Journal articles: 'Flashovers'

1

Thanasaksiri, Thanaphong. "Lightning Flashover Rates of Overhead Distribution Lines Applying EMTP and IEEE Std.1410." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 10, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2012101.170484.

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This paper calculates the lightning flashover rates of 22 kV overhead distribution line. In order to calculate the backflashover rate (BFOR), the performance of line which related to the insulator backflashover has been modeled and analyzed using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). The flashover models, volt time curve (VT), disruptive effect model (DE) and leader progression model (LPM) have been compared. The shielding failure flashover rate (SFFOR) and induced voltage flashover rate (IVFOR) have been calculated follow equations given in IEEE std 1410-2010. Finally the total numbers of flashovers of line have been determined. The lightning flashovers rates of BFOR, SFFOR and IVFOR have also been compared with the data taken from the line outages recorder. From the system being studied shown that, the total numbers of flashovers from simulation and calculation is closed to the data from the line outage recorder.

2

S. Sadovic and T. Sadovic. "Line Surge Arresters Applications On The Multi Circuit Overhead Lines." Journal of Energy - Energija 60, no. 1-4 (August 22, 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2011601-4265.

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This paper presents application of line surge arresters (LSA) on the different voltage level multi circuit overhead lines. Double circuit shielded compact line with and without distribution circuit on the same tower is analyzed. Distribution circuit has lower insulation level, meaning that almost all flashovers will happen on that circuit. Flashovers on the distribution circuit help to improve lightning performance of the transmission circuits. Flashovers on the distribution circuit diverts fraction of the lightning current along its phase conductors, improving at the same time coupling between distribution and transmission circuits. All software simulations are performed using sigma slp software package. A short description of the modeling for multi circuit flashover rate determination is given. In order to prevent flashovers on the distribution circuit LSA are installed on this circuit only. The improvement in the transmission circuit lightning performance is similar to that obtained without LSA. LSA installed on the distribution circuit are much cheaper than transmission LSA.

3

An, Guan, Zhu, and Zhang. "Research on Windage Yaw Flashovers of Transmission Lines under Wind and Rain Conditions." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 29, 2019): 3728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193728.

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Windage yaw flashovers under strong wind and rain conditions leave a negative impact on the safe operation of transmission lines. However, the mechanism behind this is not well known yet. Therefore, this paper proposes a systematic method, including three basic parts described as simulation of wind and rain loads, calculation of windage yaw, and flashover analysis, to analyze windage yaw flashovers of transmission lines. The YanMeng-particle swarm optimization (YanMeng-PSO) algorithm is proposed to enhance the simulation accuracy. Unlike the conventional approach, the windage yaw status of conductors and insulator strings is dynamically described with key nodes and the breakdown voltage of their clearances rather than windage yaw angle. Furthermore, in the second part, a new method named key-node method (KNM) is proposed to calculate the conductors’ windage yaw. Moreover, the rain effect is also considered in this paper. This paper then presents a case study on a 110 kV double-circuit transmission line section that suffered severe collapse when the typhoon Rammasun landed in Hainan island. Particular focus was placed on the windage yaw flashover before the structural failure of the transmission line. The results validated the significant rain effect and found that conductors/ground suffer more severe windage yaw flashover than insulator strings. Finally, constructive solutions such as interphase spacers, reasonable conductor arrangement in the design phase, and regular measurements and adjustments of conductor sag in the maintenance phase are proposed to improve the design of transmission lines to enhance their capacity against windage yaw flashovers.

4

Mestriner, Daniele, and Massimo Brignone. "Corona Effect Influence on the Lightning Performance of Overhead Distribution Lines." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 4902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144902.

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Overhead distribution lines can be seriously damaged from lightning events because both direct and indirect events can cause flashovers along the line. The lightning performance of such power lines is usually computed neglecting the effect of corona discharge along the conductors: in particular, the corona discharge determined by the indirect lightning event is taken into account only by few researchers because it can have meaningful impacts only in few cases. However, when we deal with overhead distribution lines with high Critical Flashover value (CFO) and small diameters, the corona discharge caused by indirect events has to be taken into account. This paper shows the effects of corona discharge in the lightning performance computation of overhead distribution lines. The analysis will involve different configurations in terms of line diameter and air conditions, focusing on the negative effect of corona discharge in the number of dangerous events that determine line flashovers.

5

Khoirudin, Sukarman Sukarman, Dodi Mulyadi, Nazar Fazrin, Moh Miftahudin, Ade Suhara, and Purnama Lailisya Putri. "Analysis of Transformer Oil Post-Flashover: DGA Testing and Diagnostic Approached." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore 4, no. 2 (January 8, 2024): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jtmmx.v4i2.6093.

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Transformer oil (TO) serves as a cooling fluid and insulation medium in transformers. One cause of the decline in the quality of TO is flashover, leading to overheating of the oil inside the transformer. Flashovers, which are sudden electrical discharges in transformers, can lead to the generation of gases within the insulating oil. Understanding the changes in gas content is crucial for assessing the health and condition of the transformer. Gas analysis was conducted using the Total Dissolved Combustible Gas (TDCG), Doernenburg and Roger’s ratio method, focusing on gases extracted from both transformer oil and the gas space. The results provide valuable insights into the effects of flashovers on gas production and aid in the diagnosis of potential issues within the transformer. The TDCG values for all cycles are higher than those for the original oil. This is due to the flashover simulation using BDV testing, causing a change in the gas values contained in the TO. Based on the TDCG results the transformer is in condition I. If this occurs during actual transformer operation, the transformer can continue normal operation with certain considerations, namely, exercising caution, analyzing for individual gases, and determining load dependence. Both analyses using the Doernenburg and Roger's ratio method indicate "No Fault." Therefore, if flashover simulation is conducted using the BDV test, it will cause a change in gas content in the oil but will not lead to anything fatal.

