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Nguyen, Thuy Nga, Courtney Millar, Douglas Kiel, Marian Hannan, and Shivani Sahni. "Intake of Flavonoids and Odds of Frailty Onset in Adults in the Framingham Offspring Cohort." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3618.
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Abstract Polyphenols (antioxidants derived from plant-foods) could play a role in inhibition of oxidative stress and frailty reduction, yet data on the polyphenol subclass of dietary flavonoids is limited. This study sought to determine the association between dietary flavonoids and frailty onset in middle-aged and older adults. This prospective cohort study included non-frail individuals from the Framingham Offspring Cohort (FOC) with total flavonoid intake (mg/day; defined as sum flavonols, flavan-3-ols, flavonones, flavones, and anthocyanins via Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire), frailty (via Fried phenotype), and covariate information measured at baseline (1998-2001). Follow-up frailty was evaluated in 2011-2014. Logistic regression estimated odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) adjusting for relevant confounders. Participants (n=1,701; 55.5% female) had a mean age of 58.4 years (SD ± 8.3). Mean flavonoid intake was 309 mg/d (SD ± 266). After 12.4 years (SD ± 0.8), 224 (13.2%) individuals exhibited frailty. In age and sex adjusted models, every 50 mg/day of higher total flavonoid intake was associated with 3% reduced odds of frailty [OR (95%CI): 0.97 (0.94-1.00), p-value: 0.05). Further adjustment for smoking, energy and protein intake, and disease indicators did not appreciably change the association, and associations became non-significant (p-value=0.12). Thus, there was no association between flavonoid intake and odds of frailty onset in adults in the FOC. This could be due to participants' higher intake of flavonoids compared to average intake of ~200 mg/d in Americans.
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Wollenweber, Eckhard, Marion Dörr, and Matthias Christ. "Flavonoid Aglycones from the Leaf and Stem Exudates of Some Geraniaceae Species." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 1 (January 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600105.
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Six species of Pelargonium and one species of Geranium were studied for their surface flavonoids. Some of them were found to exhibit an unexpectedly high number of methylated flavonoids, mostly flavonols. The chemotaxonomic significance of exudate flavonoid diversification is shortly addressed.
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Li, Chengshuai, Lijing Zhang, Decao Niu, Shuzhen Nan, Xiumei Miao, Xiaowei Hu, and Hua Fu. "Investigation of flavonoid expression and metabolite content patterns during seed formation of Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch." Seed Science Research 31, no. 2 (June 2021): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096025852100012x.
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AbstractFlavonoids are a group of phenolic secondary metabolites in plants that have important physiological, ecological and economic value. In this study, using the desert plant Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch. as the sample material, the content and components of the total flavonoids in its seeds at seven different developmental stages were determined. In addition, the genes involved in flavonoid metabolism were identified by full-length transcriptome sequencing (third-generation sequencing technology based on PacBio RS II). Their expression levels were analysed by RNA-seq short reading sequencing, to reveal the patterns and regulation mechanisms of flavonoid accumulation during seed development. The key results were as follows: the content of total flavonoids in mature seeds was 15.05 mg g−1, including five subclasses: flavonols, chalcones, flavones, flavanones and proanthocyanidins, among which flavonols accounted for 45.78%. The period of rapid accumulation of flavonoids was 40–70 d following anthesis. The high expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) and UDP-glucose:flavonoids 3-o-glucosyltransferase (UF3GT) promoted the accumulation of total flavonoids, while the high expression of flavonoids 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) and flavonols synthase (FLS) made flavanols the main component. Transcription factors such as the MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) complex and Selenium-binding protein (SBP) directly regulated the structural genes of flavonoid metabolism, while C2H2-type zinc finger (C2H2), Zinc-finger transcription factor (GATA), Dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB), Global Transcription factor Group E protein (GTE), Trihelix DNA-binding factors (Trihelix) and Phytochrome-interacting factor (PIF) indirectly promoted the synthesis of flavonoids through hormones such as brassinoidsteroids (BRs) and abscisic acid (ABA). These results provided valuable resources for the application of related genes in genetics and breeding.
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Nikolova, M., and S. Ivancheva. "Distribution of Surface Flavonoids in Bulgarian Plants." Natural Product Communications 1, no. 11 (November 2006): 1934578X0600101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0600101119.
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The review describes the distribution of surface flavonoids in Bulgarian plants. More than 100 species of Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Geraniaceae and other families have been checked for external flavonoid aglycones. The flavonoid profiles of Asteraceae species are composed of a wide array of flavones and flavonols, mainly based upon 6-substituted derivatives. Flavone aglycones are predominant in the exudates of Lamiaceae species. Apigenin, luteolin and their derivatives were most commonly found in the studied species of Scropulariaceae and Lamiaceae. It has been shown that species of Geraniaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Solanaceae contain flavonoids of the flavonol class as surface constituents. Surface distributed flavonoids appear to have been well studied and useful for chemotaxonomy. If there is not too much infraspecific variation, flavonoid profiles can be used as taxonomic characters to distinguish species. Correlations between external flavonoid formation and local environment are apparent.
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Wang, Lanxiang, Pui Ying Lam, Andy C. W. Lui, Fu-Yuan Zhu, Mo-Xian Chen, Hongjia Liu, Jianhua Zhang, and Clive Lo. "Flavonoids are indispensable for complete male fertility in rice." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 16 (May 9, 2020): 4715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa204.
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Abstract Flavonoids are essential for male fertility in some but not all plant species. In rice (Oryza sativa), the chalcone synthase mutant oschs1 produces flavonoid-depleted pollen and is male sterile. The mutant pollen grains are viable with normal structure, but they display reduced germination rate and pollen-tube length. Analysis of oschs1/+ heterozygous lines shows that pollen flavonoid deposition is a paternal effect and fertility is independent of the haploid genotypes (OsCHS1 or oschs1). To understand which classes of flavonoids are involved in male fertility, we conducted detailed analysis of rice mutants for branch-point enzymes of the downstream flavonoid pathways, including flavanone 3-hydroxylase (OsF3H; flavonol pathway entry enzyme), flavone synthase II (CYP93G1; flavone pathway entry enzyme), and flavanone 2-hydroxylase (CYP93G2; flavone C-glycoside pathway entry enzyme). Rice osf3h and cyp93g1 cyp93g2 CRISPR/Cas9 mutants, and cyp93g1 and cyp93g2 T-DNA insertion mutants showed altered flavonoid profiles in anthers, but only the osf3h and cyp93g1 cyp93g2 mutants displayed reduction in seed yield. Our findings indicate that flavonoids are essential for complete male fertility in rice and a combination of different classes (flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and flavone C-glycosides) appears to be important, as opposed to the essential role played primarily by flavonols that has been previously reported in several plant species.
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Vieux, Florent, Matthieu Maillot, and Adam Drewnowski. "Dietary Flavonoid Intakes in France Are Linked to Brewed Tea Consumption and to Socioeconomic Status: Analyses of the Third French Individual and National Food Consumption (INCA3) Survey for Children and Adults." Nutrients 16, no. 8 (April 10, 2024): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16081118.
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Flavonoids from green and black tea may benefit cardiovascular health. Brewed tea consumption and flavonoid intake in France have not been previously explored. This study assessed the dietary intake of flavonoids among French children and adults, using 3 days’ dietary recall for 3896 persons aged >4 y in the Third French Individual and National Food Consumption Survey (INCA3). Foods consumed by INCA 3 participants were manually matched with the flavonoid content of foods from the French PhenolExplorer database and the US Department of Agriculture expanded flavonoid database (2018 version). The six subclasses of flavonoids were flavan-3-ols, flavanones, anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, and isoflavones. Flavonoid intake was stratified by age subgroups (children and adults separately) and examined using socio-demographics and tea consumption patterns. Mean flavonoid intake was 210 mg/d. Flavonoids in the French diet were predominantly flavan-3-ols (147 mg/d), of which tea is the main source. The effects of age, education, income, and socio-professional category (SPC) on flavonoid intake were all significant (p < 0.0001). Brewed tea consumers were 31.88% of French adults and 3.79% of children. Brewed tea consumption and flavonoid intake were highly correlated. The highest brewed tea and flavonoid intakes were found among individuals with the highest SPC and education levels. Flavonoid intake in France was associated with brewed tea consumption and with higher education and income.
