Journal 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2010): 1193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00204009.

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Labaki, Wassim W., and MeiLan K. Han. "Chronic respiratory diseases: a global view." Lancet Respiratory Medicine 8, no. 6 (June 2020): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30157-0.

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34

Healy, Daniel P. "Macrolide immunomodulation of chronic respiratory diseases." Current Infectious Disease Reports 9, no. 1 (January 2007): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11908-007-0016-1.

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Ebihara, Satoru. "Exercise Training in Chronic Respiratory Diseases." Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 55, no. 3 (2018): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2490/jjrmc.55.220.

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Bousquet, J., R. Dahl, and N. Khaltaev. "Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases." Allergy 62, no. 3 (February 8, 2007): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01307.x.

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Cao, Yi-Ling, Ji-Hong Lin, Hans-Peter Hammes, and Chun Zhang. "Flavonoids in Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease." Molecules 27, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072365.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive systemic disease, which changes the function and structure of the kidneys irreversibly over months or years. The final common pathological manifestation of chronic kidney disease is renal fibrosis and is characterized by glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. In recent years, numerous studies have reported the therapeutic benefits of natural products against modern diseases. Substantial attention has been focused on the biological role of polyphenols, in particular flavonoids, presenting broadly in plants and diets, referring to thousands of plant compounds with a common basic structure. Evidence-based pharmacological data have shown that flavonoids play an important role in preventing and managing CKD and renal fibrosis. These compounds can prevent renal dysfunction and improve renal function by blocking or suppressing deleterious pathways such as oxidative stress and inflammation. In this review, we summarize the function and beneficial properties of common flavonoids for the treatment of CKD and the relative risk factors of CKD.

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Huang, Lei, Mi-Yeon Kim, and Jae Youl Cho. "Immunopharmacological Activities of Luteolin in Chronic Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032136.

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Flavonoids have been shown to have anti-oxidative effects, as well as other health benefits (e.g., anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor functions). Luteolin (3′, 4′, 5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid found in vegetables, fruits, flowers, and herbs, including celery, broccoli, green pepper, navel oranges, dandelion, peppermint, and rosemary. Luteolin has multiple useful effects, especially in regulating inflammation-related symptoms and diseases. In this paper, we summarize the studies about the immunopharmacological activity of luteolin on anti-inflammatory, anti-cardiovascular, anti-cancerous, and anti-neurodegenerative diseases published since 2018 and available in PubMed or Google Scholar. In this review, we also introduce some additional formulations of luteolin to improve its solubility and bioavailability.

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Yang, Yang, Xin Jin, Xinyi Jiao, Jinjing Li, Liuyi Liang, Yuanyuan Ma, Rui Liu, and Zheng Li. "Advances in Pharmacological Actions and Mechanisms of Flavonoids from Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (December 31, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8871105.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory disease with high morbidity and mortality. The conventional therapies remain palliative and have various undesired effects. Flavonoids from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been proved to exert protective effects on COPD. This review aims to illuminate the poly-pharmacological properties of flavonoids in treating COPD based on laboratory evidences and clinical data and points out possible molecular mechanisms. Animal/laboratory studies and randomised clinical trials about administration of flavonoids from TCM for treating COPD from January 2010 to October 2020 were identified and collected, with the following terms: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or chronic respiratory disease or inflammatory lung disease, and flavonoid or nature product or traditional Chinese medicine. Pharmacokinetic studies and external application treatment were excluded. A total of 15 flavonoid compounds were listed. Flavonoids could inhibit inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence, restore corticosteroid sensitivity, improve pulmonary histology, and boost pulmonary function through regulating multiple targets and signaling pathways, which manifest that flavonoids are a group of promising natural products for COPD. Nevertheless, most studies remain in the research phase of animal testing, and further clinical applications should be carried out.

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Tanaka, Toshio, Atsuhiko Iuchi, Hiroshi Harada, and Shoji Hashimoto. "Potential Beneficial Effects of Wine Flavonoids on Allergic Diseases." Diseases 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases7010008.

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Wine, a widely consumed beverage, comprises several biophenols that promote health. Flavonoids, majorly present in red wine, have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activities. Regular consumption of red wine (100 mL/day) is estimated to provide an average of 88 mg of flavonoids, whereas recent epidemiological studies indicate that wine is one of the major sources of flavonoid intake amongst wine lovers in European countries (providing an average intake of 291–374 mg/day of flavonoids). In addition to being antioxidants, in vitro studies suggest that flavonoids also have anti-allergic activities that inhibit IgE synthesis, activation of mast cells and basophils or other inflammatory cells, and production of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines. Furthermore, they affect the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into effector T cell subsets. Moreover, several studies have reported the benefits of flavonoids in allergic models such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, anaphylaxis, and food allergy; however, evidence in humans is limited to allergic rhinitis and respiratory allergy. Although further evaluation is required, it is expected that an appropriate intake of flavonoids may be beneficial in preventing, and eventually managing, allergic diseases.

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Centanni, S., and L. Allegra. "Influenza in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Diseases." Drugs 54, Supplement 1 (1997): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199700541-00021.

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Kumar Rai, Dr Deependra. "Prevalence of Depression in Chronic respiratory diseases." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 2, no. 3 (2012): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-0232225.

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Kumar, Raj, David W. Denning, and Anuradha Chowdhary. "Chronic Respiratory Diseases Burden and Healthcare Facilities." Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences 64, no. 2 (July 8, 2022): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-11007-0007.

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Chorostowska-Wynimko, Joanna, and Kazimierz Roszkowski-Śliż. "Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD)." Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska 76, no. 3 (May 22, 2008): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/arm.27899.

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Bousquet, J., R. Dahl, and N. Khaltaev. "Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD)." Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska 76, no. 3 (May 22, 2008): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/arm.27907.

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Chazan, Ryszarda. "Reducing the burden of chronic respiratory diseases." Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska 77, no. 1 (December 19, 2008): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/arm.27842.

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Kolosov, V. P., L. G. Manakov, J. M. Perelman, and V. P. Samsonov. "Chronic respiratory diseases: epidemiological monitoring and prevention." Bulletin Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, no. 76 (June 27, 2020): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36604/1998-5029-2020-76-8-18.

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Maselli, Diego, Holly Keyt, and Marcos Restrepo. "Inhaled Antibiotic Therapy in Chronic Respiratory Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 5 (May 16, 2017): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18051062.

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Agustí, Carlos, Ana Rañó, Ivet Aldabó, and Antoni Torres. "Fungal pneumonia, chronic respiratory diseases and glucocorticoids." Medical Mycology 44, s1 (January 2006): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13693780600857348.

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Baraldi, E. "Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Sport in Children." International Journal of Sports Medicine 21, Suppl 2 (November 2000): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-8499.

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