6

M. Kizilcay and C. Neumann. "Mitigation of common mode failures at multi-circuit line configurations by application of line arresters against back-flashovers." Journal of Energy - Energija 59, no. 1-4 (August 22, 2022): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2010591-4278.

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Due to the limited number of corridors multi circuit line configurations are often applied. These overhead lines frequently consist of high towers that are subject to lightning strokes. In case of higher current amplitudes and higher footing resistances due to bad earthing conditions back-flashovers are caused leading to common mode failures and to severe outages. The paper describes investigations performed by means of computer simulations to identify the towers of a multi-circuit line consisting of voltage levels 380 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV that are endangered by back-flashovers of the 110-kV double-circuit lines. The footing resistance of towers of the targeted line section has been measured by an instrument at high-frequency. Influence of various factors on the back-flashover over 110 kV insulator strings has been studied by means of EMTP-ATP simulations. Different current waveforms of the lightning stroke have been used to represent the first stroke and subsequent strokes. The towers are represented by the models described in [3], [8]. Available flashover analysis methods [7], [8], [12], [13] like leader development method by Pigini et al and by Motoyama, and voltage-time integration method by Kind have been applied. The towers at which back-flashover is more likely to occur than at other towers are identified by the time integral of voltage according to Kind. Various factors like tower footing impedance, tower surge impedance and tower height are considered. Application of line a surge arrester is shown to be a successful mitigation technique to reduce the back-flashover rate of those 110 kV lines. The lightning overvoltage performance of surge arresters has been analyzed by means of digital simulations. Based on the results of investigations line arresters were installed on the towers in question. Since the installation no further common mode failure has been observed.

7

Desta, Berhanu Zelalem, Mengesha M. Wogari, and Stanislaw M. Gubanski. "Investigation on Pollution-Induced Flashovers of In-Service Insulators in Ethiopian Power Transmission Lines." Energies 17, no. 9 (April 24, 2024): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092007.

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Power transmission lines in Ethiopia are experiencing an alarmingly high frequency of unexplained outages triggered by environmental factors, which significantly undermine the reliability of the country’s power system. This paper presents investigations aiming to identify those among the unexplained fault records that have been caused by pollution induced flashovers. An identification method is developed, which associates the contextual fault features, such as information about the characteristics of the fault, fault location, and time of day, as well as month of its occurrence with local meteorological/climatic and environmental conditions. A total number of 4231 unexplained faults, recorded between 2015 and 2022, were analyzed. Among them, 1045 faults (24.7%) were identified as being most likely caused by pollution induced flashovers. The entire network suffered from more than 130 pollution-induced flashovers annually with a frequency of about 0.8 faults/100 km/year. The fault frequency strongly differed among the grid regions, being highest in the Northeast and lowest in the Southwest region. Moreover, the performed analyses also concentrated on the evaluation of the pollution performance of various insulator types employed in the network. The results indicate that porcelain insulators have the highest pollution-induced flashover intensity of 1.47 faults/year/1000 units, followed by silicone rubber polymeric composite insulators and glass insulators with the respective intensities of 1.21 and 0.83 faults/year/1000 units. These results indicate that despite the high expectations towards the pollution performance of silicone rubber polymeric insulators, their use in the Ethiopian climatic and environmental conditions appears to be unsatisfactory.

8

Ruwah Joto, Dhimas Dhesah Kharisma, Tresna Umar Syamsuri, and Aly Imron. "Pengaruh Efek Kontaminasi Isolator KeramikTerhadap Rugi DayaSaluran Udara Tegangan Tinggi." Elposys: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan 10, no. 3 (October 31, 2023): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elposys.v10i3.4222.

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In meeting consumers' needs for electric power continuously, the reliability of electric power distribution is something that needs to be considered. One of the reliability parameters is the network's ability to distribute power from generators continuously, with the allowable voltage and frequency quality. For this reason, the presence of an insulator in the power distribution system is very important considering its function is to separate live conductors from their supports. If the isolation properties do not function, a voltage failure will occur so that power distribution will stop, resulting in low system reliability. From the data from the calculation results of 150 kV high voltage overhead line power losses due to flashovers on insulators installed in each fouling area, it is clear that increasing the contaminant value will make it easier for flashovers to occur which cause very large power losses and conversely, insulators that are clean make it difficult. the occurrence of flashover so as to reduce power losses on the transmission line. The appropriate insulator to use is the fog type, because the diameter is wider, increasing the propagation distance so that the insulator's ability to withstand greater voltage

9

Warmi, Yusreni, Sitti Amalia, Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini, Dasman Dasman, Antonov Bachtiar, Zuriman Anthony, and Hamdi Azhar. "Modeling and simulation for flashover location determination on 150 kV insulator string." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2024): 3716. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp3716-3728.

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The 150 kV Payakumbuh-Koto Panjang transmission line in West Sumatra is located in an area with high lightning activity. Based on Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) data (2017-2023), the average number of lightning days per year (IKL: isokeraunic level) reaches 165-173 days/year, and 79% of the transmission towers are located in hilly and rocky areas. This causes contamination of the insulator, which can reduce its performance and cause flashovers in the insulator circuit. However, in the field, finding flash points in insulators is still a challenge. Therefore, simulation must be used as a tool to determine the location of flashover in an insulator circuit that is affected by temperature and humidity. Simulation by modeling flashover provides an effective solution for determining the location of flashover in insulator circuits, which is the novelty of this research. This research compares laboratory test results with manual calculations modeled using Visual Basic 6. The research results show that temperature and humidity have a significant influence on determining the flashover voltage value on the insulator. The flashover locations during the test are the same as the calculated flashover locations, as shown by these simulations and modeling.