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Shen, Ting, Fengting Hu, Qianrui Liu, Haiyan Wang, and Houhua Li. "Analysis of Flavonoid Metabolites in Chaenomeles Petals Using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS." Molecules 25, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 3994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173994.
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Chaenomeles species are used for both ornamental decoration and medicinal purposes. In order to have a better understanding of the flavonoid profile of Chaenomeles, the petals of four Chaenomeles species, including Chaenomeles japonica (RB), Chaenomeles speciose (ZP), Chaenomeles sinensis (GP), and Chaenomeles cathayensis (MY), were selected as experimental material. The total flavonoid content of GP was found to be the highest, followed by MY, ZP, and RB. In total, 179 flavonoid metabolites (including 49 flavonols, 46 flavonoids, 19 flavone C-glycosides, 17 procyanidins, 15 anthocyanins, 10 flavanols, 10 dihydroflavonoids, 6 isoflavones, 5 dihydroflavonols, and 2 chalcones) were identified by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Screening of differential flavonoid metabolites showed that GP had higher levels of metabolites when compared with the other three Chaenomeles species. Annotation and enrichment analysis of flavonoid metabolites revealed that cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside anthocyanins are likely responsible for the color differences of the four Chaenomeles petals. Additionally, a large number of flavonoids, flavonols, and isoflavones were enriched in the petals of GP. This study provides new insights into the development and utilization of Chaenomeles petals and provides a basis for future investigations into their utilization.
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Zhao, Chenxu, Jiajia Wang, Yuxia Li, Lei Zhang, Ghazala Nawaz, Shaoyuan Wu, and Tao Xu. "Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals the Difference in Flavonoid Biosynthesis between the Red- and White-Sarcocarp Pomelo Fruits." Metabolites 12, no. 12 (November 23, 2022): 1161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121161.
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Flavonoids are bioactive secondary metabolites that play multiple roles in plants. However, studies on the flavonoid accumulation of the pomelo fruit are rare. In this study, we conducted a widely targeted metabolome analysis by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry and identified 550 metabolites in the sarcocarp from red (C. maxima Merr. var. Tubtim Siam) and white pomelos (C. maxima (Burm.) Osbeck). A total of 263 significantly changed metabolites were detected from the 550 metabolites. Content analysis of the significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) showed that 138 SCMs were highly accumulated, whereas 125 SCMs were observed with lower content in red-sarcocarp pomelo. Importantly, 103 of the 263 SCMs were flavonoids, including 34 flavonoids, 29 flavonols, 18 flavonoid carbonosides, 9 dihydroflavones, 6 isoflavones, 5 anthocyanins, 1 dihydroflavonol, and 1 chalcone. Gene ontology analysis indicated that upregulated genes in red-sarcocarp pomelo were significantly enriched in GO terms related to flavonoids including flavonoid biosynthetic processes. Several important differentially expressed genes were detected in the correlation network, especially Cg2g009540 which is an orthologous gene of AtCHS, also detected in flavonoid biosynthesis networks, and which could be related to the high level of total flavonoids in the red-sarcocarp pomelo. Our study demonstrated the fluctuation of flavonoid biosynthesis in the two pomelo cultivars and laid a theoretical foundation for pomelo breeding to generate fruits with a high flavonoid content.
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Satya, Pratik, Debabrata Sarkar, Amitava Chatterjee, Srikumar Pal, Soham Ray, Laxmi Sharma, Suman Roy, et al. "Biosynthesis and Chemopreventive Potential of Jute (Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius) Flavonoids and Phylogeny of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathways." Planta Medica International Open 9, no. 01 (February 7, 2022): e23-e33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1712-7978.
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AbstractFlavonoids are valuable phytochemicals for human health and nutrition. Jute (Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius), a vegetable rich in phenolics and flavonoids, is globally consumed for its health benefit, but the biosynthesis pathways and metabolic profiles of its flavonoids are poorly characterized. Elucidating the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways would augment the broader use of jute, including targeted synthesis of its specific flavonoids. We reconstructed the core flavonoid biosynthesis pathways in jute by integrating transcriptome mining, HPLC and flavonoid histochemistry. In C. capsularis (white jute), the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways’ metabolic flux was driven toward the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins that mediate the acquisition of abiotic stress tolerance. However, higher levels of flavonols in C. olitorius (tossa jute) render it more suitable for nutritional and medicinal use. Jute flavonoid extract exhibited in vitro inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2, suggesting its potential chemopreventive and immunity-boosting roles. Using the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways profiles of 93 plant species, we reconstructed the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways phylogeny based on distance-based clustering of reaction paths. This reaction-path flavonoid biosynthesis pathways phylogeny was quite distinct from that reconstructed using individual gene sequences. Our flavonoid biosynthesis pathways-based classification of flavonoid groups corroborates well with their chemical evolution, suggesting complex, adaptive evolution of flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, particularly in higher plants.
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Karapandzova, Marija, Gjose Stefkov, Ivana Cvetkovikj, Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva, Marina Stefova, and Svetlana Kulevanova. "Flavonoids and Other Phenolic Compounds in Needles of Pinus peuce and Other Pine Species from the Macedonian Flora." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 6 (June 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000647.
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Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in young needles of four pine species, Pinus peuce, P. nigra, P. mugo and P. sylvestris from the Macedonian flora were investigated. The amount of total phenols and total flavonoids were determined using Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride assay, respectively. The obtained results revealed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) varied among different pine species ranging from 9.8 to 14.0 mg GAE/g and from 3.3 to 7.2 mg CE/g of dried plant material, respectively. Qualitative analysis of flavonoids and other phenolic components was made by a LC-DAD/ESI-MSn optimized chromatographic method. A total of 17 phenolic components were identified and classified as: acids (2), procyanidins (2) and flavonoid glycosides (13). The most prevalent components were flavonoid glycosides, especially flavonols and methylated flavonols (9). Additionally, 3 components were found as acylated flavonol glycosides with ferulic and p-coumaric acid. The last one was found not only in esterified form but also in the free form. Only one flavone-apigenin glycoside was detected. Procyanidins were identified as catechin derivatives, both dimers and trimers.
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Iwashina, Tsukasa. "FLAVONOIDS IN THE SPECIES OF THE FAMILY ARACEAE: A REVIEW." Buletin Kebun Raya 23, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/bkr.v23i1.1.
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Flavonoids is one of the secondary metabolites and consists of two phenyl rings (A- and B-rings) connected by a three carbon bridge. Over 8000 kinds of flavonoids were reported from vascular plants and Bryophytes. This paper reviewed the flavonoid characters of the Araceae s.l. (including the Lemnaceae). Major flavonoids of the family were C-glycosylflavones with the exception for subfamilies Gymnostachydoideae and Orontioideae. Other flavonoid classes, i.e. anthocyanins, flavones, flavonols, flavan and proanthocyanidins, were reported in all subfamilies. Flavanone and C-glycosylflavanone were isolated from Spirodela polyrhiza and Anthurium binotii, respectively. However, dihydroflavonol, chalcone, dihydrochalcone, aurone, and isoflavonoids were not reported in the Araceae. Although Araceae s.l. is a large family consisting of ca. 3645 species and ca. 144 genera, flavonoids were surveyed only in 146 species of 48 genera, as far as known.
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Liu, Yuting, Alisdair R. Fernie, and Takayuki Tohge. "Diversification of Chemical Structures of Methoxylated Flavonoids and Genes Encoding Flavonoid-O-Methyltransferases." Plants 11, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11040564.
