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Journal articles on the topic 'Flash ignition'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Wang, Guixia, and Junhong Su. "Study of the length and influencing factors of air plasma ignition time." Open Physics 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 740–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2022-0067.

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Abstract When a high-energy laser acts on a film surface, plasma flashes of both the air and film can be generated simultaneously. However, when the conventional plasma flash method is used to identify thin film damage, there is a misjudgment problem caused by the inability to distinguish the air and film plasma flashes. In order to solve the problem of misjudgment, the ignition times of air and thin film plasma flashes can be obtained, respectively. If the ignition times of air and thin film plasma flashes are not equal, they can be distinguished from the time difference. In this paper, a nanosecond Nd:YAG pulse laser is used to break down the air at room temperature and pressure, and the theoretical and experimental values of the ignition time of air plasma flash are obtained. The curves of the ignition time of air plasma flash with the laser wavelength, incident energy, focusing spot, and pulse width are simulated. The reasons for the changes are analyzed from the perspectives of multiphoton absorption, cascade ionization theory, and electromagnetic theory of laser breakdown gas. The results show that when the laser pulse width is 10 ns, the energy is 160 mJ, and the spot radius is 0.015 cm. The theoretical and experimental values of the ignition time of air plasma flash are 2.146 and 2 ns, respectively, which are in good agreement. Larger values of laser focus spot size and pulse width relate to a longer ignition time of the air plasma flash, whereas larger values of laser wavelength and incident energy are related to a shorter ignition time. The research reflects the characteristics and electronic transition of air plasma, as well as the micromorphological evolution of the interaction between laser and air, presents the process of air plasma flash generation and growth, and reveals the ignition mechanism of air plasma. It not only provides a basis for improving the traditional plasma flash identification method to identify film damage but also has a certain scientific significance for studying the generation mechanism of laser-supported combustion waves and detonation waves.

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2

Siregar, Muhammad Andira Mulia, and Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho. "Study on Auto-Ignition Behavior of Lubricating Oil in a Cone Calorimeter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.161.

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Auto-ignition behavior of lubricating oil is studied experimentally using a cone calorimeter. Based on its Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), the adopted lubricating oil has a flash point temperature of 228°C, The measurement of auto-ignition behavior was carried at atmospheric pressure in range of temperature between 350°C to 550°C. In this work, the optical density of smoke resulting from the combustion process was measured at auto-ignition temperature. The result of this study shows that the auto-ignition behavior of lubricating oil is strongly depend on conditions of gas mixture, i.e. oil vapor, nitrogen, and oxygen mixtures. The lubricating oil started to ignite at irradiance temperature of cone heater at 500°C with a measured heat flux value of 16,7 kW/m2. At lower temperatures ignition of the mixture occured by piloted igniton sources. No ignition was observed at temperature less than 350°C. At higher irradiance temperature and heat flux (550°C and 21,1 kW/m2), auto-ignition occured at shorter time to ignition and producing higher value of smokes optical density of 1 - 1.4 m-1.

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3

Sysoev, N. N., A. I. Osipov, A. V. Uvarov, and O. A. Kosichkin. "Flash ignition of a carbon nanotube." Moscow University Physics Bulletin 66, no. 5 (October 2011): 492–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0027134911050158.

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4

Turekova, Ivana, Zuzana Turňová, Peter Vekony, and Martin Pastier. "Study of Polymeric Materials Burning." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.471.

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The article deals with determination of spontaneous ignition temperature and flash ignition temperature of polymeric materials and monitoring of mass loss rate during their degradation. An experiment was conducted in accordance with standard STN ISO 871: 2010 Plastics. Determination of ignition temperature using a hot-air furnace.

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5

Ajayan, P. M. "Nanotubes in a Flash--Ignition and Reconstruction." Science 296, no. 5568 (April 26, 2002): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.296.5568.705.

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6

Mórotz-Cecei, K., L. Beda, and J. Simon. "Flammability characterized by flash-ignition Temper-atures." Journal of Thermal Analysis 33, no. 1 (March 1988): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01914622.

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7

Soler, Anna, Nicolau Pineda, Helen San Segundo, Joan Bech, and Joan Montanyà. "Characterisation of thunderstorms that caused lightning-ignited wildfires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 30, no. 12 (2021): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf21076.

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This work studies the characteristics of thunderstorms that cause lightning-caused wildfires in Catalonia, north-east Iberian Peninsula, using lightning and weather radar data. Although thunderstorms produce ~57 000 cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes yearly in Catalonia, only 1 in 1000 end up as a flaming wildfire. Characterisation of thunderstorms that ignite wildland fires can help fire weather forecasters identify regions of increased ignition potential. Lightning data and radar products like maximum reflectivity, echo tops heights and equivalent liquid content were obtained over a 7-year period. Characteristics of thunderstorms that ignite wildfires are examined including storm motion, duration, morphology and intensity. It was found that most probable ignition candidates are lightning associated with cellular thunderstorms and non-linear systems. Radar reflectivity values for lightning that ignites wildfires were found to be below average, these morphological types favouring the occurrence of lightning outside regions of high reflectivity, where precipitation reaching the ground is low or non-existent. Thunderstorms that ignite wildfires are typically of low intensity, with a CG flash rate below average. Most ignitions occur during the maturity phase when the CG flash rate is the highest. A better scientific understanding of the thunderstorms that cause lightning wildfires will help improve early firefighting response.

