Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flashovers

Academic literature on the topic 'Flashovers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 July 2024
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Flashovers":

1

Thanasaksiri, Thanaphong. "Lightning Flashover Rates of Overhead Distribution Lines Applying EMTP and IEEE Std.1410." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 10, no. 1 (August 1, 2011): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2012101.170484.

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This paper calculates the lightning flashover rates of 22 kV overhead distribution line. In order to calculate the backflashover rate (BFOR), the performance of line which related to the insulator backflashover has been modeled and analyzed using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). The flashover models, volt time curve (VT), disruptive effect model (DE) and leader progression model (LPM) have been compared. The shielding failure flashover rate (SFFOR) and induced voltage flashover rate (IVFOR) have been calculated follow equations given in IEEE std 1410-2010. Finally the total numbers of flashovers of line have been determined. The lightning flashovers rates of BFOR, SFFOR and IVFOR have also been compared with the data taken from the line outages recorder. From the system being studied shown that, the total numbers of flashovers from simulation and calculation is closed to the data from the line outage recorder.
2

S. Sadovic and T. Sadovic. "Line Surge Arresters Applications On The Multi Circuit Overhead Lines." Journal of Energy - Energija 60, no. 1-4 (August 22, 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2011601-4265.

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This paper presents application of line surge arresters (LSA) on the different voltage level multi circuit overhead lines. Double circuit shielded compact line with and without distribution circuit on the same tower is analyzed. Distribution circuit has lower insulation level, meaning that almost all flashovers will happen on that circuit. Flashovers on the distribution circuit help to improve lightning performance of the transmission circuits. Flashovers on the distribution circuit diverts fraction of the lightning current along its phase conductors, improving at the same time coupling between distribution and transmission circuits. All software simulations are performed using sigma slp software package. A short description of the modeling for multi circuit flashover rate determination is given. In order to prevent flashovers on the distribution circuit LSA are installed on this circuit only. The improvement in the transmission circuit lightning performance is similar to that obtained without LSA. LSA installed on the distribution circuit are much cheaper than transmission LSA.
3

An, Guan, Zhu, and Zhang. "Research on Windage Yaw Flashovers of Transmission Lines under Wind and Rain Conditions." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 29, 2019): 3728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193728.

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Windage yaw flashovers under strong wind and rain conditions leave a negative impact on the safe operation of transmission lines. However, the mechanism behind this is not well known yet. Therefore, this paper proposes a systematic method, including three basic parts described as simulation of wind and rain loads, calculation of windage yaw, and flashover analysis, to analyze windage yaw flashovers of transmission lines. The YanMeng-particle swarm optimization (YanMeng-PSO) algorithm is proposed to enhance the simulation accuracy. Unlike the conventional approach, the windage yaw status of conductors and insulator strings is dynamically described with key nodes and the breakdown voltage of their clearances rather than windage yaw angle. Furthermore, in the second part, a new method named key-node method (KNM) is proposed to calculate the conductors’ windage yaw. Moreover, the rain effect is also considered in this paper. This paper then presents a case study on a 110 kV double-circuit transmission line section that suffered severe collapse when the typhoon Rammasun landed in Hainan island. Particular focus was placed on the windage yaw flashover before the structural failure of the transmission line. The results validated the significant rain effect and found that conductors/ground suffer more severe windage yaw flashover than insulator strings. Finally, constructive solutions such as interphase spacers, reasonable conductor arrangement in the design phase, and regular measurements and adjustments of conductor sag in the maintenance phase are proposed to improve the design of transmission lines to enhance their capacity against windage yaw flashovers.
4

Mestriner, Daniele, and Massimo Brignone. "Corona Effect Influence on the Lightning Performance of Overhead Distribution Lines." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 4902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144902.

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Overhead distribution lines can be seriously damaged from lightning events because both direct and indirect events can cause flashovers along the line. The lightning performance of such power lines is usually computed neglecting the effect of corona discharge along the conductors: in particular, the corona discharge determined by the indirect lightning event is taken into account only by few researchers because it can have meaningful impacts only in few cases. However, when we deal with overhead distribution lines with high Critical Flashover value (CFO) and small diameters, the corona discharge caused by indirect events has to be taken into account. This paper shows the effects of corona discharge in the lightning performance computation of overhead distribution lines. The analysis will involve different configurations in terms of line diameter and air conditions, focusing on the negative effect of corona discharge in the number of dangerous events that determine line flashovers.
5

Khoirudin, Sukarman Sukarman, Dodi Mulyadi, Nazar Fazrin, Moh Miftahudin, Ade Suhara, and Purnama Lailisya Putri. "Analysis of Transformer Oil Post-Flashover: DGA Testing and Diagnostic Approached." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore 4, no. 2 (January 8, 2024): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jtmmx.v4i2.6093.

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Transformer oil (TO) serves as a cooling fluid and insulation medium in transformers. One cause of the decline in the quality of TO is flashover, leading to overheating of the oil inside the transformer. Flashovers, which are sudden electrical discharges in transformers, can lead to the generation of gases within the insulating oil. Understanding the changes in gas content is crucial for assessing the health and condition of the transformer. Gas analysis was conducted using the Total Dissolved Combustible Gas (TDCG), Doernenburg and Roger’s ratio method, focusing on gases extracted from both transformer oil and the gas space. The results provide valuable insights into the effects of flashovers on gas production and aid in the diagnosis of potential issues within the transformer. The TDCG values for all cycles are higher than those for the original oil. This is due to the flashover simulation using BDV testing, causing a change in the gas values contained in the TO. Based on the TDCG results the transformer is in condition I. If this occurs during actual transformer operation, the transformer can continue normal operation with certain considerations, namely, exercising caution, analyzing for individual gases, and determining load dependence. Both analyses using the Doernenburg and Roger's ratio method indicate "No Fault." Therefore, if flashover simulation is conducted using the BDV test, it will cause a change in gas content in the oil but will not lead to anything fatal.
6

M. Kizilcay and C. Neumann. "Mitigation of common mode failures at multi-circuit line configurations by application of line arresters against back-flashovers." Journal of Energy - Energija 59, no. 1-4 (August 22, 2022): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2010591-4278.