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The O-methylation of specialized metabolites in plants is a unique decoration that provides structural and functional diversity of the metabolites with changes in chemical properties and intracellular localizations. The O-methylation of flavonoids, which is a class of plant specialized metabolites, promotes their antimicrobial activities and liposolubility. Flavonoid O-methyltransferases (FOMTs), which are responsible for the O-methylation process of the flavonoid aglycone, generally accept a broad range of substrates across flavones, flavonols and lignin precursors, with different substrate preferences. Therefore, the characterization of FOMTs with the physiology roles of methoxylated flavonoids is useful for crop improvement and metabolic engineering. In this review, we summarized the chemodiversity and physiology roles of methoxylated flavonoids, which were already reported, and we performed a cross-species comparison to illustrate an overview of diversification and conserved catalytic sites of the flavonoid O-methyltransferases.
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Ma, Xiaoqing, Qiang Ding, Xilin Hou, and Xiong You. "Analysis of Flavonoid Metabolites in Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) and the Non-Heading Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis cv. Aijiaohuang) Using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS." Molecules 26, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 5825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195825.
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Flavonoids from plants play an important role in our diet. Watercress is a special plant that is rich in flavonoids. In this study, four important watercress varieties were compared with non-heading Chinese cabbage by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). A total of 132 flavonoid metabolites (including 8 anthocyanins, 2 dihydroflavone, 3 dihydroflavonol, 1 flavanols, 22 flavones, 11 flavonoid carbonosides, 82 flavonols, and 3 isoflavones) were detected. Flavonoid metabolites varied widely in different samples. Both the non-heading Chinese cabbage and the variety of watercress from Guangdong, China, had their own unique metabolites. This work is helpful to better understand flavonoid metabolites between the non-heading Chinese cabbage and the other four watercress varieties, and to provide a reliable reference value for further research.
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Zhuang, Wei-Bing, Yu-Hang Li, Xiao-Chun Shu, Yu-Ting Pu, Xiao-Jing Wang, Tao Wang, and Zhong Wang. "The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses." Molecules 28, no. 8 (April 20, 2023): 3599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083599.
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With the climate constantly changing, plants suffer more frequently from various abiotic and biotic stresses. However, they have evolved biosynthetic machinery to survive in stressful environmental conditions. Flavonoids are involved in a variety of biological activities in plants, which can protect plants from different biotic (plant-parasitic nematodes, fungi and bacteria) and abiotic stresses (salt stress, drought stress, UV, higher and lower temperatures). Flavonoids contain several subgroups, including anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, chalcones, dihydrochalcones and dihydroflavonols, which are widely distributed in various plants. As the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis has been well studied, many researchers have applied transgenic technologies in order to explore the molecular mechanism of genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis; as such, many transgenic plants have shown a higher stress tolerance through the regulation of flavonoid content. In the present review, the classification, molecular structure and biological biosynthesis of flavonoids were summarized, and the roles of flavonoids under various forms of biotic and abiotic stress in plants were also included. In addition, the effect of applying genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis on the enhancement of plant tolerance under various biotic and abiotic stresses was also discussed.
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P, Darmayuda I. P., Suardana I. G, and Bawa Putra A. A. "ANALYSIS OF TOTAL FLAVONOID LEVELS OF ETHANOL EXTRACT (Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii Blume) LEAVES WITH UV-VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY METHOD." Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Indonesia 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2021): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jipi.v9i3.1798.
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Cinnamon plants (Cinnamomum burmani Blume), including plants that have medicinal properties for diabetes mellitus because they contain flavonoid compounds. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoids content of the ethanol extract of cinnamon leaf ethanol extract using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The ethanol extract of Cinnamon leaf was obtained by maceration using ethanol as a solvent.The qualitative analysis used FeCl3by forming yellowish green complex. The determination of total flavonoids content is conducted basedon AlCl3method with total flavonoidse xpressed in QE (Quercetin equivalent) at the maximum wavelength of 435 nm. The result showed that the average content of flavonoid total is 19.544 mg QE/g extract.
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Qi, Zengxing, Ran Zhao, Jing Xu, Yanrui Ge, Ruofan Li, and Ruili Li. "Accumulation Pattern of Flavonoids during Fruit Development of Lonicera maackii Determined by Metabolomics." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 6913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226913.
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Lonicera maackii (Caprifoliaceae) is a large, upright shrub with fruits that contain many bioactive compounds. Flavonoids are common active substances in L. maackii. However, there is a dearth of information about the accumulation of these flavonoids and their possible medicinal value. We used targeted metabolomics analysis based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to analyze five developmental stages of L. maackii fruit. A total of 438 metabolites were identified in the five developmental stages, including 81 flavonoids and derivatives. The 81 flavonoids included 25 flavones and derivatives, 35 flavonols and derivatives, two isoflavones, three cyanidins and derivatives, eight procyanidins, and eight flavanones. In addition, we outlined the putative flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and screened their upstream metabolites. More importantly, we analyzed the accumulation patterns of several typical flavones and flavonols. The results reported here improved our understanding of the dynamic changes in flavonoids during fruit development and contributed to making full use of the medicinal value of L. maackii fruit.
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Kim, Bo-Ram, Ah-Reum Han, and Ik-Soo Lee. "Microbial Transformation of Flavonoids in Cultures of Mucor hiemalis." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 12 (December 2020): 1934578X2097774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20977743.
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Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that are well known for their health-promoting properties as nutraceuticals in diets. Bioavailability and biological activities of flavonoids vary among the individual subclasses with different patterns of substitution, inclusive of glycosylation, to their basic structures. Many flavonoids exist as glycosides in plants. This study investigated the possibility of glycosylation of flavonoids through biotransformation using filamentous fungi as whole-cell biocatalysts. Microbial transformations of ten flavonoids (four flavones, four flavonols, a flavanone, and an aurone) were performed in cultures of Mucor hiemalis KCTC 26779. As a result, a flavonoid glycoside was obtained which has not been described previously. The chemical structure of this product was elucidated as 6,2′-dimethoxyflavonol-3- O-β-d-glucopyranoside by analyzing 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional-nuclear magnetic resonance spectral and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectral data. This compound could be useful for further biological and bioavailability studies, as well as expanding the library of flavonoid derivatives.
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Wollenweber, Eckhard, Ralf Fischer, Marion Dörr, Kathryn Irvine, Cliff Pereira, and Jan F. Stevens. "Chemodiversity of Exudate Flavonoids in Cassinia and Ozothamnus (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 63, no. 9-10 (October 1, 2008): 731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-9-1019.
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The lipophilic exudates deposited on aerial parts of four species of Cassinia and twelve species of Ozothamnus (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) have been analyzed for the presence of flavonoid aglycones and some other phenolics. A total of 55 flavonoids were identified, including several rare flavonols. Flavonols are prevailing over flavones, and 8-O-substitution is dominant in both groups. Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius is exceptional in producing several coumarins. Four dihydrobenzofurans have also been identified from this species. Cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis of the flavonoid data provide support for combining species of Cassinia and Ozothamnus into a single genus.
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Rasmussen and Breinholt. "Non-Nutritive Bioactive Food Constituents of Plants: Bioavailability of Flavonoids." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 73, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.73.2.101.
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Flavonoids are polyphenols widely distributed in the plant kingdom, and are present in fruits andvegetables regularly consumed by humans. In vitro metabolic studies of flavonoids in rat liver microsomes identified the 3’, 4’-dihydroxylated derivatives as the major metabolic endpoint. However, in vivo in rats almost none of this metabolite and only minor amounts of the 4’-monohydroxylated derivative was produced. Flavonoids with the 4’-monohydroxylated structure were generally not metabolised and were excreted unchanged in urine in higher amounts than other flavonoids investigated. It has for long been a controversy, whether flavonoids are absorbed as the intact glycoside or whether they have to be hydrolysed to the free aglycon prior to absorption. Recent data suggest that b-glucosidases and maybe also lactase phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) in the small intestine are capable of hydrolysing flavonoid glucosides and these compounds are thus taken up as the free aglycon and not as the intact glycosides. LC-MS analyses of 12 dietary flavonoids in human urine showed that no flavonoid glycosides were excreted, and that the citrus flavanones and phloretin are excreted in higher amounts than the flavonols. Furthermore, total flavonoid excretion may be a useful biomarker for habitual fruit and vegetable consumption.