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8

Hartono, Aji Indra, and Aqli Mursadin. "UJI KARAKTERISTIK PEMBAKARAN HASIL DESTILASI KARET BEKAS-MINYAK DIESEL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN DROPLET." JTAM ROTARY 1, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v1i1.1393.

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This study aims to look at the combustion characteristics of destillates of used rubber and diesel oil using droplet, the characteristics observed were flash point, ignition delay time, burning rate, and visualization (hight) of fire. Variation in mix RCO 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%. The tool used is a tool designed by researchers. The result of the flash point study found that the highest velue was found in the mixture of RCO 10% which was 105,7oC and the lowest value was found in mixture of 50% which was 56,6oC. then the highest value of the ignition delay time is in the mixture of 10% which is 1,64 seconds and the lowest value in the mixture is 30% which is 0,98 seconds, then are result of the highest burning rate are found in the mixture 0f 40% which is 3,83 seconds and lowest value is mixed with 20% which is 3,1 second. Then the highest level of fire in the mixture of 10% is 82,3 mm and the lowest is in the mixture of 50% which is 73,2 mm. Keywords: Rubber Compound Oil, Droplet, Flash Point, Ignition Delay Time, Burning Rate

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9

Manaa, M. Riad, Alexander R. Mitchell, Raul G. Garza, Philip F. Pagoria, and Bruce E. Watkins. "Flash Ignition and Initiation of Explosives−Nanotubes Mixture." Journal of the American Chemical Society 127, no. 40 (October 2005): 13786–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0547127.

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10

Ohkura, Yuma, Pratap M. Rao, and Xiaolin Zheng. "Flash ignition of Al nanoparticles: Mechanism and applications." Combustion and Flame 158, no. 12 (December 2011): 2544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.05.012.

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11

VanCleave, Andrea M., James E. Jones, James D. McGlothlin, Mark A. Saxen, Brian J. Sanders, and LaQuia A. Vinson. "The Effect of Intraoral Suction on Oxygen-Enriched Surgical Environments: A Mechanism for Reducing the Risk of Surgical Fires." Anesthesia Progress 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2344/0003-3006-61.4.155.

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Abstract In this study, a mechanical model was applied in order to replicate potential surgical fire conditions in an oxygen-enriched environment with and without high-volume suction typical for dental surgical applications. During 41 trials, 3 combustion events were measured: an audible pop, a visible flash of light, and full ignition. In at least 11 of 21 trials without suction, all 3 conditions were observed, sometimes with an extent of fire that required early termination of the experimental trial. By contrast, in 18 of 20 with-suction trials, ignition did not occur at all, and in the 2 cases where ignition did occur, the fire was qualitatively a much smaller, candle-like flame. Statistically comparing these 3 combustion events in the no-suction versus with-suction trials, ignition (P = .0005), audible pop (P = .0211), and flash (P = .0092) were all significantly more likely in the no-suction condition. These results suggest a possible significant and new element to be added to existing surgical fire safety protocols toward making surgical fires the “never-events” they should be.

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12

Nampak, Haleh, Peter Love, Paul Fox-Hughes, Christopher Watson, Jagannath Aryal, and Rebecca M. B. Harris. "Characterizing Spatial and Temporal Variability of Lightning Activity Associated with Wildfire over Tasmania, Australia." Fire 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4010010.

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Lightning strikes are pervasive, however, their distributions vary both spatially and in time, resulting in a complex pattern of lightning-ignited wildfires. Over the last decades, lightning-ignited wildfires have become an increasing threat in south-east Australia. Lightning in combination with drought conditions preceding the fire season can increase probability of sustained ignitions. In this study, we investigate spatial and seasonal patterns in cloud-to-ground lightning strikes in the island state of Tasmania using data from the Global Position and Tracking System (GPATS) for the period January 2011 to June 2019. The annual number of lightning strikes and the ratio of negative to positive lightning (78:22 overall) were considerably different from one year to the next. There was an average of 80 lightning days per year, however, 50% of lightning strikes were concentrated over just four days. Most lightning strikes were observed in the west and north of the state consistent with topography and wind patterns. We searched the whole population of lightning strikes for those most likely to cause wildfires up to 72 h before fire detection and within 10 km of the ignition point derived from in situ fire ignition records. Only 70% of lightning ignitions were matched up with lightning records. The lightning ignition efficiency per stroke/flash was also estimated, showing an annual average efficiency of 0.24% ignition per lightning stroke with a seasonal maximum during summer. The lightning ignition efficiency as a function of different fuel types also highlighted the role of buttongrass moorland (0.39%) in wildfire incidents across Tasmania. Understanding lightning climatology provides vital information about lightning characteristics that influence the probability that an individual stroke causes ignition over a particular landscape. This research provides fire agencies with valuable information to minimize the potential impacts of lightning-induced wildfires through early detection and effective response.