10

Xu, Jingwei, Fanghui Yin, Longji Li, Qingfeng Wen, Hao Wang, Shunnan Liu, Zhidong Jia, and Masoud Farzaneh. "Wet Snow Flashover Characteristics of 500-kV AC Insulator Strings with Different Arrangements." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050930.

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In order to study the wet snow flashover characteristics of 500-kV AC insulator strings under different arrangements, wet snow flashover tests were carried out in the large climate chamber of China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI). The wet snow flashover voltages were obtained by the even-rising method and the flashovers were filmed by a camera. The test results showed that the installation of an anti-icing shed of large diameter could increase the wet snow flashover voltage. The distance between the two insulators was a key parameter that influenced the discharge process and the flashover voltage. Under Λ-string arrangement, for common insulators, the flashover performance of iced insulators increased with the connection angle; for anti-icing insulators, the flashover performance increased at first and then decreased with the connection angle. In wet snow conditions, when the connection angle was at the commonly adopted angle of 60°, the flashover performance of the common insulators under the V-string and Λ-string arrangements was almost the same. For anti-icing insulators, however, the V-string arrangement was recommended according to the tests. The results obtained in this study can provide a reference for external insulation design in wet snow conditions.

11

Li, Chengqian, Peng Dou, Ruyi Zhao, Yurou Shi, Gaojie Fu, and Bin Shen. "Preparation and Super-Hydrophobic Mechanism Analysis of FAS-17-Modified SiO2/PDMS Coatings for High-Voltage Composite Insulators." Coatings 13, no. 3 (March 6, 2023): 563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030563.

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Pollution flashover on insulators is one of the greatest challenges affecting the smooth operation of high-voltage transmission lines. Demonstrating super-hydrophobic coatings on insulators’ interfaces is an effective measure to prevent insulator flashovers. In the present investigation, a super-hydrophobic FAS-17-modified SiO2/PDMS coating on a composite insulator was demonstrated by spraying. The coating had a contact angle of 159.2° and a sliding angle of 1.3° with better insulation properties. The prepared FAS-17-modified nano-SiO2 nanoparticles were not easy to agglomerate; to illustrate this, the binding energy was calculated by the density functional theory. The super-hydrophobic mechanism of the coating was explained in terms of the adsorption energy between SiO2 molecules and water before and after modification. This paper provides a new method to solve the pollution flashover problem of insulators and a new angle to explain the super-hydrophobic mechanism.

12

Warmi, Yusreni, Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini, Abdul Rajab, Chitra Yuanisa, Rizki Oktrinanda Elyas, Andi M. Nur Putra, and Zuriman Anthony. "Proposal of analysis method to reduce back-flashover rate taking account of tower footing resistance." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp94-106.

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<span lang="EN-US">The number of lightning stroke on the tower of the 150 kV Koto Panjang-Payakumbuh transmission line located the rocky area has been observed. The high value of tower footing resistance indicates the occurrence of the back-flashover in the transmission line at intensity of 74%. The back-flashover occurrence is dominantly triggered by the tower footing resistance value. Also, the rate of back-flashover has an effect on the value of the tower footing resistance by considering the number of electrode installations. A design is proposed for the grounding system of the tower footings in order to reduce the rate of back-flashover. The results presenting in numerical simulation indicates that it works properly after adding 4 electrodes. That is to say, installing 4 electrodes in each tower has successfully decreased the tower footing resistance value, back-flashovers rate 80% and 90-95% of present value respectively. The insulator voltage can be reduced to less than half of the present voltages as much as 30-50%. In more detail, in tower 77, the value of the tower footing resistance drops to 2.84 Ω, the flashover rate drops to 0.57/100 km/year and the insulator voltage drops to 0.99 MV when a disturbance occurs.</span>

13

Lin, Tianyu, Yongpeng Zhang, Zhijian Lu, Zhengwen Wang, Peng Wei, Chengying Liu, and Lanjun Yang. "Dielectric Surface Flashover under Long-Term Repetitive Microsecond Pulses in Compressed Gas Environment." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 3343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123343.

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As a key component of a high-power microwave (HPM) system, a multi-gap gas switch (MGS) has recently developed insulation failure due to surface flashover. Although design criteria for surface insulation have been put forward, it is still not clear how the insulation in this case deteriorated under long-term repetitive microsecond pulses (RMPs). In this paper, flashover experiments under RMPs were carried out on various dielectric surfaces between parallel-plane electrodes in SF6 and air atmospheres, respectively. Based on tests of the surface insulation lifetime (SIL), an empirical formula for SIL prediction is proposed with variations of insulator work coefficient λ, which is a more suitable parameter to characterize SIL under RMPs. Due of the accumulation effect, the relationship between E/p and ptdelay varies with the pulse repetitive frequency (PRF) and SIL recovery capability decreases with an increase in PRF and surface deterioration is exacerbated during successive flashovers. It is concluded that the flashover path plays a crucial role in surface insulation performance under RMPs due to the photoemission induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, signifying the necessity of reducing surface paths in future designs as well as the improvement of surface insulation.