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Vieux, Florent, Matthieu Maillot, Colin D. Rehm, and Adam Drewnowski. "Flavonoid Intakes in the US Diet Are Linked to Higher Socioeconomic Status and to Tea Consumption: Analyses of NHANES 2011–16 Data." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 8 (May 29, 2020): 2147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa145.
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ABSTRACT Background Many of the health benefits of tea have been attributed to its flavonoid content. Tea consumption in US adults varies by socioeconomic status (SES). Objectives The present objective was to explore intakes of total flavonoids and flavonoid subclasses by participant sociodemographics and by patterns of tea consumption. Methods The present analyses were based on 2 d of dietary recalls for 17,506 persons aged >9 y in the 2011–2016 NHANES. The What We Eat in America nutrient composition database was merged with the USDA Expanded Flavonoid database, which included total flavonoids and flavan-3-ols (including catechins), flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, flavones, and isoflavones. Flavonoid intakes were compared by sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and income-to-poverty ratio (IPR) in univariate analyses. Flavonoid intakes of children and adults were also compared by tea consumption status. Time trends in flavonoid intakes were also examined. Results Mean total flavonoid intake was 219 mg/d, of which flavan-3-ols provided 174 mg/d, or 79%. The highest total flavonoid intakes were found in adults aged 51–70 y (293 mg/d), non-Hispanic whites (251 mg/d) and in groups with college education (251 mg/d) and higher income (IPR >3.5: 249 mg/d) (P < 0.001 for all). The socioeconomic gradient was significant for anthocyanidins, flavonols, and flavones (P < 0.001 for all) but not for flavan-3-ols, and persisted across 3 cycles of NHANES. Adult tea consumers had higher intakes of total flavonoids (610 mg/d compared with 141 mg/d) and flavan-3-ols (542 mg/d compared with 97.8 mg/d) than did nonconsumers (P < 0.001). Time trend analyses showed that both tea consumption and flavonoid intakes were unchanged from 2011 to 2016. Conclusions Flavonoid intakes in children and adults in the NHANES 2011–16 sample were associated with higher SES and were largely determined by tea consumption. Studies of diet and disease risk need to take sociodemographic gradients and eating and drinking habits into account.
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Luo, Yuwei, Jing Li, Chuanxiu Xu, Zhenping Hao, Xiaoxiao Jin, and Qian Wang. "Impact of processing onin vitrobioavailability of phenols and flavonodis and antioxidant activities in faba bean (Vicia fabaL.) andazuki bean (Vigna angularisL.)." Legume Research - An International Journal 37, no. 5 (2014): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0976-0571.2014.00665.1.
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Wang, Lingman, Jianxiong Gui, Ran Ding, Xiaoyue Yang, Jiaxin Yang, Hanyu Luo, Dishu Huang, Ziyao Han, and Li Jiang. "Dietary Intake of Flavonoids Associated with Sleep Problems: An Analysis of Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007–2010." Brain Sciences 13, no. 6 (May 29, 2023): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060873.
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Flavonoids possess the latent ability to protect against sleep disorders. We examined the correlation between daily flavonoid intake and sleep duration, and sleep disorders. We enrolled 8216 participants aged ≥ 20 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007–2010), carrying out a cross-sectional study. Flavonoid intake was collected by dietary intake interview recalls. Logistic regression was utilized to evaluate the association between flavonoid intake sleep duration, and sleep disorders. We used subgroup and interaction analysis to explore differences between subgroups. When adjusting covariates in model 2, anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavones, flavonols, and the sum of flavonoids were considerably related to insufficient sleep duration (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)); 0.83 (0.72, 0.95); 0.91 (0.83, 0.98); 0.63 (0.41, 0.98); 0.78 (0.64, 0.94); 0.85 (0.76, 0.95), respectively); the converse association was observed between flavanones, and flavones and the risk of sleep disorders (OR (95% CI); 0.85 (0.77, 0.95); 0.61 (0.41, 0.90), respectively). In relation to insufficient sleep, there were statistically significant interactions between flavonoid consumption and race/ethnicity, and education level. In relation to insufficient sleep, there were statistically significant interactions between flavonoid consumption and working status. In this study, we found that certain flavonoids were linked to increased sleep duration and a lower risk of sleep problems. Our research indicated that flavonoids might be a preventive factor for sleep disorders.
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Zhu, Tiantian, Minghui Zhang, Hongyan Su, Meiling Li, Yuanyuan Wang, Ling Jin, and Mengfei Li. "Integrated Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Differential Mechanism of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Two Cultivars of Angelica sinensis." Molecules 27, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010306.
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Angelica sinensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that has been primarily used as a blood tonic. It largely relies on its bioactive metabolites, which include ferulic acid, volatile oils, polysaccharides and flavonoids. In order to improve the yield and quality of A. sinensis, the two cultivars Mingui 1 (M1), with a purple stem, and Mingui 2 (M2), with a green stem, have been selected in the field. Although a higher root yield and ferulic acid content in M1 than M2 has been observed, the differences of flavonoid biosynthesis and stem-color formation are still limited. In this study, the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins were determined by spectrophotometer, the differences of flavonoids and transcripts in M1 and M2 were conducted by metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis, and the expression level of candidate genes was validated by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins were 1.5- and 2.6-fold greater in M1 than M2, respectively. A total of 26 differentially accumulated flavonoids (DAFs) with 19 up-regulated (UR) and seven down-regulated (DR) were obtained from the 131 identified flavonoids (e.g., flavonols, flavonoid, isoflavones, and anthocyanins) in M1 vs. M2. A total 2210 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the 34,528 full-length isoforms in M1 vs. M2, and 29 DEGs with 24 UR and 5 DR were identified to be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, with 25 genes (e.g., CHS1, CHI3, F3H, DFR, ANS, CYPs and UGTs) mapped on the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and four genes (e.g., RL1, RL6, MYB90 and MYB114) belonging to transcription factors. The differential accumulation level of flavonoids is coherent with the expression level of candidate genes. Finally, the network of DAFs regulated by DEGs was proposed. These findings will provide references for flavonoid production and cultivars selection of A. sinensis.
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Wollenweber, Eckhard, Matthias Christ, R. Hugh Dunstan, James N. Roitman, and Jan F. Stevens. "Exudate Flavonoids in Some Gnaphalieae and Inuleae (Asteraceae)." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 60, no. 9-10 (October 1, 2005): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-9-1003.
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Abstract Three members of the tribe Gnaphalieae and six members of the tribe Inuleae (Asteraceae) were analyzed for their exudate flavonoids. Whereas some species exhibit rather trivial flavonoids, others produce rare compounds. Spectral data of rare flavonoids are reported and their structural identification is discussed. 6-Oxygenation of flavonols is a common feature of two Inula species and Pulicaria sicula. By contrast, flavonoids with 8-oxygenation, but lacking 6-oxygenation, are common in two out of three Gnaphalieae species examined. In addition, B-ring deoxyflavonoids are abundantly present in the leaf exudates of Helichrysum italicum (Gnaphalieae). These distinctive features of the two Asteraceae tribes are in agreement with previous flavonoid surveys of these and related taxa.
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Ma, Dawei, Hao Tang, Michael Reichelt, Eerik-Mikael Piirtola, Juha-Pekka Salminen, Jonathan Gershenzon, and C. Peter Constabel. "Poplar MYB117 promotes anthocyanin synthesis and enhances flavonoid B-ring hydroxylation by up-regulating the flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase gene." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 10 (March 12, 2021): 3864–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab116.
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Abstract Flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols, are widespread plant secondary metabolites and important for plant adaptation to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Flavonoids can be variously hydroxylated and decorated; their biological activity is partly dependent on the degree of hydroxylation of the B-ring. Flavonoid biosynthesis is regulated by MYB transcription factors, which have been identified and characterized in a diversity of plants. Here we characterize a new MYB activator, MYB117, in hybrid poplar (Populus tremula×tremuloides). When overexpressed in transgenic poplar plants, MYB117 enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in all tissues. Transcriptome analysis of MYB117-overexpressing poplars confirmed the up-regulation of flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, as well as two flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) genes. We also identified up-regulated cytochrome b5 genes, required for full activity of F3′5′H . Phytochemical analysis demonstrated a corresponding increase in B-ring hydroxylation of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols in these transgenics. Similarly, overexpression of F3′5′H1 directly in hybrid poplar also resulted in increased B-ring hydroxylation, but without affecting overall flavonoid content. However, the overexpression of the cytochrome b5 gene in F3′5′H1-overexpressing plants did not further increase B-ring hydroxylation. Our data indicate that MYB117 regulates the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in poplar, but also enhances B-ring hydroxylation by up-regulating F3′5′H1.