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13

Katansky, A. A., N. G. Zhuravleva, M. E. Pankratova, M. A. Pastushkova, and A. A. Trotsenko. "Physical-and-chemical calculations of safe mode of propane transportation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 5 (November 1, 2021): 052056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/5/052056.

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Abstract The key criteria used to assess fire-and-explosive hazard of any facility are: flash point, self-ignition temperature and minimum ignition energy. This article addresses how fire-and-explosive hazard criteria can be used to forecast emergency situations while transporting great quantities of flammable substance – propane, based upon ambient environment temperature. Calculations that were made have led to a conclusion that fire-and-explosive safety concentration mode for propane handling will be: lower concentration value is equal to 1.27 % or under than that value; upper concentration value is equal to 13.96 % or greater than that value. When selecting safe transportation and storage conditions for self-igniting combustible substances, great attention is given to relationship between environment, mass of substance transported and time-period to spontaneous ignition. For propane, the safe self-ignition temperature is deemed to be less than 360°C. Calculations for theoretical experiment regarding propane transportation were made based upon three critical temperature values: 1) 25 °C+10 °C - initial starting point when ambient temperature is 25 °C (roadway temperature is disregarded because ambient temperature is not high enough); 2) 60 °C+10 °C – point of arrival where ambient temperature is 60 °C; 3) 470 °C – propane self-ignition temperature. This helped us to figure out that propane can be stored and transported safely if the minimal electric ignition source is under 4*10−6 Joule.

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14

Angelou, G., and J. Lattanzio. "A Small Step on the Long Road to Understanding the R Stars: CNO Cycling in Candidate R Star Progenitors." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 25, no. 4 (2008): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as08005.

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AbstractRecent work has proposed that a merger event between a red-giant and a He white dwarf may be responsible for the production of R stars (Izzard, Jeffery & Lattanzio 2007). We investigate the proposed evolution and nucleosynthesis of such a model. We simulate the hypothesized late ignition of the core flash by increasing neutrino losses until ignition occurs sufficiently far from the centre that the subsequent evolution produces carbon dredge-up to the extent that the post-flash object is a carbon star. Detailed nucleosynthesis is performed within this approximation and we show that the overall properties are broadly consistent with the observations. Details will depend on the dynamics of the merger event.

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15

Anderson, Kerry. "A model to predict lightning-caused fire occurrences." International Journal of Wildland Fire 11, no. 4 (2002): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf02001.

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This paper presents a model to predict the probability that a lightning flash will lead to a detectable fire. This is done by estimating the probability of the lightning flash having a long-continuing current, the probability of ignition, the probability of survival, and the probability of arrival. Individual probabilities are calculated using the lightning, noon weather, and forest inventory data and combined to predict the number of ignitions, holdovers, and detectable fires within a region. The model was run for six fire seasons in Saskatchewan and predicted results were compared with the actual number of fires for that season. The model successfully predicted the number of fires on 55.7% of the days with a 64.8% detection rate and a false alarm rate of 29.7%. The model was found to be highly sensitive to moisture conditions, resulting in some unusually high predictions under dry conditions.

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16

McCann, Jesse T., Younan Xia, Dean J. Campbell, Kylee E. Korte, Daniel T. Haworth, and Mark R. Bartlet. "Classroom-Scale Demonstrations Using Flash Ignition of Carbon Nanotubes." Journal of Chemical Education 83, no. 10 (October 2006): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed083p1511.

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17

Liu, YanXiong, Dong Liu, and GuanNan Liu. "Energy conversion and ignition of iron nanoparticles by flash." Science China Technological Sciences 60, no. 12 (November 7, 2017): 1878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-017-9144-6.

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18

Yang, Fan, Xiaoli Kang, Jiangshan Luo, Laixi Sun, Handing Xia, Zao Yi, and Yongjian Tang. "Laser emission from flash ignition of Zr/Al nanoparticles." Optics Express 25, no. 20 (September 12, 2017): A932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.25.00a932.

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19

Azhagurajan, A., N. Selvakumar, and M. Mohammed Yasin. "Minimum ignition energy for micro and nano flash powders." Process Safety Progress 31, no. 1 (December 12, 2011): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.10503.

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20

Cipriani, Mattia, Vincenzo M. Sglavo, Gian Domenico Sorarù, and Mattia Biesuz. "Electrode Material Effect on the Flash Ignition in Soda-Lime Silicate Glass." Ceramics 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4010007.