14

Li, Xiangxin, Ming Zhou, Yazhou Luo, Gang Wang, and Lin Jia. "Effect of Ice Shedding on Discharge Characteristics of an Ice-Covered Insulator String during AC Flashover." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 2440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092440.

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Considering the ice shedding phenomena on ice-covered outdoor insulators, this paper conducted the artificial experiments by using a five-unit suspension ceramic insulator string covered with wet-grown ice to investigate the effects of ice shedding on the icing discharge characteristics. According to IEEE Standard 1783/2009, the minimum flashover voltage (VMF), propagation of discharges to flashover and related leakage current (LC) were measured. It was found that VMF after ice shedding can be increased by about 17% as compared with that before ice shedding. The initiation and formation of discharge arcs across ice-free regions caused by ice shedding become difficult, showing an unstable propagating path, indeterminate arc shape and longer arc column. Although VMF under ice shedding conditions is higher than that without ice shedding, the fundamental component, and harmonics show lower amplitudes for the latter case. The ratios of harmonics to the fundamental are well in accordance with discharge characteristics during the flashover for which the ratios show a relatively stable varying tendency in the absence of ice shedding, but show changeable and indeterminate variation under ice shedding conditions. The obtained results are helpful to understand the icing state and its influence on surface discharges for preventing the icing flashovers.

15

A. Xemard, J. Michaud, F. Maciela, T. Lassaigne, F. Sauvegrain, P. Auriol, J.G. Roumy, O. Saad, Q. Bui Van, and A. Dutil. "Reduction of the double-circuit flashovers on a 400 kV overhead line." Journal of Energy - Energija 60, no. 1-4 (August 17, 2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2011601-4256.

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Double circuit flashovers may cause very severe system disturbances when taking place on some critical double-circuit lines of an electrical network. Line arresters offer an efficient solution to protect these specific lines against double circuit outages due to lightning. This paper will study, on a double-circuit 400-kV line, the protection provided by line arresters against double circuit outages due to lightning. The efficiency of several configurations of line arresters will be compared. For that purpose, the double-circuit lightning flashover rates of the line with and without line arresters will be calculated using a newly developed software which includes a three-dimensional electro-geometric model and is able to take into account the random nature of lightning. This software automatically launches EMTP-RV (restructured version of EMTP) for analyzing fast front overvoltages impressed on line insulation. The energy stressing the line arresters will also be calculated in order to evaluate the risk of failure of the line arresters due to excess energy absorption. Furthermore, the effects of several other parameters such as the tower footing resistances, the lightning withstand voltages of insulator strings as well as the protective levels of line arresters will also be investigated.

16

Mousa, A. M. "Protecting firemen against fire-induced flashovers." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 5, no. 1 (1990): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.107288.

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17

Shindo, T., and T. Suzuki. "A method of predicting anomalous flashovers." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 10, no. 3 (July 1995): 1371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.400918.

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18

Liu, Wei, Yuanchao Hu, Haipeng Tian, Zhipeng Jiang, Xiaole Su, Jie Xiong, Wei Su, and Yi Wang. "Research on Lightning Overvoltage Protection of Line-Adjacent Pipelines Based on Solid-State Decoupling." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (November 20, 2023): 12529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212529.

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Existing transmission lines and pipelines are frequently crossed and erected in parallel, meaning that if lightning strikes a wire and causes insulator flashovers, the resulting lightning current will spread through the grounding of the tower where the flashover insulator is located. This dispersion of current can lead to overvoltage effects on nearby pipelines. This study performs simulation calculations to analyze the overvoltage experienced by pipelines due to the dispersion of grounding current from the tower. Furthermore, this paper proposes a method for protecting the pipeline from such an overvoltage. Firstly, the lightning transient calculation model of a transmission line tower is constructed using the electromagnetic transient software ATP-EMTP 5.5. The model calculates the effects of lightning peak currents and soil resistivity on the distribution characteristics of lightning current in the tower, specifically in the area where the flashover insulator is located. Subsequently, a calculation model of the tower grounding grid–natural gas pipeline is developed, taking into account the distribution characteristics of lightning current in the tower. This model analyzes the impact of lightning peak currents, soil resistivity, and pipeline spacing on pipeline overvoltage. Finally, the effectiveness of the solid-state decoupler in mitigating lightning overvoltage in the pipeline is verified. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between the lightning current entering the tower grounding grid through the flashover insulator and the lightning current distribution characteristics. The solid-state decoupling device proves to be effective in reducing the voltage of the pipeline insulation layer, and the simulation results provide the optimal laying length of the bare copper wire.

19

Gini, Irene, Alessandra Balzarini, Guido Pirovano, Anna Maria Toppetti, Lucio Fialdini, Paolo Omodeo, Giovanni Pirovano, et al. "On the Chemical Composition and Hygroscopicity of Aerosols Deposited on the Insulators of Italian Power Lines." Applied Sciences 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2023): 12788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132312788.

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The reliability of the national power grid is a key issue in modern society. Atmospheric aerosols are the main cause of the reduction in the performance of insulators and the increase in the possibility of flashovers, resulting in power line failures. Under high ambient humidity, the water-soluble compounds of atmospheric aerosols collected on the insulators’ surface can dissociate in ions and form a conductive layer, which may lead to flashover events. With a view to investigating the processes that drive these phenomena, the chemical composition of aerosol deposits on insulators in Italy was determined by ion chromatography analysis and thermos-optical and X-ray techniques. In addition, a synthetic aerosol with the same analyzed chemical composition was generated in a laboratory and deposited on PTFE filters and glass specimens allowing us to determine the deliquescence and crystallization relative humidity and the conductive effect in an aerosol exposure chamber. The results evidenced the presence of a hazardous inorganic ion layer, which generates a sharp phase transition of the aerosol deposit as a function of the ambient relative humidity; this layer poses a dangerous threat to the reliability of the power grid, increasing the probability of flashover events where the conductive layer facilitates the flow of electrical current across the insulator surface, potentially causing power outages or damage to the power lines.