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Gao, Gang, Ping Chen, Jikang Chen, Kunmei Chen, Xiaofei Wang, Aminu Shehu Abubakar, Ning Liu, Chunming Yu, and Aiguo Zhu. "Genomic Survey, Transcriptome, and Metabolome Analysis of Apocynum venetum and Apocynum hendersonii to Reveal Major Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathways." Metabolites 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9120296.
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Apocynum plants, especially A. venetum and A. hendersonii, are rich in flavonoids. In the present study, a whole genome survey of the two species was initially carried out to optimize the flavonoid biosynthesis-correlated gene mining. Then, the metabolome and transcriptome analyses were combined to elucidate the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Both species have small genome sizes of 232.80 Mb (A. venetum) and 233.74 Mb (A. hendersonii) and showed similar metabolite profiles with flavonols being the main differentiated flavonoids between the two specie. Positive correlation of gene expression levels (flavonone-3 hydroxylase, anthocyanidin reductase, and flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase) and total flavonoid content were observed. The contents of quercitrin, hyperoside, and total anthocyanin in A. venetum were found to be much higher than in A. hendersonii, and such was thought to be the reason for the morphological difference in color of A. venetum and A. hendersonii. This study provides valuable genomic and metabolome information for understanding of A. venetum and A. hendersonii, and lays a foundation for elucidating Apocynum genus plant flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Jun, Shinyoung, Sangah Shin, and Hyojee Joung. "Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 3 (October 23, 2015): 480–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515004006.
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AbstractEpidemiological studies have suggested that flavonoids exhibit preventive effects on degenerative diseases. However, lack of sufficient data on flavonoid intake has limited evaluating the proposed effects in populations. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the total and individual flavonoid intakes among Korean adults and determine the major dietary sources of these flavonoids. We constructed a flavonoid database of common Korean foods, based on the food list reported in the 24-h recall of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007–2012, using data from the Korea Functional Food Composition Table, US Department of Agriculture flavonoid database, Phenol-Explorer database and other analytical studies. This database, which covers 49 % of food items and 76 % of food intake, was linked with the 24-h recall data of 33 581 subjects aged ≥19 years in the KNHANES 2007–2012. The mean daily intake of total flavonoids in Korean adults was 318·0 mg/d, from proanthocyanidins (22·3 %), flavonols (20·3 %), isoflavones (18·1 %), flavan-3-ols (16·2 %), anthocyanidins (11·6 %), flavanones (11·3 %) and flavones (0·3 %). The major contributing food groups to the flavonoid intake were fruits (54·4 %), vegetables (20·5 %), legumes and legume products (16·2 %) and beverages and alcohols (3·1 %), and the major contributing food items were apples (21·9 %), mandarins (12·5 %), tofu (11·5 %), onions (9·6 %) and grapes (9·0 %). In the regression analysis, the consumption of legumes and legume products, vegetables and fruits predicted total flavonoid intake the most. The findings of this study could facilitate further investigation on the health benefits of flavonoids and provide the basic information for establishing recommended flavonoid intakes for Koreans.
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Johnson, Emanuel L., and Walter F. Schmidt. "Flavonoids as Chemotaxonomic Markers for Erythroxylum ulei." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 54, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1999-1105.
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Abstract Leaf extracts of Erythroxylum ulei O. E. Schulz, produced six O-conjugated flavonoids. Three of the flavonoid aglycones were isoflavones, two were isoflavanones and the remainder a flavonol (quercetin). The major glycosides of these flavonols included mono-and dirham-nosides, mono-glucosides and galactosides with either 3̕ 4̕, or 7 linkage or a combination thereof. The two isoflavanones, in addition to being glycosylated, possessed a methyl group at position 2 of the C-ring. These flavonoids may be used as chemotaxonomic markers for the taxon.
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Beking, Kristopher, and Amandio Vieira. "Flavonoid intake and disability-adjusted life years due to Alzheimer’s and related dementias: a population-based study involving twenty-three developed countries." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 9 (January 11, 2010): 1403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009992990.
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AbstractObjectiveDietary flavonoids and their metabolites may have neuroprotective effects against age-associated neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and related dementias (dementia). There is a lack of population studies, however, on correlations between flavonoid intake and dementia. The main objective of the present study was to analyse such a relationship at a large-scale population level.DesignBased on global data (FAO, WHO), databases were generated for: (i) flavonoid content of foods; (ii) per capita national dietary intakes of flavonoids and other dietary factors; and (iii) disability-adjusted life years – a measure of burden and death – due to dementia. Five major flavonoid subclasses were examined. To minimize influences due to accuracy and reliability of the disease source data, twenty-three developed countries were selected after statistical evaluation.ResultsFlavonols and combined flavonoids (all five combined) intakes were the only two parameters with significant (P < 0·05) negative dementia correlations. Multiple linear regression models confirmed this relationship, and excluded confounding from some other dietary and non-dietary factors. Similar analyses with non-dementia, neurological/psychiatric diseases did not yield significant correlations.ConclusionsAt a global level, and in the context of different genetic backgrounds, our results suggest that higher consumption of dietary flavonoids, especially flavonols, is associated with lower population rates of dementia in these countries.
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Wollenweber, Eckhard, and Marion Dörr. "Exudate Flavonoids of Some Juglandaceae." Natural Product Communications 4, no. 2 (February 2009): 1934578X0900400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0900400208.
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Six species of Juglandaceae have been checked for the occurrence of flavonoid aglycones on their leaf and fruit surfaces. Except for one, they exhibit flavonols, mostly methyl ethers of kaempferol and quercetin, including 6- O-substituted derivatives. Apigenin and acacetin are the only flavones found so far. Flavonoids accumulated on leaves are different from those excreted on green fruits. It has become evident that in future studies greater attention must be paid to the localization of flavonoid aglycones in different plant organs.
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Bonvehí, Josep Serra, and Francesc Ventura Coll. "Phenolic Composition of Propolis from China and from South America." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 49, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1994): 712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1994-11-1204.
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Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds were determined in 15 samples of propolis originating from China, from Brazil, and from Uruguay. A total of 24 compounds were identified using mainly HPLC and a few other analytical methods. The most abundant compounds found were benzoic acid and benzaldehyde derivatives, flavones, flavonols. and flavanones. 80% of the samples contained at least 22 g/100 g of flavonoids, primarily acacetin, isorhamnetin, apigenin, and pinocembrin. The flavonoid patterns were sufficiently distinctive to permit discrimination between propolis from China, from Uruguay, and from Brazil.
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Li, Xiao Lei, and Dan Li. "Analysis of Tartary Buckwheat Flavonoids Using Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.597.
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Four flavonoid compounds from the tartary buckwheat grains were purified by hydrated ethanol extraction and chromatography isolation. Their ion fragments and mass-to-charge ratios were obtained using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, respectively. The four flavonoids were identified as flavonols, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside-3'-O-β-glucopyranoside, rutin, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and quercetin.
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Wollenweber, Eckhard, Ingrid Schober, Pia Dostal, Dagmar Hradetzky, Francisco J. Arriaga-Giner, and George Yatskievych. "Flavonoids and Terpenoids from the Exudates of Some Baccharis Species." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 41, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1986): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1986-1-214.
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Abstract Seven species of the genus Baccharis have been analyzed for flavonoid aglycones. Many known methylated flavones, flavonols and flavanones were identified. From B. sarothroides, two novel flavonols were isolated and elucidated as 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3,6,8-trimethoxyflavone and its methyl ether, 5,4′-dihydroxy-3,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone. Previous literature reports on flavonoids in Baccharis are summarized and their distribution and external occurrence is discussed. One novel diterpene and one rare triterpene were found in the terpenoid fractions that constitute most of the exudate material in these and other Compositae.