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Due to the limited number of corridors multi circuit line configurations are often applied. These overhead lines frequently consist of high towers that are subject to lightning strokes. In case of higher current amplitudes and higher footing resistances due to bad earthing conditions back-flashovers are caused leading to common mode failures and to severe outages. The paper describes investigations performed by means of computer simulations to identify the towers of a multi-circuit line consisting of voltage levels 380 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV that are endangered by back-flashovers of the 110-kV double-circuit lines. The footing resistance of towers of the targeted line section has been measured by an instrument at high-frequency. Influence of various factors on the back-flashover over 110 kV insulator strings has been studied by means of EMTP-ATP simulations. Different current waveforms of the lightning stroke have been used to represent the first stroke and subsequent strokes. The towers are represented by the models described in [3], [8]. Available flashover analysis methods [7], [8], [12], [13] like leader development method by Pigini et al and by Motoyama, and voltage-time integration method by Kind have been applied. The towers at which back-flashover is more likely to occur than at other towers are identified by the time integral of voltage according to Kind. Various factors like tower footing impedance, tower surge impedance and tower height are considered. Application of line a surge arrester is shown to be a successful mitigation technique to reduce the back-flashover rate of those 110 kV lines. The lightning overvoltage performance of surge arresters has been analyzed by means of digital simulations. Based on the results of investigations line arresters were installed on the towers in question. Since the installation no further common mode failure has been observed.
7

Desta, Berhanu Zelalem, Mengesha M. Wogari, and Stanislaw M. Gubanski. "Investigation on Pollution-Induced Flashovers of In-Service Insulators in Ethiopian Power Transmission Lines." Energies 17, no. 9 (April 24, 2024): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092007.

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Power transmission lines in Ethiopia are experiencing an alarmingly high frequency of unexplained outages triggered by environmental factors, which significantly undermine the reliability of the country’s power system. This paper presents investigations aiming to identify those among the unexplained fault records that have been caused by pollution induced flashovers. An identification method is developed, which associates the contextual fault features, such as information about the characteristics of the fault, fault location, and time of day, as well as month of its occurrence with local meteorological/climatic and environmental conditions. A total number of 4231 unexplained faults, recorded between 2015 and 2022, were analyzed. Among them, 1045 faults (24.7%) were identified as being most likely caused by pollution induced flashovers. The entire network suffered from more than 130 pollution-induced flashovers annually with a frequency of about 0.8 faults/100 km/year. The fault frequency strongly differed among the grid regions, being highest in the Northeast and lowest in the Southwest region. Moreover, the performed analyses also concentrated on the evaluation of the pollution performance of various insulator types employed in the network. The results indicate that porcelain insulators have the highest pollution-induced flashover intensity of 1.47 faults/year/1000 units, followed by silicone rubber polymeric composite insulators and glass insulators with the respective intensities of 1.21 and 0.83 faults/year/1000 units. These results indicate that despite the high expectations towards the pollution performance of silicone rubber polymeric insulators, their use in the Ethiopian climatic and environmental conditions appears to be unsatisfactory.
8

Ruwah Joto, Dhimas Dhesah Kharisma, Tresna Umar Syamsuri, and Aly Imron. "Pengaruh Efek Kontaminasi Isolator KeramikTerhadap Rugi DayaSaluran Udara Tegangan Tinggi." Elposys: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan 10, no. 3 (October 31, 2023): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elposys.v10i3.4222.

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In meeting consumers' needs for electric power continuously, the reliability of electric power distribution is something that needs to be considered. One of the reliability parameters is the network's ability to distribute power from generators continuously, with the allowable voltage and frequency quality. For this reason, the presence of an insulator in the power distribution system is very important considering its function is to separate live conductors from their supports. If the isolation properties do not function, a voltage failure will occur so that power distribution will stop, resulting in low system reliability. From the data from the calculation results of 150 kV high voltage overhead line power losses due to flashovers on insulators installed in each fouling area, it is clear that increasing the contaminant value will make it easier for flashovers to occur which cause very large power losses and conversely, insulators that are clean make it difficult. the occurrence of flashover so as to reduce power losses on the transmission line. The appropriate insulator to use is the fog type, because the diameter is wider, increasing the propagation distance so that the insulator's ability to withstand greater voltage
9

Warmi, Yusreni, Sitti Amalia, Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini, Dasman Dasman, Antonov Bachtiar, Zuriman Anthony, and Hamdi Azhar. "Modeling and simulation for flashover location determination on 150 kV insulator string." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2024): 3716. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp3716-3728.

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The 150 kV Payakumbuh-Koto Panjang transmission line in West Sumatra is located in an area with high lightning activity. Based on Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) data (2017-2023), the average number of lightning days per year (IKL: isokeraunic level) reaches 165-173 days/year, and 79% of the transmission towers are located in hilly and rocky areas. This causes contamination of the insulator, which can reduce its performance and cause flashovers in the insulator circuit. However, in the field, finding flash points in insulators is still a challenge. Therefore, simulation must be used as a tool to determine the location of flashover in an insulator circuit that is affected by temperature and humidity. Simulation by modeling flashover provides an effective solution for determining the location of flashover in insulator circuits, which is the novelty of this research. This research compares laboratory test results with manual calculations modeled using Visual Basic 6. The research results show that temperature and humidity have a significant influence on determining the flashover voltage value on the insulator. The flashover locations during the test are the same as the calculated flashover locations, as shown by these simulations and modeling.
10

Xu, Jingwei, Fanghui Yin, Longji Li, Qingfeng Wen, Hao Wang, Shunnan Liu, Zhidong Jia, and Masoud Farzaneh. "Wet Snow Flashover Characteristics of 500-kV AC Insulator Strings with Different Arrangements." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050930.