20

Burnham, J. T. "Bird streamer flashovers on FPL transmission lines." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 10, no. 2 (April 1995): 970–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.400832.

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21

Jiang, Kaihua, Jinhua Zhu, Xianjun Shao, Shaohua Wang, Te Li, and Zhenguo Wang. "Research on lighting fault identification technology of transmission lines based on non-contact sensing." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2479, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2479/1/012043.

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Abstract According to field operation records, lightning stroke accounts for 60% of transmission line failures. Therefore, it is of great significance to strengthen lightning protection of the power system. However, there are several lightning faults, and the corresponding protection methods differ. Consequently, identifying lightning stroke faults will be beneficial to take corresponding lightning protection measures. This paper investigates the mechanism of different lightning strike faults, and simulates them by a 110kV transmission line EMTP-ATP model. Analysis and simulation show that the direction of tower current represents lightning’s polarity; the insulator voltage’s direction differs when shielding failure or back striking occurs. If insulator flashovers, the voltage of the insulator drops down to zero, and as the transient process comes to an end, the voltage of the insulator on the nearby tower decreases to zero as well; after the occurrence of back striking flashover, the direction of insulator voltage on nearby tower alters. Based on those features, insulator voltage and tower current are introduced as a characteristic signal, and their direction and rms of them are formed as recognition parameters for lightning stroke identification. The EMTP-ATP simulations demonstrate that the proposed method is correct and effective, and the recognition rate of different lightning faults is 100% under the abovementioned method.

22

Ishikawa, Kouichi, Hiroshi Kageyama, Yasuhiro Yamada, Ryosuke Matsuoka, Susumu Ito, and Kenji Sakanishi. "Investigation of Single Unit Flashovers in HVDC Insulator Strings." IEEE Power Engineering Review 16, no. 10 (October 1996): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1996.4311034.

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23

Kizilcay, M., K. Teichmann, A. Agdemir, and G. Kaflowski. "Flashovers at a 33-kV filter reactor during energization." Electric Power Systems Research 79, no. 3 (March 2009): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2008.09.012.

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Ishikawa, K., H. Kageyama, Y. Yamada, R. Matsuoka, S. Ito, and K. Sakanishi. "Investigation of single unit flashovers in HVDC insulator strings." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 11, no. 4 (1996): 1888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.544272.

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25

Yang, Fan, Yuchen Zhang, Xingwang Wu, and Jie Wu. "Study on the Partial Surface Discharge Process of Oil-Paper Insulated Transformer Bushing with Defective Condenser Layer." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 7621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137621.

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Oil-impregnated paper condenser transformer bushings are an important part of transformer equipment, and partial discharge (PD) occurred when defects exist on the condenser aluminum foil layers. Firstly, to study the PD process of the oil-paper insulated capacitance graded bushing with the defect of broken aluminum foil, a defective oil-paper bushing discharge sample is constructed to study the PD parameters and capacitance, and to discharge carbonization traces at different voltage levels. Then, in order to verify the process of condenser aluminum foil layer discharge and the space charge variation in the oil-paper insulation system of a sample model, the surface flashovers of a needle-plane discharge model based on the bipolar charge transport model and the hydrodynamic model was built. The simulation, by Transport of Diluted Species physics of COMSOL Multiphysics software, points out the discharge process of aluminum foil electrode caused by space charge action and electric field distortion under an electric field at different voltages. The results of simulation and sample bushing experiments showed that the PD process of the defective condenser foil layer is mainly divided into three stages: tip corona discharge, streamer in oil, and surface flashovers. The voltage amplitude is larger the more electrical branches are discharged and the shorter the discharge time is. The findings of the article have important implications for the discharge of the foil layer inside the oil-paper bushing.

26

Wang, Da Xing, Shou Bao Liu, Tao Cui, An Xu, and Bin He. "Research on Technology of Lightning Protection for Transmission Lines in Lighting Intensified Area with Complex Topography." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 1147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.1147.

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The weak lighning protection performance of transmission lines should be improved in complicate climate and complex topography as well as frequent lightning activities in Sichuan Area. In order to improve stability of power system, it is very important to improve the assessment and rebuilding abilitiy of lightning protection for transmission lines. In this paper, we researched the lightning protection of transmission lines by the technology and strategy of differentiated lightning protection. We analyzed the distribution law of lightning flashovers for tower span, landform, lightning protection measures and so on. The analysis results can provide a macroscopic guidance for differentiated lightning protection work.

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Yi, Jun, Hong Ming Yang, Ming Yong Lai, and Shu Kui Li. "The Insulator’s Pollution Raining Flashover Forecast under GARCH-Based Forecast of Rainstorm Disasters1." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.566.

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In this paper,it proposes insulator flashover probability prediction model based on Markov chain and ARMA-GARCH. It provides a foundation for risk evaluation of rainstorm of power system. First,this model daily precipitation forecasting model which combined Markov chain with ARMA-GARCH based on self-dependency and time-varying of atmosphere factor; and then according to rainfall’s impact on insulator’s pollution raining flashover,the paper raises the probability prediction model of insulator flashover;Ultimately, we can predict the insulator flashover’s probability. Through Historical data of Hunan Grid to calculate the probability of flashover, and compares with the actual situation it shows that the method can achieve rapid, accurate prediction of power insulator flashover probability.

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Ito, T., T. Ueda, H. Watanabe, T. Funabashi, and A. Ametani. "Lightning flashovers on 77-kV systems: observed voltage bias effects and analysis." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 18, no. 2 (April 2003): 545–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2003.809683.

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Li, Shengtao, Weiwang Wang, Shihu Yu, and Jianying Li. "Degradation of cross linked polystyrene by repetitive impulse surface flashovers in vacuum." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 20, no. 5 (October 2013): 1934–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2013.6633727.

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Gortler, A., J. Christiansen, R. Dotzer, and K. Frank. "Investigations of pulsed surface flashovers for the triggering of pseudospark high-power switches." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 17, no. 5 (1989): 762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.41198.

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Xue, Naifan, Bei Li, Yuan Wang, Ning Yang, Ruicheng Yang, Feichen Zhang, and Qingmin Li. "Spatial-Temporal Kinetic Behaviors of Micron-Nano Dust Adsorption along Epoxy Resin Insulator Surfaces and the Physical Mechanism of Induced Surface Flashover." Polymers 16, no. 4 (February 9, 2024): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16040485.

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The advanced Gas Insulated Switchgear/Gas Insulated Lines (GIS/GIL) transmission equipment serves as an essential physical infrastructure for establishing a new energy power system. An analysis spanning nearly a decade on faults arising from extra/ultra-high voltage discharges reveals that over 60% of such faults are attributed to the discharge of metal particles and dust. While existing technical means, such as ultra-high frequency and ultrasonic sensing, exhibit effectiveness in online monitoring of particles larger than sub-millimeter dimensions, the inherent randomness and elusive nature of micron-nano dust pose challenges for effective characterization through current technology. This elusive micron-nano dust, likely concealed as a latent threat, necessitates special attention due to its potential as a “safety killer”. To address the challenges associated with detecting micron-nano dust and comprehending its intricate mechanisms, this paper introduces a micron-nano dust adsorption experimental platform tailored for observation and practical application in GIS/GIL operations. The findings highlight that micron-nano dust’s adsorption state in the electric field predominantly involves agglomerative adsorption along the insulator surface and diffusive adsorption along the direction of the ground electrode. The pivotal factors influencing dust movement include the micron-nano dust’s initial position, mass, material composition, and applied voltage. Further elucidation emphasizes the potential of micron-nano dust as a concealed safety hazard. The study reveals specific physical phenomena during the adsorption process. Agglomerative adsorption results in micron-nano dust speckles forming on the epoxy resin insulator’s surface. With increasing voltage, these speckles undergo an “explosion”, forming an annular dust halo with deepening contours. This phenomenon, distinct from the initial adsorption, is considered a contributing factor to flashovers along the insulator’s surface. The physical mechanism behind flashovers triggered by micron-nano dust is uncovered, highlighting the formation of a localized short circuit area and intense electric field distortion constituted by dust speckles. These findings establish a theoretical foundation and technical support for enhancing the safe operational performance of AC and DC transmission pipelines’ insulation.

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MacLeod, Morgan L., Thomas G. Sharp, Mark S. Robinson, and Andrew P. Jordan. "Deep Dielectric Breakdown of Silicates: Microstructural Damage and Implications for Lunar Space Weathering." Planetary Science Journal 4, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ad04e1.

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Abstract Solar energetic particle events electrically charge the lunar surface and may produce electric fields sufficient to induce dielectric breakdown in regolith grains. We irradiated series of silicate minerals with electrons to determine their physical and chemical response to deep dielectric charging and subsequent breakdown. Two electrical phenomena, flashovers and subsurface dielectric breakdown, produced damage including erosional and eruptive channels, surface pits, comminuted grains, and melt and vapor deposits. Iron abundances strongly affected the scale of damage and the minimum fluence required to reach dielectric breakdown; higher iron abundances required higher fluences to reach the breakdown threshold and produced more areally dense damage with each event. If dielectric breakdown is a prominent space-weathering process on the Moon, it should contribute to differential weathering signatures across the lunar surface as a function of target composition.

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Matsumoto, Yasuhiro, Osamu Sakuma, Kazuo Shinjo, Hiromitsu Taniguchi, Hitoshi Sugimoto, and Tsutomu Sakai. "Observation of Back Flashovers on the Okushishiku Test Transmission Line Struck by Natural Lightning." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 116, no. 1 (1996): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.116.1_122.

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Hu, Duo, Chengyan Ren, Fei Kong, Cheng Zhang, Tao Shao, and Ping Yan. "Aging characteristics of polymeric materials by repeated surface flashovers in vacuum under microsecond pulse." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 26, no. 1 (February 2019): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2018.007472.

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Hama, Hiroyuki, Kiyoshi Inami, Manabu Yoshimura, and Koichiro Nakanishi. "Estimation of breakdown voltages of surface flashovers initiated from triple junction in SF6 gas." Electrical Engineering in Japan 116, no. 5 (1996): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391160501.

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Razzaghi, R., M. Scatena, K. Sheshyekani, M. Paolone, F. Rachidi, and G. Antonini. "Locating lightning strikes and flashovers along overhead power transmission lines using electromagnetic time reversal." Electric Power Systems Research 160 (July 2018): 282–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2018.03.012.

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Ivo Uglešić, Miroslav Křepela, and Viktor Milardić. "Solving EMC problems in the design of new HV test laboratory." Journal of Energy - Energija 59, no. 1-4 (August 22, 2022): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2010591-4281.

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The paper deals with solving electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems in the design of a new, case study, industrial high voltage test laboratory, intended to be used for testing of transformers and other apparatus up to 550 kV rated voltage. Modern high voltage test facilities are equipped, apart from primary test devices like AC, DC and impulse voltage generators etc., also with sophisticated numerical measuring instruments and informatics technology. Since such devices are sensitive to transient overvoltages, the highest degree of EMC is to be secured. This can be achieved by proper earthing and screening of test laboratory, what shall be designed in a way to satisfy all requirements conditioned by building lightning protection, personal protection and system earthing, avoiding electromagnetic compatibility disturbances at the same time. One of the main tasks is solving electromagnetic compatibility problems caused by outdoor electromagnetic disturbances originating from various unknown sources. Those disturbances and interferences may seriously influence measuring accuracy and readings of test devices, what consequently leads to false results. The stated is especially relating to partial discharge measurements. As to avoid such disturbances, the laboratory shall be completely screened with a net forming optimally designed Faraday cage. On the other hand, at high voltage tests with impulse voltages, especially with chopped tail waves, steep transient overvoltages may be generated. As a consequence, high transient potential differences between particular points along the earth electrode may occur, what can even lead to flashovers between parts of it. Therefore is of utmost importance to provide proper earthing and low inductance current return path for impulse high voltage test equipment where high frequency transients are to be anticipated. Improper earthing and bonding may result, apart from mentioned flashovers, in severe induced voltages in secondary cables with consequential influence on test results, possible destruction of measuring instruments and hazardous touch voltages for personnel. For analyzing transient potential differences, it is important to model, with maximum accuracy, impulse test circuit (impulse generator, chopping spark gap, voltage divider, Faraday cage, fundament earth electrode, earthing strips, earthing rods etc.). Magnitude of transient potential difference between particular points is proportional to earth electrode inductance, i.e. low inductance of earth electrode will result in decrease of transient potential difference.

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Maraaba, Luqman, Khaled Al-Soufi, Twaha Ssennoga, Azhar M. Memon, Muhammed Y. Worku, and Luai M. Alhems. "Contamination Level Monitoring Techniques for High-Voltage Insulators: A Review." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 17, 2022): 7656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207656.

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Insulators are considered one of the most significant parts of power systems which can affect the overall performance of high-voltage (HV) transmission lines and substations. High-voltage (HV) insulators are critical for the successful operation of HV overhead transmission lines, and a failure in any insulator due to contamination can lead to flashover voltage, which will cause a power outage. However, the electrical performance of HV insulators is highly environment sensitive. The main cause of these flashovers in the industrial, agricultural, desert, and coastal areas, is the insulator contamination caused by unfavorable climatic conditions such as dew, fog, or rain. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to review the different methods adopted to identify the contamination level on high-voltage insulators. Several methods have been developed to observe and measure the contamination level on HV insulators, such as leakage current, partial disgorgement, and images with the help of different techniques. Various techniques have been discussed alongside their advantages and disadvantages on the basis of the published research work in the last decade. The major high-voltage insulator contamination level classification techniques discussed include machine learning, fuzzy logic, neuro–fuzzy interface, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), and other methods. The contamination level data will aid the scheduling of the extensive and costly substation insulator, and live line washing performed using high-pressured water. As a result, considerable benefits in terms of improved power system reliability and maintenance cost savings will be realized. This paper provides an overview of the different signal processing and machine-learning methods adopted to identify the contamination level on high-voltage insulators. Various methods are studied, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. The comprehensive review of the islanding methods will provide power utilities and researchers with a reference and guideline to select the best method to be used for contamination level identification based on their effectiveness and economic feasibility.

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Mohammed Alsumaidaee, Yaseen Ahmed, Chong Tak Yaw, Siaw Paw Koh, Sieh Kiong Tiong, Chai Phing Chen, Talal Yusaf, Ahmed N. Abdalla, Kharudin Ali, and Avinash Ashwin Raj. "Detection of Corona Faults in Switchgear by Using 1D-CNN, LSTM, and 1D-CNN-LSTM Methods." Sensors 23, no. 6 (March 14, 2023): 3108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063108.

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The damaging effects of corona faults have made them a major concern in metal-clad switchgear, requiring extreme caution during operation. Corona faults are also the primary cause of flashovers in medium-voltage metal-clad electrical equipment. The root cause of this issue is an electrical breakdown of the air due to electrical stress and poor air quality within the switchgear. Without proper preventative measures, a flashover can occur, resulting in serious harm to workers and equipment. As a result, detecting corona faults in switchgear and preventing electrical stress buildup in switches is critical. Recent years have seen the successful use of Deep Learning (DL) applications for corona and non-corona detection, owing to their autonomous feature learning capability. This paper systematically analyzes three deep learning techniques, namely 1D-CNN, LSTM, and 1D-CNN-LSTM hybrid models, to identify the most effective model for detecting corona faults. The hybrid 1D-CNN-LSTM model is deemed the best due to its high accuracy in both the time and frequency domains. This model analyzes the sound waves generated in switchgear to detect faults. The study examines model performance in both the time and frequency domains. In the time domain analysis (TDA), 1D-CNN achieved success rates of 98%, 98.4%, and 93.9%, while LSTM obtained success rates of 97.3%, 98.4%, and 92.4%. The most suitable model, the 1D-CNN-LSTM, achieved success rates of 99.3%, 98.4%, and 98.4% in differentiating corona and non-corona cases during training, validation, and testing. In the frequency domain analysis (FDA), 1D-CNN achieved success rates of 100%, 95.8%, and 95.8%, while LSTM obtained success rates of 100%, 100%, and 100%. The 1D-CNN-LSTM model achieved a 100%, 100%, and 100% success rate during training, validation, and testing. Hence, the developed algorithms achieved high performance in identifying corona faults in switchgear, particularly the 1D-CNN-LSTM model due to its accuracy in detecting corona faults in both the time and frequency domains.

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Lucchini, F., and N. Marconato. "Accelerating the charge inversion algorithm with hierarchical matrices for gas insulated systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2090, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2090/1/012136.

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Abstract Surface charges accumulating on dielectrics during long-time operation of Gas Insulated High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC-GIS) equipments may affect the stable operation and could possibly trigger surface flashovers. In industrial applications, to quantify and identify the location of the surface charge accumulation from experimental measurements, the surface potential distribution is evaluated using, e.g., electrostatic probes, then the charge density is determined by solving an electrostatic problem based on an inversion procedure known as Charge Inversion Algorithm. The major practical limitation of such procedure is the inversion and the storage of the fully dense matrix arising from the representation via Integral Equations of the electrostatic phenomenon, resulting in O(N 3) computational complexity and O(N 2) memory requirement. In this paper it is shown how hierarchical matrices can be efficiently used to accelerate the charge inversion algorithm and, more importantly, reduce the overall memory requirement.

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Su, Huafeng, Zhidong Jia, Zhenting Sun, Zhicheng Guan, and Licheng Li. "Field and laboratory tests of insulator flashovers under conditions of light ice accumulation and contamination." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 19, no. 5 (October 2012): 1681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2012.6311516.

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Michel, A. "Frequency of flashovers of clearances in low-voltage ac power circuits due to overvoltage waves." European Transactions on Electrical Power 5, no. 1 (September 6, 2007): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etep.4450050103.

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Ronquillo, Gerard, Danny Hopkin, and Michael Spearpoint. "Review of large-scale fire tests on cross-laminated timber." Journal of Fire Sciences 39, no. 5 (August 3, 2021): 327–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07349041211034460.

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Concerns about the environmental impact of building construction is leading to timber being more commonly used. However, it often faces scepticism regarding its safety in the event of fire. This article provides a point of reference on the fire performance of cross-laminated timber through a review of large-scale tests. Although adequately protecting CLT can make its contribution to fire insignificant, some of the internal surface of an enclosure can be exposed whilst still achieving adequate fire performance. Natural fire tests show that the charring rate and zero-strength layer thickness are higher than commonly used in guidance documents. The type of adhesive used to bond lamellae influences performance where delamination can lead to secondary flashovers, particularly in smaller enclosures. Structural elements can potentially collapse without self-extinction and/or suppression intervention. Tests to date have focussed on a residential context and knowledge gaps remain regarding larger enclosures, such as office-type buildings.

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Dong, Xinsheng, Mingguan Zhao, Meng Li, and Yongcan Zhu. "Study on the Bouncing Process Induced by Ice Shedding on Overhead Conductors under Strong Wind Conditions." Applied Sciences 14, no. 10 (May 18, 2024): 4285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14104285.

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Strong winds can lead to more complex ice shedding oscillation processes for overhead conductors, inducing flashovers, strand breakages and other accidents. This study analyzes the aerodynamic parameters of several typical icing features and establishes a numerical model for ice shedding on overhead conductors under strong wind conditions. The results show that for the same amount of icing, the resistance and lift force on the conductor changes with ice shape, wind attack angle and wind speed, which has a significant effect on the ice shedding jumping process. When the wind attack angle approaches 180°, the airflow resistance of the fan-shaped and D-shaped icing conductors significantly increases. And in the process of ice shedding response of transmission lines, the lateral amplitude may exceed 20 m, which increase the discharge risk of horizontally arranged conductors. Moreover, for the significant lateral oscillation of conductors by ice shedding under strong wind, the maximum horizontal displacement is approximately 1.6 times the difference in lateral position before and after ice shedding.

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Zhang, Yi-Jun, Ming-Li Chen, Ya-Ping Du, and Xin-Sheng Liu. "Phenomena of Parallel Discharges and Flashovers in Lightning Triggered to Conventional and Non-conventional Lightning Rods." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 126, no. 6 (2006): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.126.531.

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Itamoto, Naoki, Hironao Kawamura, Kazuo Shinjo, Yohei Tanaka, and Taku Noda. "Lightning Fault Rate Calculation of Transmission Lines Taking Statistical Variation of Arching-Horn Flashovers into Account." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 140, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.140.126.

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TAKLAJA, P., R. OIDRAM, J. NIITSOO, and I. PALU. "MAIN BIRD EXCREMENT CONTAMINATION TYPE CAUSING INSULATOR FLASHOVERS IN 110 kV OVERHEAD POWER LINES IN ESTONIA." Oil Shale 30, no. 2S (2013): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/oil.2013.2s.03.

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Taheri, S., M. Farzaneh, and I. Fofana. "Equivalent surface conductivity of ice accumulated on insulators during development of AC and DC flashovers arcs." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 20, no. 5 (October 2013): 1789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2013.6633710.

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Ohashi, Masajiro, Nobuichiro Kitagawa, and Tomoe Ishikawa. "Lightning injury caused by discharges accompanying flashovers—a clinical and experimental study of death and survival." Burns 12, no. 7 (October 1986): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(86)90076-8.

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Christian, Bernd, and Armin Gläser. "The behavior of different transformer oils relating to the generation of fault gases after electrical flashovers." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 84 (January 2017): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.06.007.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flashovers'

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