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Shui, Lanya, Kaisen Huo, Yan Chen, Zilin Zhang, Yanfang Li, and Jun Niu. "Integrated metabolome and transcriptome revealed the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in developing Vernonia amygdalina leaves." PeerJ 9 (April 26, 2021): e11239. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11239.
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Background Vernonia amygdalina as a tropical horticultural crop has been widely used for medicinal herb, feed, and vegetable. Recently, increasing studies revealed that this species possesses multiple pharmacological properties. Notably, V. amygdalina leaves possess an abundance of flavonoids, but the specific profiles of flavonoids and the mechanisms of fl avonoid bi osynthesis in developing leaves are largely unknown. Methods The total flavonoids of V. amygdalina leaves were detected using ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The temporal flavonoid profiles of V. amygdalina leaves were analyzed by LC-MS. The transcriptome analysis of V. amygdalina leaves was performed by Illumina sequencing. Functional annotation and differential expression analysis of V. amygdalina genes were performed by Blast2GO v2.3.5 and RSEM v1.2.31, respectively. qRT-PCR analysis was used to verify the gene expressions in developing V. amygdalina leaves. Results By LC-MS analysis, three substrates (p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid, and phenylalanine) for flavonoid biosynthesis were identified in V. amygdalina leaves. Additionally, 42 flavonoids were identified from V. amygdalina leaves, including six dihydroflavones, 14 flavones, eight isoflavones, nine flavonols, two xanthones, one chalcone, one cyanidin, and one dihydroflavonol. Glycosylation and methylation were common at the hydroxy group of C3, C7, and C4’ positions. Moreover, dynamic patterns of different flavonoids showed diversity. By Illumina sequencing, the obtained over 200 million valid reads were assembled into 60,422 genes. Blast analysis indicated that 31,872 genes were annotated at least in one of public databases. Greatly increasing molecular resources makes up for the lack of gene information in V. amygdalina. By digital expression profiling and qRT-PCR, we specifically characterized some key enzymes, such as Va-PAL1, Va-PAL4, Va-C4H1, Va-4CL3, Va-ACC1, Va-CHS1, Va-CHI, Va-FNSII, and Va-IFS3, involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Importantly, integrated metabolome and transcriptome data of V. amygdalina leaves, we systematically constructed a flavonoid biosynthetic pathway with regards to material supplying, flavonoid scaffold biosynthesis, and flavonoid modifications. Our findings contribute significantly to understand the underlying mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis in V. amygdalina leaves, and also provide valuable information for potential metabolic engineering.
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Ivey, Kerry L., Joshua R. Lewis, Richard L. Prince, and Jonathan M. Hodgson. "Tea and non-tea flavonol intakes in relation to atherosclerotic vascular disease mortality in older women." British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 9 (April 29, 2013): 1648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513000780.
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Epidemiological studies have indicated that dietary flavonoids generally, and flavonols specifically, may contribute to cardiovascular health. Tea consumption, which is often the main dietary source of flavonoids and flavonols, is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular outcomes. The primary objective of the present study was to explore the association of the habitual intake of flavonols from tea and non-tea sources with the risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease mortality in a population of elderly women. A total of 1063 women, aged over 75 years, were randomly selected from ambulant Caucasian women living in Perth, Western Australia. Flavonoid consumption was assessed using the US Department of Agriculture Flavonoid, Flavone and Proanthocyanidin databases. Atherosclerotic vascular disease mortality was assessed over 5 years of follow-up through the Western Australian Data Linkage System. During the follow-up, sixty-four women died from atherosclerotic vascular disease. Women in the highest compared with the lowest tertile of flavonol intake had a lower risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease death (OR 0·27, 95 % CI 0·13, 0·59; P≤ 0·01 for trend in multivariate-adjusted models). Similar relationships were observed for flavonol intake derived from both tea (OR 0·38, 95 % CI 0·18, 0·79; P< 0·01) and non-tea (OR 0·41, 95 % CI 0·20, 0·85; P= 0·05) sources. Tea was the main contributor to flavonol intake (65 %), and the intakes of flavonols from tea and non-tea sources were not significantly correlated. In conclusion, increased consumption of flavonols was independently associated with a lower risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease mortality. Both tea and non-tea sources of flavonols were independently associated with this benefit.
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Al-Sa'idy, Hussein Ali Hussein, and Hussein Kamil Hamid. "Investigations on Kaempferol, Quercetin and Other Flavonoids in Aquatic Plants of Iraqi Marshlands-I." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 11, no. 1 (February 15, 2023): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v11i1.1226.
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Aquatic plants are versatile source of phytochemicals that are of significant biological influences particularly, the flavonoids and their glycosidic derivatives distributed in different plant parts including fruits, seeds, leaves, flowers, stem, roots and rhizomes. Most of the reported biological influences are reported to be expressed by quercetin, kaempferol, isorhmnatin, and their glycosidic derivatives, particularly, rutin. In this survey, we summarized the reported flavonoids types, content and factors affecting their extracts contents of three aquatic plants Nuphar, Najas and Nymphoides detected in the Iraqi central marshlands, in provenance of Thi-Qar. Surveying the phytochemical investigations regarding Nuphar species of reported abundance of polyphenolic compounds content including identified and quantified phenolic acids, flavonoids like flavonols and flavonones, particularly, in their leaves. However, flavonoids/their derivatives types and quantities in various parts extracts are not reported to the extent of our knowledge although they are presumed to contribute to the reported biological influence of the plant on one hand. On the other hands, regarding Najas species, few reports have identified the existence of flavonoids as well as other phenolic compounds, although, total quantification to the phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins are reported rather than identifying the individual flavonoid in the plant extracts. Only single report demonstrates the total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin contents of ethyl acetate extract of Najar minor according to our survey. Regarding Nymphoides species, the extraction level flavonoids as lipophilic compounds as well as their much polar glycosidic derivatives is depending on the solvent polarities. In general, in most of Nymphoides species the ethanolic extract querectin, methylquercetin and kaempferol flvonoides/their derivatives are identified individual flavonoids/quantified to be more than one fold of that in the aqueous extracts. Finally, the manner/position of glycosylation as well as glycosides sugar resides acylation vary among the Nymphoides species. In general, single 3-O- or di 3,4’-O- glycosylation pattern is noticed in kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin. The multiply diverse glycosylation, methylation as well as acylation pattern of Nymphoides species flavonoids may explains their identification in various plant part/extracts besides the variation in their biological activities potentials.
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Liga, Sergio, Cristina Paul, and Francisc Péter. "Flavonoids: Overview of Biosynthesis, Biological Activity, and Current Extraction Techniques." Plants 12, no. 14 (July 23, 2023): 2732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12142732.
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Recently, increased attention has been paid to natural sources as raw materials for the development of new added-value products. Flavonoids are a large family of polyphenols which include several classes based on their basic structure: flavanones, flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, flavanols, and anthocyanins. They have a multitude of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Current trends of research and development on flavonoids relate to identification, extraction, isolation, physico-chemical characterization, and their applications to health benefits. This review presents an up-to-date survey of the most recent developments in the natural flavonoid classes, the biological activity of representative flavonoids, current extraction techniques, and perspectives.
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Wang, Ninghang, Chao Zhang, Sainan Bian, Pengjie Chang, Lingjuan Xuan, Lijie Fan, Qin Yu, et al. "Flavonoid Components of Different Color Magnolia Flowers and Their Relationship to Cultivar Selections." HortScience 54, no. 3 (March 2019): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13462-18.