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In order to study the wet snow flashover characteristics of 500-kV AC insulator strings under different arrangements, wet snow flashover tests were carried out in the large climate chamber of China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI). The wet snow flashover voltages were obtained by the even-rising method and the flashovers were filmed by a camera. The test results showed that the installation of an anti-icing shed of large diameter could increase the wet snow flashover voltage. The distance between the two insulators was a key parameter that influenced the discharge process and the flashover voltage. Under Λ-string arrangement, for common insulators, the flashover performance of iced insulators increased with the connection angle; for anti-icing insulators, the flashover performance increased at first and then decreased with the connection angle. In wet snow conditions, when the connection angle was at the commonly adopted angle of 60°, the flashover performance of the common insulators under the V-string and Λ-string arrangements was almost the same. For anti-icing insulators, however, the V-string arrangement was recommended according to the tests. The results obtained in this study can provide a reference for external insulation design in wet snow conditions.
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Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flashovers":

1

Jamaladdeen, Rawaa. "Investigation on Wildfire Flashovers in the Mediterranean Climate Regions with Emphasis on VOCs Contributions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ESMA0015.

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Cette thèse apporte des réponses aux demandes de la communauté des pompiers d'étudier les facteurs probables responsables de l'intensification des régimes de feux de forêt jusqu'aux flashovers en utilisant des approches expérimentales numériques et thermochimiques. Le modèle numérique est un modèle de dispersion de gaz validant les données expérimentales des essais en soufflerie pour résoudre la controverse quant à savoir si les accumulations de composés organiques volatils (COV) dans des topographies confinées finissent par induire des incendies de forêt. Il comprend un front de feu se propageant calculé à l'aide du modèle semi-empirique de feu de surface en régime permanent de Rothermel et de la transition de Van Wagner vers les critères de comportement des feux de cime, avec un taux instable intégré d'émissions de COV simulant ceux évoluant à partir de la combustion de la végétation dans le front de feu. Pour synchroniser nos travaux avec les données de terrain, des expériences thermochimiques ont été menées sur diverses espèces de végétation méditerranéenne afin d'examiner leurs taux d'émission de COV dans des conditions environnementales normales et stressantes, car elles pourraient finir par définir différents scénarios d'inflammabilité lors d'incendies de forêt. Premièrement, deux espèces d'arbustes méditerranéens : Cistus albidus et Rosmarinus officinalis sont explorées pour leurs émissions de COV et leurs changements physiologiques après avoir été soumises à des stress abiotiques (sécheresse et chaleur), à l'aide d'analyses par chromatographie en phase gazeuse par pyrolyse et par spectrométrie de masse (Py-GC/MS). Deux autres espèces forestières méditerranéennes : Quercus suber L. et Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis L. ont été étudiées pour leurs caractéristiques d'inflammabilité distinctives à l'aide d'analyses thermogravimétriques et thermiques différentielles (TG/DTA), couplées à une analyse Py-GC/MS pour identifier les gaz émis. lors des pics exothermiques. Cette étape vise à mieux comprendre les descripteurs d'inflammabilité de ces espèces dans le cadre d'une stratégie de gestion forestière plus efficace par laquelle, en favorisant la plantation de certaines espèces moins inflammables dans les mesures sylvicoles, on pourrait protéger d'autres espèces plus inflammables mais économiquement précieuses, des dangers des incendies de forêt et leurs comportements extrêmes. Les espèces de la végétation méditerranéenne sont d'importants émetteurs de COV, en particulier lorsqu'ils sont provoqués par des stress externes lors d'incendies de forêt. Cependant, certains COV biogènes (COBV), plus particulièrement les sesquiterpènes, ne sont pas encore complètement couverts pour leurs caractéristiques d'inflammabilité, telles que leurs limites inférieure et supérieure d'inflammabilité, leur auto-inflammation, températures, points d'éclair, etc. Une telle lacune scientifique qu'il a fallu enrichir en étudiant les limites d'inflammabilité du β-Caryophyllène, l'un des plus importants sesquiterpènes émis par la végétation méditerranéenne. Des tests préliminaires pour mesurer les pressions de vapeur du β-Caryophyllène sont menés en vue d'expérimenter ses limites d'inflammabilité dans une bombe sphérique comme plans futurs. Les travaux de cette thèse doivent être considérés comme la première étape d'une approche plus globale qui devrait fournir aux personnels opérationnels de lutte contre les incendies un outil d'aide à la décision complet, capable de façonner leurs stratégies de gestion forestière pour protéger les milieux naturels et les pompiers des dangers des comportements extrêmes des incendies de forêt
Requests from the firefighting communities are increasing urging the scientific communities to create operational protective and preventive tools that help them understand extreme wildfire behaviors considering not only the atmospheric conditions but also topography, and vegetation characteristics. Thus, our objective was to provide answers to such requests by investigating the probable factors responsible for intensifying wildfire regimes to flashovers using numerical, and thermobiochemical experimental approaches. The numerical model is a gas dispersion model validating experimental data from wind tunnel tests to resolve the controversy of whether or not the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulations in confined topographies end up inducing wildfire flashovers. It comprises a propagating fire front calculated using the Rothermel semi-empirical steady-state surface fire model, and Van Wagner transition to crown fire behavior criteria, with an integrated unsteady rate of VOC emissions simulating the ones evolving from the vegetation burning in the firefront. To synchronize our work with field input, thermochemical experiments were conducted on various Mediterranean vegetation species to examine their VOC emission rates in normal and stressful environmental conditions as they may end up defining different flammability scenarios in wildfires. First, two Mediterranean shrub species: Cistus albidus and Rosmarinus officinalis are explored for their VOC emissions and physiological changes after being subjected to abiotic stresses (drought and heat), using pyrolysis-gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses. Two other Mediterranean forest species: Quercus suber L. and Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis L. were investigated for their distinctive flammability characteristics using thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), coupled with Py-GC/MS analysis to identify the gases emitted during the exo-thermic peaks. This step aims to better understand the flammability descriptors of these species as a part of a more efficient forest management strategy by which, favoring the plantation of certain lesser flammable species in silviculture measures may protect other more flammable but economically valuable species, from the dangers of wildfires and their extreme behaviors. Mediterranean vegetation species are important VOC emitters especially when provoked by external stresses during wildfires however, some biogenic VOCs (BVOCs), more particularly sesquiterpenes, are still not thoroughly covered for their flammability characteristics, such as their lower and upper flammability limits, auto-ignition temperatures, flashpoints, etc. Such a scientific lack we found it necessary to enrich by studying the flammability limits of β-Caryophyllene, one of the most important sesquiterpenes emitted from Mediterranean vegetation. Preliminary tests for measuring the vapor pressures of β-Caryophyllene are conducted in preparation for experimenting its flammability limits in a spherical bomb as future plans. The work in this thesis should be considered as the first step in a more global approach that should provide operational firefighting staff, with a comprehensive decision-making tool capable of shaping their forest management strategies from wildfire characteristics themselves and protecting wildlands and firefighters equally from the dangers and extreme behaviors of wildfire flashovers
2