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The need for sustainable solutions to reduce the carbon footprint of the ceramics and glass industry leads towards the development of new electric current-assisted technologies. Flash sintering-like processes in glasses allow a reduction of the softening temperature and could pave the way for new shaping technologies. Herein, we investigated the flash transition in soda-lime silicate glass using two different electrode materials, silver, and platinum. The high dielectric strength registered on samples tested with platinum electrodes undergoes a significant reduction when silver is used. In other words, in the case of silver electrodes, the flash ignition takes place at a lower onset field. Moreover, the Joule heating developed during the process can be turned from being highly inhomogeneous with Pt electrodes to homogeneous when Ag electrodes are used.

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21

Liu, Guannan, Dong Liu, Junwu Zhu, Jili Wei, Wei Cui, and Shuiqing Li. "Energy conversion and ignition of fluffy graphene by flash light." Energy 144 (February 2018): 669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.062.

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22

Lesaffre, P., Z. Han, C. A. Tout, P. Podsiadlowski, and R. G. Martin. "The C flash and the ignition conditions of Type Ia supernovae." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 368, no. 1 (May 1, 2006): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10068.x.

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23

Subagyo, Rachmat, Pathur Razi Ansyah, and Robbi Sholaiman Aminanto. "Influence of Mixture Composition Between Soybean Oil and Diesel Fuel on Characteristic of Droplets Combustion." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Technologies and Applications 3, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/mechta.2022.003.01.7.

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<p class="02abstracttext">Depleting oil reserves has encouraged many researchers to search for new energy resources. Of many alternatives, soybean oil has been proposed as biodiesel. In this study, influence of mixture composition of soybean oil and diesel fuel on the droplet combustion characteristics was investigated. These characteristics included Ignition delay time, fire visualization, flame temperature and burning rate. The mixture comprises 10 to 50% soybean oil while the rest are Pertamina Dex diesel fuel. The study shows that flash point temperature, ignition delay time and burning rate increase as soybean oil content increases. In contrary, the flame height decreases with increasing soybean oil content.</p>

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24

Valshin, A. M., S. V. Garnov, S. A. Belkov, and S. M. Pershin. "High-Frequency (MHz) Ignition of Commercial Flash Lamps for Solid State Lasers." Doklady Physics 67, no. 1 (January 2022): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028335822010062.

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25

Ma, Manman, Guannan Liu, Zhao Qin, Rui Zhang, Yaoyao Ying, Lei Xu, and Dong Liu. "Effects of aluminum addition on flash ignition and combustion of boron nanoparticles." Combustion and Flame 236 (February 2022): 111762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111762.

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26

Sawada, H., S. Lee, T. Shiroto, H. Nagatomo, Y. Arikawa, H. Nishimura, T. Ueda, et al. "Flash Kα radiography of laser-driven solid sphere compression for fast ignition." Applied Physics Letters 108, no. 25 (June 20, 2016): 254101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4954383.

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27

Syarief, Akhmad, Ahmad Ramadan, and Misbachudin Misbachudin. "PENGARUH VARIASI CAMPURAN OLI BEKAS DAN BIOSOLAR TERHADAP KARAKTERSITIK UJI PEMBAKARAN DROPLET." Scientific Journal of Mechanical Engineering Kinematika 2, no. 2 (December 12, 2017): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/sjmekinematika.v2i2.38.

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This study aims to determine the effect of mixed used oil and biodiesel mixture on droplet combustion test characteristics. . This research was conducted by dripping the fuel at the tip of the thermocouple to form a droplet with a volume of 0.1 mm, then bringing the heater to the droplet to form a fire. This study aims to determine the influence of mixed oil and biosolar of flash point value, ignition delay time, burning rate and maximum fire height. This research used variation of used oil mixture 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The results show that flash point value increases with increasing percentage of used oil, which is influenced by the viscosity, density, and volatility of each variation of fuel mixture. The value of the ignition delay time increases with increasing percentage of used oil, which is influenced by the viscosity, density and volatility of each variation of fuel mixture. The burning rate value decreases with the increase of the used oil mixture, which is influenced by the viscosity, density, and volatility of each variation of fuel mixture. The maximum value of fire that can be achieved decreases, along with the increase of variation of used oil mixture and is influenced by viscosity, density and volatility value and each variation of fuel mixture.

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28

Guerrero, Fabián, Mario Toledo, Nicolás Ripoll, Lorena Espinoza, Rodrigo Morales, Ariel Muñoz, Lautaro Taborga, and Yulian Carrasco. "Thermo- and physicochemical properties of native and exotic forest species of Valparaíso, Chile, as essential information for fire risk management." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 8 (2020): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19086.

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Wildfires in the Valparaíso region (Chile) account for one of the main threats to local biodiversity, ecosystem services and infrastructure. This study focused on producing an initial record of thermo- and physicochemical properties of local forest species. For this purpose, leaf samples of species found in the Peñuelas Lake National Reserve, namely Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus globulus, Acacia dealbata, Quillaja saponaria and Cryptocarya alba, were collected and analysed. Higher and lower heating value, flash point, density and moisture content tests were performed for each sample. Overall results showed that lower heating values measured for both native and exotic species could indicate a high energy release source in wildfires. However, differences in the flash point between species indicated that C. alba and E. globulus had a lower ignition resistance than other species tested, possibly due to a lower flash point. In contrast, Q. saponaria and A. dealbata had the highest flash point for native and exotic species respectively. Finally, all presented data and procedures were aimed at establishing a foundation for a national database of critical forest species properties to be used in wildfire simulation tools. This database will enhance forest fire management effectiveness in Chile.

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29

Usman, Muhammad, Syed Saqib, Syed Wasim Hassan Zubair, Muneeb Irshad, Ammar Hussain Kazmi, Ahmed Noor, Hafiz Umer Zaman, Zaheer Nasir, and Muhammad Ali Ijaz Malik. "Experimental assessment of regenerated lube oil in spark-ignition engine for sustainable environment." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 7 (July 2020): 168781402094045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020940451.

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Lube oils are the viscous petroleum products used in automobiles to reduce the friction. The eventual fate of lube oil is either incineration or dumping off into ground, but these resources cannot be disposed off easily due to their libellous effects on environment. This article aims to study the regeneration of deteriorated oil and impact of regenerated oil on engine performance and engine emissions. The effectuality of regeneration is studied by comparing the results of the key parameters (specific gravity, viscosity, total acid number, flash point and ash contents) of regenerated oil with that of non-deteriorated and deteriorated oil. Engine performance and emissions for regenerated oil were compared with non-deteriorated and deteriorated oil. The brake power and torque increased by 4.1% and 4.6%, respectively, following the regeneration process. After re-refining of lube oil, specific gravity, flash point, kinematic viscosity, ash content and total acid number improved by 6.75%, 2.66%, 15.6%, 1.7% and 10.64%, respectively. In case of deteriorated oil, HC, NOx and CO increased by 23.6%, 42.2% and 11.8%, respectively. But after regeneration of oil, these emissions decreased as compared with deteriorated oil. It can be reasoned out that regeneration mends oil properties and has positive impact over engine performance and emissions.

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30

MacNamara, Brittany R., Christopher J. Schultz, and Henry E. Fuelberg. "Flash Characteristics and Precipitation Metrics of Western U.S. Lightning-Initiated Wildfires from 2017." Fire 3, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3010005.

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This study examines 95 lightning-initiated wildfires and 1170 lightning flashes in the western United States between May and October 2017 to characterize lightning and precipitation rates and totals near the time of ignition. Eighty-nine percent of the wildfires examined were initiated by negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes, and 66% of those fire starts were due to single stroke flashes. Average flash density at the fire locations was 1.1 fl km−2. The fire start locations were a median distance of 5.3 km away from the maximum flash and stroke densities in the 400 km2 area surrounding the fire start location. Fire start locations were observed to have a smaller 2-min precipitation rate and 24-h total rainfall than non-fire start locations. The median 2-min rainfall rate for fire-starting (FS) flash locations was 1.7 mm h−1, while the median for non-fire-starting (NFS) flash locations was 4.7 mm h−1. The median total 24-h precipitation value for FS flash locations was 2.9 mm, while NFS flash locations exhibited a median of 8.6 mm. Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney rank sum testing revealed statistically different Z-Scores/p-values for the FS and NFS flash populations. These values were −5.578/1.21 × 10−8 and −7.176/3.58 × 10−13 for the 2-min precipitation rate and 24-h total rainfall, respectively. Additionally, 24-h and 2-min precipitation rates were statistically significantly greater for holdover versus non-holdover fire events. The median distances between the fire start location and greatest 2-min precipitation rate and greatest 24-h precipitation total were 7.4 and 10.1 km, respectively.

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Weibel, Patrick, Ché Elkin, Björn Reineking, Marco Conedera, and Harald Bugmann. "Waldbrandmodellierung - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen | Forest fire modeling - limits and possibilities." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 161, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2010.0433.

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Models make it possible to investigate the factors which influence forest fires and to measure their importance. Using various forest fire models, the works presented here examine the influence of weather, forest composition, human activity and changes in legislation on the likelihood of forest fire ignitions in Ticino and Valais. A distinction was made between forest fires started by flash of lightning, and those resulting from human activity. The results show that the weather has the greatest influence where lightning starts, whereas in fires caused by people, the weather takes a subordinate place to human activities. Depending on the ignition causes, different weather indices best represent the danger of forest fires: for those caused by lightning, the Duff Moisture Code (DMC) drought index, and for those started by human activity, the Angstrom Index. In order to test the general validity of forest fire ignition models these were applied to Ticino and to Valais over two different periods of time. Results show that transferability of the models is limited, and that their use for the assessment of the future risk of forest fire is difficult under changing climatic conditions. The landscape model LandClim was used in order to simulate the observed patterns of fire frequency and size in Ticino and in Valais. Thanks to further development of the forest fire module, LandClim achieved a marked improvement of modelquality. Such dynamic landscape models should have an important role to play in assessing future forest fire regimes.

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32

Conner, Rusty W., and Dana D. Dlott. "Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Initiation and Ignition of Flash-Heated Nanoparticle Energetic Materials." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116, no. 28 (June 7, 2012): 14737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp303077f.

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33

Ohkura, Yuma, Jeffrey M. Weisse, Lili Cai, and Xiaolin Zheng. "Flash Ignition of Freestanding Porous Silicon Films: Effects of Film Thickness and Porosity." Nano Letters 13, no. 11 (November 4, 2013): 5528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl403114g.

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Pierre Constantineau, J., Sylvie C. Bouffard, John R. Grace, and Greg G. Richards. "Pre-ignition behavior of lead sulfide in the flame of a flash smelter." Minerals Engineering 24, no. 8 (July 2011): 845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2011.03.006.

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Kim, Jung-Hun, and Jae-Wook Choi. "A Study on the Flash Point and Spontaneous Ignition Determination of Diethylene Glycol." Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 36, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2016.36.2.073.

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Ohkura, Yuma, Pratap M. Rao, In Sun Cho, and Xiaolin Zheng. "Reducing minimum flash ignition energy of Al microparticles by addition of WO3 nanoparticles." Applied Physics Letters 102, no. 4 (January 28, 2013): 043108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790152.

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Ehrhardt, Jordan, Léo Courty, Philippe Gillard, and Barbara Baschung. "Experimental Study of Pyrolysis and Laser Ignition of Low-Vulnerability Propellants Based on RDX." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 12, 2020): 2276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102276.

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Low-vulnerability propellants are propellants designed to resist unintended stimuli to increase safety during transport, storage and handling. The substitution of usual nitrocellulose-based gun propellants with these new materials allows maintaining interior ballistics performances while increasing the safety. In this paper, the pyrolysis, ignition and combustion of such propellants are investigated in order to study conditions leading to a safe and reproducible ignition. Low-vulnerability propellants studied are made of different ratios of hexogen (RDX) and nitrocellulose (NC). Three compositions are studied by varying weight percentages of RDX and NC: 95-5, 90-10 and 85-15 for respective weight percentages of RDX-NC. Pyrolysis of these propellants is studied with two different experimental setups: a flash pyrolysis device linked to a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (Py-GC-MS) and a closed-volume reactor coupled to a mass spectrometer. Different molecules, like NO2, CO, CH3COCH3 or CH2NCH2NCH2, are obtained during the decomposition of these propellants. Laser ignition of these propellants is studied in a cylindrical closed-volume reactor using a laser diode. Several combustion characteristics, such as ignition delays, maximal overpressures and combustion rates are given for the three propellants using the pressure signals. Moreover, ignition energies are also investigated. Obtained results are compared to the few available literature data. A particular behavior is noticed for the 90-10 propellant. The experimental data collected should serve in the future to have a better understanding of the chemical reactions driving the combustion process of these low-vulnerability propellants.

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Gavrish, Sergei. "The dynamics of the formation of a plasma channel after the ignition of a discharge in cesium-mercury-xenon pulsed lamps." Applied Physics, no. 5 (November 18, 2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51368/1996-0948-2021-5-25-31.

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The paper deals with the spectral characteristics of the radiation of a pulsed discharge into a cesium – mercury – xenon mixture during the formation of a plasma channel from the moment of ignition until reaching the nominal operating mode of the flash lamp. It is shown that as the electric power of the discharge increases, the spectral emission lines of mercury vapors change their intensity, and the cesium lines self-reversal. It is revealed that the intensity of spectral lines in different regions of the plasma channel differs due to the presence of longitudinal temperature gradients.

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C, Vijayakumar, Murugesan A, Subramaniam D, and Panneerselvam N. "An Experimental Investigation of Diesel Engine Fuelled with MgO Nano Additive Biodiesel - Diesel Blends." Bulletin of Scientific Research 1, no. 2 (November 16, 2019): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/bsr1924.

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In this experimental investigation compacts the performance and emissions of compression ignition engines fuelled with MgO nano additive, maducaindica bio diesel blends were examined. Based upon the previous literatures only 20% mahuca methyl ester fuel blends without nano additives is suitable for compression ignition engine without affecting engine efficiency and its characteristics. In this paper magnesium oxide nano additives are added into the 40% Mahucaindica biodiesel- diesel blends at the rate of 50ppm for developing the test fuels. In this nano additives improve the properties of diesel fuel like viscosity, calorific value and decreased the flash point and fire point. Then compared the performance and emissions differences of all blended fuels used as a fuel in a diesel engine. The observation of results, 40MgO + 50ppm blended fuels brake thermal efficiency is improved then CO, HC, CO2and smoke decreased compared to other fuel blends. The results are taken into account, a blend of 40MgO+ Mgo50ppm is the best blend ratio compared than other blends with nano additives.

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Price, Christopher, Arash Hamzehloo, Pavlos Aleiferis, and David Richardson. "AN APPROACH TO MODELING FLASH-BOILING FUEL SPRAYS FOR DIRECT-INJECTION SPARK-IGNITION ENGINES." Atomization and Sprays 26, no. 12 (2016): 1197–239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.2016015807.

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Liu, Dong, Yanxiong Liu, and Guannan Liu. "Effects of carbon nanotubes additions on flash ignition characteristics of Fe and Al nanoparticles." Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 26, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2017.1420062.

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Sharath Shree Vathsan, M. K., J. Dinesh, S. Karthikeyan, Rovan Srimas, S. Arul Kumar, and V. Mathanraj. "Performance analysis of pine oil with benzyl as additives in direct compression ignition engine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012035.

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Abstract Fossil fuels supply 84% of world’s energy. Almost of the world’s population are persuaded in using of fossil fuels as a primary fuel where mostly Petroleum and Diesel are used as a major requirement in automobiles. Diesel engine are mostly preferred for heavy transportation and agriculture sectors for carrying enormous loads because of high work efficiency and low cost-setup. The properties of Diesel helps us physically with its Density, low viscosity, low flash point (>52*C), increased evaporation time and compression ratio of 14:1 to 25:1. With increasing usage of natural resources which are non-renewable shortage occurs with increase in Demand and pricing fluctuation in the fuel market. With all the problems faced researchers are working in finding an alternate fuel with same properties of fossil fuels. Some basic properties are Brake thermal value, viscosity of the fuel, density, specific gravity of fuel, flash point, self-ignition temperature, vapour pressure, compression ratio and more. Introducing Benzyl alcohol blending with pine oil and Diesel acting as base fuel with mixture in quantities starting with Diesel, B40, B60, B80, B40+5%, B60+5%, B80+5%, B40+10%, B60+10%, B80+10% total of 10 different values and calculating the outputs of BTE and BSFC.With loads 1.14, 2.28, 3.42, 4.56 applied on the engine. This paper concludes the work of Benzyl alcohol as fuel blends with Diesel and Pine oil which helps in increase in performance of BTE and BSFC with direct injection of the blends and their corresponding properties are studied at different loads in a Single Intake Direct Compression Ignition Engine (C224).

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Zhang, Ning, Ying Hui Han, Xue Yang, Shuo Zhang, and Song Wei. "Analytical Investigation on the Aging Process of Vegetable Insulating Oil." Advanced Materials Research 683 (April 2013): 608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.608.

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Development and improvement of environment-friendly insulating oil is one of the hot topics in electric industry and academic field. Vegetable insulating oil (VIO) has the higher ignition temperature and higher flash point .The biodegradation rate of VIO is also higher, while its electrical properties are equal to mineral insulating oil. A lot of technologies, including the addition antioxidants, hydrogenation, microwave, and other related technologies, can enhance the aging resistance and improve the practicability of the VIO. In this paper, the aging mechanism of VIO was analyzed and the related modified measures were summarized, which lays the foundation for further studies.

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AKHIL, PARA, SHARMILA PARASHAR, POONAM KOLAPE, M. FEROSKHAN, and P. TAMILSELVAN. "Experimental investigation on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of nanoparticle blends with diesel as fuel in a CI Engine." INCAS BULLETIN 14, no. 3 (September 9, 2022): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2022.14.3.4.

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The present work has discussed the following characteristics like performance, combustion and emission characteristics of blends of aluminum (Al), zinc oxide (ZnO) and its mixture of nanoparticles at different ratios with diesel tested on a stationary direct injection compression ignition (CI) engine at five different loads. The fuels have been made by blending of nanoparticles with diesel at different concentrations. The results have shown that the Nano fuels have given lower brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and air-fuel ratio when compared with diesel. In combustion analysis, the Nano fuels have given higher heat release rate, crank angle 50 (CA50) and lower ignition delay when compared with diesel. In emission analysis, the Nano fuels have given higher nitrogen oxides (NOx) and lower carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and smoke emissions when compared with diesel. The fuel properties of nano fuels have shown that the kinematic viscosity, calorific values have been higher and flash point, fire point, density have been lower when compared with diesel.

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Kim, Jaekyoung, and Junsuk Kang. "Analysis of a Wildfire and Smoke Propagation Model at Chiak Mountain Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.5.87.

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This study analyzed the arrival time and diffusion pattern of a wildfire at Chiak Mountain, Wonju, Korea. Simcenter STAR-CCM+, which is a computational fluid dynamics program, was used to analyze flow fields generated by mountain topography and to create a combustion model. The size of the area under study was 16 km², and ignition was conducted at the first campsite. Approximately six million mesh were generated. The temperature and propagation of soot were analyzed for 1 h after the simulation was started. Implicit unsteady analysis was used for time-dependent diffusion, and molecular diffusivity was used for flow field analysis. The results were as follows. 1) The spread of the wildfire was affected by the stack effect derived from the wind direction and mountain topography. 2) Approximately 22 min were required for the wildfire to spread from the campground to a western point 500 m away, and the average temperature was 1,200 ℃ or higher. 3) The spread of the wildfire and soot caused by the difference between the ignition and flash points of the wildfire became faster over time.

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SEKO, Toshiyuki, and Eiji KURODA. "K-2028 Combustion improvement of Premixed Compression Ignition Methanol Engine using Flash Boiling Fuel Injection." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting II.01.1 (2001): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.ii.01.1.0_543.

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BADUROWICZ, Przemysław, Adam WIŚNIEWSKI, Marcin JASIŃSKI, Dawid PACEK, Krzysztof SZCZUROWSKI, Marek WOLIŃSKI, and Tadeusz BARTKOWIAK. "Analysis of Ignition Capability of Flammable Gases from Small Arms Propellant Gases." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1455.

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The article presents the results of tests on the temperature of propellant gases shortly after the bullet leaves the barrel. The temperature and movement of these gases were recorded with thermal cameras and a high-speed camera. Weapons with and without muzzle devices (flash suppressor, silencer) were used. The aim of the research was to check the capability to ignite flammable gases located in the vicinity of the propellant gases produced during firing. Comparison of the maximum temperature of the propellant gases and the ignition temperature of the flammable gases makes it possible to determine the probability of fire. The lowest temperature of propellant gases was in the case of shooting with 9 × 19 mm bullets with the lowest kinetic energy (518 J), and the highest temperature of these gases was during shooting with 5.56 × 45 mm HC (SS109) bullets with the highest kinetic energy (1,785 J).

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Kim, Joo-Seok. "Hazard Assessment and Classification of Hand Sanitizers including Ethyl Alcohol." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.afe58fd5.

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The use of hand sanitizers for personal hygiene and the prevention of infectious diseases is increasing due to coronavirus (COVID-19) infections. Most hand sanitizers contain a significant amount of ethyl alcohol. This study analyzed 14 types of hand sanitizers suspected of being dangerous and showed that seven of them contained more than 60 wt% of ethyl alcohol and had a flash point of 22.0 ℃ or less. The Hazardous Substances Safety Control Act classifies hazardous substances by the content, flashpoint, and fire point of ethyl alcohol. However, international standards classify hazardous substances by the ignition point, initial boiling point, and combustion persistence. Both the United Nation Global Hamonized System of Classification and Labelling Chemical (UN GHS) and United Nation Recommendation on the Transport Dangerous Goods (UN TRDG) classify hand sanitizers as flammable liquids. In addition, the UN RTDG classifies 40 wt% ethyl alcohol receptors as flammable liquids, according to sustained combustibility experiments. Meanwhile, the 60 wt% ethyl alcohol solution is found to have a flash point of 22 ℃ and a fire point of 33 ℃ for combustion.

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Al Mughanam, Tawfiq. "Operational Flammability Limits of Commercial Fuels – A Review." MATEC Web of Conferences 249 (2018): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824903013.

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This manuscript considers the operational flammability limits of commercial fuels used in the automotive and in the aviation industry. Commonly employed fuels are considered in this study. Understanding the flammability limits is an important aspect while choosing right fuel for a given application. An explosion of stored fuel or combustion system can be catastrophic and can create a serious impact to the society. Therefore, researchers while developing fuels and combustion systems must give considerable attention. This manuscript reviews the effect of vapour pressure and temperature on flammability of fuels and reviews the auto ignition and flash point temperature of fuels commonly seen in the automotive and in the aviation industry.

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Abdulmajid, M. N., N. P. Herodotos, and E. A. Gordon. "Experimental Aircraft Fuel Tank Vapour/Air Explosions Using Jet A and Jet A / Gasoline Blend Fuels." African Journal of Health, Safety and Environment 2, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ajhse.v2i2.141.

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The potential of a fuel tank explosion is a well-known hazard in the aircraft industry. In this study, an investigation of a lab scale aircraft fuel tank in a flight situation at varying initial pressures of 400 - 1,000 mbar (equivalent to altitudes of 0 - 22,300 ft) and at variable temperatures was conducted in a 100-litre cylindrical test rig. A standard Jet A fuel and with a type Jet B fuel (which in this case was a Jet A with 10% of gasoline by mass) were used. Their flashpoints were measured to be 45oC (Jet A) and 20 oC (Jet B). In the simulated fuel tank explosions ignition occurred when the fuel liquid temperature was much higher than the flash point - 71 – 107 oC depending on initial pressure (altitude) for Jet A and 57 – 95 oC for the more volatile Jet B. The resulting maximum explosion overpressures were high, ranging from 0.7 to 5.8 bar, much higher than typical design strengths of aircraft fuel tanks, and much stronger than anticipated overpressures on the basis of ignition at or close to the lower flammability limit (LFL). It is postulated that these pressures are due to the distance between the liquid fuel surface and the ignition point and the formation of a vapour cloud with decreasing concentration with height above the fuel (being at LFL at the ignition point) and hence an overall concentration much higher than LFL. This demonstrated that severe explosions are fuel tanks are likely and the assumption that the explosion will be a near lean limit event is not safe. The work also provided explosion severity index data which can be used in design of suppression and venting systems for the mitigation of aircraft fuel tank explosions and provided other quantitative data to help manage this explosion risk appropriately.

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