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Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) is widely cultivated for its beauty; however, despite this, the components of the different flower colors in Magnolia have not been elucidated. In this study, the color parameters of 10 Magnolia petals with different colors were measured by the Royal Horticultural Society Color Chart (RHSCC) and a color reader CR-10. The composition and content of the flavonoids in the petals were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) as well as HPLC with electrospray ionization and mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS2). All results showed that the 10 petals were divided into four color groups. Regarding the flavonoid composition, four types of anthocyanins, including Cyanidin-glucosyl-rhamnoside (Cy-GR), Cyanidin-glucosyl-rhamnosyl-glucoside (Cy-GRG), Peonidin-glucosyl-rhamnoside (Pn-GR), and Peonidin-glucosyl-rhamnosyl-glucoside (Pn-GRG), were identified, as well as 10 types of flavonols. The flavonols included isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and their glycosides, which included rutinoside, rhamnose, and glucoside. Cyanidin and peonidin make Magnolia petals appear red-purple and purple, respectively, and the flavonols perform as evident auxiliary pigments, particularly quercetin. The Magnolia cultivar flower phenotypes sampled in this study differed by changes in their existing flavonoid content rather than by the appearance of new flavonoids. Consequently, this study provides a reference for further revealing the basis of Magnolia flower color and provides clues for color breeding.
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Wollenweber, Eckhard, Marion Dörr, and James N. Roitman. "Epicuticular Flavonoids of Some Scrophulariaceae." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2000): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-1-203.
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Abstract Twenty-two species of Scophulariaceae have been found to accumulate flavonoid aglycones externally on their leaves and stems. They belong to the genera Anarrhinum , Antirrhinum , Asarina, Calceolaria, Mimulus, and Odontites. Most of the flavonoids are methylated flavones and flavonols, some with 6-O and/or 8-O -substitution. One of them is the natural isobutyryl ester of a rare flavone.
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Wan, Huijuan, Xiongjie Huang, Yunhua Xu, Mingjiang Liu, Jiusong Wang, Meimei Xiao, Zhixiang He, et al. "Threshold effects and inflection points of flavonoid intake in dietary anti-inflammatory effects: Evidence from the NHANES." Medicine 102, no. 36 (September 8, 2023): e34665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000034665.
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Flavonoids have been shown to be beneficial in a variety of inflammatory and metabolic diseases because of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, previous epidemiological studies have only demonstrated a negative correlation between flavonoid intake on inflammatory markers, and the optimal intake of dietary flavonoids and subclasses in terms of dietary anti-inflammatory efficacy remains undetermined. This study was based on 3 cycles (2007–2010, 2017–2018) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the corresponding expanded flavonoid database. Weighted multiple linear regression was used to assess linear relationships between flavonoid intake and Dietary inflammation index (DII). Smoothed curve fit and a generalized additive model were used to investigate the nonlinear relationships and threshold effects, the 2-tailed linear regression model was used to find potential inflection points. A total of 12,724 adults were included in the study. After adjusting for potential confounders, flavonoid intake was significantly associated with DII, with the strongest negative association effect for flavonols (−0.40 [−0.45, −0.35]). In subgroup analyses stratified by sex, race, age, body mass index, education levels, and diabetes, flavonol intake maintained a significant negative linear correlation with DII. In addition, we found significant nonlinear relationships (L-shaped relationships) and threshold effects between total flavonoids, flavan-3-ols, and flavanols and DII, with inflection points of 437.65 mg/days, 157.79 mg/days, and 46.36 mg/days, respectively. Our results suggest a threshold for the dietary anti-inflammatory capacity of flavonoid intake in U.S. adults.
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Srivastava, Neeharika, Aishwarya Singh Chauhan, and Bechan Sharma. "Isolation and Characterization of Some Phytochemicals from Indian Traditional Plants." Biotechnology Research International 2012 (December 11, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/549850.
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The present study was designed to evaluate relative contribution of different polyphenols (total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols) and their antioxidants activities in aqueous extracts of different parts of some plants; Argemone mexicana, Datura metel, Calotropis procera, Thevetia peruviana, and Cannabis sativa. The antioxidants (total phenolics, flavonoids, flavones) were determined by chemical methods. The antioxidant capacities of these extracts were evaluated by FRAP assay. The results demonstrated that phenolic content was maximally present in leaves of T. peruviana. This plant exhibited minimum phenolic content in its flower as compared to other plants. The flower of D. metel contained maximum phenolic content. The flavonoids were present in highest quantity in leaves of C. procera while T. peruviana flowers showed maximum flavonoid content. The fruits of C. sativa contained maximum quantity of flavonoid as compared to other plants tested. The flower extract of C. sativa possessed highest FRAP value followed by A. mexicana and fruit of C. procera. The values of ratios of different polyphenolic compounds present in plant extracts indicated that flower of D. metel contained maximum total flavonoids and minimum phenolics. These results suggested that levels of total phenolics, flavonoids and their FRAP indices exhibited specificity to different plants and their parts.
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Chen, Qianru, Xianxian Wang, Xiaolong Yuan, John Shi, Chengsheng Zhang, Ning Yan, and Changliang Jing. "Comparison of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compound Profiles and Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibition Properties of Cultivated Soybean (Glycine max) and Wild Soybean (Glycine soja)." Plants 10, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040813.
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Wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc; WS) has been used as a traditional food in China for many years and contains significantly higher levels of isoflavones than cultivated soybean (Glycine max; CS), but the secondary metabolites, including flavonoids and the phenolic composition differences between them, remain unclear. The results showed that WS possessed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content and exhibited better antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities as well as excellent protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative injury in a human endothelial cell line. Through metabolomic analysis, 642 metabolites were identified, and 238 showed differential expression, with 151 upregulated and 87 downregulated. A total of 79 flavonoid compounds were identified, 42 of which were upregulated in WS. 2′-Hydroxygenistein, garbanzol, protocatechuic aldehyde, ligustilide, and resveratrol were the most discriminated compounds in WS. The metabolic pathway analysis of differential metabolites related to the biosynthesis of flavonoids and phenolic acids were the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, flavones, and flavonols. This study substantially elucidated differences in the content of flavonoids and biological activities between WS and CS, which is useful information for the effective utilization of these two black soybean species in food processing.
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Taufiq, Nuramaniyah, and Sulfiani Sulfiani. "Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol and n-hexane Extracts of Javanese Bark (Lannea coromandelica) Using the DPPH Method." Indo. J. Chem. Res. 11, no. 1 (May 19, 2023): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598//ijcr.2023.11-tau.
Full textAbstract:
Javanese bark (Lannea coromandelica) contains secondary metabolites of saponins, tannins, phenolics, and flavonoids. Flavonoids include aromatic compounds that are antioxidants. Antioxidants can inhibit the oxidation process that arises due to free radical reactions to form unreactive compounds. The active flavonoid compounds in counteracting free radicals are determined by the presence of the –OH (hydroxy) functional group. Flavonoid compounds that have antioxidant properties include catechins, flavones, flavanones, flavonols, chalcones, and isoflavones. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract and n-hexane bark of Javan bark (Lannea coromandelica) using the DPPH method. The method used is DPPH using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Ethanol extract has an IC50 of 3.996 mg/L and has a strong antioxidant activity while the antioxidant activity of N-Hexan is obtained IC50 2193.043 mg/L. has weak antioxidants weak antioxidants.
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Hasnat Akhtar, Muhammad. "Inhibitory Actions of Catechins, Pro-anthocyanidins, and Flavonols Against Pathogens Resistant to Multiple Drugs: Flavonoid Forcefields." Fall 2023 VIII, no. IV (December 30, 2023): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(viii-iv).02.
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There is an urgent requirement for the development of novel and creative antimicrobial techniques to fight against the menace of emerging drug-resistant microorganisms. This research evaluates the antibacterial activity of three flavonoid compounds against resistant strains of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi: catechins, pro-anthocyanidins, and flavonols. By recognized antimicrobial susceptibility techniques, both the MIC and MBC were determined to show considerable antibacterial activity. Flavonols exhibited the highest zones of inhibition, with peak inhibition measuring 24.4±0.03 mm. It also reflected the most significant bactericidal and inhibitory effect, especially against S. aureus. Flavonoids may provide scaffolds for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. Flavonoids may be the weapon of choice to fight against bacterial strains that are resistant to conventional antibiotics since they offer a natural substitute that is not only safe but efficacious as well.