Gerini, Francesco. "Locating lightning strikes and flashovers along overhead power transmission lines using electromagnetic time reversal based similarity characteristics." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Questo lavoro di tesi si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare, verificare e implementare un nuovo metodo per la localizzazione di guasti in rete e fulminazioni basato sulla teoria ”Electromagnetic Time Reversal”. L’applicabilità della teoria è inizialmente discussa, successivamente utilizzando le classiche equazioni delle linee e le basi della teoria EMTR viene proposta una soluzione analitica per la localizzazione del guasto e/o della fulminazione. La accuratezza del metodo utilizzato viene discussa in relazione al numero di misure necessarie alla localizzazione mettendo in evidenza pro e contro rispetto alle tecniche attuali. Viene in seguito presentato un secondo metodo di localizzazione anch’esso basato sulla teoria EMTR ma non ancora verificato su un grande numero di casi, chiamato Similarity Property Method. Utilizzando il software EMTP per l’analisi di transitori e con l’ausilio di MatLab entrambi i metodi vengono testati su diverse tipologie di reti e con diverse condizioni al contorno. Infine una analisi conclusiva viene proposta, indicando come e se i metodi presentati possono essere da considerare migliorativi delle attuali tecniche di localizzazione di guasti e/o fulminazioni.
3

Feasey, R. "Post-Flashover Design Fires." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8266.

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This report reviews the modelling of post-flashover fires and compares the various methods of predicting temperature versus time in post-flashover compartment fires, including the historical development of theoretical approaches. The report specifically addresses the use of the COMPF2 model as implemented in the COMPF2PC computer programme, as a prediction tool for post-flashover fire temperatures. Aspects of the computer code are compared with theory and experimental data. The results of many COMPF2PC simulations are compared with test fire data, in order to determine how best to characterise the input data to achieve the best simulation results with the computer programme. It is found that with careful selection of input data, COMPF2PC can provide good prediction of post flashover fire temperatures for compartments with a fire load of greater than15 kg of wood per square metre of floor area, and for ventilation factors A˯√H/A˕ ≥ 0.04. Reliability of temperature prediction is poorer for ventilation factors (A˯√H/A˕) significantly less than 0.04. Guidelines for use of the COMPF2PC programme are provided. Based on the methodology developed during simulation of test fires, generalised fire temperature versus time curves are developed for a single compartment size and a range of compartment material properties. The generalised COMPF2PC temperature versus time curves are compared with those of alternative models in common use. It is found that for a fire of fire load 1200 MJ m-² of floor area, in a compartment of medium thermal inertia, depending on ventilation, the COMPF2PC model predicts fires which either have a significantly higher maximum temperature or longer duration (or both), than those predicted by the Eurocode Parametric fire, and the "Swedish" fire model of Magnusson and Thelandersson. This may have a significant impact on the calculation of time equivalent fires. Recommendations for future development of the COMPF2PC programme are provided.
4

Chen, Aiping. "Empirical and experimental studies of flashover in compartment fire." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410489.

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5

Benwell, Andrew L. "Flashover prevention on polystyrene high voltage insulators in a vacuum." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5018.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 18, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
6

Kamel, Sherif I. (Sherif Ibrahim). "Mathematical modeling of wet flashover mechanism of HVDC wall bushings." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28792.

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HVDC wall bushings constitute a basic component of converter stations and their adequate performance is vital to insure a highly reliable level of operation. Service records show that the number of flashovers in converter stations has increased substantially during recent years and that the majority of flashovers occurred on HVDC wall bushings. This work presents the first mathematical model to provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for flashover of HVDC wall bushings under nonuniform wetting. The model suggests that the onset of streamers bridging the dry zone and initiated by the nonuniform voltage distribution along the bushing triggers the process of flashover. Fast voltage collapse across the dry zone due to the energy stored in the bushing internal and external leakage and stray capacitance leads to impulsive stressing of the wet part of the bushing. The nonuniform distribution of that impulse and the process of streamer bridging, fast voltage collapse as well as subsequent recharging of the bushing capacitance may lead to consequent discharges and arc propagation along the bushing and eventually to a complete flashover.
The random processes associated with the wetting dynamics and pattern as well as the air gaps breakdowns are accounted for in a novel statistical approach to model the flashover process of the HVDC wall bushings under the proposed mechanism.
The work is supported by an experimental investigation into surface resistance and minimum flashover stress of full scale HVDC wall bushings under nonuniform rain.
The findings of the model have been satisfactorily compared with experiments and field observations and can for the first time account for the following aspects of flashover mechanism: critical dry zone length, polarity effect, specific leakage length, wet layer conductance, dry zone position as well as DC system voltage. The model was also used to assess the performance of RTV coated bushings and to compare the strength or an SF$ sb6$ bushing to that of a conventional oil-paper design under nonuniform rain.
7

Martini, Pietro. "Live-line working and evaluation of risk on 400kV transmission line." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/liveline-working-and-evaluation-of-risk-on-400kv-transmission-line(b19247d6-22cc-4815-b865-d80a957dfd7b).html.

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Power industries in transmission and distribution level are obligated to maintain and replace their electrical equipment. Maintaining the quality and continuity of supply is their priority to avoid customers' complaints and financial penalisation. Live-line working as one of the most important methods of maintenance has been used since the 1900s where the new methods in 1960s made the live-line workers enabled to work on the higher voltage levels up to 800kV. Various industries adopt different techniques to calculate the minimum approach distance (MAD) during the live-line work. A suitable method reduces the risk to live-line workers and provides adequate safety distances between the live parts and linesmen. Therefore, setting an appropriate safety distance between the linesmen and live parts ensures the safety of the workers and minimise the risk of flashover. In this thesis, different methods of calculation of the minimum approach distance are described, and results from overvoltage simulations are used as an input to the methodology outlined in IEC 61472. Also, this thesis highlights and investigates the impact of a range of factors within 400kV transmission line on the minimum approach distance (MAD). Factors examined include the time to crest of the overvoltage (wave shape), the fault type, the probability of occurrence of each type of fault, fault level and the type of overhead line and towers. Furthermore, the minimum approach distances and also associated risk due to each factor and scenario have been calculated. The calculated risk in this thesis presents the risk of failure of a gap against the switching overvoltages due to the simulation of sources of overvoltage. A new set of estimated equations is developed to consider the influence of wave shape in the calculation of the minimum approach distance (MAD). This thesis does not propose a method to replace the international standards, but it could be used in many situations including where utility companies wish to develop a complete understanding of the risk associated with live-line working. Calculation of the minimum approach distance (MAD) within the National Grid UK is based on the methodology described in the IEC 61472, whereas EDF Energy uses the IEEE method to calculate the minimum approach distance. The choice of a smaller / larger minimum approach distance (MAD) using different methods will have an impact on the risk associated with live-line working. Previous works intend to investigate the magnitude of switching overvoltages on one part of a network and calculate the appropriate minimum approach distance for the work in that section. This work is based on the examination of the switching overvoltages under the worst case scenarios. As a result, the simulated overvoltages in this work are higher than expected overvoltages in National Grid network. Also as in practice, the magnitude of switching overvoltages in National Grid network is controlled by different protections equipment therefore, the simulated results and the calculated minimum approach distances in this work are very conservative.
8

Okubo, Hitoshi, Kenji Tsuchiya, Hiroki Kojima, and Tsugunari Ishida. "Development mechanism of impulse surface flashover on alumina dielectrics in vacuum." IEEE, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14535.

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Patni, Prem K. "Review of models which predict the flashover voltage of polluted insulators." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq23449.pdf.

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Nielsen, Christian. "An Analysis of Pre-Flashover Fire Experiments with Field Modelling Comparisons." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8284.

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Firstly, this report investigates the behaviour of pre-flashover fires conducted in a two-compartment structure. Secondly, it looks at preliminary field modelling results of the pre-flashover fires using the SMARTFIRE program. A two-compartment structure was built so that pre-flashover fire experiments could be conducted. Each room in the compartment measured 2.4 m wide, 3.6 m long, and 2.4 m high. A doorway, with dimensions 2.0 m high and 0.8 m wide separated the rooms. All fires were placed in one room (the fire room) where seven fire experiments were conducted consisting of four differently sized fires. Six of the fires, 55 kW, 110 kW, and 160 kW in size were located in the centre of the fire room. The seventh fire was located in the corner of the fire room and was 110 kW in size. Thermocouple trees were located along the centre-line of the compartment so that vertical temperature profiles could be measured; floor and ceiling thermocouples accompanied the thermocouple trees. In addition, gas sampling points measuring O₂ and CO₂ concentrations were positioned evenly throughout the compartment. Temperature profiles in the fire room revealed constant cool lower layer and hot upper layer temperatures with a sharp temperature gradient between the two layers. Temperatures in the upper layer for the centrally located fires reached 130°C for the 55 kW fire, 200°C for the 110 kW fire, and 250°C for the 160 kW fire. Temperature profiles in the upper layer for the comer fire were not constant with height but showed a temperature gradient, where the temperature reached 335°C near the ceiling. Temperature profiles in the room next to fire room (the adjacent room) showed constant temperature profiles that were close to the ambient temperature in the lower layer. The upper layer temperature profiles displayed temperature gradients that continued up to the ceiling. Temperatures in the upper layer for the centrally located fires in the adjacent room reached 110°C for the 55 kW fire, 160°C for the 110 kW fire, 200°C for the 160 kW fire, and 225°C for the comer fire. Preliminary simulations of the four different fire experiments were conducted using the SMARTFIRE field modelling program. Each fire size simulated twice - one with and one without the six-flux radiation sub-model. A qualitative analysis revealed temperatures in the lower layer of the fire room were under predicted. Temperature gradients were predicted for the upper layer temperature profiles for the centrally located fires, rather than the constant upper layer temperature profiles that were seen experimentally. Overall, simulations predicted closer temperature profiles to the experimental results when the six-flux radiation sub-model was incorporated.
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Books on the topic "Flashovers":

1

Ribton, C. N. Inverter developments with improved response to flashovers during electron beam welding. Cambridge: TWI, 1996.

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Chazin, Suzanne. Flashover. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 2002.

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Mentink, Dana. Flashover. Toronto, Ontario: Steeple Hill, 2009.

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Mentink, Dana. Flashover. New York: Steeple Hill Books, 2009.

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Mentink, Dana. Flashover. New York: Steeple Hill Books, 2009.

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Falco, Giorgio. Flashover: Incendio a Venezia. Torino: Einaudi, 2020.

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Kushner, Mark J. Modeling of surface flashover on spacecraft. [Washington, DC?: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. A study of pulse surface flashover in a vacuum. Norfolk, Va: Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Old Dominion University, 1987.

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Ioannou, G. S. Flashover tests methods on cable sealing ends and modeldistribution insulators. Manchester: UMIST, 1994.

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McMahon, John Gerald. An exploration of the concept of flashover in a single compartment building fire. [s.l: The Author], 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flashovers":

1

Gooch, Jan W. "Flashover." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 310. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5037.

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Martin, J. C. "Fast Pulse Vacuum Flashover." In J. C. Martin on Pulsed Power, 255–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1561-0_24.

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Farish, Owen, and Ibrahim Al-Bawy. "Impulse Surface Charging and Flashover." In Gaseous Dielectrics VI, 305–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3706-9_38.

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Um, Chang-Gun, Chang-Gi Jung, Byung-Gil Han, Young-Chul Song, and Doo-Hyun Choi. "A Fuzzy Framework for Flashover Monitoring." In Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 989–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11540007_125.

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Wickström, Ulf. "Post-Flashover Compartment Fires: One-Zone Models." In Temperature Calculation in Fire Safety Engineering, 153–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30172-3_10.

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Wickström, Ulf. "Pre-flashover Compartment Fires: Two-Zone Models." In Temperature Calculation in Fire Safety Engineering, 175–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30172-3_11.

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Wang, Chunxiao. "Physical Model for Surface Charge Supported Flashover." In Gaseous Dielectrics VII, 519–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1295-4_99.

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Ushakov, Vasily Y. "Flashover Voltage at the Interface between Two Dielectric Media." In Insulation of High-Voltage Equipment, 169–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07918-8_7.

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Dawson, Christian W., Paul D. Wilson, and Alan N. Beard. "An artificial neural network for flashover prediction. A preliminary study." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 254–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-64582-9_755.

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Zong, Ruowen, Ruxue Kang, Weifeng Zhao, and Changfa Tao. "Experimental Study and Model Analysis of Flashover in Confined Compartments." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 649–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_66.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flashovers":

1

Steinbach, Albert E., Frank A. Scalzo, and Matthew T. Preston. "Generator Collector Brush Holder Testing and Design Improvements." In ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59147.

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Electric generators and synchronous motors with static excitation use rotating slip rings (also known as collector rings) and stationary carbon brushes to transfer the field current from the stationary exciter to the rotating generator field. The carbon brushes experience wear from both mechanical friction and electrical contact with the rings. Therefore, the brushes need to be periodically inspected and replaced. This is often the most frequent maintenance activity for an electric generator. It is generally recognized that if brushes are not changed when worn down, this can result in a damaging condition called a flashover that will usually force the generator offline. Several collector flashovers were investigated to look for other common characteristics with the aim of reducing the risk of flashover occurrence and improving generator reliability. Some features of the generator collector brush holders were identified as significant contributors to collector flashovers and also to other, more common maintenance problems. Several brush holder designs were evaluated with regard to these features and also with regard to feedback received from operators. In addition, an in-house test rig was developed and used to compare multiple, existing brush holder designs and new prototype concepts for brush wear rate and current selectivity. This work led to a new brush holder design that addresses these concerns and has subsequently been successfully tested in a laboratory and at a customer site. That new brush holder design is being applied to both new units and as a retrofit to in-service aftermarket generators.
2

Jamaladdeen, Rawaa, Bruno Coudour, Hui-Ying Wang, and Jean-Pierre Garo. "VOCs and Wildfire Flashovers." In The Third International Conference on Fire Behavior and Risk. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022017094.

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Wen-Bin Zhao, Guan-Jun Zhang, Gui-Bo Qin, Kui Ma, and Zhang Yan. "Surface microcosmic phenomena induced by pulsed flashovers." In Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, 2005. (ISEIM 2005). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseim.2005.193553.

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De Conti, Alberto, Arthur F. M. Campos, Fernando H. Silveira, Jose Luis Cerqueira Lima, and Sergio Edmundo Costa. "Calculation of lightning flashovers on distribution lines." In 2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XI SIPDA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sipda.2011.6088446.

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McDermid, W., and T. Black. "Experience with Preventing External Flashovers in HVDC Converter Stations." In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elinsl.2008.4570283.

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Sarajcev, Petar. "Bagging Ensemble Classifier for Predicting Lightning Flashovers on Distribution Lines." In 2022 7th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/splitech55088.2022.9854317.

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Jin, F. B., J. Q. Shi, and X. Y. Zhou. "Flashovers of Aged Oil-paper Insulation during DC Voltage Preloading." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Applications (ICHVE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichve53725.2022.9961449.

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Rawi, Iryani Mohamed, M. Z. A. Ab Kadir, and Norhafiz Azis. "Continuous monitoring on 132kV line in reducing flashovers due to lightning." In 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclp.2014.6973311.

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Rawi, Iryani Mohamed, and Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir. "Investigation on the 132kV overhead lines lightning-related flashovers in Malaysia." In 2015 International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XIII SIPDA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sipda.2015.7339293.

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Tossani, F., F. Napolitano, A. Borghetti, C. A. Nucci, and C. Tong. "Relation of Lightning Induced Flashovers with Stroke Distance and Current Peak." In 2022 36th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclp56858.2022.9942585.

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Reports on the topic "Flashovers":

1

Madrzykowski, aniel, Craig Weinschenk, and Joseph Willi. Exposing Fire Service Hose in a Flashover Chamber. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/tkog7594.

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At the request of the Fire Department City of New York (FDNY), UL’s Fire Safety Research Institute (FSRI) instrumented and documented a series of 12 thermal exposure hose experiments that were conducted in the burn compartment of an FDNY flashover simulator. The main objective of the experiments was to observe the performance of fire hoses exposed to the heat flux from flaming hot gas layer conditions above the hose. FDNY collected a variety of hose types that represented a cross section of commercially available materials and construction methods. The thermal exposures generated in the burn compartment were measured. The fire experiments were stopped once the hose being examined began to lose water through the wall of the hose. All of the hoses lost water through their wall, although the size of the holes and the amount of water leakage varied. While the burn compartment provided a “fire room environment” and different types of hose failures were demonstrated, the thermal exposure within the compartment was not demonstrated to be repeatable. Therefore it is not possible to develop a comparable rank or rating of the fire resistance of these hoses from this series of experiments.
2

Dow, Nick, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 2. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/nuzj8120.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a residential flashover prevention system with reduced water flow requirements relative to a residential sprinkler system designed to meet NFPA 13D requirements. The flashover prevention system would be designed for retrofit applications where water supplies are limited. In addition to examining the water spray’s impact on fire growth, this study utilized thermal tenability criteria as defined in UL 199, Standard for Automatic Sprinklers for Fire-Protection Service. The strategy investigated was to use full cone spray nozzles that would discharge water low in the fire room and directly onto burning surfaces of the contents in the room. Where as current sprinkler design discharges water in a manner that cools the hot gas layer, wets the walls and wets the surface of the contents in the fire room. A series of eight full-scale, compartment fire experiments with residential furnishings were conducted with low flow nozzles. While the 23 lpm (6 gpm) of water was the same between experiments, the discharge density or water flux around the area of ignition varied between 0.3 mm/min (0.008 gpm/ft2) and 1.8 mm/min (0.044 gpm/ft2). Three of the experiments prevented flashover. Five of the experiments resulted in the regrowth of the fire while the water was flowing. Regrowth of the fire led to untenable conditions, per UL 199 criteria, in the fire room. At approximately the same time as the untenability criteria were reached, the second sprinkler in the hallway activated. In a completed system, the activation of the second sprinkler would reduce the water flow to the fire room, which would potentially lead to flashover. The variations in the burning behavior of the sofa resulted in shielded fires which led to the loss of effectiveness of the reduced flow solid cone water sprays. As a result of these variations, a correlation between discharge density at the area of ignition and fire suppression performance could not be determined given the limited number of experiments. An additional experiment using an NFPA 13D sprinkler system, flowing 30 lpm (8 gpm), demonstrated more effective suppression than any of the experiments with a nozzle. The success of the sprinkler compared with the unreliable suppression performance of the lower flow nozzles supports the minimum discharge density requirements of 2 mm/min (0.05 gpm/ft2) from NFPA 13D. The low flow nozzle system tested in this study reliably delayed fire growth, but would not reliably prevent flashover.
3

Madrzykowski, Daniel, and Nicholas Dow. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 1. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/jegf7178.

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This study was designed to be an initial step to investigate the potential of low flow nozzles as part of a retrofit flashover prevention system in residential homes with limited water supplies. Not all homes have water supplies that can meet the needs of a residential sprinkler system. Current alter- natives, such as including a supplemental tank and pump, increase the cost of the system. These homes could benefit from an effective fire safety system with lower water supply requirements. The experiments in this study were conducted in a steel test structure which consisted of a fire room attached to a hallway in an L-shaped configuration. Three types of experiments were conducted to evaluate nozzles at different flow rates and under different fire conditions. The performance of the nozzles was compared to the performance of a commercially available residential sprinkler. The first set of experiments measured the distribution of the water spray from each of the nozzles and the sprinkler. The water spray measurements were made without the presence of a fire. The other two sets of experiments were fire experiments. The first set of fire experiments were designed to measure the ability of a water spray to cool a hot gas layer generated by a gas burner fire. The fire source was a propane burner which provided a steady and repeatable flow of heat into the test structure. Two water spray locations were examined, in the fire room and in the middle of the hallway. In each position, the burner was shielded from the water spray. The results showed that for equivalent conditions, the nozzle provided greater gas cooling than the sprinkler. The tests were conducted with a fire size of approximately 110 kW, and water flow rates in the range of 11 lpm (3 gpm) and 19 lpm (5 gpm). The second set of fire experiments used an upholstered sofa as the initial source of the fire with the water spray located in the same room. As a result of the compartment size and water spray distribution, the nozzle flowing water at 23 lpm (6 gpm) provided more effective suppression of the fire than the sprinkler flowing 34 lpm (9 gpm) did. The nozzle was similarly effective with the ignition location moved 1.0 m (3.2 ft) further away. However, the nozzle failed to suppress the fire with a reduced water flow rate of 11 lpm (3 gpm). The results of this limited study demonstrate the potential of low flow nozzles, directly flowing water on to the fuel surface, with the goal of preventing flashover. Additional research is needed to examine larger room sizes, fully furnished rooms, and shielded fires to determine the feasibility of a reduced water flow flashover prevention system.
4

Hodge, Keith Conquest, Larry Kevin Warne, Roy Eberhardt Jorgenson, Zachariah Red Wallace, and Jane Marie Lehr. Surface interactions involved in flashover with high density electronegative gases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/973670.

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5

Stroup, David W., and David D. Evans. Suppression of post-flashover compartment fires using manually applied water sprays. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4625.

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Stroup, David W., and Daniel Madrzykowski. Conditions in corridors and adjoining areas exposed to post-flashover room fires. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4678.

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7

Weinschenk, Craig, Daniel Madrzykowski, and Paul Courtney. Impact of Flashover Fire Conditions on Exposed Energized Electrical Cords and Cables. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/hdmn5904.

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A set of experiments was conducted to expose different types of energized electrical cords for lamps, office equipment, and appliances to a developing room fire exposure. All of the cords were positioned on the floor and arranged in a manner to receive a similar thermal exposure. Six types of cords commonly used as power supply cords, extension cords, and as part of residential electrical wiring systems were chosen for the experiments. The non-metallic sheathed cables (NMB) typically found in residential electrical branch wiring were included to provide a link to previous research. The basic test design was to expose the six different types of cords, on the floor of a compartment to a growing fire to determine the conditions under which the cord would trip the circuit breaker and/or undergo an arc fault. All of the cords would be energized and installed on a non-combustible surface. Six cord types (18-2 SPT1, 16-3 SJTW, 12-2 NM-B, 12-3 NM-B, 18-3 SVT, 18-2 NISPT-2) and three types of circuit protection (Molded case circuit breaker (MCCB), combination Arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI), Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)) were exposed to six room-scale fires. The circuit protection was remote from the thermal exposure. The six room fires consisted of three replicate fires with two sofas as the main fuel source, two replicate fires with one sofa as the main fuel source and one fire with two sofas and MDF paneling on three walls in the room. Each fuel package was sufficient to support flashover conditions in the room and as a result, the impact on the cords and circuit protection was not significantly different. The average peak heat release rate of the sofa fueled compartment fires with gypsum board ceiling and walls was 6.8 MW. The addition of vinyl covered MDF wall paneling on three of the compartment walls increased the peak heat release rate to 12 MW, although most of the increased energy release occurred outside of the compartment opening. In each experiment during post flashover exposure, the insulation on the cords ignited and burned through, exposing bare conductor. During this period the circuits faulted. The circuit protection devices are not designed to provide thermal protection, and, thus, were installed remote from the fire. The devices operated as designed in all experiments. All of the circuit faults resulted in either a magnetic trip of the conventional circuit breaker or a ground-fault trip in the GFCI or AFCI capable circuit protection devices. Though not required by UL 1699, Standard for Safety for Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters as the solution for detection methodology, the AFCIs used had differential current detection. Examination of signal data showed that the only cord types that tripped with a fault to ground were the insulated conductors in non-metallic sheathed cables (12-2 NM-B and 12-3 NM-B). This was expected due to the bare grounding conductor present. Assessments of both the thermal exposure and physical damage to the cords did not reveal any correlation between the thermal exposure, cord damage, and trip type.
8

McKinnon, Mark, Craig Weinschenk, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Modeling Gas Burner Fires in Ranch and Colonial Style Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mwje4818.

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The test scenarios ranged from fires in the structures with no exterior ventilation to room fires with flow paths that connected the fires with remote intake and exhaust vents. In the ranch, two replicate fires were conducted for each room of origin and each ventilation condition. Rooms of fire origin included the living room, bedroom, and kitchen. In the colonial, the focus was on varying the flow paths to examine the change in fire behavior and the resulting damage. No replicates were conducted in the colonial. After each fire scene was documented, the interior finish and furnishings were replaced in affected areas of the structure. Instrumentation was installed to measure gas temperature, gas pressure, and gas movement within the structures. In addition, oxygen sensors were installed to determine when a sufficient level of oxygen was available for flaming combustion. Standard video and firefighting IR cameras were also installed inside of the structures to capture information about the fire dynamics of the experiments. Video cameras were also positioned outside of the structures to monitor the flow of smoke, flames, and air at the exterior vents. Each of the fires were started from a small flaming source. The fires were allowed to develop until they self-extinguished due to a lack of oxygen or until the fire had transitioned through flashover. The times that fires burned post-flashover varied based on the damage occurring within the structure. The goal was have patterns remaining on the ceiling, walls, and floors post-test. In total, thirteen experiments were conducted in the ranch structure and eight experiments were conducted in the colonial structure. All experiments were conducted at UL's Large Fire Laboratory in Northbrook, IL. Increasing the ventilation available to the fire, in both the ranch and the colonial, resulted in additional burn time, additional fire growth, and a larger area of fire damage within the structures. These changes are consistent with fire dynamics based assessments and were repeatable. Fire patterns within the room of origin led to the area of origin when the ventilation of the structure was considered. Fire patterns generated pre-flashover, persisted post-flashover if the ventilation points were remote from the area of origin.
9

Kerber, Steve. Fire Service Summary: Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Vertical Ventilation and Suppression Tactics in Single Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/roua2913.

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There is a continued tragic loss of firefighter and civilian lives, as shown by fire statistics. One significant contributing factor is the lack of understanding of fire behavior in residential structures resulting from the use of ventilation as a firefighter practice on the fire ground. The changing dynamics of residential fires as a result of the changes in home construction materials, contents, size and geometry over the past 30 years compounds our lack of understanding of the effects of ventilation on fire behavior (Kerber S. , 2012). If used properly, ventilation improves visibility and reduces the chance of flashover or back draft. If a fire is not properly ventilated, it could result in an anticipated flashover, greatly reducing firefighter safety (Kerber S. , 2012). This fire research project developed empirical data from full-scale house fire experiments to examine vertical ventilation, suppression techniques and the resulting fire behavior. The purpose of this study was to improve firefighter knowledge of the effects of vertical ventilation and the impact of different suppression techniques. The experimental results may be used to develop tactical considerations outlining firefighting ventilation and suppression practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. This fire research project will further work from previous DHS AFG sponsored research (EMW-2008-FP-01774), which studied the impact of horizontal ventilation through doors and windows (Kerber S. , 2010).
10

Mawhinney, J., P. J. DiNenno, and F. W. Williams. Water Mist Flashover Suppression and Boundary Cooling System for Integration with DC-ARM Volume 1: Summary of Testing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada369112.

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