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Fardoun, Manal Muin, Dina Maaliki, Nabil Halabi, Rabah Iratni, Alessandra Bitto, Elias Baydoun, and Ali H. Eid. "Flavonoids in adipose tissue inflammation and atherosclerosis: one arrow, two targets." Clinical Science 134, no. 12 (June 2020): 1403–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20200356.
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Abstract Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables, in addition to beverages such as tea and coffee. Flavonoids are emerging as potent therapeutic agents for cardiovascular as well as metabolic diseases. Several studies corroborated an inverse relationship between flavonoid consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or adipose tissue inflammation (ATI). Flavonoids exert their anti-atherogenic effects by increasing nitric oxide (NO), reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, flavonoids alleviate ATI by decreasing triglyceride and cholesterol levels, as well as by attenuating inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, flavonoids inhibit synthesis of fatty acids and promote their oxidation. In this review, we discuss the effect of the main classes of flavonoids, namely flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, anthocyanins, and isoflavones, on atherosclerosis and ATI. In addition, we dissect the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of action for these flavonoids. We conclude by supporting the potential benefit for flavonoids in the management or treatment of CVD; yet, we call for more robust clinical studies for safety and pharmacokinetic values.
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Xue, Rasmussen, and G. Lane. "Cold stress in white clover - An integrated view of metabolome and transcriptome responses." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3044.
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We have studied metabolic and gene expression responses of two white clover genotypes differing in foliar basal flavonol and anthocyanin levels subjected to moderate cold in a controlled climate chamber experiment. The main flavonols and anthocyanins accumulating in white clover leaves are conjugated to galactose and xylose. Concentrations of flavonoids and sugars including starch significantly increased during cold treatment and a strong induction of flavonoid pathway genes was observed in both genotypes. Specific sugars like glucose, fructose, and starch were significantly higher in the genotype with low basal flavonoid levels. By combining metabolic and gene expression analysis we have identified two genes probably involved in the conjugation and deconjugation of flavonoids, a flavonoid galactosyltransferase and a β- galactosidase. The selected flavonoid galactosyltransferase was up-regulated by cold treatment and was also expressed at higher levels in the red leaved genotype. The β- galactosidase studied here was down-regulated by cold and expressed less in the red leaved genotype. These results indicate a tight link between primary and secondary metabolism in clover and demonstrate the value of combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis for the identification of specific gene functions.
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Wang, Tao, Fengjiao Zhang, Weibing Zhuang, Xiaochun Shu, and Zhong Wang. "Metabolic Variations of Flavonoids in Leaves of T. media and T. mairei Obtained by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 3323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183323.
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The needles of Taxus species contain a large number of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids. In the present study, the total flavonoid content in leaves of Taxus media and Taxus mairei was 19.953 and 14.464 mg/g, respectively. A total of 197 flavonoid metabolites (70 flavones, 42 flavonols, 26 flavone C-glycosides, 20 flavanones, 15 anthocyanins, 13 isoflavones, 6 flavonolignans, and 5 proanthocyanidins) were identified for the first time by a widely targeted Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method within the two Taxus species, containing 160 common metabolites, with 37 unique metabolites merely determined in T. mairei or T. media. Moreover, 42 differential flavonoid metabolites were screened in the two Taxus species, which showed specific metabolic patterns in isoflavonoid biosynthesis, anthocyanin biosynthesis, and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways. Compared to T. mairei, a more activated phenylpropanoid pathway was found in T. media, which could be responsible for the higher content of total flavonoids in T. media. Our results provide new insights into the diversity of flavonoid metabolites between T. mairei and T. media, and provide a theoretical basis for the sufficient utilization of Taxus species and the development of novel drugs.
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Chen, Yuting, Yujuan Xu, Jing Wen, Yuanshan Yu, Jijun Wu, Lina Cheng, Wai-San Cheang, Wenwen Liu, and Manqin Fu. "Analysis of Flavonoid Metabolites in Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ at Different Collection Stages Using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS." Foods 12, no. 21 (October 28, 2023): 3945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12213945.
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Flavonoids are essential substances with antioxidant properties and high medicinal value. Citrus reticulata ‘Chachi’ peel (CRCP) is rich in flavonoids and has numerous health benefits. The different maturity periods of CRCP can affect the flavonoid contents and pharmacological effects. In this study, we successfully performed UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based metabolic analysis to compare the metabolites of CRCP at different harvesting periods (Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, and Dec) using a systematic approach. The results revealed the identification of a total of 168 flavonoid metabolites, including 61 flavones, 54 flavonols, 14 flavone C-glycosides, 14 dihydroflavones, 9 flavanones, 8 isoflavones, 3 flavanols, 3 dihydroflavonols, and 2 chalcones. Clustering analysis and PCA were used to separate the CRCP samples collected at different stages. Furthermore, from July to December, the relative contents of isoflavones, dihydroflavones, and dihydroflavonols gradually increased and flavanols gradually decreased over time. The relative content of flavonoid C-glycosides showed an increasing and then decreasing trend, reaching the highest value in August. This study contributes to a better understanding of flavonoid metabolites in CRCP at different harvesting stages and informs their potential future utilization.
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Christabel Ebube Festus, Ugochukwu ThankGod Nweke, Uchechukwu Christiana Chukwuekwe, and Gideon Ebubechi Onunwa. "Effect of flavonoid-rich fraction of Pleiocarpa mutica leaves on phospholipase A2 activity." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 27, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.27.2.0134.
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Pleiocarpa mutica (Apocynaceae) is a pharmaceutical plant investigated to identify the usefulness and efficacy of the shrubs in the treatment of various ailments. Also, flavonoids are polypenolic compounds frequently found in nature and are divided into flavones, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, catechins, flavonols, chalcones, and flavonones based on the structure of their chemicals. Hence, fresh leaves of Pleiocarpa mutica were collected from Ugbene-Ajima, Uzo-Uwani Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria. The extraction of a flavonoid-rich fraction of P. mutica leaves was conducted by dissolving a certain amount of crude extract in 20 mL of 10% H2SO4 in a tiny flask and then heating the mixture in a water bath for 30 minutes at 100 °C to initiate hydrolysis. However, quantitative phytochemical analysis of the P. mutica flavonoid-rich fraction was carried out by utilizing standard conventional protocols. Newly drawn human blood samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3,000 rpm, with the supernatant (plasma) being disposed of. After being measured and reconstituted as a 40% (v/v) suspension with phosphate-buffered saline, the red blood cells were rinsed three times with an equivalent volume of normal saline. The fraction substantially (p < 0.05) reduced the activity of phospholipase A2 in a concentration-dependent approach when compared to the standard drug (prednisolone), with a range of 0.2 mL to 1.0 mL reducing the amount of the enzyme by 47.58% to 63.61%. These results showed that the flavonoid-rich fraction of Pleiocarpa mutica leaves is potent in curtailing the inflammatory response through inhibition of phospholipase A2 activity.
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Aliffia Dwi Rahma, Hanifah Ismayfatin, Yulianti Khasanah, Aditiya Rizky Putra Abimanyu, and Himyatul Hidayah. "Identification of Tannin, Triterpenoid, and Flavonoid Function Groups of Jamblang Plants (Syzygium cumini): A Systematic Literature Review." Eureka Herba Indonesia 5, no. 1 (December 15, 2023): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/ehi.v5i1.102.
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Identification of the functional groups of tannins, triterpenoids, and flavonoids in jamblang is important to determine the type and content of bioactive compounds found in jamblang. By knowing the type and content of these bioactive compounds, the potential of jamblang as a traditional medicine can be further optimized. This study aims to explore the identification of tannin, triterpenoid, and flavonoid functional groups in jamblang. The literature search process was carried out on various databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) regarding the identification of tannin, triterpenoid, and flavonoid functional groups in jamblang (Syzygium cumini). This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. Jamblang contains various types of tannins, including catechins, gallotanins, and proanthocyanidins. Jamblang contains various types of triterpenoids, including phytosterols, triterpenoid saponins, and other triterpenoids. Jamblang contains various types of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanins.